# CAR-T cell therapy

Source: https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/  
OnCo record `car-t` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

A patient's T cells are removed, given a synthetic receptor that recognises the cancer, multiplied, and put back as a living drug.

## Summary

Seven approved autologous products: CD19 (tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene, lisocabtagene, brexucabtagene, obecabtagene) and BCMA (idecabtagene, ciltacabtagene). Curative in a substantial fraction of relapsed large B-cell lymphoma and ALL; moving to second line and earlier in myeloma (CARTITUDE-4). Solid tumours: CLDN18.2 (satri-cel), GPC3, GD2 (neuroblastoma, glioma), B7-H3, IL13Rα2, and regionally delivered CARs. FDA removed REMS requirements in 2025; secondary T-cell malignancy warning added in 2024.

The design is Israeli in origin: Gross, Waks and Eshhar at the Weizmann Institute of Science built the first chimeric receptor in 1989, splicing antibody variable domains onto T-cell receptor constant domains so that a T cell killed its target without the major histocompatibility complex presenting it. They called it a T-body; costimulatory domains, the scFv format and the manufacturing came later.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Status: approved
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Also known as: CAR-T; CAR T cells; CAR T-cell therapy; Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
- Principle: T cells are transduced with a lentiviral or retroviral chimeric antigen receptor (scFv + costimulatory domain + CD3ζ), infused after lymphodepletion, and expand in vivo.
- Since: 2017
- Strengths: Single infusion, durable remissions; MHC-independent recognition
- Limitations: Manufacturing time and cost (~$400k+); CRS, ICANS, cytopenias; Solid-tumour antigen heterogeneity, trafficking, exhaustion

## Notes

- Lymphoma: failure comes in two shapes and they need different answers. Relapse without the antigen, through deletion, exon 2 mutation or selection for a spliced transcript the receptor cannot see (Sotillo 2015), is answered by changing the address. Relapse with the antigen still there is usually about the cells: single-cell sequencing of 24 axicabtagene ciloleucel products found three times the frequency of memory-signature CD8 T cells in patients who reached complete response at three months, and an exhaustion signature that tracked a poor molecular response at day 7 (Deng 2020). Collecting T cells earlier in the disease course, allogeneic and in vivo products, and armoured constructs are the responses to the second.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell
- Gross, Waks and Eshhar, the first chimeric antigen receptor (PNAS 1989): https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.24.10024
- Sotillo et al., Cancer Discov 2015: acquired mutations and alternative splicing of CD19 enable resistance to CART-19: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-1020
- Deng et al., Nat Med 2020: single-cell features of the axicabtagene ciloleucel infusion product that track efficacy and toxicity in 24 patients: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1061-7

## Connected records

- cancers: [Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-leukemia/), [Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc-advanced/), [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Childhood cancers (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/childhood-cancers/), [Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/cll/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG)](https://onco.cc/cancers/dipg-dmg/), [Ewing sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/), [Follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/), [Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/), [High-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/), [HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas](https://onco.cc/cancers/hiv-associated-lymphoma/), [Leukaemia (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/leukaemia/), [Mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/), [Mesothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mesothelioma/), [Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-pdac/), [Multiple myeloma](https://onco.cc/cancers/multiple-myeloma/), [Neuroblastoma (paediatric)](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Osteosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/osteosarcoma/), [Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic/), [Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)](https://onco.cc/cancers/post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/), [Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children](https://onco.cc/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/), [Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/cll-relapsed/), [Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma](https://onco.cc/cancers/myeloma-relapsed-refractory/), [Rhabdomyosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma/), [Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/richter-transformation-cll/)
- fronts: [Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/cell-therapy/)
