# Colorectal cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/  
OnCo record `colorectal` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy.

## Summary

Colorectal cancer is the disease where screening works best: removing adenomas at colonoscopy prevents cancer, stool and blood tests catch it early, and localised disease is cured by surgery. It is the third most common cancer worldwide (about 1.9 million cases a year) and, because many are still found late, the second most common cause of cancer death (900,000 a year). Most cases arise through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence driven by APC loss, KRAS mutation, and TP53 loss (chromosomal instability); about 15% arise through mismatch-repair deficiency (dMMR/MSI-high), either sporadically via MLH1 methylation or through Lynch syndrome. Incidence is rising sharply in adults under 50 for reasons that remain unexplained.

Treatment splits along biology. Localised disease is cured by surgery, with adjuvant FOLFOX or CAPOX for stage III (3 months suffices for low-risk disease) and, since ATOMIC (2025), atezolizumab added for dMMR stage III. Rectal cancer uses total neoadjuvant therapy with chemoradiation and increasingly organ preservation; dMMR rectal cancer can be treated with six months of dostarlimab and no surgery at all (AZUR-1, FDA priority review). Metastatic disease is stratified by RAS, BRAF, HER2, MSI, and sidedness: left-sided RAS/BRAF wild-type tumours get chemotherapy with an EGFR antibody (PARADIGM); others get bevacizumab; BRAF V600E disease gets encorafenib + cetuximab + chemotherapy first line (BREAKWATER, OS doubled to 30 months); KRAS G12C disease gets sotorasib or adagrasib with an EGFR antibody; HER2-amplified disease gets tucatinib + trastuzumab or T-DXd; dMMR disease gets pembrolizumab or nivolumab + ipilimumab first line, with 5-year survival above 50%. Later lines: trifluridine/tipiracil + bevacizumab (SUNLIGHT), fruquintinib (FRESCO-2), regorafenib. Liver-limited metastases are resected or ablated with curative intent in a meaningful minority.

Unsolved: the 95% of metastatic tumours that are microsatellite-stable remain immunotherapy-resistant; KRAS G12D (the commonest mutation) is undrugged; early-onset CRC has no explanation and no screening; ctDNA can identify who will relapse after surgery but no escalation strategy has yet been shown to change that (ALTAIR negative); and anti-EGFR resistance via RAS/EGFR ectodomain clones, MET amplification, and HER2 amplification is universal in metastatic disease.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-07
- Also known as: COAD; COADREAD; TCGA-COAD; TCGA-COADREAD; colorectal adenocarcinoma (TCGA COAD and READ cohorts); Rectal Cancer
- Tags: gi; spike
- Group: gastrointestinal
- Burden: ~1.9 million cases per year worldwide, the third most common cancer; screening prevents it and most localised disease is cured. Incidence is rising ~2% per year in adults under 50 in high-income countries. ~900,000 deaths per year, the second most common cause of cancer death, mostly from disease found late.
- Subtypes: Chromosomal instability / APC-KRAS-TP53 pathway (~80%); Mismatch-repair deficient / MSI-high (~15% localised, ~5% metastatic); Lynch syndrome (hereditary dMMR, ~3%); BRAF V600E (~8-10%, right-sided, aggressive; now has a first-line targeted triplet); KRAS-mutant (~45%; G12C ~3-4%, G12D ~13%); HER2-amplified (~3-5%, RAS wild-type, left-sided); Left-sided vs right-sided (embryologic origin drives biology); Consensus molecular subtypes CMS1-4; Early-onset (<50 years); Rectal vs colon (different local therapy)
- Biomarkers: RAS (KRAS/NRAS); BRAF V600E; MSI/dMMR; HER2; NTRK; sidedness; ctDNA MRD; RAS (KRAS and NRAS exons 2-4) for anti-EGFR eligibility; MMR/MSI status (universal testing at diagnosis); HER2 amplification (IHC/ISH or NGS); Primary tumour sidedness; NTRK fusions (rare); POLE/POLD1 (ultramutated, IO-responsive); ctDNA MRD after surgery (Signatera, Guardant Reveal); CEA (monitoring); UGT1A1*28 (irinotecan dosing) and DPYD (fluoropyrimidine toxicity); Germline testing for Lynch when dMMR or young onset

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/colorectal/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/#overview [11 subtypes, 9 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/#what-it-is [21 subtypes, 6 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/#finding-it [17 biomarkers, 12 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/#treating-it [18 settings, 7 regimens, 16 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/evidence/ [244 trials, 38 key papers, 21 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/science/ [292 targets, 12 pathways, 12 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/where-you-are/ [101 centres]
- Living with it (own page): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/living-with-it/ [54 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/coming/ [97 medicines, 244 trials, 80 ideas, 11 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/data/ [1247 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Screening: Colonoscopy, FIT, Cologuard, Shield blood test from age 45. ([Shield](https://onco.cc/drugs/shield/))
- Stage II-III: Surgery; adjuvant chemotherapy guided by risk and (in trials) ctDNA; exercise programme. ([DYNAMIC](https://onco.cc/trials/dynamic/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/), [Exercise & lifestyle oncology](https://onco.cc/technologies/exercise-oncology/))
- Metastatic, MSS: Doublet/triplet chemotherapy + biologic by genotype; targeted combinations for BRAF, KRAS G12C, HER2. ([Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [Sotorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotorasib/), [Adagrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/adagrasib/), [Tucatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tucatinib/))
- Metastatic, dMMR: Checkpoint inhibitors; organ preservation in rectal cancer. ([Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Dostarlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/dostarlimab/))
- Screening (average risk, age 45-75): Colonoscopy every 10 years, annual FIT, multitarget stool DNA every 3 years, CT colonography, or the Shield blood test every 3 years; start at 45 (USPSTF 2021). Lynch carriers: colonoscopy every 1-2 years from age 20-25. ([Colorectal cancer screening (colonoscopy, FIT, stool DNA, blood)](https://onco.cc/technologies/colorectal-screening/), [Shield](https://onco.cc/drugs/shield/), [Faecal immunochemical test (FIT)](https://onco.cc/terms/fit-test/), [Lynch syndrome](https://onco.cc/terms/lynch-syndrome/))
- Stage I-II colon: Surgical resection; observation for stage I and low-risk stage II. High-risk stage II (T4, obstruction, <12 nodes, LVI): consider 3-6 months fluoropyrimidine ± oxaliplatin; ctDNA-negative patients can safely omit (DYNAMIC). dMMR stage II derives no benefit from 5-FU alone. ([DYNAMIC](https://onco.cc/trials/dynamic/), [CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/capox/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/))
- Stage III colon, pMMR: Resection then adjuvant CAPOX for 3 months (T1-3 N1, low risk) or FOLFOX/CAPOX for 6 months (T4 or N2), per IDEA. ([FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/capox/))
- Stage III colon, dMMR: Resection then FOLFOX + atezolizumab for 12 months (ATOMIC, 3-year DFS 86% vs 77%). Neoadjuvant nivolumab + ipilimumab (NICHE-2) is an alternative under evaluation. ([ATOMIC (Alliance A021502)](https://onco.cc/trials/atomic/), [NICHE-2](https://onco.cc/trials/niche-2/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/))
- Locally advanced rectal, pMMR: Total neoadjuvant therapy: short-course radiation or long-course chemoradiation plus FOLFOX/CAPOX, then TME surgery or watch-and-wait for clinical complete response (OPRA). Non-operative management for select cCR. ([IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [Clinical complete response (cCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-complete-response/))
- Locally advanced rectal, dMMR: Dostarlimab monotherapy for 6 months with organ preservation (MSK cohort 100% cCR; AZUR-1 registrational, PDUFA February 2027). Chemoradiation and surgery reserved for non-responders. ([AZUR-1](https://onco.cc/trials/azur-1/), [Dostarlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/dostarlimab/), [Clinical complete response (cCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-complete-response/))
- Metastatic, dMMR/MSI-high, first line: Pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-177) or nivolumab + ipilimumab (CheckMate 8HW, PFS 54 months); nivolumab monotherapy alternative. Chemotherapy reserved for IO-refractory disease. ([KEYNOTE-177](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-177/), [CheckMate 8HW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-8hw/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/))
- Metastatic, RAS/BRAF wild-type, left-sided: FOLFOX or FOLFIRI + panitumumab or cetuximab (PARADIGM OS 37.9 months); bevacizumab if anti-EGFR contraindicated. Maintenance fluoropyrimidine ± biologic after induction. ([PARADIGM](https://onco.cc/trials/paradigm/), [CRYSTAL & FIRE-3](https://onco.cc/trials/crystal-fire3/), [Panitumumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/panitumumab/), [Cetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfiri/), [Anti-EGFR antibody + chemotherapy in left-sided RAS/BRAF wild-type mCRC](https://onco.cc/pairings/anti-egfr-left-sided/))
- Metastatic, RAS-mutant or right-sided (non-G12C): FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, or FOLFOXIRI + bevacizumab; anti-EGFR contraindicated. KRAS G12D and other alleles: RAS(ON) inhibitors in trials. ([Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfiri/), [Daraxonrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/daraxonrasib/))
- Metastatic, BRAF V600E: First line: encorafenib + cetuximab + mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI (BREAKWATER, OS 30.3 vs 15.1 months). Later line: encorafenib + cetuximab (BEACON). ([BREAKWATER](https://onco.cc/trials/breakwater/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [Cetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfiri/))
- Metastatic, KRAS G12C: Sotorasib + panitumumab (CodeBreaK 300) or adagrasib + cetuximab after chemotherapy; first-line trials ongoing. ([CodeBreaK 300](https://onco.cc/trials/codebreak-300/), [Sotorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotorasib/), [Adagrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/adagrasib/), [Panitumumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/panitumumab/), [Cetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab/), [KRAS G12C inhibitor + anti-EGFR antibody (colorectal)](https://onco.cc/pairings/kras-plus-egfr-crc/))
- Metastatic, HER2-amplified, RAS wild-type: Tucatinib + trastuzumab (MOUNTAINEER) or trastuzumab deruxtecan 5.4 mg/kg (DESTINY-CRC02) after chemotherapy; MOUNTAINEER-03 tests first-line use. ([MOUNTAINEER & MOUNTAINEER-03](https://onco.cc/trials/mountaineer/), [DESTINY-CRC02](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-crc02/), [Tucatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tucatinib/), [Trastuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/))
- Metastatic, refractory (third line and beyond): Trifluridine/tipiracil + bevacizumab (SUNLIGHT, OS 10.8 months), then fruquintinib (FRESCO-2) or regorafenib; NTRK inhibitor if fusion; clinical trials. ([SUNLIGHT](https://onco.cc/trials/sunlight/), [FRESCO-2](https://onco.cc/trials/fresco-2/), [Trifluridine/tipiracil](https://onco.cc/drugs/trifluridine-tipiracil/), [Fruquintinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/fruquintinib/), [Regorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/regorafenib/), [Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/))
- Oligometastatic liver or lung disease: Resection, thermal ablation, or SBRT with curative intent after multidisciplinary review; perioperative chemotherapy; 5-year survival 30-50% after complete resection of liver metastases. ([Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/))

## State of the art

- ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy.
- Immunotherapy cures in dMMR without surgery.
- First-line targeted therapy for BRAF V600E.
- dMMR disease: immunotherapy first line gives median OS over 6 years (KEYNOTE-177); neoadjuvant IO achieves 68% pCR and 100% 3-year DFS in colon (NICHE-2) and complete organ preservation in rectal cancer (dostarlimab, AZUR-1).
- BRAF V600E first-line targeted triplet doubled survival to 30 months (BREAKWATER); full approval in 2026.
- Adjuvant atezolizumab for dMMR stage III colon cancer halves recurrence (ATOMIC, 2025): the first adjuvant IO success in CRC.
- Sidedness plus RAS/BRAF status selects anti-EGFR therapy, yielding median OS near 38 months first line (PARADIGM).
- ctDNA-guided de-escalation is proven (DYNAMIC); blood-based screening is FDA-approved (Shield, 2024) and Medicare-covered.
- KRAS G12C and HER2 have approved targeted combinations; RAS(ON) inhibitors are entering phase 3 for the remaining KRAS alleles.

## Open problems

- MSS metastatic disease is immunotherapy-resistant.
- Early-onset CRC causes unknown.
