# Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/  
OnCo record `all-leukemia` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager.

## Summary

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the commonest childhood cancer and a rarer, harder disease in adults. B-cell precursor ALL (85%) is classified by genetics into favourable (ETV6::RUNX1, high hyperdiploidy), intermediate, and adverse groups (KMT2A rearrangement, hypodiploidy, Ph-like/CRLF2, iAMP21, TCF3::HLF); Ph-positive (BCR::ABL1) disease accounts for a quarter of adult cases. T-ALL (15%) has its own genetics and, since 2023, its own targeted options (nelarabine, BCL-2 inhibition in trials). Measurable residual disease after induction is the strongest predictor of relapse in every subgroup.

Children are cured in over 90% with risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy over two to three years, and since 2024 with blinatumomab woven into consolidation (AALL1731: 3-year DFS 96% vs 88%). Adults do worse with chemotherapy alone, but three immunotherapies changed the picture: blinatumomab (E1910: 3-year OS 85% vs 68% when added frontline; standard in MRD-positive and relapsed disease), the CD22 ADC inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO-VATE: 81% remission in relapse), and CD19 CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel for patients up to 25; obe-cel for adults, 2024). Ph-positive ALL is treated with a BCR::ABL1 inhibitor (ponatinib preferred since PhALLCON, 2024) and increasingly with TKI plus blinatumomab and no chemotherapy at all (D-ALBA), while KMT2A-rearranged disease now has menin inhibitors.

Allogeneic transplant remains standard for high-risk or MRD-persistent disease but is being pushed back by MRD-negative remissions achieved with immunotherapy. The unsolved problems are CD19-negative relapse after CAR-T and blinatumomab, T-ALL relapse, Ph-like ALL, infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL, the late toxicities of paediatric therapy, and the very different outcomes for adolescents and adults treated outside specialised centres.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: heme
- Group: haematologic
- Burden: About 6,500 US cases a year, 60% in children; 5-year survival above 90% in children and about 40-50% in adults, better in those under 40 treated on paediatric-style regimens.
- Subtypes: B-cell precursor ALL (85%): ETV6::RUNX1, high hyperdiploidy (favourable); Ph-positive BCR::ABL1 (25% of adults); Ph-like/CRLF2 (adverse, targetable in trials); KMT2A-rearranged (infants); hypodiploid, iAMP21, TCF3::HLF, DUX4/ZNF384 fusions; T-cell ALL (15%): early T-precursor (ETP) subtype adverse; NOTCH1 mutated majority; Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia; Burkitt-type (mature B) leukaemia, treated as lymphoma
- Biomarkers: BCR-ABL (Ph+); KMT2A; Ph-like signature; MRD (flow/NGS); MRD by flow (10^-4) or clonoSEQ/PCR (10^-5 to 10^-6) at end of induction and consolidation; BCR::ABL1 (Ph+) and transcript type; KMT2A rearrangement (menin inhibitor eligibility; infants); Ph-like signature (CRLF2, ABL-class fusions, JAK mutations); IKZF1 deletion / IKZF1-plus (adverse, especially in Ph+); Hypodiploidy (<44 chromosomes) and TP53 germline testing; CD19 and CD22 expression and density (immunotherapy targets and escape); CNS involvement at diagnosis; Age and white count (NCI risk in children)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/all-leukemia/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/#overview [6 subtypes, 7 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/#what-it-is [10 subtypes]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/#finding-it [13 biomarkers, 7 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/#treating-it [11 settings, 5 regimens, 9 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/evidence/ [60 trials, 14 key papers, 18 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/science/ [84 targets, 4 pathways, 6 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/where-you-are/ [49 centres]
- Living with it (own page): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/living-with-it/ [38 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/coming/ [45 medicines, 60 trials, 20 ideas, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/data/ [435 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Frontline: Risk-adapted chemotherapy + blinatumomab consolidation; TKI if Ph+. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/))
- Relapsed: CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel, obe-cel), inotuzumab, transplant. ([CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [Revumenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/revumenib/))
- Children, standard risk B-ALL: Risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy (induction, consolidation, interim maintenance, delayed intensification, 2-3 years maintenance) with two cycles of blinatumomab in consolidation (AALL1731, approved June 2024); intrathecal CNS prophylaxis; cranial radiation abandoned for most. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [COG AALL1731](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1731/), [Multiparameter flow cytometry MRD](https://onco.cc/technologies/flow-cytometry-mrd/))
- Children, high risk or MRD-positive: Intensified chemotherapy; blinatumomab for MRD persistence (AALL1331 in relapse); inotuzumab and CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel) for relapse; allogeneic transplant for very high risk or MRD persistence. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Inotuzumab ozogamicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplantation](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/), [AALL1331](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1331/))