- technologies: [After a transplant or cell therapy: what to ask for](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-what-to-ask-for/), [Allogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-cell-therapy/), [Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banks/), [Allogeneic donor and iPSC master cell banks](https://onco.cc/technologies/allogeneic-cell-banking/), [Apheresis and starting-material collection](https://onco.cc/technologies/apheresis-starting-material/), [Armoured, logic-gated & next-gen CARs](https://onco.cc/technologies/armored-car/), [Autologous CAR-T manufacturing, batch by batch](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t-manufacturing-process/), [B-cell aplasia and low antibodies after CAR-T and bispecifics, and immunoglobulin replacement](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-b-cell-aplasia-and-immunoglobulin/), [Blood counts that do not come back after CAR-T: ICAHT](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-prolonged-cytopenias/), [CAR-NK & CAR-macrophage](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-nk-macrophage/), [CAR-T against stroma: fibroblasts and myeloid cells](https://onco.cc/technologies/stroma-directed-car/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/), [Cell-therapy orchestration and chain-of-identity software](https://onco.cc/technologies/cell-therapy-orchestration-software/), [Cell-therapy release and potency testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/cell-therapy-release-testing/), [Closed automated cell-therapy manufacturing](https://onco.cc/technologies/closed-automated-cell-manufacturing/), [Cryopreservation and cell-therapy cold chain](https://onco.cc/technologies/cell-therapy-cold-chain/), [Gamma-delta T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/gamma-delta-t-cell-therapy/), [Humanised mouse models](https://onco.cc/technologies/humanised-mouse-models/), [ICANS, and whether thinking recovers after CAR-T](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-icans-and-neurocognition/), [In vivo CAR-T](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-vivo-car-t/), [Infection risk after transplant and cell therapy, phase by phase, and the prophylaxis that follows it](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-infection-by-phase/), [Logic-gated therapeutics (AND, NOT gates)](https://onco.cc/technologies/logic-gated-therapeutics/), [Long-term follow-up for gene-modified cell products: fifteen years, and why](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-gene-modified-follow-up/), [NK cell therapy and CAR-NK](https://onco.cc/technologies/nk-cell-therapy/), [Point-of-care and decentralised cell manufacturing](https://onco.cc/technologies/point-of-care-cell-manufacturing/), [Quality of life after transplant and cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-quality-of-life/), [Rebuilding an immune system: the timeline, lineage by lineage](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-immune-reconstitution-timeline/), [Rebuilding the immune system after treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-frontier-immune-reconstitution/), [Revaccination after transplant: the schedules, and where the UK and the US differ](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-revaccination/), [Secondary T-cell malignancy after CAR-T, and what the FDA's 2024 action actually says](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-secondary-t-cell-malignancy/), [Tumour-immune dynamics models](https://onco.cc/technologies/immune-tumour-dynamics-models/), [Viral vector manufacturing (lentiviral, retroviral, AAV)](https://onco.cc/technologies/viral-vector-manufacturing/), [Who is supposed to be watching: EBMT, CIBMTR, FACT-JACIE, and what a survivor is actually offered](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-tx-long-term-follow-up-frameworks/)
- targets: [BCMA](https://onco.cc/targets/bcma/), [CD19](https://onco.cc/targets/cd19/), [CD28](https://onco.cc/targets/cd28/), [CD7](https://onco.cc/targets/cd7/), [CD70](https://onco.cc/targets/cd70/), [Claudin 18.2](https://onco.cc/targets/cldn18-2/), [Claudin 6](https://onco.cc/targets/cldn6/), [EpCAM](https://onco.cc/targets/epcam/), [Glypican-3](https://onco.cc/targets/gpc3/), [GPRC5D](https://onco.cc/targets/gprc5d/), [Interleukin-6 and IL-6 receptor](https://onco.cc/targets/il6/), [Mesothelin](https://onco.cc/targets/mesothelin/), [MUC16 (CA-125)](https://onco.cc/targets/muc16/)
- drugs: [Anitocabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/anitocabtagene-autoleucel/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Brexucabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/brexucabtagene-autoleucel/), [Ciltacabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/ciltacabtagene-autoleucel/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Emapalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/emapalumab/), [Equecabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/equecabtagene-autoleucel/), [Fludarabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/fludarabine/), [Idecabtagene vicleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/idecabtagene-vicleucel/), [Inaticabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/inaticabtagene-autoleucel/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/), [NXC-201 CAR-T](https://onco.cc/drugs/nxc-201-car-t/), [Obecabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/obecabtagene-autoleucel/), [Relmacabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/relmacabtagene-autoleucel/), [Satricabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/satricabtagene-autoleucel/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/talicabtagene-autoleucel/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [Tocilizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tocilizumab/), [Varnimcabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/varnimcabtagene-autoleucel/), [Zevorcabtagene autoleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/zevorcabtagene-autoleucel/)