- KRAS G12D (most common) undrugged.
- Microsatellite-stable metastatic disease (95%) remains immunotherapy-resistant; liver metastases actively suppress systemic immunity.
- KRAS G12D and G12V, the most common drivers, have no approved inhibitor; RAS(ON) inhibitors are the first credible attempt.
- Early-onset colorectal cancer is rising ~2% per year with no established cause and no screening before 45.
- ctDNA identifies who will relapse but no escalation strategy has changed outcomes (ALTAIR negative).
- Anti-EGFR resistance is universal; rechallenge and ctDNA-guided sequencing are unproven in phase 3.
- Rectal cancer organ preservation lacks randomised comparison against surgery in pMMR disease.
- Peritoneal metastases respond poorly to systemic therapy; HIPEC with oxaliplatin failed (PRODIGE 7).
- Disparities: screening uptake and outcomes differ sharply by race, income, and geography.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer
- NCCN Colon Cancer guideline: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1428
- NCCN Rectal Cancer guideline: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1461
- ESMO metastatic colorectal cancer guideline: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/guidelines-by-topic/esmo-clinical-practice-guidelines-gastrointestinal-cancers/
- NCI PDQ colon cancer treatment: https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colon-treatment-pdq

## Connected records

- collections: [Australia's national cancer screening programs](https://onco.cc/collections/australia-cancer-screening-programs/), [Colorectal Cancer Alliance](https://onco.cc/collections/colorectal-cancer-alliance/), [Ireland's National Screening Service](https://onco.cc/collections/ireland-national-screening-service/), [NHS cancer screening programmes](https://onco.cc/collections/nhs-cancer-screening-programmes/), [Time to Screen (New Zealand national screening)](https://onco.cc/collections/nz-time-to-screen/)
- technologies: [AI polyp detection in colonoscopy](https://onco.cc/technologies/ai-endoscopy-detection/), [Alcohol reduction, pricing and cancer warning labels](https://onco.cc/technologies/alcohol-reduction-labelling/), [Alternative medicine used instead of standard treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/alternative-medicine-instead-of-treatment/), [Anti-angiogenic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/antiangiogenic/), [Aspirin for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/aspirin-cancer-prevention/), [Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/technologies/bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence/), [Biosimilar manufacturing and comparability](https://onco.cc/technologies/biosimilar-manufacturing/), [Breath and volatile-organic-compound detection](https://onco.cc/technologies/breath-vocs/), [C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)](https://onco.cc/technologies/c-arm-linac/), [Cachexia pharmacotherapy: GDF-15 blockade, anamorelin, olanzapine](https://onco.cc/technologies/cachexia-appetite-pharmacotherapy/), [Cancer interception vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/interception-vaccination/), [Capsule endoscopy (PillCam, EndoCapsule, CapsoCam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/capsule-endoscopy-systems/), [CEA surveillance after colorectal cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/cea-surveillance-colorectal/), [Cell-free DNA methylation tests](https://onco.cc/technologies/cfdna-methylation-testing/), [CellSearch circulating tumour cell count](https://onco.cc/technologies/cellsearch-ctc-count/), [Chemoprevention & risk-reducing surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/chemoprevention/), [Circulating tumour cell capture](https://onco.cc/technologies/ctc-capture/), [Closed-system transfer devices for hazardous drugs (PhaSeal, ChemoLock, Equashield)](https://onco.cc/technologies/closed-system-transfer-devices/), [Coffee and tea intake](https://onco.cc/technologies/coffee-intake-cancer/), [Colorectal cancer screening (colonoscopy, FIT, stool DNA, blood)](https://onco.cc/technologies/colorectal-screening/), [CT body composition and sarcopenia measurement](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct-body-composition-sarcopenia/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Dietary supplements during cancer treatment: interactions and harms](https://onco.cc/technologies/dietary-supplements-treatment-interactions/), [DPYD genotyping and DPD phenotyping before fluoropyrimidines](https://onco.cc/technologies/dpyd-genotyping/), [Endoscopic ultrasound and EBUS systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-ultrasound-systems/), [Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition](https://onco.cc/technologies/eras-perioperative-nutrition/), [Exercise & lifestyle oncology](https://onco.cc/technologies/exercise-oncology/), [Exercise during chemotherapy and radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/exercise-during-chemotherapy/), [Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets around chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/fasting-mimicking-diet/), [G8 geriatric screening tool](https://onco.cc/technologies/g8-geriatric-screening/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [GLP-1 receptor agonists and obesity-related cancer risk](https://onco.cc/technologies/glp1-agonists-cancer-risk/), [HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/her2-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors/), [HIPEC / PIPAC (intraperitoneal chemotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hipec/), [HIPEC perfusion pumps and PIPAC nebulisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/hipec-pipac-devices/), [Hydrazine sulfate](https://onco.cc/technologies/hydrazine-sulfate/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Immunonutrition before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/immunonutrition-perioperative/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/), [Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-radiotherapy/), [KRAS & RAS inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kras-inhibitors/), [Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liver-transplant-oncology/), [Mediterranean and plant-forward dietary patterns](https://onco.cc/technologies/mediterranean-plant-forward-diet/), [Metastatic seeding and dormancy models](https://onco.cc/technologies/metastasis-seeding-models/), [Microwave and radiofrequency ablation systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/microwave-rf-ablation/), [Monoclonal antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [MRI field strengths: 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri-field-strengths/), [MSI and mismatch-repair testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/msi-mmr-testing/), [Multi-cancer early detection (MCED)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mced/), [Multitarget stool RNA test (ColoSense)](https://onco.cc/technologies/multitarget-stool-rna-test/), [Off-the-shelf cancer vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/shared-antigen-vaccine/), [Polygenic risk scores for cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/polygenic-risk-scores/), [Prehabilitation before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/prehabilitation/), [Probiotics for chemotherapy and radiotherapy diarrhoea](https://onco.cc/technologies/probiotics-treatment-diarrhoea/), [PSK (Krestin) mushroom polysaccharide as adjuvant therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/psk-krestin-adjuvant/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [Radiosensitisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiosensitisers/), [Red and processed meat reduction](https://onco.cc/technologies/red-processed-meat-reduction/), [Residual disease kinetics (BCR-ABL halving and ctDNA slopes)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-kinetics-models/), [Ring-gantry linacs (Halcyon, Ethos)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ring-gantry-linac/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Shark cartilage (AE-941, Neovastat)](https://onco.cc/technologies/shark-cartilage/), [Sleep and circadian interventions in cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/sleep-circadian-interventions/), [Structured exercise programmes after curative treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/structured-exercise-survivorship/), [Surgical robots: da Vinci, Hugo, Versius and single-port systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/surgical-robot-platforms/), [Systematic drug repurposing](https://onco.cc/technologies/drug-repurposing/), [Targeting the tumour's own microbes](https://onco.cc/technologies/tumour-microbiome-targeting/), [Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Time-restricted eating in cancer prevention and survivorship](https://onco.cc/technologies/time-restricted-eating/), [UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan](https://onco.cc/technologies/ugt1a1-genotyping/), [Ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened drinks](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultra-processed-food-ssb/), [Vitamin D and omega-3 supplementation](https://onco.cc/technologies/vitamin-d-omega3-supplementation/)
- targets: [ACKR3](https://onco.cc/targets/ackr3/), [ACVR1B](https://onco.cc/targets/acvr1b/), [ACVR2A](https://onco.cc/targets/acvr2a/), [AFDN](https://onco.cc/targets/afdn/), [AFF4](https://onco.cc/targets/aff4/), [ALCAM](https://onco.cc/targets/alcam/), [AMER1](https://onco.cc/targets/amer1/), [ANK1](https://onco.cc/targets/ank1/), [APC](https://onco.cc/targets/apc/), [ARAF](https://onco.cc/targets/araf/), [AREG](https://onco.cc/targets/areg/), [ARHGEF12](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgef12/), [ARID1A](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1a/), [ARID1B](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1b/), [ASXL1](https://onco.cc/targets/asxl1/), [ATF1](https://onco.cc/targets/atf1/), [ATM](https://onco.cc/targets/atm/), [ATP1A1](https://onco.cc/targets/atp1a1/), [ATP2B3](https://onco.cc/targets/atp2b3/), [ATRX](https://onco.cc/targets/atrx/), [AXIN2](https://onco.cc/targets/axin2/), [B2M](https://onco.cc/targets/b2m/), [BARD1](https://onco.cc/targets/bard1/), [BCL11B](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl11b/), [BCL3](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl3/), [BCL6](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl6/), [BCL9](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9/), [BCL9L](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9l/), [BCOR](https://onco.cc/targets/bcor/), [BCORL1](https://onco.cc/targets/bcorl1/), [BIRC6](https://onco.cc/targets/birc6/), [BIRC7](https://onco.cc/targets/birc7/), [BLM](https://onco.cc/targets/blm/), [BMP2](https://onco.cc/targets/bmp2/), [BMP4](https://onco.cc/targets/bmp4/), [BMP5](https://onco.cc/targets/bmp5/), [BMPR1A](https://onco.cc/targets/bmpr1a/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [BRIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/brip1/), [BUB1B](https://onco.cc/targets/bub1b/), [C11orf65](https://onco.cc/targets/c11orf65/), [CACNA1D](https://onco.cc/targets/cacna1d/), [CARD11](https://onco.cc/targets/card11/), [CCND1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd1/), [CCND2](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd2/), [CCNE1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccne1/), [CD44](https://onco.cc/targets/cd44/), [CD79A](https://onco.cc/targets/cd79a/), [CDC73](https://onco.cc/targets/cdc73/), [CDH11](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh11/), [CDKN1A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1a/), [CDX2](https://onco.cc/targets/cdx2/), [CEACAM1](https://onco.cc/targets/ceacam1/), [CEACAM5](https://onco.cc/targets/ceacam5/), [CEP89](https://onco.cc/targets/cep89/), [CHD4](https://onco.cc/targets/chd4/), [CHEK2](https://onco.cc/targets/chek2/), [CIC](https://onco.cc/targets/cic/), [CIITA](https://onco.cc/targets/ciita/), [COX-2 (PTGS2)](https://onco.cc/targets/cox2/), [CRAF (RAF1)](https://onco.cc/targets/raf1/), [CRTC1](https://onco.cc/targets/crtc1/), [CSMD3](https://onco.cc/targets/csmd3/), [CTCF](https://onco.cc/targets/ctcf/), [CTLA-4](https://onco.cc/targets/ctla4/), [CTNNA1](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnna1/), [CTNNB1](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnnb1/), [CYLD](https://onco.cc/targets/cyld/), [DCAF12L2](https://onco.cc/targets/dcaf12l2/), [DCC](https://onco.cc/targets/dcc/), [DCLK1](https://onco.cc/targets/dclk1/), [DDX5](https://onco.cc/targets/ddx5/), [DICER1](https://onco.cc/targets/dicer1/), [DKK1](https://onco.cc/targets/dkk1/), [DNM2](https://onco.cc/targets/dnm2/), [DUSP16](https://onco.cc/targets/dusp16/), [EGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/egfr/), [EIF4EBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/eif4ebp1/), [ELF3](https://onco.cc/targets/elf3/), [EP300](https://onco.cc/targets/ep300/), [EpCAM](https://onco.cc/targets/epcam/), [EPHA7](https://onco.cc/targets/epha7/), [EPHB4](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb4/), [ERCC2](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc2/), [ERCC3](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc3/), [ERCC4](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc4/), [ERCC5](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc5/), [ERCC6](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc6/), [EREG](https://onco.cc/targets/ereg/), [ETV1](https://onco.cc/targets/etv1/), [ETV5](https://onco.cc/targets/etv5/), [FANCA](https://onco.cc/targets/fanca/), [FANCC](https://onco.cc/targets/fancc/), [FANCE](https://onco.cc/targets/fance/), [FANCG](https://onco.cc/targets/fancg/), [FAT3](https://onco.cc/targets/fat3/), [FAT4](https://onco.cc/targets/fat4/), [FBXO11](https://onco.cc/targets/fbxo11/), [FBXW7](https://onco.cc/targets/fbxw7/), [FES](https://onco.cc/targets/fes/), [FGFR4](https://onco.cc/targets/fgfr4/), [FLCN](https://onco.cc/targets/flcn/), [FOS](https://onco.cc/targets/fos/), [FOXC2](https://onco.cc/targets/foxc2/), [FOXF1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxf1/), [FUBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/fubp1/), [GNAS](https://onco.cc/targets/gnas/), [GREM1](https://onco.cc/targets/grem1/), [GRIN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/grin2a/), [GSTP1](https://onco.cc/targets/gstp1/), [HCK kinase](https://onco.cc/targets/hck/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [HHIP](https://onco.cc/targets/hhip/), [HLA-C](https://onco.cc/targets/hla-c/), [HNF1A](https://onco.cc/targets/hnf1a/), [HOXC11](https://onco.cc/targets/hoxc11/), [HOXD11](https://onco.cc/targets/hoxd11/), [HRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/hras/), [HSPA5](https://onco.cc/targets/hspa5/), [HSPH1](https://onco.cc/targets/hsph1/), [IL-11 receptor