- Infants (<1 year), KMT2A-rearranged: Interfant-21 backbone with blinatumomab; transplant for high-risk; menin inhibitors in trials. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Interfant-06](https://onco.cc/trials/interfant-06/), [Menin inhibitors for infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-menin-infant-all/), [KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2a/))
- Adolescents and young adults (15-39), Ph-negative: Paediatric-inspired regimens (CALGB 10403, GRAALL, UKALL) with asparaginase; blinatumomab consolidation (E1910); MRD-guided transplant. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [ECOG-ACRIN E1910](https://onco.cc/trials/e1910/), [NGS-based MRD (clonoSEQ and molecular MRD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-mrd-clonoseq/), [GRAALL-2005](https://onco.cc/trials/graall-2005/))
- Adults 40-70, Ph-negative: Hyper-CVAD or age-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy with blinatumomab interleaved in consolidation (E1910); inotuzumab-containing lower-intensity regimens (Mini-hyper-CVD + InO ± blinatumomab) for older adults; MRD-driven transplant. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Inotuzumab ozogamicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/), [ECOG-ACRIN E1910](https://onco.cc/trials/e1910/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplantation](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/))
- Ph-positive ALL, newly diagnosed: Ponatinib (PhALLCON) or dasatinib with reduced-intensity chemotherapy, or chemotherapy-free TKI + blinatumomab (D-ALBA); BCR::ABL1 PCR monitoring; transplant for MRD persistence or IKZF1-plus, increasingly omitted for MRD-negative patients. ([Ponatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ponatinib/), [Dasatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dasatinib/), [Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [PhALLCON](https://onco.cc/trials/phallcon/), [D-ALBA (GIMEMA LAL2116)](https://onco.cc/trials/d-alba/), [BCR::ABL1 TKI + blinatumomab (chemotherapy-free Ph+ ALL)](https://onco.cc/pairings/tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all/))
- MRD-positive after induction or consolidation: Blinatumomab (BLAST; full approval 2018) to convert to MRD negativity, then transplant or continued blinatumomab-based therapy. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [MRD-negative complete remission](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd-negative-cr/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplantation](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/))
- Relapsed or refractory B-ALL: Blinatumomab (TOWER) or inotuzumab (INO-VATE) as salvage and bridge; CD19 CAR-T (tisagenlecleucel ≤25 years; obe-cel or brexucabtagene in adults) for second salvage or as definitive therapy; transplant for those not previously transplanted; CD22 or dual CAR-T for CD19-negative relapse in trials. ([Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Inotuzumab ozogamicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [Obecabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/obecabtagene-autoleucel/), [TOWER](https://onco.cc/trials/tower/), [INO-VATE ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/ino-vate/), [FELIX](https://onco.cc/trials/felix/), [ELIANA](https://onco.cc/trials/eliana/))
- T-cell ALL: Intensive paediatric-type chemotherapy with nelarabine for high-risk (AALL0434); relapse: nelarabine, venetoclax combinations, CD7 CAR-T and daratumumab in trials; transplant in CR2. ([Venetoclax](https://onco.cc/drugs/venetoclax/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplantation](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/))

## State of the art

- Immunotherapy in frontline paediatric therapy.
- Blinatumomab in frontline consolidation improves survival in adults (E1910) and children (AALL1731) regardless of MRD; approved June 2024.
- Ph-positive ALL: ponatinib is the preferred TKI (PhALLCON) and chemotherapy-free TKI + blinatumomab regimens achieve 18-month survival near 95%.
- Two CD19 CAR-T products for ALL (tisagenlecleucel, obe-cel) with obe-cel showing markedly lower severe CRS and neurotoxicity; REMS removed for CAR-T in 2025.
- Inotuzumab ozogamicin gives ~80% remission in relapse and is moving into frontline lower-intensity regimens for older adults and children.
- MRD at 10^-5 to 10^-6 (clonoSEQ, PCR) is the organising principle for transplant, blinatumomab, and de-escalation decisions.
- Menin inhibitors reach KMT2A-rearranged ALL, the first targeted therapy for infant leukaemia.

## Open problems

- Adult ALL outcomes.
- CD19-negative relapse.
- CD19-negative relapse after blinatumomab or CAR-T; CD22 and dual-antigen CARs are early.
- T-cell ALL has no approved immunotherapy; CD7 CAR-T (fratricide) and venetoclax combinations are experimental.
- Ph-like ALL (CRLF2, JAK) has poor outcomes and only trial access to JAK/ABL-class inhibitors.
- Infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL still has EFS under 50% on chemotherapy alone.
- Continuous-infusion blinatumomab is burdensome; subcutaneous formulation not yet approved.
- Which adults can safely skip transplant after MRD-negative immunotherapy remission is untested in randomised trials.
- Late effects of curative paediatric therapy (neurocognitive, cardiac, second cancers) and survivorship care.
