# Prices and value

Source: https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-drug-pricing/  
OnCo record `b-drug-pricing` (Bottleneck). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

New cancer drugs routinely cost over $150,000 a year, often for months of benefit. Systems cannot afford them and patients go bankrupt.

## Summary

Launch prices of new cancer drugs in the US have risen far faster than inflation or benefit, and analyses across the US and Europe find no correlation between price and clinical benefit as graded by ESMO-MCBS or the ASCO framework. The median survival gain of drugs approved in the early 2010s was about two months, while annual prices exceeded US$100,000 and now often exceed US$150,000-200,000. Financial toxicity is a measurable side-effect: US patients with cancer are more than twice as likely to declare bankruptcy as matched controls, and bankruptcy itself predicts earlier death. Publicly funded systems respond by delay, restriction or refusal, so a drug's availability depends on the country and payer rather than on the evidence. Value-based pricing, reference pricing, negotiation, biosimilar competition and transparent benefit grading are the levers; none has yet changed the launch-price trajectory.

## Fields

- Kind: Bottleneck
- Last checked: 2026-09-08
- Stage: regulation-manufacturing
- Severity: critical
- Metrics: Median overall survival gain of cancer drugs approved by FDA 2002-2014: 2.1 months (Fojo, Mailankody & Lo, JAMA Otolaryngology 2014); Likelihood of bankruptcy among US patients with cancer vs matched controls (Washington State): 2.65 times higher (Ramsey et al., Health Affairs 2013); Correlation between monthly treatment cost and ESMO-MCBS or ASCO clinical benefit grade for cancer drugs in the US and four European countries: No significant association (Vokinger et al., Lancet Oncology 2020); Total cost of cancer in Europe in 2018, including health expenditure, informal care and productivity loss: €199 billion (Hofmarcher et al., European Journal of Cancer 2020)
- Causes: Patent monopolies and inelastic demand allow prices to be set at what payers will bear rather than at value.; US Medicare was prohibited from negotiating drug prices until 2022, anchoring global reference prices.; Approval does not require demonstration of benefit relative to price, and surrogate-based approvals are priced like cures.; Fragmented payers lack bargaining power and information about comparative value.; Follow-on products are priced at or above the incumbent rather than competing on price.

## Sources

- Prasad, De Jesús & Mailankody, The high price of anticancer drugs: origins, implications, barriers, solutions (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017): https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.31
- Vokinger et al., Prices and clinical benefit of cancer drugs in the USA and Europe (Lancet Oncology 2020): https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30139-X
- Ramsey et al., Washington State cancer patients found to be at greater risk for bankruptcy (Health Affairs 2013): https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1263
- CMS Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: https://www.cms.gov/inflation-reduction-act-and-medicare/medicare-drug-price-negotiation