alpha](https://onco.cc/targets/il11ra/), [IL6ST](https://onco.cc/targets/il6st/), [ING1](https://onco.cc/targets/ing1/), [IRS2](https://onco.cc/targets/irs2/), [IRS4](https://onco.cc/targets/irs4/), [JAK3](https://onco.cc/targets/jak3/), [JUN](https://onco.cc/targets/jun/), [KAT6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6a/), [KAT6B](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6b/), [KDM5A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5a/), [KDM5C](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5c/), [KLF5](https://onco.cc/targets/klf5/), [KMT2C](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2c/), [KMT2D](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2d/), [KNL1](https://onco.cc/targets/knl1/), [KRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/kras/), [LATS1](https://onco.cc/targets/lats1/), [LATS2](https://onco.cc/targets/lats2/), [LGR5](https://onco.cc/targets/lgr5-gene/), [LMO1](https://onco.cc/targets/lmo1/), [LRP1B](https://onco.cc/targets/lrp1b/), [MAF](https://onco.cc/targets/maf/), [MAFB](https://onco.cc/targets/mafb/), [MAP2K4](https://onco.cc/targets/map2k4/), [MAP3K1](https://onco.cc/targets/map3k1/), [MAPK11](https://onco.cc/targets/mapk11/), [MAX](https://onco.cc/targets/max/), [MBD4](https://onco.cc/targets/mbd4/), [MEK1/2](https://onco.cc/targets/mek/), [MIR218-1](https://onco.cc/targets/mir218-1/), [Mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)](https://onco.cc/targets/mmr/), [MLH1](https://onco.cc/targets/mlh1/), [MLH3](https://onco.cc/targets/mlh3/), [MN1](https://onco.cc/targets/mn1/), [MPRIP](https://onco.cc/targets/mprip/), [MSH2](https://onco.cc/targets/msh2/), [MSH3](https://onco.cc/targets/msh3/), [MSH6](https://onco.cc/targets/msh6/), [MT-CO1](https://onco.cc/targets/mt-co1/), [MUTYH](https://onco.cc/targets/mutyh/), [MYB](https://onco.cc/targets/myb/), [MYH9](https://onco.cc/targets/myh9/), [MYOD1](https://onco.cc/targets/myod1/), [NBEA](https://onco.cc/targets/nbea/), [NCOA3](https://onco.cc/targets/ncoa3/), [NCOR1](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor1/), [NCOR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor2/), [NDRG1](https://onco.cc/targets/ndrg1/), [NFATC2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfatc2/), [NFKB2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfkb2/), [NIN](https://onco.cc/targets/nin/), [NOTCH1](https://onco.cc/targets/notch1/), [NR2F2](https://onco.cc/targets/nr2f2/), [NR4A3](https://onco.cc/targets/nr4a3/), [NRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/nras/), [NRG1](https://onco.cc/targets/nrg1/), [NSD2](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd2/), [NSD3](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd3/), [NTHL1](https://onco.cc/targets/nthl1/), [NTRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ntrk/), [OLIG2](https://onco.cc/targets/olig2/), [PALB2](https://onco.cc/targets/palb2/), [PALD1 (paladin)](https://onco.cc/targets/pald1/), [PARP4](https://onco.cc/targets/parp4/), [PATZ1](https://onco.cc/targets/patz1/), [PBRM1](https://onco.cc/targets/pbrm1/), [PCBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/pcbp1/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PDGFRL](https://onco.cc/targets/pdgfrl/), [PER1](https://onco.cc/targets/per1/), [PHLPP2](https://onco.cc/targets/phlpp2/), [PHOX2B](https://onco.cc/targets/phox2b/), [PIK3R1](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3r1/), [PMS1](https://onco.cc/targets/pms1/), [PMS2](https://onco.cc/targets/pms2/), [POLD1](https://onco.cc/targets/pold1/), [POLE](https://onco.cc/targets/pole/), [POLQ](https://onco.cc/targets/polq/), [POU5F1](https://onco.cc/targets/pou5f1/), [POU5F1B](https://onco.cc/targets/pou5f1b/), [PPARG](https://onco.cc/targets/pparg/), [PPM1D](https://onco.cc/targets/ppm1d/), [PPP1R15A](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp1r15a/), [PPP2R1A](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp2r1a/), [PRDM1](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm1/), [PREX2](https://onco.cc/targets/prex2/), [PRKD1](https://onco.cc/targets/prkd1/), [PRNCR1](https://onco.cc/targets/prncr1/), [PSIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/psip1/), [PSMD4](https://onco.cc/targets/psmd4/), [PTK6 (BRK)](https://onco.cc/targets/ptk6/), [PTP4A3](https://onco.cc/targets/ptp4a3/), [PTPRC](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprc/), [PTPRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprk/), [QKI](https://onco.cc/targets/qki/), [RAD50](https://onco.cc/targets/rad50/), [RAD51D](https://onco.cc/targets/rad51d/), [RASA1](https://onco.cc/targets/rasa1/), [RBM10](https://onco.cc/targets/rbm10/), [RECQL4](https://onco.cc/targets/recql4/), [RICTOR](https://onco.cc/targets/rictor/), [RNF43](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf43/), [RNF6](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf6/), [ROBO2](https://onco.cc/targets/robo2/), [RON receptor (MST1R)](https://onco.cc/targets/ron/), [RPL22](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl22/), [RRN3](https://onco.cc/targets/rrn3/), [RSPO2](https://onco.cc/targets/rspo2/), [RSPO3](https://onco.cc/targets/rspo3/), [SALL4](https://onco.cc/targets/sall4/), [SDHA](https://onco.cc/targets/sdha/), [SDHC](https://onco.cc/targets/sdhc/), [SETDB1](https://onco.cc/targets/setdb1/), [SFRP4](https://onco.cc/targets/sfrp4/), [SH2B3](https://onco.cc/targets/sh2b3/), [SHP2 (PTPN11)](https://onco.cc/targets/shp2/), [SIRPA](https://onco.cc/targets/sirpa/), [SIX1](https://onco.cc/targets/six1/), [SLC34A2](https://onco.cc/targets/slc34a2/), [SLFN11](https://onco.cc/targets/slfn11/), [SMAD2](https://onco.cc/targets/smad2/), [SMAD3](https://onco.cc/targets/smad3/), [SMAD4](https://onco.cc/targets/smad4/), [SMAD7](https://onco.cc/targets/smad7/), [SND1](https://onco.cc/targets/snd1/), [SOX2](https://onco.cc/targets/sox2/), [SOX9](https://onco.cc/targets/sox9/), [SYK](https://onco.cc/targets/syk/), [TAF1L](https://onco.cc/targets/taf1l/), [TBX3](https://onco.cc/targets/tbx3/), [TCF7L2](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf7l2/), [TENT5C](https://onco.cc/targets/tent5c/), [TET1](https://onco.cc/targets/tet1/), [TFE3](https://onco.cc/targets/tfe3/), [TGFBR2](https://onco.cc/targets/tgfbr2/), [TGIF1](https://onco.cc/targets/tgif1/), [THBS2](https://onco.cc/targets/thbs2/), [Thymidylate synthase (TYMS)](https://onco.cc/targets/tyms/), [TIE2 receptor (TEK)](https://onco.cc/targets/tie2/), [TMEM238L](https://onco.cc/targets/tmem238l/), [Topoisomerase I (TOP1)](https://onco.cc/targets/top1/), [TP53](https://onco.cc/targets/tp53/), [TPM3](https://onco.cc/targets/tpm3/), [TRIM33](https://onco.cc/targets/trim33/), [TRRAP](https://onco.cc/targets/trrap/), [TSC1](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc1/), [TYMP](https://onco.cc/targets/tymp/), [UBR5](https://onco.cc/targets/ubr5/), [UGT1A](https://onco.cc/targets/ugt1a/), [USP6](https://onco.cc/targets/usp6/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [WNT11](https://onco.cc/targets/wnt11/), [WNT6](https://onco.cc/targets/wnt6/), [WRN helicase (MSI-high cancers)](https://onco.cc/targets/wrn/), [XPA](https://onco.cc/targets/xpa/), [ZEB1](https://onco.cc/targets/zeb1/), [ZMIZ1](https://onco.cc/targets/zmiz1/)
- drugs: [ABT-301](https://onco.cc/drugs/abt-301/), [Adagrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/adagrasib/), [AK117](https://onco.cc/drugs/ak117/), [AK119](https://onco.cc/drugs/ak119/), [Aspirin](https://onco.cc/drugs/aspirin/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Autogene cevumeran](https://onco.cc/drugs/autogene-cevumeran/), [Balstilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/balstilimab/), [Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/), [Botensilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/botensilimab/), [Calderasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/calderasib/), [Capecitabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine/), [CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/capox/), [Catumaxomab](https://onco.cc/drugs/catumaxomab/), [Cetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetuximab/), [Cologuard](https://onco.cc/drugs/cologuard/), [Cologuard Plus](https://onco.cc/drugs/cologuard-plus/), [CT3001](https://onco.cc/drugs/ct3001/), [Daraxonrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/daraxonrasib/), [Divarasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/divarasib/), [Dostarlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/dostarlimab/), [Doxifluridine](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxifluridine/), [EIK1005](https://onco.cc/drugs/eik1005/), [ELI-002 7P](https://onco.cc/drugs/eli-002-7p/), [Elironrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/elironrasib/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [Entrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/entrectinib/), [Envafolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/envafolimab/), [Favezelimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/favezelimab/), [Floxuridine](https://onco.cc/drugs/floxuridine/), [Fluorouracil (5-FU)](https://onco.cc/drugs/fluorouracil/), [FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfiri/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [Fruquintinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/fruquintinib/), [Gotistobart](https://onco.cc/drugs/gotistobart/), [GRT-C901](https://onco.cc/drugs/grt-c901/), [GRT-R902](https://onco.cc/drugs/grt-r902/), [Guardant Reveal](https://onco.cc/drugs/guardant-reveal/), [HDM2017](https://onco.cc/drugs/hdm2017/), [HR070803](https://onco.cc/drugs/hr070803/), [IBI363](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibi363/), [INCA33890](https://onco.cc/drugs/inca33890/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/irinotecan/), [Ivonescimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivonescimab/), [JDQ443](https://onco.cc/drugs/jdq443/), [JK08](https://onco.cc/drugs/jk08/), [JMT203](https://onco.cc/drugs/jmt203/), [JYP0015](https://onco.cc/drugs/jyp0015/), [Larotrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/larotrectinib/), [Leucovorin (folinic acid)](https://onco.cc/drugs/leucovorin/), [MCLA-129](https://onco.cc/drugs/mcla-129/), [MI Cancer Seek](https://onco.cc/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/), [MRTX1133](https://onco.cc/drugs/mrtx1133/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Oleclumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/oleclumab/), [Olomorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/olomorasib/), [Oncodetect](https://onco.cc/drugs/oncodetect/), [Onvansertib](https://onco.cc/drugs/onvansertib/), [Oxaliplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/oxaliplatin/), [Panitumumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/panitumumab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Petosemtamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/petosemtamab/), [PF-08634404](https://onco.cc/drugs/pf-08634404/), [PM8002](https://onco.cc/drugs/pm8002/), [Precemtabart tocentecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/precemtabart-tocentecan/), [Pucotenlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pucotenlimab/), [QL1706](https://onco.cc/drugs/ql1706/), [Raltitrexed](https://onco.cc/drugs/raltitrexed/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [Regorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/regorafenib/), [SGM-101](https://onco.cc/drugs/sgm-101/), [Shield](https://onco.cc/drugs/shield/), [SHR-8068](https://onco.cc/drugs/shr-8068/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/), [SimpleScreen CRC](https://onco.cc/drugs/simplescreen-crc/), [Sitneprotafib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sitneprotafib/), [Sotevtamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotevtamab/), [Sotorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotorasib/), [Tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1)](https://onco.cc/drugs/tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil/), [Telisotuzumab adizutecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/telisotuzumab-adizutecan/), [Tempus xT CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/tempus-xt-cdx/), [therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF)](https://onco.cc/drugs/therascreen-cdx/), [TQB2922](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb2922/), [Trastuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [Trifluridine/tipiracil](https://onco.cc/drugs/trifluridine-tipiracil/), [TST003](https://onco.cc/drugs/tst003/), [Tucatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tucatinib/), [Tunlametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tunlametinib/), [VB15010](https://onco.cc/drugs/vb15010/), [VENTANA MMR RxDx Panel](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-mmr-rxdx/), [VS-7375](https://onco.cc/drugs/vs-7375/), [XNW27011](https://onco.cc/drugs/xnw27011/), [YL202](https://onco.cc/drugs/yl202/), [Ziv-aflibercept](https://onco.cc/drugs/ziv-aflibercept/), [Zoldonrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/zoldonrasib/)
- companies: [A2 Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/a2-biotherapeutics/), [Abbott Laboratories](https://onco.cc/companies/abbott/), [Adventris Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/adventris-pharmaceuticals/), [Aeterna Zentaris](https://onco.cc/companies/aeterna-zentaris/), [Agenus](https://onco.cc/companies/agenus/), [AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie)](https://onco.cc/companies/aio/), [Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/alliance-oncology/), [Ambagon Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/ambagon-therapeutics/), [Amgen](https://onco.cc/companies/amgen/), [Anbogen Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/anbogen-therapeutics/), [Artios Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/artios-pharma/), [Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group](https://onco.cc/companies/agitg/), [Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/abcsg/), [Bayer](https://onco.cc/companies/bayer/), [Belmont Medical Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/belmont-medical-technologies/), [BigHat Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/bighat-biosciences/), [Boston Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/boston-scientific/), [BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/bridgebio-oncology-therapeutics/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG)](https://onco.cc/companies/cctg/), [Cancer Prevention Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/cancer-prevention-pharmaceuticals/), [Capnomed (Reger Medizintechnik)](https://onco.cc/companies/capnomed/), [CMR Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/cmr-surgical/), [Criterium](https://onco.cc/companies/criterium/), [CytomX Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cytomx-therapeutics/), [D3 Bio (Wuxi)](https://onco.cc/companies/d3-bio-wuxi/), [Eikon Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/eikon-therapeutics/), [Eli Lilly (incl. Loxo)](https://onco.cc/companies/eli-lilly/), [Erasca](https://onco.cc/companies/erasca/), [Exact Sciences (Abbott)](https://onco.cc/companies/exact-sciences/), [Freenome](https://onco.cc/companies/freenome/), [Frontier Medicines](https://onco.cc/companies/frontier-medicines/), [Geneoscopy](https://onco.cc/companies/geneoscopy/), [GI Innovation](https://onco.cc/companies/gi-innovation/), [Gritstone bio](https://onco.cc/companies/gritstone/), [GSK](https://onco.cc/companies/gsk/), [Guardant Health](https://onco.cc/companies/guardant-health/), [Haystack Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/haystack-oncology/), [Helio Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/helio-genomics/), [Korean Cancer Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/kcsg/), [Kumquat Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/kumquat-biosciences/), [Lucence](https://onco.cc/companies/lucence/), [Lyell Immunopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/lyell-immunopharma/), [Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience](https://onco.cc/companies/mabwell-shanghai-bioscience/), [Mast Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/mast-therapeutics/), [MBrace Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/mbrace-therapeutics/), [Menarini Silicon Biosystems](https://onco.cc/companies/menarini-silicon-biosystems/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Merck KGaA (EMD Serono)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck-kgaa/), [ModeX Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/modex-therapeutics/), [MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL](https://onco.cc/companies/mrc-ctu/), [Multitude Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/multitude-therapeutics/), [Natera](https://onco.cc/companies/natera/), [NatureCeuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/natureceuticals/), [Neonc Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/neonc-technologies/), [Norgine](https://onco.cc/companies/norgine/), [Nouscom](https://onco.cc/companies/nouscom/), [NSABP