- companies: [Adicet Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/adicet-bio/), [Allogene Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/allogene/), [Allotera Therapeutics (formerly Wugen)](https://onco.cc/companies/allotera-therapeutics/), [Arcellx](https://onco.cc/companies/arcellx/), [Arsenal Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/arsenal-bio/), [Aurigene Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/aurigene/), [Bellicum Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/bellicum/), [CARGO Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cargo-therapeutics/), [Caribou Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/caribou/), [Cartesian Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cartesian-therapeutics/), [CARTx Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cartx-therapeutics/), [Cellectis](https://onco.cc/companies/cellectis/), [Cellogen Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cellogen/), [Century Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/century-therapeutics/), [Cipla](https://onco.cc/companies/cipla/), [Fate Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/fate-therapeutics/), [Generate:Biomedicines](https://onco.cc/companies/generate-biomedicines/), [IASO Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/iaso-bio/), [Immuneel Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/immuneel/), [ImmunoACT](https://onco.cc/companies/immunoact/), [Imugene](https://onco.cc/companies/imugene/), [Juventas Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/companies/juventas-cell-therapy/), [JW Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/jw-therapeutics/), [LEAH Labs](https://onco.cc/companies/leah-labs/), [Lyell Immunopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/lyell-immunopharma/), [LYSA (The Lymphoma Study Association)](https://onco.cc/companies/lysa/), [Modulari-T](https://onco.cc/companies/modulari-t/), [Poseida Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/poseida-therapeutics/), [Sorrento Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/sorrento-therapeutics/), [Tmunity Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/tmunity-therapeutics/), [Vor Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/vor-biopharma/)
- terms: [Antigen](https://onco.cc/terms/antigen/), [Antigen escape (antigen loss, lineage switch)](https://onco.cc/terms/antigen-escape/), [Antigen escape: how a lymphoma loses the thing the drug was aimed at](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-antigen-escape/), [Apheresis (leukapheresis)](https://onco.cc/terms/apheresis/), [B cell](https://onco.cc/terms/b-cell/), [Bridging therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/bridging-therapy/), [Cytokine](https://onco.cc/terms/cytokine/), [Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/crs/), [Cytokine release syndrome and ICANS: grading and management](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-crs-icans/), [Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction](https://onco.cc/terms/avoiding-immune-destruction/), [Hypogammaglobulinaemia and infection risk after B-cell therapies](https://onco.cc/terms/hypogammaglobulinaemia/), [ICANS (neurotoxicity)](https://onco.cc/terms/icans/), [Immune surveillance and cancer immunoediting](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-surveillance-immunoediting/), [Immunoglobulin replacement after CAR-T, bispecifics and long anti-CD20 treatment](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-immunoglobulin-replacement/), [Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/terms/immunotherapy-term/), [Infection prophylaxis in lymphoma: PJP, herpes, fungal risk and vaccination](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-pjp-and-infection-prophylaxis/), [Low antibodies and infection risk for years after anti-CD20 and bispecific antibodies](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-living-infection-years-after/), [Lymphodepletion before CAR-T](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphodepletion/), [Lymphoma (tissue type)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-type/), [Stem cell transplant in lymphoma: what it is still for](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-transplant-role/), [T cell](https://onco.cc/terms/t-cell/), [T-cell exhaustion and CAR-T persistence](https://onco.cc/terms/t-cell-exhaustion-term/), [The CAR-T pathway in lymphoma: referral, apheresis, bridging and the waiting](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway/), [Transplant or CAR-T at second line in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-decision-transplant-or-car-t/), [Treatment at the local hospital or at a cell-therapy centre far from home](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-decision-local-or-car-t-centre/), [Vein-to-vein time and manufacturing slots](https://onco.cc/terms/vein-to-vein-time/), [What it costs to aim at a lineage antigen](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-lineage-antigen-cost/)