## Connected records

- collections: [ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines & MCBS](https://onco.cc/collections/esmo-guidelines/), [FDA Oncology Approvals (OCE) & Novel Drug Approvals](https://onco.cc/collections/fda-approvals/), [NCCN Guidelines](https://onco.cc/collections/nccn/)
- ideas: [A combination pricing rule so two-drug regimens are not priced as two monopolies](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-combination-price-attribution/), [A delinked market-entry reward paid by payers when a repurposed generic wins approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-delinked-market-entry-reward/), [A Gavi-style pooled purchaser for radiotherapy equipment and service](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-pooled-procurement-radiotherapy/), [A Health Impact Fund pilot that pays for measured health gain instead of price](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-health-impact-fund-oncology/), [A joint price negotiation bloc for middle-income countries, modelled on Beneluxa](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-middle-income-negotiation-bloc/), [A non-profit manufacturer for generic cancer drugs in chronic shortage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-nonprofit-generic-chemo-manufacturer/), [A non-profit manufacturer for shortage-prone generic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-nonprofit-generic-oncology/), [An abbreviated approval path for follow-on antibodies within a validated class](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-abbreviated-pathway-me-too-biologics/), [An advance market commitment for PD-1 biosimilars for lower-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-pd1-biosimilar-advance-commitment/), [An international registry of real (net) cancer drug prices paid by public payers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-net-price-transparency-registry/), [Apply Project Optimus to drugs already on the market](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-optimus-legacy-drugs/), [Approve cancer biosimilars on analytics and pharmacokinetics, no efficacy trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-biosimilar-no-efficacy-trial/), [Automatic price cuts when a cancer drug's approved indications and volumes expand](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-market-expansion-repricing/), [Biosimilar-first defaults and payment parity in every cancer day unit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-biosimilar-first-default-switching/), [Bundled episode payments for cancer care with bonuses for guideline concordance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-episode-payment-tied-to-concordance/), [Buy out the patent on a curative cancer drug and sell it at generic prices](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-patent-buyout-prize/), [Cap public prices for new cancer drugs to tiers of the ESMO and ASCO value scales](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-price-anchored-to-mcbs/), [Cap what Original Medicare patients pay for Part B cancer drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-part-b-cap/), [Confirm ultra-low-dose immunotherapy so it can be afforded where most patients live](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-low-dose-immunotherapy-for-lmic/), [Copy the Cancer Drugs Fund: pay for uncertain drugs while collecting the data](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-managed-access-everywhere/), [Disclose R&D and manufacturing costs of publicly funded cancer drugs to get coverage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-rd-cost-disclosure-condition/), [Drop the extra switching studies for interchangeable oncology biosimilars](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-interchangeable-oncology-biosimilars/), [Extend Medicare's inflation rebates to employer plans](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-inflation-rebates-commercial/), [Extended-interval immunotherapy: give checkpoint inhibitors every 8-12 weeks once stable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing/), [Federal oral chemotherapy parity for self-funded employer plans](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-federal-oral-parity/), [Fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free first-line treatment for the indolent lymphomas](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line/), [Full refund for CAR-T if the patient has not responded at three months](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-cart-outcomes-refund/), [Fund trials that test shorter courses of the most expensive adjuvant drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-shorter-course-trials/), [Give subcutaneous immunotherapy in community clinics and at home](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-subcutaneous-community/), [Grant extra exclusivity only in exchange for binding low prices in poorer countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-tiered-pricing-for-exclusivity/), [Hospital-based CAR-T manufacturing at cost through a public network](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-public-car-t-manufacturing/), [Hospital-made CAR-T under one shared regulatory master file](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-point-of-care-cart-network/), [In vivo CAR-T manufactured and priced like a generic biologic](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-in-vivo-cart-generic-price/), [Launch prices indexed to the ESMO benefit scale, revisited when survival matures](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-mcbs-linked-pricing/), [Limit secondary patents and pay-for-delay so cancer generics arrive on time](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-secondary-patent-thicket-limits/), [Make the biosimilar the default at the pharmacy for trastuzumab, bevacizumab and rituximab](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-biosimilar-default-substitution/), [Medicines Patent Pool licences for every patented cancer drug on the WHO list](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-patent-pool-oncology-eml/), [One evidence plan agreed by regulator and payer before the pivotal trial](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-joint-regulator-hta-plan/), [Outcome-based annuity payments for potentially curative one-time therapies](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-pay-for-cure-annuities/), [Pass 340B discounts on cancer drugs through