Foundation](https://onco.cc/companies/nsabp-foundation/), [OncoC4](https://onco.cc/companies/oncoc4/), [Oncolytics Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/oncolytics-biotech/), [Outcomes4Me](https://onco.cc/companies/outcomes4me/), [Persephone Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/persephone-biosciences/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Qilu Pharmaceutical](https://onco.cc/companies/qilu-pharmaceutical/), [Quanta Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/quanta-therapeutics/), [Quantum Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/quantum-surgical/), [Radiopharm Theranostics](https://onco.cc/companies/radiopharm-theranostics/), [Recursion Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/recursion/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [Salubris Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/salubris-biotherapeutics/), [Samsung Bioepis](https://onco.cc/companies/samsung-bioepis/), [Servier](https://onco.cc/companies/servier/), [Shanghai Kechow Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/shanghai-kechow-pharma/), [Shenzhen Ionova Life Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/shenzhen-ionova-life-sciences/), [Sirtex Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/sirtex/), [STCube](https://onco.cc/companies/stcube/), [Strata Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/strata-oncology/), [Taiho Pharmaceutical (Otsuka)](https://onco.cc/companies/taiho/), [Takeda](https://onco.cc/companies/takeda/), [Teclison](https://onco.cc/companies/teclison/), [TiumBio](https://onco.cc/companies/tiumbio/), [UNICANCER](https://onco.cc/companies/unicancer/), [Universal DX](https://onco.cc/companies/universal-dx/), [Vyriad](https://onco.cc/companies/vyriad/), [West Japan Oncology Group](https://onco.cc/companies/wjog/), [Xilis](https://onco.cc/companies/xilis/), [Zeria Pharmaceutical](https://onco.cc/companies/zeria/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Aichi Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/), [Amsterdam UMC / Cancer Center Amsterdam](https://onco.cc/institutions/amsterdam-umc/), [Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/wake-forest-cancer/), [Auckland City Hospital / Te Pūriri o Te Ora Cancer and Blood Service](https://onco.cc/institutions/auckland-city-hospital/), [Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/beatson-glasgow/), [Bowelbabe Fund for Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/bowelbabe-fund/), [Cancer Care Alberta (Alberta Health Services)](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-care-alberta/), [Cancer Council Australia](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-council-australia/), [Cancer Grand Challenges](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-grand-challenges/), [Cancer Institute of Iran, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex](https://onco.cc/institutions/tehran-cancer-institute/), [Case Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/case-ccc/), [Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Clinical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/champalimaud/), [Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine](https://onco.cc/institutions/uci-chao/), [Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi](https://onco.cc/institutions/cleveland-clinic-abu-dhabi/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF)](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-freiburg/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-vienna/), [Edinburgh Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/edinburgh-cancer-centre/), [First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysu-first-affiliated-hospital/), [Hamad Medical Corporation / National Center for Cancer Care and Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/hamad-medical-corporation/), [Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcmc-oncology-hospital/), [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/), [Hospital del Mar / Hospital del Mar Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-del-mar/), [Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe](https://onco.cc/institutions/la-fe-valencia/), [Hunan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hunan-cancer-hospital/), [Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah](https://onco.cc/institutions/huntsman/), [HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/helsinki-hus/), [INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia](https://onco.cc/institutions/incliva-valencia/), [Institut National d'Oncologie, Rabat](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-national-oncologie-rabat/), [Institut Salah Azaïez](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-salah-azaiez/), [Institute of Oncology Ljubljana](https://onco.cc/institutions/onkoloski-institut-ljubljana/), [Instituto Alexander Fleming](https://onco.cc/institutions/instituto-alexander-fleming/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-lisboa/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-porto/), [Istituto di Candiolo IRCCS (FPO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/candiolo/), [Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale](https://onco.cc/institutions/pascale-naples/), [Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS](https://onco.cc/institutions/iov-veneto/), [Johns Hopkins Hospital / Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/johns-hopkins/), [Kaiser Permanente Division of Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/kaiser-permanente-research/), [Keio University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/keio-university-hospital/), [King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/kfshrc/), [King Hussein Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/khcc/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Leiden University Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/lumc-leiden/), [Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/nio-warsaw/), [Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky](https://onco.cc/institutions/kentucky-markey/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/mdc-berlin/), [Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Arizona](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic-arizona/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [MUSC Hollings Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/musc-hollings/), [National Cancer Center Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-japan/), [National Cancer Center Hospital East](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/), [National Cancer Center Korea](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-korea/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National Institute of Oncology, Hungary](https://onco.cc/institutions/noi-budapest/), [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [NCT/UCC Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus](https://onco.cc/institutions/nct-dresden/), [Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nki/), [Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda](https://onco.cc/institutions/niguarda-cancer-center/), [Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/northern-ireland-cancer-centre/), [Nottingham University Hospitals Cancer Centre (City Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nottingham-cancer-centre/), [Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/onj-cancer-centre/), [Ontario Institute for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/oicr/), [Osaka International Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/), [Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/oslo-radium-hospital/), [Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)](https://onco.cc/institutions/oxford-cancer/), [Peking University Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/), [Prince of Wales Hospital / Chinese University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/prince-of-wales-hospital-cuhk/), [Queen's University / Kingston Health Sciences Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/queens-university-kingston/), [Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/ramathibodi-hospital/), [Rambam Health Care Campus](https://onco.cc/institutions/rambam/), [Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University](https://onco.cc/institutions/mcgill-goodman/), [Royal Adelaide Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-adelaide-hospital/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [Shaare Zedek Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shaare-zedek/), [Shizuoka Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/), [Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Jefferson Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/jefferson-kimmel/), [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/taipei-veterans-general-hospital/), [Tawam Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tawam-hospital/), [Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-sourasky/), [The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre / Ottawa Hospital Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/ottawa-hospital/), [Tohoku University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tohoku-university-hospital/), [TUM Klinikum rechts der Isar / CCC München](https://onco.cc/institutions/tum-munich/), [UMC Utrecht Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/umc-utrecht/), [University Cancer Center Mainz (UCT Mainz) / Universitätsmedizin Mainz](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-mainz/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/), [University of Alberta](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-of-alberta/), [University of Arizona Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/arizona-cancer-center/), [University of Malaya Medical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/ummc-kuala-lumpur/), [University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uw-carbone/), [Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University](https://onco.cc/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/), [USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/usc-norris/), [UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-leuven/), [Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/vanderbilt-ingram/), [Vejle Hospital Cancer Centre (Lillebaelt Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/vejle-cancer-centre/), [Velindre Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/velindre-cardiff/), [Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/wehi/), [Weizmann Institute of Science](https://onco.cc/institutions/weizmann/), [Wellcome Sanger Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome-sanger/), [Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/)
- pathways: [Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/), [Drivers, passengers & the two-hit model](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogene-activation-two-hit/), [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/), [Microbiome-tumour interactions](https://onco.cc/pathways/microbiome-tumour/), [Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/), [Organ tropism: seed and soil](https://onco.cc/pathways/organ-tropism-seed-soil/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [PI3K / AKT / mTOR](https://onco.cc/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels](https://onco.cc/pathways/angiogenic-switch/), [VEGF angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/), [Wnt / β-catenin](https://onco.cc/pathways/wnt/)
- terms: [Abdominoperineal resection](https://onco.cc/terms/abdominoperineal-resection/), [Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/adenocarcinoma/), [Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology](https://onco.cc/terms/aya-oncology/), [Alcohol-attributable cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/alcohol-attributable-cancer/), [BRAF V600E mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/braf-v600-mutation/), [Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/ctdna/), [Clinical complete response (cCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-complete-response/), [Clonal evolution and the ecological view of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/clonal-evolution-theory/), [Colectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/colectomy/), [Colonoscopy](https://onco.cc/terms/colonoscopy/), [Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS1-4)](https://onco.cc/terms/cms-subtypes/), [Downstaging and conversion therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/downstaging/), [Dysplasia (pre-cancerous change)](https://onco.cc/terms/dysplasia/), [EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopic-resection-term/), [Faecal immunochemical test (FIT)](https://onco.cc/terms/fit-test/), [FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX and CAPOX](https://onco.cc/terms/folfox-family/), [Glycaemic index and glycaemic load](https://onco.cc/terms/glycaemic-index/), [Hepatectomy (liver resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/hepatectomy/), [HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/hipec-procedure/), [Hypofractionation (fewer, larger radiotherapy doses)](https://onco.cc/terms/hypofractionation/), [KRAS mutation subtypes (G12C, G12D, G12V)](https://onco.cc/terms/kras-mutation-subtypes/), [LGR5](https://onco.cc/terms/lgr5/), [Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)](https://onco.cc/terms/liver-directed-therapy/), [Lynch syndrome](https://onco.cc/terms/lynch-syndrome/), [Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance](https://onco.cc/terms/metabolic-syndrome/), [Microenvironment and inflammation: tumours as wounds that do not heal](https://onco.cc/terms/microenvironment-inflammation-theory/), [Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) / mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)](https://onco.cc/terms/msi/), [Microsatellite-stable (MSS) / mismatch-repair proficient (pMMR)](https://onco.cc/terms/mss-pmmr/), [Microwave ablation (MWA)](https://onco.cc/terms/microwave-ablation/), [Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd/), [Neoadjuvant / adjuvant / perioperative](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-adjuvant/), [Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)](https://onco.cc/terms/obesity-related-cancers/), [Organ preservation (watch-and-wait, bladder-sparing, larynx preservation)](https://onco.cc/terms/organ-preservation/), [Peritoneal metastasis](https://onco.cc/terms/peritoneal-metastasis/), [Peritoneum and peritoneal metastases](https://onco.cc/terms/peritoneum/), [Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)](https://onco.cc/terms/radiofrequency-ablation/), [Re-irradiation](https://onco.cc/terms/re-irradiation/), [Resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable](https://onco.cc/terms/resectability/), [Seed and soil hypothesis of metastasis (Paget)](https://onco.cc/terms/seed-and-soil-hypothesis/), [Sidedness (left vs right colon)](https://onco.cc/terms/sidedness/), [Somatic mutation theory of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/somatic-mutation-theory/), [Stoma (colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy)](https://onco.cc/terms/stoma/), [TARE / SIRT (radioembolisation with yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/terms/tare/), [Total mesorectal excision (TME)](https://onco.cc/terms/total-mesorectal-excision/), [Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT, rectal cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/total-neoadjuvant-therapy/), [Tumour marker](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-marker/), [Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-markers/), [Tumour-agnostic (tissue-agnostic) approval](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-agnostic/)