- trials: [A Phase III Randomized Study in CLDN18.2-positive Unresectable Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07103668/), [A Phase III Study of Eque-cel in Subjects With Len-refractory RRMM (FUMANBA-03)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06464991/), [A Phase III Trial Comparing Tisagenlecleucel to Standard of Care (SoC) in Adult Participants With r/r Follicular Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05888493/), [A Study Comparing Anitocabtagene Autoleucel to Standard of Care Therapy in Participants With Relapsed/ Refractory Multiple Myeloma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06413498/), [A Study of Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel and Talquetamab for the Treatment of Participants With High-Risk Multiple Myeloma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06550895/), [A Study of CNA3103 (LGR5-targeted, Autologous CAR-T Cells) Administered to Subjects With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05759728/), [A Study of CNCT19 Treatment in Children and Adolescent r/r ALL Patients(Pediatric)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05667506/), [A Study of Different Sequences of Cilta-cel, Talquetamab in Combination With Daratumumab and Teclistamab in Combination With Daratumumab Following Ind](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06577025/), [A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Lisocabtagene Maraleucel (Liso-cel) as First-Line Therapy in Adults With Transplant-Ineligible Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07015242/), [A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Idecabtagene Vicleucel With Lenalidomide Maintenance Therapy Versus Lenalidomide Maintenance Therapy Alo](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06045806/), [A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07149857/), [Administering Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Transduced With a CD70-Binding Chimeric Antigen Receptor to People With CD70 Expressing Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02830724/), [BELINDA](https://onco.cc/trials/belinda/), [CARTITUDE-1](https://onco.cc/trials/cartitude-1/), [CARTITUDE-4](https://onco.cc/trials/cartitude-4/), [CD19-targeted CAR T Cells for Relapsed or Refractory (R/R) Large B-cell Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06479356/), [CD318-targeted CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer (ResCPa)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07153289/), [Clinical Study of U32 in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07036250/), [Clinical Trial of CNCT19 Cell Injection in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04684147/), [Clinical Trial to Evaluate Zevor-cel (CT053) in Patients With Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (LUMMICAR STUDY 2)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03915184/), [CT041-ST-01](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04581473/), [ELARA](https://onco.cc/trials/elara/), [ELIANA](https://onco.cc/trials/eliana/), [FELIX](https://onco.cc/trials/felix/), [FUMANBA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/fumanba-1/), [GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù phase 1/2)](https://onco.cc/trials/gd2-cart01/), [HBI0101 (NXC-201) multiple myeloma phase 1](https://onco.cc/trials/nxc-201-mm/), [IMAGINE (varnimcabtagene autoleucel, Immuneel)](https://onco.cc/trials/imagine-varnimcabtagene/), [iMMagine-1](https://onco.cc/trials/immagine-1/), [Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography in Colorectal Surgery to Prevent Anastomotic Leakage](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05168839/), [JULIET](https://onco.cc/trials/juliet/), [KarMMa-3](https://onco.cc/trials/karmma-3/), [LEGEND-2](https://onco.cc/trials/legend-2/), [LUMMICAR STUDY 1](https://onco.cc/trials/lummicar-1/), [Mesothelin and Claudin 18.2 Dual-Target CAR-T Therapy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07066995/), [Phase II Clinical Trial of CNCT19 Cell Injection in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04586478/), [RELIANCE](https://onco.cc/trials/reliance/), [Relmacabtagene Autoleucel As Second-Line Therapy in Adult Patients with Aggressive B-cell NHL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06093841/), [Study of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel Versus Standard of Care Therapy in Participants With Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05371093/), [Study of Efficacy and Safety of Tisagenlecleucel in HR B-ALL EOC MRD Positive Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03876769/), [Study of Out of Specification for Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04094311/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel (NexCAR19) phase 1/2](https://onco.cc/trials/talicel-phase-1-2/), [TRANSCEND CLL 004](https://onco.cc/trials/transcend-cll-004/), [TRANSCEND NHL 001](https://onco.cc/trials/transcend-nhl-001/), [TRANSFORM](https://onco.cc/trials/transform/), [ZUMA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-1/), [ZUMA-2](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-2/), [ZUMA-5](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-5/), [ZUMA-7](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-7/)