- Adults treated outside academic centres have markedly worse survival; access to CAR-T and paediatric-inspired protocols is uneven.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia
- NCCN ALL guidelines: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1410

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/)
- cancers: [Acute myeloid leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/aml/), [Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)](https://onco.cc/cancers/aya-cancers/), [Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)](https://onco.cc/cancers/bpdcn/), [Burkitt leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-leukaemia/), [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Childhood cancers (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/childhood-cancers/), [Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/cll/), [High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/), [Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-infant/), [Leukaemia (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/leukaemia/), [Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia/), [Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-ph-like/), [Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-paediatric-ph-positive/), [Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/), [Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-paediatric-standard-risk/)
- technologies: [Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banks/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplantation](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/), [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [Autologous CAR-T manufacturing, batch by batch](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t-manufacturing-process/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [Cytogenetics and FISH](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytogenetics-fish/), [Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in blood cancers (EXALT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/functional-precision-medicine-haematology/), [Flow cytometers](https://onco.cc/technologies/flow-cytometers/), [Global oncology and access in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/technologies/global-oncology-access/), [Log-kill hypothesis (Skipper)](https://onco.cc/technologies/log-kill-hypothesis/), [Menin inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/menin-inhibitors/), [Metabolic therapy: starving the tumour of a nutrient](https://onco.cc/technologies/metabolic-therapy/), [Multiparameter flow cytometry MRD](https://onco.cc/technologies/flow-cytometry-mrd/), [NGS-based MRD (clonoSEQ and molecular MRD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-mrd-clonoseq/), [Oncofertility and fertility preservation](https://onco.cc/technologies/fertility-preservation/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/), [T-cell engagers (bispecific)](https://onco.cc/technologies/t-cell-engager/), [TomoTherapy and Radixact (helical radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tomotherapy/), [Total body and total marrow irradiation](https://onco.cc/technologies/total-body-irradiation/), [TPMT and NUDT15 genotyping before thiopurines](https://onco.cc/technologies/tpmt-nudt15-genotyping/), [Transfusion support and anaemia management](https://onco.cc/technologies/transfusion-support/)
- targets: [ABL1](https://onco.cc/targets/abl1/), [AFF1](https://onco.cc/targets/aff1/), [ARID5B](https://onco.cc/targets/arid5b/), [BAK1](https://onco.cc/targets/bak1/), [BCR::ABL1 (Philadelphia chromosome)](https://onco.cc/targets/bcr-abl/), [BIRC3](https://onco.cc/targets/birc3/), [BLK](https://onco.cc/targets/blk/), [CCND3](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd3/), [CD19](https://onco.cc/targets/cd19/), [CD22](https://onco.cc/targets/cd22/), [CD3](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3/), [CD3D](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3d/), [CD3G](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3g/), [CD7](https://onco.cc/targets/cd7/), [CDKN2B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2b/), [CEP43](https://onco.cc/targets/cep43/), [CHD2](https://onco.cc/targets/chd2/), [CHD4](https://onco.cc/targets/chd4/), [CNOT3](https://onco.cc/targets/cnot3/), [CRLF2](https://onco.cc/targets/crlf2/), [CTCF](https://onco.cc/targets/ctcf/), [Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)](https://onco.cc/targets/dhfr/), [DNA polymerase alpha (POLA1)](https://onco.cc/targets/pola1/), [DNM2](https://onco.cc/targets/dnm2/), [ERG](https://onco.cc/targets/erg/), [ETV6](https://onco.cc/targets/etv6/), [FAS](https://onco.cc/targets/fas/), [FGR](https://onco.cc/targets/fgr/), [FYN](https://onco.cc/targets/fyn/), [GATA3](https://onco.cc/targets/gata3/), [Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1)](https://onco.cc/targets/glucocorticoid-receptor/), [GNB1](https://onco.cc/targets/gnb1/), [HOXA9](https://onco.cc/targets/hoxa9/), [IFNAR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ifnar2/), [IL7R](https://onco.cc/targets/il7r/), [IMPDH1](https://onco.cc/targets/impdh1/), [JAK2](https://onco.cc/targets/jak2/), [JAK3](https://onco.cc/targets/jak3/), [KLF4](https://onco.cc/targets/klf4/), [KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2a/), [LCK](https://onco.cc/targets/lck/), [LEF1](https://onco.cc/targets/lef1/), [MED12](https://onco.cc/targets/med12/), [MEIS1](https://onco.cc/targets/meis1/), [Menin](https://onco.cc/targets/menin/), [MLLT1](https://onco.cc/targets/mllt1/), [MLLT10](https://onco.cc/targets/mllt10/), [MYD88](https://onco.cc/targets/myd88/), [NT5C2](https://onco.cc/targets/nt5c2/), [NUP214](https://onco.cc/targets/nup214/), [PAX5](https://onco.cc/targets/pax5/), [PBX1](https://onco.cc/targets/pbx1/), [PHF6](https://onco.cc/targets/phf6/), [PIK3CG](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3cg/), [POLA2](https://onco.cc/targets/pola2/), [POLD2](https://onco.cc/targets/pold2/), [POLD3](https://onco.cc/targets/pold3/), [POLD4](https://onco.cc/targets/pold4/), [POLE2](https://onco.cc/targets/pole2/), [POLE3](https://onco.cc/targets/pole3/), [PPAT](https://onco.cc/targets/ppat/), [PRIM1](https://onco.cc/targets/prim1/), [PRIM2](https://onco.cc/targets/prim2/), [PRPS1](https://onco.cc/targets/prps1/), [RPL10](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl10/), [RRM2B](https://onco.cc/targets/rrm2b/), [SET](https://onco.cc/targets/set/), [SRC