to the patient's bill](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-340b-pass-through/), [Pay a different price for the same cancer drug depending on the indication](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-indication-specific-pricing/), [Pay a flat fee for giving a Part B drug instead of 6% of its price](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-asp-flat-fee/), [Pay for new biomarker tests only while evidence of clinical utility is being collected](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-biomarker-cwe/), [Pay for one-time curative therapies as an annuity that stops at relapse](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-annuity-payment-durable-therapies/), [Pay the same for an infusion whether it is given in a hospital or a clinic](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-site-neutral-infusion/), [Pay-for-cure contracts: instalment payments for curative therapies contingent on durable remission](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-pay-for-cure-contracts/), [Payers cover off-label combinations only inside registry-randomised trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-payer-combo-cwe/), [Payers fund cancer drugs conditionally on a registry with a pre-specified analysis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-coverage-with-evidence-development/), [Payers fund trials of cheaper, shorter or lower-dose versions of expensive treatments](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-payer-funded-pragmatic-trials/), [Payers price drugs on quality-adjusted benefit, so toxicity costs the manufacturer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-quality-adjusted-pricing/), [Personalised cancer vaccines at commodity cost through fully automated manufacturing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-neoantigen-vaccines-at-scale/), [Personalised vaccines given only when the blood test turns positive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-triggered-neoantigen-vaccine/), [Pool purchasing of essential cancer medicines across countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-pooled-procurement-essential/), [Pooled coverage-with-evidence for proton therapy across all centres](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-proton-coverage-with-evidence/), [Pooled international procurement of essential adult cancer medicines](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-pooled-procurement-adult-essentials/), [Pooled procurement and voluntary licensing for essential cancer medicines in low-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-pooled-procurement-licensing-pool/), [Power trials to detect a benefit patients would value, not the smallest detectable one](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-power-for-meaningful-benefit/), [Prescribe a quarter dose of abiraterone with breakfast](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-low-dose-abiraterone-food/), [Price a cancer drug by how well it works in each cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-indication-based-pricing/), [Provisional prices for surrogate-endpoint approvals, reset when survival data arrive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-provisional-price-until-os/), [Public payers cover academic CAR-T at cost as a benchmark for commercial prices](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-academic-cart-at-cost-coverage/), [Public-option manufacturing for essential generic cancer drugs in shortage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-public-option-generic-oncology/), [Publicly funded dose-reduction trials of expensive approved drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-public-dose-reduction-trials-of-approved-drugs/), [Publicly funded trials of lower and less frequent doses of expensive cancer drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-public-deescalation-trials-for-cost/), [Publish the four numbers the NHS lung cancer pathway does not currently measure: reflex testing rate, genomic turnaround, surgical access and a lung-specific waiting time in every nation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-uk-screening-testing-and-access-gaps/), [Randomised trials of stopping immunotherapy after one year versus continuing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials/), [Reassess cancer drug prices at three years using real-world outcomes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-outcome-based-price-reassessment/), [Restore weight-based dosing and vial sharing for immunotherapy in the label](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-weight-based-io-dosing-label/), [Screen every cancer patient for financial toxicity as a vital sign, with navigation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-financial-toxicity-vital-sign/), [Screen every patient for financial hardship at diagnosis and connect them to help](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-financial-toxicity-screening-at-diagnosis/), [Screen every patient for financial toxicity at diagnosis and refer like any other symptom](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-financial-toxicity-screening/), [Share vials and round doses to stop throwing away expensive drug](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-vial-sharing-dose-rounding/), [Shorter exclusivity for later-in-class drugs without added benefit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-benefit-indexed-exclusivity/), [Social impact bonds that fund biosimilar switching, repaid from payer savings](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-social-impact-bond-switching/), [Subscription pricing for checkpoint inhibitors: fixed national fee, unlimited use](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-io-subscription-national/), [Test flat versus weight-based dosing of antibodies, and use dose banding to cut waste](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-weight-based-vs-flat-dosing-trials/), [Test one-tenth-dose immunotherapy where the full dose is unaffordable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-low-dose-immunotherapy-trials/), [The drugs that cure lymphoma, and the places that do not have them](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them/), [Tie coverage and copays to the ESMO benefit scale](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-value-scale-in-coverage/), [Tie WHO essential-medicines listing to a published tiered price and supply