- people: [Behnam Badie](https://onco.cc/people/behnam-badie/), [Bruce L. Levine](https://onco.cc/people/bruce-levine/), [Carl H. June](https://onco.cc/people/carl-june/), [Changsong Qi](https://onco.cc/people/qi-changsong/), [Christine E. Brown](https://onco.cc/people/christine-brown/), [Christof von Kalle](https://onco.cc/people/christof-von-kalle/), [Crystal L. Mackall](https://onco.cc/people/crystal-mackall/), [David L. Porter](https://onco.cc/people/david-porter/), [Emily Whitehead](https://onco.cc/people/emily-whitehead/), [Frederick L. Locke](https://onco.cc/people/frederick-locke/), [Gaurav Narula](https://onco.cc/people/narula-gaurav/), [Hasmukh Jain](https://onco.cc/people/jain-hasmukh/), [Jae H. Park](https://onco.cc/people/jae-park/), [Jason R. Westin](https://onco.cc/people/jason-westin/), [Jesús G. Berdeja](https://onco.cc/people/jesus-berdeja/), [John F. DiPersio](https://onco.cc/people/john-dipersio/), [Joseph Trapani](https://onco.cc/people/trapani-joseph/), [Leonard Abramson](https://onco.cc/people/leonard-abramson/), [Lin Shen](https://onco.cc/people/shen-lin/), [Marcela V. Maus](https://onco.cc/people/marcela-maus/), [Michael L. Wang](https://onco.cc/people/michael-wang/), [Michael von Bergwelt](https://onco.cc/people/michael-von-bergwelt/), [Michal Besser](https://onco.cc/people/michal-besser/), [Michel Sadelain](https://onco.cc/people/michel-sadelain/), [Michelle Monje](https://onco.cc/people/michelle-monje/), [Nikhil C. Munshi](https://onco.cc/people/nikhil-munshi/), [Nirali N. Shah](https://onco.cc/people/nirali-shah/), [Noopur Raje](https://onco.cc/people/noopur-raje/), [Philip D. Greenberg](https://onco.cc/people/philip-greenberg/), [Polina Stepensky](https://onco.cc/people/polina-stepensky/), [Rahul Purwar](https://onco.cc/people/purwar-rahul/), [Renier J. Brentjens](https://onco.cc/people/renier-brentjens/), [Robbie G. Majzner](https://onco.cc/people/robbie-majzner/), [Sanford I. Weill](https://onco.cc/people/sanford-weill/), [Sattva S. Neelapu](https://onco.cc/people/sattva-neelapu/), [Sean Parker](https://onco.cc/people/sean-parker/), [Stanley R. Riddell](https://onco.cc/people/stanley-riddell/), [Stephan A. Grupp](https://onco.cc/people/stephan-grupp/), [Stephen J. Forman](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-forman/), [Stephen J. Schuster](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-schuster/), [Waseem Qasim](https://onco.cc/people/waseem-qasim/), [You Lu](https://onco.cc/people/lu-you/), [Zelig Eshhar](https://onco.cc/people/zelig-eshhar/), [Zonghai Li](https://onco.cc/people/li-zonghai/)
- key papers: [Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022/), [CARTITUDE-1: cilta-cel, a BCMA CAR-T, in heavily pretreated myeloma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cartitude-1-cilta-cel-lancet-2021/), [CARTITUDE-4: cilta-cel CAR-T versus standard combinations after one to three prior lines of myeloma therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cartitude-4-cilta-cel-nejm-2023/), [Claudin-18 isoform 2-specific CAR T-cell therapy (satri-cel) versus treatment of physician's choice for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (CT041-ST-01): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ct041-st-01-lancet-2025/), [Development and manufacture of novel locally produced anti-BCMA CAR T cells for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: results from a phase I clinical trial (HBI0101)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nxc-201-hbi0101-asherie-haematologica-2023/), [ELIANA: the global trial that made tisagenlecleucel the first approved CAR-T therapy for children and young adults with relapsed ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018/), [Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gross-eshhar-chimeric-receptor-pnas-1989/), [JULIET: tisagenlecleucel for adults with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-juliet-tisagenlecleucel-dlbcl-nejm-2019/), [KarMMa-3: ide-cel CAR-T versus standard regimens in triple-class-exposed relapsed myeloma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-karmma-3-ide-cel-nejm-2023/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020/), [Maude 2014: CD19 CAR-T cells produce complete remission in 27 of 30 children and adults with relapsed ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-maude-ctl019-all-nejm-2014/), [Second-line tisagenlecleucel or standard care in aggressive B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022/), [Talicabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1/2 study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jain-talicabtagene-lancet-haem-2025/), [Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022/), [TRANSFORM: liso-cel CAR-T versus salvage chemotherapy and transplant