family kinases](https://onco.cc/targets/src/), [SRMS](https://onco.cc/targets/srms/), [STAT3](https://onco.cc/targets/stat3/), [STAT5 (STAT5A, STAT5B)](https://onco.cc/targets/stat5/), [TAL1](https://onco.cc/targets/tal1/), [TBL1XR1](https://onco.cc/targets/tbl1xr1/), [TCF3](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf3/), [Tubulin (microtubules)](https://onco.cc/targets/tubulin/), [Xanthine oxidase (XDH)](https://onco.cc/targets/xdh/), [YES1](https://onco.cc/targets/yes1/), [ZMYM2](https://onco.cc/targets/zmym2/)
- drugs: [Allogeneic regulatory T cell immunotherapy with HSPC and T cells-vldq](https://onco.cc/drugs/tregzi/), [Aminopterin](https://onco.cc/drugs/aminopterin/), [Amsacrine](https://onco.cc/drugs/amsacrine/), [Asciminib](https://onco.cc/drugs/asciminib/), [Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase)](https://onco.cc/drugs/asparaginase/), [Belumosudil](https://onco.cc/drugs/belumosudil/), [Blinatumomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/blinatumomab/), [Brexucabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/brexucabtagene-autoleucel/), [Clofarabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/clofarabine/), [clonoSEQ](https://onco.cc/drugs/clonoseq/), [CRC01](https://onco.cc/drugs/crc01/), [Crisantaspase (recombinant Erwinia asparaginase)](https://onco.cc/drugs/crisantaspase/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Cytarabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/cytarabine/), [Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3')](https://onco.cc/drugs/cytarabine-7-3/), [Dasatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dasatinib/), [Daunorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/daunorubicin/), [Dexamethasone](https://onco.cc/drugs/dexamethasone/), [Dexrazoxane](https://onco.cc/drugs/dexrazoxane/), [Dorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood)](https://onco.cc/drugs/dorocubicel/), [Imatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/imatinib/), [Inaticabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/inaticabtagene-autoleucel/), [Inotuzumab ozogamicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/inotuzumab-ozogamicin/), [Leucovorin (folinic acid)](https://onco.cc/drugs/leucovorin/), [Mercaptopurine](https://onco.cc/drugs/mercaptopurine/), [Methotrexate](https://onco.cc/drugs/methotrexate/), [MK-1045](https://onco.cc/drugs/mk-1045/), [Nelarabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/nelarabine/), [Obecabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/obecabtagene-autoleucel/), [Olverembatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/olverembatinib/), [Omidubicel](https://onco.cc/drugs/omidubicel/), [Ponatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ponatinib/), [Prednisone](https://onco.cc/drugs/prednisone/), [Rasburicase](https://onco.cc/drugs/rasburicase/), [Revumenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/revumenib/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/talicabtagene-autoleucel/), [TBI-1501](https://onco.cc/drugs/tbi-1501/), [Teniposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/teniposide/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [UCART22](https://onco.cc/drugs/ucart22/), [Varnimcabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/varnimcabtagene-autoleucel/), [Venetoclax](https://onco.cc/drugs/venetoclax/), [Vincristine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vincristine/), [Vindesine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vindesine/), [Ziftomenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ziftomenib/)
- companies: [Adaptive Biotechnologies](https://onco.cc/companies/adaptive-biotechnologies/), [Allotera Therapeutics (formerly Wugen)](https://onco.cc/companies/allotera-therapeutics/), [Amgen](https://onco.cc/companies/amgen/), [Autolus Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/autolus/), [Beckman Coulter](https://onco.cc/companies/beckman-coulter/), [Bellicum Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/bellicum/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Cellectis](https://onco.cc/companies/cellectis/), [Cellogen Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cellogen/), [Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group](https://onco.cc/companies/cclg/), [Children's Oncology Group (COG)](https://onco.cc/companies/childrens-oncology-group/), [ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group](https://onco.cc/companies/ecog-acrin/), [Gamida Cell](https://onco.cc/companies/gamida-cell/), [GIMEMA](https://onco.cc/companies/gimema/), [HOVON](https://onco.cc/companies/hovon/), [ImmunoACT](https://onco.cc/companies/immunoact/), [Imugene](https://onco.cc/companies/imugene/), [Juventas Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/companies/juventas-cell-therapy/), [Neovii](https://onco.cc/companies/neovii/), [Novartis](https://onco.cc/companies/novartis/), [Orca Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/orca-bio/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Phaxiam Therapeutics (formerly ERYtech Pharma)](https://onco.cc/companies/phaxiam/), [Shenzhen TargetRx](https://onco.cc/companies/shenzhen-targetrx/), [Takeda](https://onco.cc/companies/takeda/), [Umoja Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/umoja-biopharma/), [Vironexis Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/vironexis-biotherapeutics/)