pledge](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-eml-listing-price-commitments/), [Transferable priority vouchers for first-in-class drugs, with price conditions](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-conditional-transferable-voucher/), [Transparent cost-plus pricing for every oral oncology generic](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-transparent-generic-pricing/), [Treat trial enrolment as a cost lever: the sponsor pays for the drug](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-trial-enrolment-cost-lever/), [Use a blood test at six weeks to decide whether to keep going](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-ctdna-six-week-io-switch/), [Use food effects to cut the dose and cost of oral drugs that absorb better with meals](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-food-effect-dose-reduction/), [Voluntary licences and price caps for patented cancer drugs in low-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-voluntary-licensing-oncology/), [WHO prequalification plus pooled demand to push biosimilar prices below 10% of the originator](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-biosimilar-prequalification-pool/)
- technologies: [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [BCG manufacturing and the bladder cancer BCG shortage](https://onco.cc/technologies/bcg-vaccine-manufacturing/), [Biosimilar manufacturing and comparability](https://onco.cc/technologies/biosimilar-manufacturing/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [EQ-5D: health reduced to one number, and what that number is for](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-measure-eq-5d/), [Generic sterile injectables (the 2023 platinum shortage)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sterile-injectable-generics-manufacturing/), [GMP, inspections, Form 483s and warning letters](https://onco.cc/technologies/pharmaceutical-gmp-inspections/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Money after treatment: what the cost of cancer does once the treatment has finished](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-life-money-after-treatment/), [Oral solid dose manufacturing (tablets and capsules)](https://onco.cc/technologies/oral-solid-dose-manufacturing/), [Small-molecule API synthesis](https://onco.cc/technologies/small-molecule-api-synthesis/), [What recovery costs in the rest of the world](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-elsewhere/), [What recovery costs in the UK, and what it does not](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-uk/), [What recovery costs in the United States](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-access-what-it-costs-us/)
- drugs: [Ibrutinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibrutinib/), [Imatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/imatinib/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/talicabtagene-autoleucel/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [Trastuzumab biosimilars](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-biosimilars/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/)
- institutions: [American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/asco/), [Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte](https://onco.cc/institutions/bfarm/), [Central Drugs Standard Control Organization](https://onco.cc/institutions/cdsco/), [European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/esmo/), [Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / IQWiG](https://onco.cc/institutions/g-ba-iqwig/), [Haute Autorité de Santé](https://onco.cc/institutions/has-france/), [Health Canada](https://onco.cc/institutions/health-canada/), [Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/), [ISPOR (The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research)](https://onco.cc/institutions/ispor/), [Israel Society of Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy](https://onco.cc/institutions/iscort/), [Ligue nationale contre le cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/ligue-contre-le-cancer/), [National Cancer Grid of India](https://onco.cc/institutions/national-cancer-grid/), [National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccn-org/), [National Health Authority (Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nha-pmjay/), [National Healthcare Security Administration](https://onco.cc/institutions/nhsa/), [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https://onco.cc/institutions/nice/), [Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee](https://onco.cc/institutions/pbac/), [Scottish Medicines Consortium](https://onco.cc/institutions/smc/), [Shaare Zedek Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shaare-zedek/)
- terms: [Accelerated approval](https://onco.cc/terms/accelerated-approval/), [AMNOG (Germany, 2011)](https://onco.cc/terms/amnog/), [Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act 2010](https://onco.cc/terms/bpcia/), [Biosimilar](https://onco.cc/terms/biosimilar/), [Cancer Drugs Fund (England)](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-drugs-fund/), [China National Reimbursement Drug List negotiation and volume-based procurement](https://onco.cc/terms/china-vbp-nrdl/), [EU data and market protection (8+2+1)](https://onco.cc/terms/eu-data-exclusivity/), [EU HTA Regulation (EU) 2021/2282: joint clinical assessments](https://onco.cc/terms/eu-hta-regulation/), [EU pharmaceutical package reform (2023 proposal)](https://onco.cc/terms/eu-pharma-package/), [Hatch-Waxman Act 1984](https://onco.cc/terms/hatch-waxman/), [Inflation Reduction Act 2022: Medicare drug price negotiation](https://onco.cc/terms/inflation-reduction-act/), [Innovative Medicines Fund (England)](https://onco.cc/terms/innovative-medicines-fund/), [Medicare coverage with evidence development](https://onco.cc/terms/medicare-ced/), [Nexavar compulsory licence (India, 2012)](https://onco.cc/terms/nexavar-compulsory-licence/), [NICE technology appraisal methods (2022)](https://onco.cc/terms/nice-methods/), [Novartis v. Union of India (Glivec, 2013)](https://onco.cc/terms/novartis-glivec-ruling/), [Orphan Drug Act 1983](https://onco.cc/terms/orphan-drug-act/), [Real-world evidence](https://onco.cc/terms/real-world-evidence/), [Standard of care](https://onco.cc/terms/standard-of-care/), [Supplementary protection certificate (EU)](https://onco.cc/terms/spc/), [TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration](https://onco.cc/terms/trips-doha/), [US regulatory exclusivity periods](https://onco.cc/terms/us-regulatory-exclusivity/)