in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-transform-liso-cel-lancet-2022/), [UCART19: the first gene-edited, donor-derived CAR-T cells in children and adults with relapsed B-cell ALL](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ucart19-allogeneic-car-t-lancet-2020/), [ZUMA-1: axicabtagene ciloleucel for refractory large B-cell lymphoma, the first CAR-T approved for lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-1-axi-cel-nejm-2017/), [ZUMA-2: brexu-cel CAR-T for mantle cell lymphoma that has failed BTK inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-2-brexu-cel-mantle-cell-nejm-2020/), [ZUMA-7: axi-cel CAR-T instead of salvage chemotherapy and transplant for large B-cell lymphoma that relapses early](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-7-axi-cel-second-line-nejm-2022/)
- ideas: [A neutral slot exchange so unused CAR-T manufacturing slots go to the next patient](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-manufacturing-slot-exchange/), [An open interoperability standard for closed automated cell-processing machines](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-closed-manufacturing-interop-standard/), [CD30 CAR-T for multiply relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cd30-car-t-hodgkin/), [Collect and freeze T cells at diagnosis for high-risk patients, before chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-early-apheresis-banking/), [Comparability by design: a digital twin and sentinel panel for cell process changes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-comparability-by-design-digital-twin/), [Deliver CAR-T cells straight into the fluid around the brain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-intraventricular-car-t/), [Digital batch records and AI process control to halve cell therapy batch failures](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-ai-process-control-cell-manufacturing/), [Engineered immune surveillance: long-lived programmed immune cells that patrol for early cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-engineered-immune-surveillance/), [Full refund for CAR-T if the patient has not responded at three months](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-cart-outcomes-refund/), [GD2 CAR-T as consolidation in high-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gd2-car-t-frontline-consolidation/), [Harmonise Europe's hospital exemption for academic cell therapies, with one registry](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-hospital-exemption-harmonised/), [Head-to-head bispecific vs CAR-T in second-line LBCL](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bispecific-vs-car-t-second-line/), [Hospital-based CAR-T manufacturing at cost through a public network](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-public-car-t-manufacturing/), [Hospital-exemption cell therapies at scale, backed by a shared registry](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-hospital-exemption-registry/), [Hospital-made CAR-T under one shared regulatory master file](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-point-of-care-cart-network/), [In vivo CAR-T against solid-tumour antigens](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-in-vivo-car-solid/), [In vivo CAR-T as a vial on the shelf: a cost and access trial in lymphoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-in-vivo-cart-off-the-shelf-vial/), [In vivo CAR-T manufactured and priced like a generic biologic](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-in-vivo-cart-generic-price/), [Mandatory public reporting of vein-to-vein time and failure rate per CAR-T product](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-vein-to-vein-public-benchmark/), [Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/), [Mutual recognition of GMP inspections for cell, gene and radiopharmaceutical plants](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-mutual-recognition-inspections-atmp/), [Non-profit, open-licence lentiviral vectors and producer cell lines for CAR-T](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-open-source-lentiviral-vectors/), [Non-viral CAR-T (transposon or CRISPR knock-in) as the default manufacturing route](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-non-viral-cart-manufacturing/), [One CAR-T infusion instead of autologous transplant](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-car-t-replaces-transplant/), [Open the barrier so engineered immune cells can enter the brain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-fus-for-cell-entry/), [Outcome-based annuity payments for potentially curative one-time therapies](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-pay-for-cure-annuities/), [Pay for one-time curative therapies as an annuity that stops at relapse](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-annuity-payment-durable-therapies/), [Pay-for-cure contracts: instalment payments for curative therapies contingent on durable remission](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-pay-for-cure-contracts/), [Plan the second CAR-T target before the first one is lost](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-adaptive-car-antigen-switch/), [Public cell-therapy foundries at cancer centres for academics and