- terms: [Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology](https://onco.cc/terms/aya-oncology/), [Allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT)](https://onco.cc/terms/allogeneic-transplant/), [Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability as the cause of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer/), [B cell](https://onco.cc/terms/b-cell/), [B-ALL risk groups (NCI criteria, ETV6::RUNX1, hyperdiploidy, hypodiploidy, iAMP21, IKZF1, CNS status)](https://onco.cc/terms/b-all-cytogenetic-risk/), [Blasts (leukaemic blast cells)](https://onco.cc/terms/blasts/), [Cytogenetics and karyotype](https://onco.cc/terms/cytogenetics/), [Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/crs/), [Flow cytometry (immunophenotyping)](https://onco.cc/terms/flow-cytometry/), [ICANS (neurotoxicity)](https://onco.cc/terms/icans/), [Induction therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/induction-therapy/), [Intrathecal therapy (lumbar puncture, Ommaya reservoir)](https://onco.cc/terms/intrathecal-therapy/), [Leukaemia (tissue type)](https://onco.cc/terms/leukaemia-type/), [MRD-negative complete remission](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd-negative-cr/), [Ph-like (BCR::ABL1-like) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/terms/ph-like-all/), [Ph-positive ALL](https://onco.cc/terms/ph-positive-all/), [Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+, BCR::ABL1)](https://onco.cc/terms/philadelphia-chromosome/), [Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)](https://onco.cc/terms/pci-term/), [Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumor-lysis-syndrome/), [Undetectable MRD (uMRD / MRD-negative)](https://onco.cc/terms/umrd/)
- trials: [A Clinical Study of MK-1045 (CN201) in People With Precursor B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (MK-1045-002)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05579132/), [A Clinical Trial of MK-1045 in People With B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (MK-1045-005)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07570173/), [A First-in-Human Study of HLA-Partially to Fully Matched Allogenic Cryopreserved Deceased Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation for Patients With Hematologic Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05589896/), [A Phase 2 Study of WU-CART-007, an Anti-CD7 Allogeneic CAR-T Cell Therapy in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-RRex)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06514794/), [A Study of CNCT19 Treatment in Children and Adolescent r/r ALL Patients(Pediatric)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05667506/), [A Study of CTD402 in T-ALL/LBL Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07070219/), [A Study of Olverembatinib in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Ph+ ALL (POLARIS-1)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06051409/), [A Study of pCAR-19B in the Treatment of CD19-positive Relapsed/Refractory B-ALL in Children and Adolescents](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05334823/), [A Study of Subcutaneous Blinatumomab Administration in Participants With R/R and MRD+ B-ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04521231/), [A Study of Subcutaneous Blinatumomab in Children With R/R and and MRD+ B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07134088/), [A Study to Learn More About the Study Medicine Called Inotuzumab Ozogamicin (InO) in Children (1 to <18 Years) With First Relapse ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05748171/), [AALL0232](https://onco.cc/trials/aall0232/), [AALL1231](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1231/), [AALL1331](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1331/), [AALL1521](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1521/), [Adaptive Dual-Target CAR-T Cells for Relapsed or Refractory Hematologic Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07523555/), [ALL R3 (UKALLR3)](https://onco.cc/trials/ukallr3/), [AUGMENT-101](https://onco.cc/trials/augment-101/), [AZD0486 as Monotherapy in B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06137118/), [CAR-T-19 Injection in the Treatment of CD19-positive Relapsed/Refractory B-ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06179524/), [Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)](https://onco.cc/trials/ccss/), [Clinical Trial of CNCT19 Cell Injection in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04684147/), [COG AALL0434](https://onco.cc/trials/aall0434/), [COG AALL1731](https://onco.cc/trials/aall1731/), [Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Young Patients With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Ph-Like TKI Sensitive Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02883049/), [Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00557193/), [D-ALBA (GIMEMA LAL2116)](https://onco.cc/trials/d-alba/), [ECOG-ACRIN E1910](https://onco.cc/trials/e1910/), [ELIANA](https://onco.cc/trials/eliana/), [EsPhALL (EsPhALL2004 and EsPhALL2010)](https://onco.cc/trials/esphall/), [FELIX](https://onco.cc/trials/felix/), [Gene Therapy for CD19-Positive Hematologic Malignancies (SENTRY-CD19)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06533579/), [Glucarpidase Effect on Severe Delayed HDM-clearance in Children Treated With High-dose Mtx in ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01305655/), [GRAALL-2005](https://onco.cc/trials/graall-2005/), [IMAGINE (varnimcabtagene autoleucel, Immuneel)](https://onco.cc/trials/imagine-varnimcabtagene/), [INO-VATE ALL](https://onco.cc/trials/ino-vate/), [Inotuzumab Ozogamicin and Frontline Chemotherapy in Treating Young Adults With Newly Diagnosed B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03150693/), [Interfant-06](https://onco.cc/trials/interfant-06/), [IntReALL SR 2010](https://onco.cc/trials/intreall-sr-2010/), [Methotrexate or Pentostatin for Graft-versus-host Disease Prophylaxis in Risk-adapted Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01188798/), [Moxetumomab