- trials: [[18F]FPyQCP PET Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Selected Oncology Indications](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07432633/), [[68Ga]BED003 PET Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Selected Oncology Indications](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07702292/), [177Lu-BetaBart in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory, Locally Advanced Inoperable, or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07189871/), [64Cu-LNTH-1363S in Patients With Sarcoma or Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06298916/), [A Beta-only IL-2 ImmunoTherapY Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05086692/), [A Clinical Study of Adebrelimab in Combination With SHR-8068 and Chemoradiotherapy as Perioperative Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07454720/), [A Clinical Study of Arfolitixorin in Patients With mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06922383/), [A Clinical Study of Calderasib (MK-1084) With Targeted Therapy and Chemotherapy in People With Colorectal Cancer (MK-1084-012/KANDLELIT-012)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06997497/), [A Clinical Study of Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Combined With Bevacizumab and Alternating Triweekly CAPOX/mCAPIRI Regimen as First-line Treatment for Unresectable Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07446387/), [A Clinical Study of MK-2870 Alone or With Other Treatments to Treat Gastrointestinal Cancers (MK-9999-02A)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06428409/), [A Clinical Study of SHR-A1811 in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab Versus Standard Therapy as First-Line Treatment for Advanced Colorectal](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07676162/), [A Clinical Study of SPH5030 Tablets in the Treatment of Her2-positive/Mutated Biliary Tract OR Colorectal Cancer Patients.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06434597/), [A Clinical Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Serplulimab（HLX10） Combined With Bevacizumab（HLX04) and Chemotherapy (XELOX) in Patients With Meta](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04547166/), [A Clinical Study to Test if an Investigational Treatment Called BNT314 When Used in Combination With Another Investigational Treatment Pumitamig (BNT3](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07079631/), [A Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of IBI310 in Combination With Sintilimab, for Neoadjuvant Treatment of MSI-H/dMMR Resectable Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05890742/), [A FIH, Phase I/IIa, Trial Assessing Feasibility of Administrations of TIL-based Immunotherapy in Patients With Metastatic CRC and PC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07255664/), [A First-in-Human Trial of BLU-924 (SAR449336) in Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring KRAS Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07629960/), [A First-In-Human Trial of pTTL in Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05908643/), [A First-in-Human, Phase 1 Study of TST003 in Subjects With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05731271/), [A Phase 1 and 2 Study of VMD-102 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07636785/), [A Phase 1/2 Study of VS-7375 in Patients With KRAS G12D-Mutated Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07020221/), [A Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate CHM-2101, an Autologous Cadherin 17 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06055439/), [A Phase 2 Study of SSGJ-707 in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06493760/), [A Phase 2 Study of VS-7375 in Patients With KRAS G12D-Mutated Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07659795/), [A Phase 2 Study of Zanidatamab in Patients With HER2-expressing Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06695845/), [A Phase Ib/II Clinical Study on AK112 Combined or Not Combined With AK119 in pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05846867/), [A Phase Ib/II Trial of HS-20110 Combination Therapies in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07283367/), [A Phase Ib/III Study of Suvemcitug Plus FTD/TPI in Participants With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07361003/), [A Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy of RO7198457 Versus Watchful Waiting in Patients With ctDNA-positive, Resected Stage II (High Risk) and Stage III Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04486378/), [A Phase II Study of AMT-676 Combination Therapies in Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07474727/), [A Phase II Study of SHR-8068 Injection in Combination With Anti-tumor Therapies in Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07071714/), [A Phase Ⅱ/Ⅲ Clinical Trial of RC148 Plus Chemotherapy as 1L Therapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07462143/), [A Phase II/III Study of HR070803 in Combination With Oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, Calcium Folinate and Bevacizumab Versus FOLFOX in Combination With Bevacizumab for First-line Treatment of Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05945901/), [A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Fruquintinib and TAS-102 as Compared to Fruquintinib in Patients With Refractory Advanced/Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06992258/), [A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Comparative, Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nuvastatic® 300mg Capsule in Reducing Cancer-Tumor in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Standard Chemotherapy.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07669454/), [A Study Assessing Adverse Events and Disease Activity of Intravenously (IV) Infused Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Adult Participants With c-Met Protein Above Cutoff Level Above Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06614192/), [A Study Evaluating FMC-376 in Participants With KRAS G12C Mutated Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06244771/), [A Study Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Alcestobart (LBL-007) Plus Tislelizumab in Combination With Bevacizumab Plus Fluoropyrimidine Versus ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05609370/), [A Study of a Patient-Specific Neoantigen Vaccine in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05141721/), [A Study of a Selective T Cell Receptor (TCR) Targeting, Bifunctional Antibody-fusion Molecule STAR0602 in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05592626/), [A Study of ABT-301 Plus Tislelizumab With Bevacizumab in pMMR/Non-MSI-H Locally Advanced or mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07244705/), [A Study of Aflibercept in Combination With FOLFIRI in Patients With Second-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Japan](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01882868/), [A Study of AK112 With or Without AK117 in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05382442/), [A Study of Amivantamab and FOLFIRI Versus Cetuximab/Bevacizumab and FOLFIRI in Participants With KRAS/NRAS and BRAF Wild-type Colorectal Cancer Who Have Previously Received Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06750094/), [A Study of Amivantamab and mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI Versus Cetuximab and mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI as First-line Treatment in Participants With KRAS/NRAS and BRAF Wild-type Unresectable or Metastatic Left-sided Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06662786/), [A Study of Amivantamab Monotherapy and in Addition to Standard-of-Care Chemotherapy in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05379595/), [A Study of Anlotinib Hydrochloride Capsule Combined With Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment in Subjects With RAS/BRAF Wild Metastatic Colorectal Can](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04854668/), [A Study of ART0380 for the Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04657068/), [A Study of Atezolizumab With or Without Tiragolumab Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Participants With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05009069/), [A Study of Bispecific Antibody MCLA-158 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03526835/), [A Study of BMS-986340 as Monotherapy and as Combination Therapy in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04895709/), [A Study of Botensilimab and Balstilimab for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05608044/), [A Study of CNA3103 (LGR5-targeted, Autologous CAR-T Cells) Administered to Subjects With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05759728/), [A Study of DM002 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06751329/), [A Study of Dostarlimab in Participants With Untreated Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in China](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06640049/), [A Study of DSP107 Alone and in Combination with Atezolizumab for Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04440735/), [A Study of E7386 in Combination With Other Anticancer Drug(s) in Participants With Solid Tumor](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04008797/), [A Study of Encorafenib Plus Cetuximab Taken Together With Pembrolizumab Compared to Pembrolizumab Alone in People With Previously Untreated Metastatic](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05217446/), [A Study of GFH375 Combined With Cetuximab or Chemotherapy in Participants With Solid Tumors Harboring KRAS G12D Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07259590/), [A Study of HDM2017 Combination Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07805551/), [A Study of HX008 Compared to Chemotherapy in the First-Line Treatment of Subjects With MSI-H/dMMR Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05652894/), [A Study of IBI363 in Subjects with Advanced Solid Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06281678/), [A Study of JMT203 in Patients With Cancer Cachexia](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06868849/), [A Study of Neoadjuvant Dostarlimab Plus Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin (CAPEOX) Vs CAPEOX With Previously Untreated T4N0 or Stage III Mismatch Repair Proficient (MMRp)/Microsatellite Stable (MSS) Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06567782/), [A Study of Neoadjuvant QL1706 in Participants With Untreated dMMR/MSI-H Resectable Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06686576/), [A Study of Novel Study Interventions and Combinations in Participants With Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06792695/), [A Study of Oral 7HP349 (Alintegimod) in Combination With Ipilimumab Followed by Nivolumab Monotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06362369/), [A Study of PARG Inhibitor ETX-19477 in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06395519/), [A Study of Poziotinib in Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) or Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Activating Mutations in Advanced Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04172597/), [A Study of Precemtabart Tocentecan With or Without Bevacizumab Compared to Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Bevacizumab in Participants With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (PROCEADE-CRC-03)](https://onco.cc/trials/proceade-crc-03/), [A Study of SI-B003, BL-B01D1+SI-B003 and BL-B01D1+PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Cancer, Gastric ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06008054/), [A Study of Tucidinostat in Combination With Sintilimab and Bevacizumab in MSS/pMMR Colorectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06497985/), [A Study of YL202 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07202364/), [A Study to Access Intravenous (IV) Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Combination With IV Bevacizumab Compared to Standard of Care IV Bevacizumabin Combination With Oral Trifluridine and Tipiracil in Adult Participants With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07525206/), [A Study to Assess Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity in Adult Participants Receiving Intravenously Infused Telisotuzumab Adizutecan Alone o](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07023289/), [A Study to Assess IPN01194 When Administered Alone in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06305247/), [A Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Imaging Characteristics of [68Ga]Ga-DPI-4452 and to Assess Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-DPI-4452 in Participants With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05706129/), [A Study to Determine the Effect of CT3001 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06598007/), [A Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of BEY1107 in Combination with Capecitabine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05093907/), [A Study to Evaluate the Adverse Events, and Efficacy of Intravenous (IV) of Telisotuzumab Adizutecan in Combination With IV Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil,](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06820463/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Standard-of-Care Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab With or Without INCA33890 in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07284849/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of VVD-133214 in Combination With Pembrolizumab Compared With Pembrolizumab Alone in Participants With Advanced Cancer of the Colon or Rectum](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07811193/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of A2B395, an Allogeneic Logic-gated CAR T, in Participants With Solid Tumors That Express EGFR and Have Lost HLA-A*02 Expression](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06682793/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of A2B530, a Logic-gated CAR T, in Participants With Solid Tumors That Express CEA and Have Lost HLA-A*02 Expression](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05736731/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Mesothelin-Targeting Logic-gated CAR T, in Participants With Solid Tumors That Express MSLN and Have Lost HLA-A*02 Expression](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06051695/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Pumitamig in Combination With Chemotherapy Versus Bevacizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy in Parti](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07221357/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Two Dose Levels of ONO-4578 With Opdivo®, in Combination With mFOLFOX6 and Bevacizumab Versus Standard ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06948448/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Therapeutic Activity of GI-102 As a Single Agent and in Combination with Conventional Anti-cancer Drugs, Pembrolizu](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05824975/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of BMS-986523 Alone and in Combination With Anti-Cancer Agents in Participants With Advance](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07223047/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Antitumor Activity of INV-8989 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring KRAS G12D Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07610798/), [A Study to Investigate ALE.P03 as Monotherapy in Adult Patients With Selected Advanced or Metastatic CLDN1+ Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07169734/), [A Study to Investigate APL-5125 in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06399757/), [A Study to Investigate the Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of GSK5460025 Alone or in Combination With Other Anti-cancer Agents in Participants With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07213609/), [A Study to Investigate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Effectiveness of GSK4418959 Alone or in Combination With Other Anti-cancer Agents in Participants With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06710847/), [A Study to Test DSP107 in Combination With Atezolizumab in Comparison With Fruquintinib as a New Treatment for Colorectal Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07235293/), [Add-Aspirin](https://onco.cc/trials/add-aspirin/), [AK112 and Chemotherapy in First-line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06951503/), [ALASCCA](https://onco.cc/trials/alascca/), [An Evaluation of NGM120 in a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study in Participants With Colorectal Cancer Who Have Cancer Cachexia.