start-ups](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-public-cell-therapy-foundries/), [Public payers cover academic CAR-T at cost as a benchmark for commercial prices](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-academic-cart-at-cost-coverage/), [Public reference standards and potency assays for CAR-T so every lab measures alike](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-cart-potency-reference-standards/), [Public-sector CAR-T manufacturing in India, Brazil and South Africa under $50,000](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-lmic-public-cart-manufacturing/), [Regional translational institutes with academic GMP suites and IND teams](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-translational-institutes-gmp/), [Regionally delivered mesothelin CAR-T with PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-mesothelin-car-t-regional/), [Report the time from apheresis to infusion as a trial endpoint, not a logistics footnote](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint/), [Shared modular GMP facilities for academic personalised vaccines and cell products](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-shared-personalised-therapy-gmp/), [Treat the body cavity, not the bloodstream, for surface spread](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-intracavitary-immunotherapy/), [Two-day CAR-T manufacture paired with rapid release tests that regulators accept](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-two-day-cart-rapid-release/), [Use patient organoids to check a cell therapy will work before infusing it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-organoid-cell-therapy-potency/)
- pairings: [Early relapse: CAR-T before transplant](https://onco.cc/pairings/car-t-before-transplant-lbcl/)
- roadmaps: [Cell therapy roadmap: CD19 CAR-T → solid tumours → in vivo CAR](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/cell-therapy-roadmap/), [Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/), [Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/), [Paths to cures: interception, eradication, control](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/cure-paths/)
- institutions: [Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania](https://onco.cc/institutions/penn-abramson/), [Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/actrec/), [Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/arpa-h/), [All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi](https://onco.cc/institutions/aiims-delhi/), [American Society of Hematology](https://onco.cc/institutions/ash/), [Barts Cancer Institute / Barts Health NHS Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/barts-cancer-institute/), [Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra / CIMA](https://onco.cc/institutions/cun-navarra/), [Cancer Research UK City of London Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-city-of-london-centre/), [Central Drugs Standard Control Organization](https://onco.cc/institutions/cdsco/), [Chan Zuckerberg Biohub](https://onco.cc/institutions/cz-biohub/), [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](https://onco.cc/institutions/chop/), [Chinese PLA General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pla-general-hospital/), [Christian Medical College, Vellore](https://onco.cc/institutions/cmc-vellore/), [City of Hope](https://onco.cc/institutions/city-of-hope/), [City of Hope Orange County](https://onco.cc/institutions/city-of-hope-orange-county/), [Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi](https://onco.cc/institutions/cleveland-clinic-abu-dhabi/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-wuerzburg/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-vienna/), [Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/baylor-duncan/), [Department of Biotechnology, Government of India](https://onco.cc/institutions/dbt-india/), [European Hematology Association](https://onco.cc/institutions/eha/), [European Medicines Agency](https://onco.cc/institutions/ema/), [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/fred-hutch/), [Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hug-geneva/), [Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children](https://onco.cc/institutions/great-ormond-street/), [Hadassah Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hadassah/), [Henan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/henan-cancer-hospital/), [Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont / CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal](https://onco.cc/institutions/ciusss-emtl-maisonneuve-rosemont/), [Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/), [Hospital del Mar / Hospital del Mar Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-del-mar/), [Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre](https://onco.cc/institutions/12-de-octubre/), [HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/helsinki-hus/), [Indian Institute of Technology Bombay](https://onco.cc/institutions/iit-bombay/), [Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital](https://onco.cc/institutions/inselspital-bern/), [Institut