Pasudotox (CAT-8015, HA22) in Children With B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Minimal Residual Disease Prior to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02338050/), [PhALLCON](https://onco.cc/trials/phallcon/), [Phase 1/2 Study of UCART22 in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory CD22+ B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BALLI-01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04150497/), [Rituximab, Rasburicase, and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Young Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced B-Cell Leukemia or Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00057811/), [Safety and Efficacy of Asciminib in Pediatrics and Young Adults With Relapse/Refractory (r/r) Philadelphia Positive (Ph+) or ABL-class Ph-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07387926/), [Safety and Efficacy of Ponatinib for Treatment of Pediatric Recurrent or Refractory Leukemias, Lymphomas or Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03934372/), [Safety Study of Gene Modified Donor T-cells Following Partially Mismatched Stem Cell Transplant](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01744223/), [Stem Cell Transplantation With NiCord® (Omidubicel) vs Standard UCB in Patients With Leukemia, Lymphoma, and MDS](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02730299/), [Study of Azacitidine，Venetoclax，and Flumatinib in Newly Diagnosed Ph-positive Acute Leukemia and CML-AP/BP Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05433532/), [Study of AZD3632 Monotherapy or in Combination With Anticancer Agents in Participants With Advanced Haematologic Malignancies With KMT2Ar, NPM1m, or Other Genotypes Associated With HOX Overexpression](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07155226/), [Study of AZD4512 Monotherapy or in Combination With Anticancer Agents in Participants With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07109219/), [Study of Efficacy and Safety of Tisagenlecleucel in HR B-ALL EOC MRD Positive Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03876769/), [Study of Gene Modified Donor T-cells Following TCR Alpha Beta Positive Depleted Stem Cell Transplant](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03301168/), [Study of TBI-1501 for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03155191/), [Study of YK012 in B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06580301/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel (NexCAR19) phase 1/2](https://onco.cc/trials/talicel-phase-1-2/), [TGRX-814 Chinese Phase I/II in Patients With Hematological Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06206174/), [The Study for CML Who Failed Prior TKIs or With T315I Mutation or Ph+ ALL Who Failed Prior TKIs or With T315I Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04233346/), [Therapy for Pediatric Relapsed or Refractory Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01700946/), [TOWER](https://onco.cc/trials/tower/)
- people: [Carl H. June](https://onco.cc/people/carl-june/), [Cheryl L. Willman](https://onco.cc/people/cheryl-willman/), [Ching-Hon Pui](https://onco.cc/people/ching-hon-pui/), [David L. Porter](https://onco.cc/people/david-porter/), [Donald Pinkel](https://onco.cc/people/donald-pinkel/), [Elias Jabbour](https://onco.cc/people/elias-jabbour/), [Emil "Tom" Frei III](https://onco.cc/people/emil-frei/), [Emil J Freireich](https://onco.cc/people/emil-freireich/), [Emily Whitehead](https://onco.cc/people/emily-whitehead/), [Eytan M. Stein](https://onco.cc/people/eytan-stein/), [Gaurav Narula](https://onco.cc/people/narula-gaurav/), [Gertrude Elion](https://onco.cc/people/gertrude-elion/), [Ghayas C. Issa](https://onco.cc/people/ghayas-issa/), [Hagop M. Kantarjian](https://onco.cc/people/hagop-kantarjian/), [Hasmukh Jain](https://onco.cc/people/jain-hasmukh/), [Inge M. van der Sluis](https://onco.cc/people/inge-van-der-sluis/), [Jae H. Park](https://onco.cc/people/jae-park/), [James R. Downing](https://onco.cc/people/james-r-downing/), [John F. DiPersio](https://onco.cc/people/john-dipersio/), [Kimberly P. Dunsmore](https://onco.cc/people/kimberly-dunsmore/), [Marco Vignetti](https://onco.cc/people/marco-vignetti/), [Mark R. Litzow](https://onco.cc/people/mark-litzow/), [Mel Greaves](https://onco.cc/people/mel-greaves/), [Michel Sadelain](https://onco.cc/people/michel-sadelain/), [Nicola Gökbuget](https://onco.cc/people/nicola-gokbuget/), [Nirali N. Shah](https://onco.cc/people/nirali-shah/), [Norbert Vey](https://onco.cc/people/norbert-vey/), [Rachel E. Rau](https://onco.cc/people/rachel-rau/), [Renier J. Brentjens](https://onco.cc/people/renier-brentjens/), [Rob Pieters](https://onco.cc/people/rob-pieters/), [Robert Sandler](https://onco.cc/people/robert-sandler/), [Sidney Farber](https://onco.cc/people/sidney-farber/), [Stanley R. Riddell](https://onco.cc/people/stanley-riddell/), [Stephan A. Grupp](https://onco.cc/people/stephan-grupp/), [Stephen J. Forman](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-forman/), [Stephen P. Hunger](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-hunger/), [Sumit Gupta](https://onco.cc/people/sumit-gupta/), [Todd R. Golub](https://onco.cc/people/todd-golub/), [V. Shanta](https://onco.cc/people/shanta-v/), [Waseem Qasim](https://onco.cc/people/waseem-qasim/), [Xiaojun Huang](https://onco.cc/people/huang-xiaojun/)
- journals: [Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-lymphoma-myeloma-and-leukemia/), [Current hematologic malignancy reports](https://onco.cc/journals/current-hematologic-malignancy-reports/), [Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology/), [Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology nursing](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-nursing/), [Leukemia & lymphoma](https://onco.cc/journals/leukemia-and-lymphoma/), [Leukemia research](https://onco.cc/journals/leukemia-research/), [Pediatric hematology and oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/pediatric-hematology-and-oncology/)