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07033026/), [An Open-Label Study to Enable Continued Treatment Access for Subjects Previously Enrolled in Studies of Ruxolitinib](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02955940/), [ATOMIC (Alliance A021502)](https://onco.cc/trials/atomic/), [AZUR-1](https://onco.cc/trials/azur-1/), [Basket Study of Entrectinib (RXDX-101) for the Treatment of Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring NTRK 1/2/3 (Trk A/B/C), ROS1, or ALK Gene Rearrangeme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02568267/), [BEACON CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/beacon-crc/), [Beamion BCGC-1: A Study to Find a Suitable Dose of Zongertinib Used Alone and in Combination With Other Treatments to Test Whether it Helps People Wit](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06324357/), [BESPOKE CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/bespoke-crc/), [BLUE-C](https://onco.cc/trials/blue-c/), [BOLD-100 in Combination With FOLFOX for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04421820/), [Bovine Reinforcement in Stomach, Colorectal and Lung Operation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06968221/), [BREAKWATER](https://onco.cc/trials/breakwater/), [BXQ-350 in Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05322590/), [CAO/ARO/AIO-94 (German Rectal Cancer Study)](https://onco.cc/trials/cao-aro-aio-94/), [Cediranib (AZD2171, RECENTIN™) in Addition to Chemotherapy in Patients With Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00399035/), [CHALLENGE (CCTG CO.21)](https://onco.cc/trials/challenge/), [CheckMate 8HW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-8hw/), [CIRCULATE-Japan (GALAXY / VEGA / ALTAIR)](https://onco.cc/trials/circulate-japan/), [CIRCULATE-US](https://onco.cc/trials/circulate-us/), [CLOVER - CCR5-targeting Leronlimab With Oral Chemotherapy and VEGF-inhibitor Enriched Regimen](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06699836/), [CodeBreaK 300](https://onco.cc/trials/codebreak-300/), [COLUMBIA-1: Novel Oncology Therapies in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab as First- Line Therapy in MSS-CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04068610/), [Combination Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00628810/), [CRYSTAL & FIRE-3](https://onco.cc/trials/crystal-fire3/), [DeeP-C](https://onco.cc/trials/deep-c/), [DESTINY-CRC02](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-crc02/), [Dose Escalation and Dose Expansion Study of MDX2001 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06239194/), [Dual-Target CAR-NK Cells for Biomarker-Selected Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07462650/), [Dual-Targeting CAR-NK Cells in Biomarker-Selected Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07589517/), [DYNAMIC](https://onco.cc/trials/dynamic/), [ECLIPSE (Shield blood test)](https://onco.cc/trials/eclipse-shield/), [Efficacy and Safety of Tunlametinib Plus Vemurafenib in Patients With BRAF V600E-mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06008119/), [Efficacy and Safety Study of Tisotumab Vedotin for Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03485209/), [EIK1005-002: A Clinical Research Study Evaluating EIK1005, a Werner Helicase Inhibitor, as Monotherapy and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Partic](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07262619/), [Evaluation of Co-formulated Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab (MK-1308A) Versus Other Treatments in Participants With Microsatellite Instability-High (MSI-H) ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04895722/), [Evaluation of Gixam's Performance in a FIT Negative Population](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06612281/), [Evaluation of NuvastaticTM in Reducing Cancer-Related Fatigue in Colon Cancer Patients Undergoing First-Line Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07669519/), [Evaluation of RBS2418 in Patients With Advanced, Metastatic, and Progressive Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06824064/), [Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Treatment w/High Dose Melphalan Given Directly Into the Liver Followed by Treatment w/Approved Cancer Treatme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06607458/), [Feasibility of the LUM Imaging System for Detection of Gastrointestinal Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02584244/), [First-in-human Trial of STC-1010, an Immunotherapy, in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06934538/), [FOCUS4](https://onco.cc/trials/focus4/), [FOG-001 in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05919264/), [FOLFIRI and Bevacizumab With or Without Pelareorep for Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic RAS-Mutated, Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07446322/), [FRESCO-2](https://onco.cc/trials/fresco-2/), [FUDR/Oxaliplatin HAI Plus Irinotecan vs. FOLFOXIRI Chemotherapy in Treating Initially Unresectable CRCLM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03678428/), [G-CSF in Preventing Neutropenia During First-Line Treatment With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00541125/), [GEN1042 Safety Trial and Anti-tumor Activity in Participants With Malignant Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04083599/), [GM103 Intratumoral Injection in Patients With Locally Advanced, Unresectable, Refractory and/or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06265025/), [HERACLES](https://onco.cc/trials/heracles/), [High-dose FOLFIRI in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients With Wild-type UGT1A1*6 and *28](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03329183/), [HSK42360-Na Tablets Combined With Cetuximab With or Without Chemotherapy in BRAF V600-Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07790510/), [IBI363 Combined With Bevacizumab for Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07722494/), [Injection of SHR-A1811 Versus Physician Choiced Treatment in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer Who Had Failed to Respond to Oxaliplatin, 5-fu, ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06199973/), [Intratumoral Injection of IP-001 Following Thermal Ablation in Patients With CRC, NSCLC, and STS](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05688280/), [Isunakinra Alone and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Colorectal Cancer (MSS)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06634875/), [JAB-21822 in Combination With Cetuximab in Patients With Advanced CRC and Other Solid Tumors With KRAS G12C Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05194995/), [KEYNOTE-177](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-177/), [Lead-212 PSV359 Therapy for Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06710756/), [LYL273 for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05319314/), [MOUNTAINEER & MOUNTAINEER-03](https://onco.cc/trials/mountaineer/), [MyPathway](https://onco.cc/trials/mypathway/), [Nelmastobart in Combination With Trifluridine/ Tipiracil and Bevacizumab in Metastatic/ Recurrent Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06873763/), [Neoadjuvant Treatment of Fulzerasib Plus Cetuximab N01 in KRAS G12C Mutated Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer With or Without Resectable Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07581912/), [Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant AK104 in Microsatellite Instability-high or Mismatch Repair-deficient, Resectable Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07412613/), [NHS-Galleri](https://onco.cc/trials/nhs-galleri/), [NICHE-2](https://onco.cc/trials/niche-2/), [NordICC (Nordic-European Initiative on Colorectal Cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/nordicc/), [OPRA](https://onco.cc/trials/opra/), [Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine With or Without an Hepatic Arterial Infusion With Floxuridine in Treating Patients Who Are Undergoing Surgery and/or Ablation for Liver Metastases Due to Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00268463/), [Palliative Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00002893/), [PARADIGM](https://onco.cc/trials/paradigm/), [Performance of SGM-101 for the Delineation of Primary and Recurrent Tumor and Metastases in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03659448/), [Phase 1/2 Dose Finding, Safety and PK Study in Advanced Refractory Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07145255/), [Phase 1/2 Study Evaluating MCLA-129, a Human Anti-EGFR, Anti-c-MET Bispecific Antibody, in Advanced NSCLC and Other Solid Tumors, Alone and in Combina](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04868877/), [Phase 1/2 Study of BHB810 in Advanced Gastric and GEJ Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07529808/), [Phase 1/2 Study of MRTX849 in Patients With Cancer Having a KRAS G12C Mutation KRYSTAL-1](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03785249/), [Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate TH9619 in the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07151040/), [Phase 1/2a Study of JAB-21822 Plus JAB-3312 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring KRAS p.G12C Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05288205/), [Phase 1/2a Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Efficacy of WEF-001 as Monotherapy in Advanced KRAS-Mutant Solid Tumours.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07148128/), [Phase 2 Study of SR-8541A in Combination With Botensilimab and Balstilimab in Subjects With Refractory Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Can](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06589440/), [Phase 2 Trial of Voyager V1 in Combination With Cemiplimab in Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04291105/), [Phase 3 Study of MRTX849 With Cetuximab vs Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer With KRAS G12C Mutation (KRYSTAL-10)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04793958/), [Phase I Study of Autologous CD8+ and CD4+ Engineered T Cell Receptor T Cells in Subjects With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumor](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06105021/), [Phase I/II Clinical Study to Evaluate VB15010 Tablets in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06819215/), [Phase II Study of EMB-01 in Recurrent/Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07314294/), [Phase II, Open-label, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of HLX43 (an Anti-PD-L1 ADC) in Subjects With Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07106892/), [Phase III Study of Ivonescimab or Bevacizumab Combined With FOLFOX in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07228832/), [Platform Study of JDQ443 in Combinations in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring the KRAS G12C Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05358249/), [PM8002 (BNT327) in Combination With Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07133750/), [Ponsegromab phase 2 in cancer cachexia](https://onco.cc/trials/ponsegromab-phase-2/), [PREEMPT CRC](https://onco.cc/trials/preempt-crc/), [PREHAB: multimodal prehabilitation before colorectal cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/prehab-trial/), [PRODIGE 23](https://onco.cc/trials/prodige-23/), [PROSPECT (Alliance N1048)](https://onco.cc/trials/prospect/), [RAPIDO](https://onco.cc/trials/rapido/), [SABR-COMET: stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/sabr-comet/), [Safely Optimizing Body Weight With Mifomelatide (TCMCB07) in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Colorectal Cancer (CRC) or Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Undergoing Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06937177/), [Safety and Efficacy of NEO212 in Patients With Astrocytoma IDH-mutant, Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype or Brain Metastasis](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06047379/), [Safety, PK and Efficacy of ONC-392 in Monotherapy and in Combination of Anti-PD-1 in Advanced Solid Tumors and NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04140526/), [Shark Cartilage in Treating Patients With Advanced Colorectal or Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00026117/), [SHR-1701 in Combination With Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05300269/), [Sotevtamab (AB-16B5) Combined With FOLFOX as Neoadjuvant Treatment Prior to Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06225843/), [SOX Versus XELOX as Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colorectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03448549/), [Study of AZD5305 as Monotherapy and in Combination With Anti-cancer Agents in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04644068/), [Study of CP-383 in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07030257/), [Study of Dato-DXd as Monotherapy and in Combination With Anti-cancer Agents in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumours (TROPION-PanTumor03)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05489211/), [Study of DECOY20 With or Without Tislelizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05651022/), [Study of Denikitug (GS-1811) Given Alone or With Nivolumab or With Chemotherapy in Adults With Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07527858/), [Study of Elironrasib and Daraxonrasib as Monotherapies and Combination Therapy in Participants With Advanced KRAS G12C Mutant Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06128551/), [Study of IDE196 in Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring GNAQ/11 Mutations or PRKC Fusions](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03947385/), [Study of JDQ443 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring the KRAS G12C Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04699188/), [Study of JK08 in Patients with Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05620134/), [Study of JYP0015 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring Specific Mutations in RAS](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06895031/), [Study of LY3537982 in Cancer Patients With a Specific Genetic Mutation (KRAS G12C)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04956640/), [Study of MCLA-129, a Human Bispecific EGFR and cMet Antibody, in Patients With Advanced NSCLC and Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04930432/), [Study of Onvansertib in Combination With FOLFIRI and Bevacizumab or FOLFOX and Bevacizumab Versus FOLFIRI and Bevacizumab or FOLFOX and Bevacizumab fo](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06106308/), [Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Chemotherapy in Chinese Participants With Stage IV Colorectal Cancer (MK-3475-C66)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05239741/), [Study of Perioperative Dostarlimab in Participants With Untreated T4N0 or Stage