- key papers: [A National Cancer Grid pooled procurement initiative, India](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pramesh-ncg-pooled-procurement-2023/), [ADAURA: three years of osimertinib after surgery for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adaura-nejm-2020/), [AMPLIFY: fixed-duration acalabrutinib plus venetoclax, with or without obinutuzumab, versus chemo-immunotherapy in fit CLL patients](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-amplify-acalabrutinib-venetoclax-nejm-2025/), [BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nejm-2025/), [COMMANDS: luspatercept versus epoetin alfa as first treatment for anaemia in lower-risk MDS needing transfusions](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-commands-luspatercept-mds-lancet-2023/), [DESTINY-Breast06: trastuzumab deruxtecan before any chemotherapy in hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-low or ultralow breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast06-nejm-2024/), [ELEVATE-TN: acalabrutinib, alone or with obinutuzumab, against chemo-immunotherapy in untreated CLL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-elevate-tn-acalabrutinib-lancet-2020/), [ELIANA: the global trial that made tisagenlecleucel the first approved CAR-T therapy for children and young adults with relapsed ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018/), [EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab replaces chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ev-302-nejm-2024/), [IRIS: imatinib versus interferon plus cytarabine as first treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-iris-imatinib-nejm-2003/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (overall survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-os-lancet-2024/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (progression-free survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-pfs-lancet-2024/), [Low-dose immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: a randomised study (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patil-low-dose-nivolumab-jco-2023/), [MAIA: adding daratumumab to lenalidomide-dexamethasone for older patients with newly diagnosed myeloma who cannot have a transplant](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-maia-daratumumab-rd-nejm-2019/), [MARIPOSA: amivantamab plus lazertinib versus osimertinib as first treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mariposa-nejm-2024/), [monarchE: two years of abemaciclib after surgery in high-risk, hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-monarche-jco-2020/), [NAPOLI-3: NALIRIFOX versus gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel as first treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023/), [NATALEE: three years of ribociclib after surgery in a broad population of hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-natalee-nejm-2024/), [PAOLA-1: olaparib added to bevacizumab maintenance in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer, with benefit confined to HRD-positive tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paola-1-nejm-2019/), [POLARIX: swapping vincristine for the antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin in first-line treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polarix-polatuzumab-rchp-nejm-2022/), [Prasad: most surrogate endpoints in cancer trials correlate poorly with survival](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-prasad-surrogate-endpoints-jama-im-2015/), [Prices and clinical benefit of cancer drugs in the USA and Europe: a cost-benefit analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vokinger-lancet-oncol/), [STAMPEDE: adding abiraterone to hormone therapy at diagnosis of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stampede-abiraterone-nejm-2017/), [The high price of anticancer drugs: origins, implications, barriers, solutions](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-prasad-nat-rev-clin-oncol/), [Washington State cancer patients found to be at greater risk for bankruptcy than people without a cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ramsey-health-aff-millwood/)
- trials: [Gefitinib vs gefitinib plus pemetrexed-carboplatin in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/gefitinib-chemo-tmh/), [Low-dose nivolumab plus metronomic chemotherapy (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/low-dose-nivolumab-tmh/), [Mosunetuzumab against rituximab in low tumour burden follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mosun-lbt-fl/), [Oral metronomic chemotherapy vs intravenous cisplatin (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh/)
- roadmaps: [Devices and physical therapies roadmap: heat and light → electric fields and focused sound → drug-releasing implants](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/devices-roadmap/), [Global access and affordability roadmap: essential medicines and generics → biosimilars and frugal trials → reliance, pooling and homegrown innovation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/global-access-roadmap/), [Hormonal therapy roadmap: removing the ovaries → tamoxifen → oral degraders switched by a blood test](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/hormonal-therapy-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/), [Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/)
- people: [C. S. Pramesh](https://onco.cc/people/pramesh-c-s/), [Devi Shetty](https://onco.cc/people/shetty-devi/), [Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw](https://onco.cc/people/mazumdar-shaw-kiran/)
- companies: [Biocon](https://onco.cc/companies/biocon/), [Biocon Biologics](https://onco.cc/companies/biocon-biologics/), [Cipla](https://onco.cc/companies/cipla/), [Dr. Reddy's Laboratories](https://onco.cc/companies/dr-reddys/), [Hetero Drugs](https://onco.cc/companies/hetero/), [ImmunoACT](https://onco.cc/companies/immunoact/), [Intas Pharmaceuticals (Accord Healthcare)](https://onco.cc/companies/intas/), [JW Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/jw-therapeutics/), [Lupin](https://onco.cc/companies/lupin/), [Natco Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/natco/), [Sun Pharmaceutical Industries](https://onco.cc/companies/sun-pharma/), [Zydus Lifesciences](https://onco.cc/companies/zydus/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/b-drug-pricing.json