- pairings: [BCR::ABL1 TKI + blinatumomab (chemotherapy-free Ph+ ALL)](https://onco.cc/pairings/tki-plus-blinatumomab-ph-all/), [Blinatumomab added to frontline chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/pairings/blinatumomab-frontline-consolidation/), [Caution: inotuzumab before transplant (veno-occlusive disease)](https://onco.cc/pairings/inotuzumab-then-transplant-caution/)
- ideas: [A live stock-out map for essential chemotherapy drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-chemo-stockout-early-warning/), [A paediatric palliative care team in every childhood cancer unit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-paediatric-palliative-in-every-childhood-unit/), [A survivorship passport app for adolescent and young adult survivors](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-aya-survivorship-passport/), [A survivorship research endowment funded by a levy on curative therapy prices](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-survivorship-endowment-levy/), [Cash for transport and food to stop families abandoning curative treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-abandonment-stipends/), [Default fertility preservation referral for every patient under 40 before treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-default-fertility-preservation-referral/), [Develop drugs in children first when the target is a children's target](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-paediatric-first-development/), [Escrow a share of adult revenue until the paediatric study is done](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-paediatric-deferral-escrow/), [Fertility preservation offered and funded by default before gonadotoxic treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-fertility-preservation-default/), [Guaranteed-quality childhood cancer medicines free of charge in 50 countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-childhood-medicines-platform-scale/), [Harmonise Europe's hospital exemption for academic cell therapies, with one registry](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-hospital-exemption-harmonised/), [Hospital-based CAR-T manufacturing at cost through a public network](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-public-car-t-manufacturing/), [Hospital-made CAR-T under one shared regulatory master file](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-point-of-care-cart-network/), [Make paediatric combination studies part of every relevant adult cancer drug approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-paediatric-combo-prea/), [Menin inhibitors for infant KMT2A-rearranged ALL](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-menin-infant-all/), [Nurse-led chemotherapy day units with a doctor on a screen](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-nurse-led-chemotherapy-units/), [One global paediatric cancer development plan instead of separate FDA and EMA plans](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-single-paediatric-plan/), [Plan the second CAR-T target before the first one is lost](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-adaptive-car-antigen-switch/), [Public-sector CAR-T manufacturing in India, Brazil and South Africa under $50,000](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-lmic-public-cart-manufacturing/), [Transplant-free Ph-positive ALL for MRD-negative adults](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-transplant-free-ph-all/)
- pathways: [BCR::ABL1 (Philadelphia chromosome)](https://onco.cc/pathways/bcr-abl1-signalling/), [Glutamine addiction](https://onco.cc/pathways/glutamine-metabolism/), [Menin / KMT2A (HOXA9-MEIS1 axis)](https://onco.cc/pathways/menin-kmt2a/), [Notch signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/notch/)
- bottlenecks: [Dormant cells and minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/), [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [Survivorship and late effects are neglected](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-survivorship/)
- collections: [Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation (ALSF)](https://onco.cc/collections/alexs-lemonade-stand/), [Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS)](https://onco.cc/collections/leukemia-lymphoma-society/), [St. Baldrick's Foundation](https://onco.cc/collections/st-baldricks/)
- key papers: [AALL1231: bortezomib in newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma, with cranial radiotherapy removed](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aall1231-bortezomib-t-all-teachey-jco-2022/), [AALL1331: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in low-risk first relapse of childhood B-ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aall1331-low-risk-hogan-jco-2023/), [AALL1331: blinatumomab versus chemotherapy consolidation in high- and intermediate-risk first relapse of childhood B-ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aall1331-brown-jama-2021/), [ALL R3: mitoxantrone versus idarubicin in first relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-all-r3-mitoxantrone-relapsed-childhood-all-parker-lancet-2010/), [AUGMENT-101: revumenib, the first menin inhibitor, in relapsed leukaemias driven by KMT2A rearrangement or NPM1 mutation](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-augment-101-revumenib-menin-nature-2023/), [Children's Oncology Group AALL1731: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy for children with standard-risk B-cell ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aall1731-blinatumomab-children-nejm-2025/), [ECOG-ACRIN E1910: adding blinatumomab to chemotherapy for adults with B-cell ALL already in MRD-negative remission](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-e1910-blinatumomab-mrd-negative-all-nejm-2024/), [ELIANA: the global trial that made tisagenlecleucel the first approved CAR-T therapy for children