III dMMR/MSI-H Resectable Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05855200/), [Study of Petosemtamab Plus Chemotherapy Versus Cetuximab or Bevacizumab Plus Chemotherapy in RAS and BRAF Wild Type, Recurrent, Unresectable or Metast](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07775287/), [Study of Petosemtamab Plus Chemotherapy Versus Cetuximab Plus Chemotherapy in RAS and BRAF Wild-type, Unresectable or Metastatic, Left-sided Colorecta](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07702032/), [Study of RAS(ON) Inhibitors in Combination With Ivonescimab in Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07397338/), [Study of RAS(ON) Inhibitors in Patients With Gastrointestinal Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06445062/), [Study of RMC-6236 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring Specific Mutations in RAS](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05379985/), [Study of RMC-9805 in Participants With KRAS G12D-Mutant Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06040541/), [Study of Sotorasib, Panitumumab and FOLFIRI Versus FOLFIRI With or Without Bevacizumab-awwb in Treatment-naïve Participants With Metastatic Colorectal](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06252649/), [Study of the Monoclonal Antibody IMT-009 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphomas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05565417/), [Study of TU2218 in Combination With KEYTRUDA®(Pembrolizumab) in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05784688/), [Study of XL092 + Atezolizumab vs Regorafenib in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05425940/), [Study to Assess Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity in Previously Treated Adult Participants Receiving Intravenous (IV) ABBV-400 With Unrese](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06107413/), [Study to Evaluate the Diagnostic Performance of GEH300079 (68Ga) Injection PET/CT for Detection of PC in Patients With Colorectal, Gastric, Ovarian, o](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07219238/), [Study to Investigate Outcome of Individualized Treatment in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05725200/), [SUNLIGHT](https://onco.cc/trials/sunlight/), [Symbiotic-GI-03: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-08634404 in Combination With Chemotherapy in Adult Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/symbiotic-gi-03/), [TAPUR (Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry)](https://onco.cc/trials/tapur/), [TATE and Pembrolizumab (MK3475) in mCRC and NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04701476/), [Tegafur-Uracil and Leucovorin or S-1 in Treating Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer That Has Been Completely Removed by Surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00660894/), [Testing Pump Chemotherapy in Addition to Standard of Care Chemotherapy Versus Standard of Care Chemotherapy Alone for Patients With Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: The PUMP Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05863195/), [The Evaluation of PC14586 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring a TP53 Y220C Mutation (PYNNACLE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04585750/), [TL938 and Trastuzumab for Patients With HER2-positive Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06589830/), [To Evaluate Dose and Safety of NanoEcho Particle-1 Using NanoEcho Imaging Device Examinations of Rectal Lymph Nodes in Healthy Volunteers and Rectal Cancer Patients.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06693375/), [TQB2922 and TAS-102 Tablets for Injection With or Without Bevacizumab in Chemotherapy-failed RAS/BRAF Wild-type Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07044908/), [TRACC](https://onco.cc/trials/tracc/), [Vorbipiprant (CR6086) / Balstilimab (AGEN2034) Combination in Stage IV Refractory pMMR - MSS CRC, and Other Metastatic GI Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05205330/), [Xian-Lian-Jie-Du Optimization Decoction As an Adjuvant Treatment for Prevention of Recurrence of Colon Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05709249/), [XNW27011 Study of Advanced Solid Tumor Subjects Who Failed Standard Therapies.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06792435/)
- people: [Aimery de Gramont](https://onco.cc/people/aimery-de-gramont/), [Alan P. Venook](https://onco.cc/people/alan-venook/), [Alberto Bardelli](https://onco.cc/people/alberto-bardelli/), [Andrea Cercek](https://onco.cc/people/andrea-cercek/), [Andrea Sartore-Bianchi](https://onco.cc/people/andrea-sartore-bianchi/), [Andrés Cervantes](https://onco.cc/people/andres-cervantes/), [Angelita Habr-Gama](https://onco.cc/people/angelita-habr-gama/), [Ann Lurie](https://onco.cc/people/ann-lurie/), [Bert Vogelstein](https://onco.cc/people/bert-vogelstein/), [Carsten Bokemeyer](https://onco.cc/people/carsten-bokemeyer/), [Chadwick Boseman](https://onco.cc/people/chadwick-boseman/), [Charles D. Blanke](https://onco.cc/people/charles-blanke/), [Chee Cheng Ean](https://onco.cc/people/chee-cheng-ean/), [Christina Curtis](https://onco.cc/people/christina-curtis/), [Christopher M. Booth](https://onco.cc/people/christopher-booth/), [Christos Karapetis](https://onco.cc/people/christos-karapetis/), [Cornelis J. H. van de Velde](https://onco.cc/people/cornelis-van-de-velde/), [Dame Deborah James](https://onco.cc/people/deborah-james/), [David Cunningham](https://onco.cc/people/david-cunningham/), [Deborah Schrag](https://onco.cc/people/deb-schrag/), [Dongsheng Tu](https://onco.cc/people/tu-dongsheng/), [Dung T. Le](https://onco.cc/people/dung-le/), [Elena Élez](https://onco.cc/people/elena-elez/), [Eric R. Fearon](https://onco.cc/people/eric-fearon/), [Eric Van Cutsem](https://onco.cc/people/eric-van-cutsem/), [Feng Wang](https://onco.cc/people/wang-feng-sysucc/), [Florian R. Greten](https://onco.cc/people/florian-greten/), [Frank McCormick](https://onco.cc/people/frank-mccormick/), [Geerard Beets](https://onco.cc/people/geerard-beets/), [Gerald W. Prager](https://onco.cc/people/gerald-prager/), [Hagen F. Kennecke](https://onco.cc/people/hagen-kennecke/), [Heinz-Josef Lenz](https://onco.cc/people/heinz-josef-lenz/), [Hermann Brenner](https://onco.cc/people/hermann-brenner/), [Igor Kiss](https://onco.cc/people/igor-kiss/), [Jaime Feliu](https://onco.cc/people/jaime-feliu/), [Jakob Nikolas Kather](https://onco.cc/people/jakob-nikolas-kather/), [Janja Ocvirk](https://onco.cc/people/janja-ocvirk/), [Jeanne Tie](https://onco.cc/people/jeanne-tie/), [Jin Li](https://onco.cc/people/li-jin-fuscc/), [John H. Strickler](https://onco.cc/people/john-strickler/), [Josep Tabernero](https://onco.cc/people/josep-tabernero/), [Julio Garcia-Aguilar](https://onco.cc/people/julio-garcia-aguilar/), [Jürgen Weitz](https://onco.cc/people/jurgen-weitz/), [Katie Couric](https://onco.cc/people/katie-couric/), [Kenneth W. Kinzler](https://onco.cc/people/kenneth-kinzler/), [Kerry S. Courneya](https://onco.cc/people/kerry-courneya/), [Kevan M. Shokat](https://onco.cc/people/kevan-shokat/), [Luis A. Diaz Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/luis-diaz/), [Matthew Meyerson](https://onco.cc/people/matthew-meyerson/), [Michael Bretthauer](https://onco.cc/people/michael-bretthauer/), [Michał Mikula](https://onco.cc/people/michal-mikula/), [Myriam Chalabi](https://onco.cc/people/myriam-chalabi/), [Norman Wolmark](https://onco.cc/people/norman-wolmark/), [Owen Sansom](https://onco.cc/people/owen-sansom/), [Paulo Hoff](https://onco.cc/people/hoff-paulo/), [Peter J. O'Dwyer](https://onco.cc/people/peter-odwyer/), [Rebecca Auer](https://onco.cc/people/rebecca-auer/), [René Bernards](https://onco.cc/people/rene-bernards/), [Richard Gray](https://onco.cc/people/richard-gray/), [Rona Yaeger](https://onco.cc/people/rona-yaeger/), [Rui-Hua Xu](https://onco.cc/people/xu-rui-hua/), [Ryan B. Corcoran](https://onco.cc/people/ryan-corcoran/), [Salvatore Siena](https://onco.cc/people/salvatore-siena/), [Sang Joon Shin](https://onco.cc/people/shin-sang-joon/), [Scott Kopetz](https://onco.cc/people/scott-kopetz/), [Semir Beyaz](https://onco.cc/people/semir-beyaz/), [Stephen Sutton](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-sutton/), [Steven A. Rosenberg](https://onco.cc/people/steven-rosenberg/), [Tae Won Kim](https://onco.cc/people/kim-tae-won/), [Tae-You Kim](https://onco.cc/people/kim-tae-you/), [Takayuki Yoshino](https://onco.cc/people/yoshino-takayuki/), [Tanios Bekaii-Saab](https://onco.cc/people/tanios-bekaii-saab/), [Theodore R. Levin](https://onco.cc/people/theodore-levin/), [Thierry André](https://onco.cc/people/thierry-andre/), [Vincenzo Valentini](https://onco.cc/people/vincenzo-valentini/), [Volker Heinemann](https://onco.cc/people/volker-heinemann/), [Yuman Fong](https://onco.cc/people/yuman-fong/)
- key papers: [A phase 2a clinical study on the safety and efficacy of individualized dosed mebendazole in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mansoori-mebendazole-gi-cancer-phase-2a-sci-rep-2021/), [Alcohol caused an estimated 741,000 cancers worldwide in 2020](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Allemani 2018: CONCORD-3, global surveillance of cancer survival 2000 to 2014](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-allemani-concord-3-lancet-2018/), [Bray 2018: GLOBOCAN 2018, worldwide incidence and mortality for 36 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bray-globocan-2018-cacancer-2018/), [Bray 2024: GLOBOCAN 2022, the world's cancer count for 36 cancers in 185 countries](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bray-globocan-2022-cacancer-2024/), [BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-breakwater-nejm-2025/), [Calle 2003: overweight, obesity and death from cancer in 900,000 US adults](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-calle-obesity-cancer-mortality-nejm-2003/), [CAPP2: two years of aspirin cuts bowel cancer in Lynch syndrome by more than a third over 10 years](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-capp2-aspirin-lynch-lancet-2020/), [Cercek 2022: six months of dostarlimab alone made rectal cancer disappear in every patient with mismatch-repair deficiency](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cercek-dostarlimab-rectal-nejm-2022/), [CHALLENGE: a structured exercise programme after chemotherapy improves survival in colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-challenge-exercise-nejm-2025/), [Chen 2016: Cancer statistics in China, 2015](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-cancer-statistics-china-2015-cacancer-2016/), [Clinical validation of a circulating tumor DNA-based blood test to screen for colorectal cancer (PREEMPT CRC)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-preempt-crc-shaukat-jama-2025/), [CodeBreaK 300: sotorasib plus panitumumab in chemotherapy-refractory KRAS G12C colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-codebreak-300-nejm-2023/), [Coussens and Werb 2002: inflammation and cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002/), [Dostarlimab alone cures mismatch-repair-deficient rectal cancer without surgery or radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cercek-dmmr-rectal-nejm-2022/), [DYNAMIC: a blood test safely halved chemotherapy use after surgery for stage II colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dynamic-nejm-2022/), [First trial of a vaccine against the shared neoantigens of mismatch-repair-deficient cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-ccr-2020/), [GALAXY: tumour DNA in blood four weeks after bowel cancer surgery predicts relapse tenfold](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023/), [Galon 2006: the type, density and location of immune cells in colorectal tumours predict outcome](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-galon-immune-contexture-colorectal-science-2006/), [Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991/), [Hurwitz 2004: bevacizumab with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, the first anti-angiogenic drug to extend life](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hurwitz-bevacizumab-crc-nejm-2004/), [IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/), [KEYNOTE-177: pembrolizumab instead of chemotherapy as first treatment for mismatch-repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-177-nejm-2020/), [Le 2015: PD-1 blockade works in tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency, whatever the organ](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015/), [Le 2017: mismatch-repair deficiency predicts response to PD-1 blockade across twelve tumour types, leading to the first tissue-agnostic drug approval](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-science-2017/), [Minnesota trial: a yearly stool blood test cuts bowel cancer deaths by a third](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993/), [NICHE-2: a month of nivolumab and ipilimumab before surgery clears mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancer in most patients](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-niche-2-nejm-2024/), [NICHE-2: a single dose of ipilimumab and two of nivolumab before surgery clears dMMR colon cancer in most patients](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-niche-2-neoadjuvant-colon-nejm-2024/), [NordICC: inviting people to a screening colonoscopy reduced bowel cancer, but less than expected](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nordicc-nejm-2022/), [Ostrem and Shokat: the hidden pocket that made KRAS G12C druggable](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ostrem-kras-g12c-nature-2013/), [Parkin 2005: Global cancer statistics, 2002](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-parkin-global-cancer-statistics-2002-cacancer-2005/), [Performance of a multi-cancer early detection test in the randomized controlled NHS-Galleri trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026/), [Rahib 2014: projecting US cancer incidence and deaths to 2030](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rahib-projecting-cancer-deaths-2030-cancerres-2014/), [Sato 2009: single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus organoids](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sato-lgr5-organoids-nature-2009/), [Sauer 2004: chemoradiotherapy before rather than after surgery for rectal cancer (CAO/ARO/AIO-94)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sauer-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-rectal-nejm-2004/), [Siegel 2024: Cancer statistics, 2024, the American Cancer Society's annual US report](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2024-cacancer-2024/), [Sung 2021: GLOBOCAN 2020, the year breast cancer overtook lung cancer as the most diagnosed cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sung-globocan-2020-cacancer-2021/), [Use of alternative medicine for cancer and its impact on survival](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-johnson-alternative-medicine-jnci-2018/)
- journals: [Clinical colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-colorectal-cancer/), [Journal of gastrointestinal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer/)