Paoli-Calmettes](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-paoli-calmettes/), [Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://onco.cc/institutions/cams-hematology/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-porto/), [IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola](https://onco.cc/institutions/sant-orsola-bologna/), [IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele](https://onco.cc/institutions/san-raffaele/), [IUCT Oncopole (Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse)](https://onco.cc/institutions/iuct-oncopole/), [Juravinski Cancer Centre / Escarpment Cancer Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/juravinski/), [King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/kfshrc/), [Max Healthcare (Max Institute of Cancer Care)](https://onco.cc/institutions/max-healthcare/), [Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Arizona](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic-arizona/), [Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Florida](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic-florida/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [Narayana Health (Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre)](https://onco.cc/institutions/narayana-health/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National Medical Products Administration / Center for Drug Evaluation](https://onco.cc/institutions/nmpa-cde/), [National University Hospital / National University Cancer Institute, Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nuh-ncis/), [Nationwide Children's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/nationwide-childrens/), [NCI Center for Cancer Research (intramural programme)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-ccr/), [Northwell Health Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/northwell-cancer-institute/), [Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/institutions/parker-institute/), [Paul-Ehrlich-Institut](https://onco.cc/institutions/paul-ehrlich-institut/), [Peking University Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/), [Peking University People's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-peoples-hospital/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://onco.cc/institutions/renji-hospital/), [Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/rigshospitalet/), [Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://onco.cc/institutions/ruijin-hospital/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [Seoul St. Mary's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/seoul-st-marys-hospital/), [Sheba Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/sheba/), [Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Jefferson Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/jefferson-kimmel/), [Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/siriraj-hospital/), [Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/sitc/), [St. Jude Children's Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/st-jude/), [Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/stanford/), [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/taipei-veterans-general-hospital/), [Tel Aviv University](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-university/), [Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/texas-childrens/), [The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/clatterbridge/), [The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre / Ottawa Hospital Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/ottawa-hospital/), [Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology](https://onco.cc/institutions/tongji-hospital-wuhan/), [Trinity St James's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/trinity-st-jamess-cancer-institute/), [UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/unc-lineberger/), [Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College](https://onco.cc/institutions/union-hospital-wuhan/), [University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT)](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-frankfurt/), [University Cancer Center Mainz (UCT Mainz) / Universitätsmedizin Mainz](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-mainz/), [University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uclh/), [University Hospital Basel / Tumour Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/usb-basel/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/)
- bottlenecks: [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/), [Prices and value](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-drug-pricing/), [Toxicity and quality of life are undervalued](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-toxicity-qol/)
- pathways: [Antigen presentation & immune editing](https://onco.cc/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/), [Extrinsic apoptosis (death receptors)](https://onco.cc/pathways/extrinsic-apoptosis-death-receptors/), [Resistance routes: how a blocked pathway comes back](https://onco.cc/pathways/resistance-routes-map/), [T-cell exhaustion](https://onco.cc/pathways/t-cell-exhaustion/), [The cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/)
- collections: [St. Baldrick's Foundation](https://onco.cc/collections/st-baldricks/)

---
JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/car-t.json