and young adults with relapsed ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018/), [EsPhALL2010: continuous imatinib with chemotherapy in paediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esphall2010-continuous-imatinib-biondi-lancet-haematol-2018/), [GRAALL-2005: randomised hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in a paediatric-inspired adult ALL protocol](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-graall-2005-huguet-jco-2018/), [INO-VATE: inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 antibody-drug conjugate, versus chemotherapy for relapsed adult B-cell ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ino-vate-inotuzumab-all-nejm-2016/), [Maude 2014: CD19 CAR-T cells produce complete remission in 27 of 30 children and adults with relapsed ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-maude-ctl019-all-nejm-2014/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1/2 study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jain-talicabtagene-lancet-haem-2025/), [UCART19: the first gene-edited, donor-derived CAR-T cells in children and adults with relapsed B-cell ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ucart19-allogeneic-car-t-lancet-2020/)
- institutions: [ACCELERATE](https://onco.cc/institutions/accelerate-platform/), [Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/actrec/), [All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi](https://onco.cc/institutions/aiims-delhi/), [American Society of Hematology](https://onco.cc/institutions/ash/), [Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-institute-adyar/), [Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357](https://onco.cc/institutions/cche-57357/), [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](https://onco.cc/institutions/chop/), [Christian Medical College, Vellore](https://onco.cc/institutions/cmc-vellore/), [European Hematology Association](https://onco.cc/institutions/eha/), [Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children](https://onco.cc/institutions/great-ormond-street/), [Groote Schuur Hospital / University of Cape Town](https://onco.cc/institutions/groote-schuur-uct/), [Hadassah Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hadassah/), [Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University](https://onco.cc/institutions/columbia-hicc/), [Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/), [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/), [Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe](https://onco.cc/institutions/la-fe-valencia/), [Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://onco.cc/institutions/cams-hematology/), [Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA)](https://onco.cc/institutions/inca-brazil/), [Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Colombia)](https://onco.cc/institutions/inc-colombia/), [Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas](https://onco.cc/institutions/inen-peru/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-lisboa/), [IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele](https://onco.cc/institutions/san-raffaele/), [Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/kidwai-memorial-institute-of-oncology/), [King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/kfshrc/), [King Hussein Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/khcc/), [Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota](https://onco.cc/institutions/minnesota-masonic/), [Narayana Health (Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre)](https://onco.cc/institutions/narayana-health/), [National Cancer Institute, Cairo University](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-cairo/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [Peking University People's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-peoples-hospital/), [Philippine General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/philippine-general-hospital/), [Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh](https://onco.cc/institutions/pgimer-chandigarh/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/ramathibodi-hospital/), [Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://onco.cc/institutions/ruijin-hospital/), [Seoul St. Mary's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/seoul-st-marys-hospital/), [SIOP Europe (European Society for Paediatric Oncology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/siop-europe/), [St. Jude Children's Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/st-jude/), [Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/), [Tata Medical Center, Kolkata](https://onco.cc/institutions/tata-medical-center-kolkata/), [Tawam Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tawam-hospital/), [Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/texas-childrens/), [The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)](https://onco.cc/institutions/sickkids/), [University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT)](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-frankfurt/), [University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uclh/), [University Hospital Düsseldorf / CIO Düsseldorf](https://onco.cc/institutions/uk-duesseldorf/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/), [University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/unm-cancer-center/), [World Health Organization Cancer Programme](https://onco.cc/institutions/who/)
- biomarkers: [BCR::ABL1 T315I](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/bcr-abl1-t315i/), [BCR::ABL1 transcript (Philadelphia chromosome, quantitative PCR)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/bcr-abl1-transcript/), [CD19 expression (CD19-positive)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/cd19-expression/), [CD22 expression (CD22-positive)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/cd22-expression/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/all-leukemia.json