- ideas: [A biomarker-directed trial of vitamin D after surgery for digestive tract cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-vitamin-d-digestive-cancer-biomarker-trial/), [A blood test for the pre-metastatic niche](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-premetastatic-niche-assay/), [A cheap old tablet to restore appetite](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-low-dose-olanzapine-appetite/), [A dietitian in every gastrointestinal and head and neck tumour board](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-dietitian-in-every-mdt/), [A dose-finding trial for exercise after cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-exercise-dose-finding/), [A frameshift neoantigen vaccine for Lynch syndrome carriers as the first preventive cancer vaccine approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-lynch-vaccine-phase3/), [A funded programme of organ-preservation trials to avoid radical surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-organ-preservation-programme/), [A national residual-disease weather service: serial blood tests for every curatively treated patient, pooled](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-mrd-weather-service/), [A prevention programme for chemotherapy nerve damage: SARM1 inhibitors, cooling and compression](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-neuropathy-prevention-programme/), [A public fund and label pathway to trial generic drugs against cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-generics-for-cancer-fund/), [A randomised trial of a shared-antigen vaccine to prevent Lynch syndrome cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-frameshift-vaccine-rct/), [A ring-fenced metastasis programme with metastasis-specific endpoints](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-metastasis-moonshot/), [A test to tell true oligometastatic disease from hidden widespread spread](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-oligometastatic-signature/), [A trial of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs with cancer as the primary outcome](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-cancer-prevention-rct/), [A video-based surgical quality registry linking assessed skill to cancer outcomes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-video-registry/), [Automated combination discovery: patient-sample screens feeding Bayesian platform trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-automated-combination-discovery/), [Automatic germline testing for every cancer type where it changes care](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-reflex-germline-testing/), [Bank three spatially separate tumour blocks from every resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default/), [Borrow from past control arms to shrink the control group in phase 3](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-bayesian-borrowing-smaller-controls/), [Break the neutrophil DNA nets that catch tumour cells after surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-net-blockade-perioperative/), [Cancer interception vaccines for high-risk carriers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-interception-vaccines/), [Cancer warnings on alcohol labels, evaluated as a natural experiment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels/), [Cheap perioperative beta-blocker plus anti-inflammatory to blunt surgical stress](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-perioperative-betablocker-nsaid/), [Combine the new anti-wasting antibody with exercise and protein](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-gdf15-plus-exercise/), [Confirm or refute the harm of antioxidant supplements during chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-antioxidant-supplement-harm-confirmation/), [Controlled feeding trials to separate ultra-processing from calories](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-upf-controlled-feeding-trial/), [Covalent chemistry for the RAS mutations that still have no drug](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-pan-ras-covalent-g12d/), [ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy as the default in stage II-III colon cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-crc/), [Dose chemotherapy by muscle mass, not body surface area](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-lean-mass-dosing/), [Engineered bacteria that live in tumours and manufacture drugs there](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-engineered-bacteria-payloads/), [Evaluate alcohol minimum unit pricing against cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Factorial trials that test several cheap generics at once in the adjuvant setting](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-factorial-adjuvant-generics/), [Four weeks of training and nutrition before major cancer surgery, as standard](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-prehabilitation-standard/), [Get biomarker-directed aspirin after colorectal surgery into labels and guidelines](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-aspirin-pik3ca-implementation/), [Get every Lynch syndrome carrier onto the right dose of aspirin](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lynch-aspirin-implementation/), [Grow each trial patient's tumour as organoids to decide which platform arm opens next](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-organoid-coclinical-arms/), [Keep a freshly removed tumour alive on a pump and test drugs in it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-ex-vivo-perfused-tumour/), [Link bariatric and GLP-1 registries to cancer registries in every country that has both](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage/), [Look for the resistant sub-population before the first dose](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-baseline-ultradeep-resistant-clones/), [Make every cold tumour hot: a coordinated programme to reprogramme immune-excluded tumours](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-cold-to-hot-programme/), [Making microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer immunotherapy-responsive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-immunotherapy-mss-crc/), [Mandatory staged registries for new surgical techniques before wide adoption](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-device-technique-registry/), [Match therapy to the type of scar-forming cell in the tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-caf-subtype-assignment/), [Mechanically pulverise one tumour with ultrasound to wake the immune system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-histotripsy-immune-priming/), [Metastasis prevention as a formal indication with its own trials and regulatory pathway](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-metastasis-prevention-indication/), [Multimodal prehabilitation for older patients before major cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-prehabilitation-older-surgery/), [Off-the-shelf KRAS vaccines after pancreatic cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-shared-kras-vaccine-adjuvant/), [Off-the-shelf natural killer cells to sweep up residual disease](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-nk-cells-for-mrd/), [Offer the blood test for bowel cancer only to people who refuse stool tests or colonoscopy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-blood-crc-test-for-non-responders/), [Oncology teams order germline tests; tele-genetic counsellors handle the results](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-mainstream-tele-genetic-counselling/), [Patent-free open-source development of repurposed and off-patent cancer drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-open-source-repurposing-leads/), [Pathologists order genomic profiling automatically at diagnosis of advanced cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-reflex-genomic-profiling-at-diagnosis/), [Pay for supervised exercise the way we pay for drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-exercise-reimbursement/), [Perioperative beta-blocker plus COX-2 inhibitor to reduce metastasis after surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-perioperative-propranolol-etodolac/), [Personalised stool-test cut-offs by age, sex and prior results](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-fit-risk-adapted-thresholds/), [Personalised vaccines given only when the blood test turns positive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-triggered-neoantigen-vaccine/), [Population germline screening for hereditary cancer genes with cascade testing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-population-germline-screening/), [Pre-consented cohorts that can be randomised to future trials (TwiCs)](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-pre-consented-cohort-randomisation/), [Reprogramme suppressive macrophages instead of trying to delete them](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-trem2-myeloid-reprogramming/), [Reprogramme the liver's own immune cells to refuse metastases](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-liver-niche-kupffer-reprogramming/), [Risk-stratified follow-up: low-risk survivors to primary care with fast re-entry](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-risk-stratified-follow-up/), [Sexual health assessed and treated as a standard toxicity domain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-sexual-health-as-toxicity-domain/), [SMART designs to test treatment strategies, not just single drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-smart-designs-for-adaptive-strategies/), [Social impact bonds for cancer prevention, repaid from avoided treatment costs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-social-impact-bonds-prevention/), [Standing reflex biomarker panels per tumour type, run without an oncologist's order](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-reflex-biomarker-panels-by-tumour/), [Strip the platelet coat off travelling tumour cells in ctDNA-positive patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-platelet-cloak-aspirin-mrd/), [Structured exercise prescribed like a drug in all curative-intent cancer care](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-exercise-as-adjuvant/), [Structured mentorship so district general surgeons perform common cancer operations safely](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-district-surgeon-oncology-mentorship/), [Test DPYD, UGT1A1 and TPMT/NUDT15 before the first dose, everywhere](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-pre-emptive-pharmacogenomic-testing/), [Train the bone marrow to make better anti-tumour immune cells](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-trained-immunity-priming/), [Treat insomnia in survivors and measure whether the cancer notices](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-sleep-circadian-survivorship-rct/), [Two-week pre-operative windows to compare combination biology head to head](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-window-of-opportunity-triplets/), [Unmask hidden antigens with a short epigenetic course before immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-epigenetic-priming-cold-tumours/), [Upfront reduced-dose regimens tested head-to-head in frail older patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-upfront-reduced-dose-trials-frail/), [Use a polygenic risk score to set when screening starts](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-prs-screening-start-age/), [Use pre-surgery immunotherapy windows as the field's biomarker engine](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-neoadjuvant-biomarker-engine/), [Use tumour DNA in blood to decide when to pause treatment in metastatic cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-ctdna-guided-stop-in-metastatic-disease/), [When the blood test is positive, hunt for the lesion with sensitive imaging](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-localise-the-mrd/), [WRN inhibitors: a second synthetic-lethal win for mismatch-repair cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-wrn-msi-programme/), [Zebrafish avatars for a drug answer within a week](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-zebrafish-avatars/)
- pairings: [Anti-EGFR antibody + chemotherapy in left-sided RAS/BRAF wild-type mCRC](https://onco.cc/pairings/anti-egfr-left-sided/), [BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-plus-mek/), [ctDNA MRD → adjuvant therapy decision](https://onco.cc/pairings/ctdna-mrd-to-adjuvant/), [KRAS G12C inhibitor + anti-EGFR antibody (colorectal)](https://onco.cc/pairings/kras-plus-egfr-crc/), [Neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibitor → surgery (or no surgery) in dMMR colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/neoadjuvant-io-dmmr/)
- roadmaps: [ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/), [KRAS roadmap: undruggable → G12C → pan-RAS](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/kras-roadmap/)
- bottlenecks: [AI that is built but not validated or deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-ai-validation/), [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Dormant cells and minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/), [Fragmented care and guideline gaps](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-care-fragmentation/), [Inherited risk is mostly unidentified](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-hereditary-risk/), [Knowledge reaches practice too slowly](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-knowledge-diffusion/), [Lab models that fail to predict what happens in patients](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-preclinical-models/), [Metastasis is understood least and studied last](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-metastasis-biology/), [Misinformation and unproven therapies](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-misinformation/), [No incentive to repurpose cheap drugs](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-generic-repurposing/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/), [Older and multimorbid patients are excluded and undertreated](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-aging-comorbidity/), [Prevention we already have is not deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/), [The hardest cancers are found late](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-early-detection/), [The undruggable drivers](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-undruggable-targets/)
- cancers: [Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/), [Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ampullary/), [Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)](https://onco.cc/cancers/appendiceal-adenocarcinoma/), [BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/), [Colon cancer (adenocarcinoma of the colon)](https://onco.cc/cancers/colon-cancer/), [Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-onset-colorectal/), [HER2-amplified colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/), [KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/), [Medullary carcinoma of the colon](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal-medullary-carcinoma/), [Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/), [Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma/), [Rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/rectal-cancer/), [Serrated adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma/), [Signet ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma/), [Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/small-bowel/)
- biomarkers: [BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-class-ii-iii/), [BRAF V600E (and V600K)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-v600e/), [CEACAM5 expression](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ceacam5-expression/), [ctDNA MRD positivity (molecular residual disease after curative treatment)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ctdna-mrd-positive/), [dMMR (mismatch repair deficiency by IHC)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/dmmr-ihc/), [KRAS G12C](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/kras-g12c/), [KRAS G12D (and other non-G12C KRAS mutations)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/kras-g12d/), [MSI-high (microsatellite instability by PCR or sequencing)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/msi-high/), [NTRK1/2/3 gene fusion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ntrk-fusion/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/colorectal.json