# Diagnostics & Biomarkers

Source: https://onco.cc/fronts/diagnostics/  
OnCo record `diagnostics` (Front). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Tests on tissue and blood that say what kind of cancer it is, what is driving it, and which drugs might work.

## Summary

Pathology and immunohistochemistry remain the foundation. Layered on top: comprehensive genomic profiling (DNA and RNA), liquid biopsy for circulating tumour DNA, minimal residual disease monitoring, multi-cancer early detection, spatial and single-cell profiling, and AI read-outs of slides and scans.

## Fields

- Kind: Front
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: genomics; liquid-biopsy; pathology

## Sources

- NCI: Biomarker testing for cancer treatment: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/), [Diagnostics roadmap: stains → gene panels → blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/diagnostics-roadmap/), [Lung cancer roadmap: from Doll and Hill and the naming of tobacco, through the cytotoxic plateau, computed tomography screening, EGFR and ALK, immunotherapy by PD-L1, the perioperative trials and PACIFIC, to DLL3 in small-cell disease and a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/), [Prostate cancer roadmap: from Huggins and the discovery that a cancer can depend on a hormone, through the PSA epidemic and what it cost, the androgen receptor drugs, the DNA repair subset and PSMA, to a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/prostate-roadmap/)
- journals: [Cancer biomarkers](https://onco.cc/journals/cancer-biomarkers/), [The International journal of biological markers](https://onco.cc/journals/international-journal-of-biological-markers/)
- technologies: [Active surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance/), [AFP, hCG and LDH in germ cell tumours (IGCCCG risk groups)](https://onco.cc/technologies/germ-cell-tumour-markers/), [AI scoring of biomarkers and grade on pathology slides](https://onco.cc/technologies/ai-pathology-scoring/), [Anxiety around scans, and what the evidence says about how often to scan](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-mind-scan-anxiety/), [BH3 profiling (functional apoptosis testing)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bh3-profiling/), [Biobanking and tissue procurement](https://onco.cc/technologies/biobanking/), [Bladder EpiCheck urine methylation test](https://onco.cc/technologies/bladder-epicheck/), [Breath and volatile-organic-compound detection](https://onco.cc/technologies/breath-vocs/), [Cancer variant knowledgebases and molecular tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/variant-knowledgebases/), [Capsule endoscopy (PillCam, EndoCapsule, CapsoCam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/capsule-endoscopy-systems/), [CEA surveillance after colorectal cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/cea-surveillance-colorectal/), [Cell-free DNA methylation tests](https://onco.cc/technologies/cfdna-methylation-testing/), [CellSearch circulating tumour cell count](https://onco.cc/technologies/cellsearch-ctc-count/), [cfDNA fragmentomics](https://onco.cc/technologies/fragmentomics/), [Circulating tumour cell capture](https://onco.cc/technologies/ctc-capture/), [Circulating tumour HPV DNA (ctHPV-DNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/cthpv-dna/), [Clinical NGS bioinformatics and variant interpretation](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-bioinformatics-software/), [Colposcopes and digital cervical screening devices (DYSIS, EVA System, AVE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/colposcopes-digital-cervical-screening/), [Companion diagnostics](https://onco.cc/technologies/companion-diagnostic/), [Comprehensive genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/cgp/), [Continuous and near-continuous ctDNA monitoring](https://onco.cc/technologies/continuous-ctdna-monitoring/), [ctDNA monitoring in lymphoma (PhasED-seq, clonoSEQ)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ctdna-lymphoma-monitoring/), [Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT](https://onco.cc/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/), [Cytogenetics and FISH](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytogenetics-fish/), [Digital pathology & AI](https://onco.cc/technologies/digital-pathology-ai/), [DNA methylation profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/methylation-profiling/), [DPYD genotyping and DPD phenotyping before fluoropyrimidines](https://onco.cc/technologies/dpyd-genotyping/), [Elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound-elastography-ceus/), [Endoscopic ultrasound and EBUS systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-ultrasound-systems/), [Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in blood cancers 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HRDetect)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/), [Imaging mass cytometry](https://onco.cc/technologies/imaging-mass-cytometry/), [Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liquid-biopsy/), [Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore)](https://onco.cc/technologies/long-read-sequencing/), [Methylation classifier for brain tumours](https://onco.cc/technologies/cns-tumour-methylation-classifier/), [Methylation classifier for sarcomas](https://onco.cc/technologies/sarcoma-methylation-classifier/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [MSI and mismatch-repair testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/msi-mmr-testing/), [Multi-cancer early detection (MCED)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mced/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/), [Multiparameter flow cytometry MRD](https://onco.cc/technologies/flow-cytometry-mrd/), [Multiparametric prostate MRI (PI-RADS)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mp-mri/), [Multiplex immunofluorescence](https://onco.cc/technologies/multiplex-immunofluorescence/), [Multitarget stool RNA test (ColoSense)](https://onco.cc/technologies/multitarget-stool-rna-test/), [New short-read sequencing platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/next-gen-short-read-platforms/), [NGS-based MRD (clonoSEQ and molecular MRD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-mrd-clonoseq/), [Oncology EHR and real-world data platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-real-world-data/), [Organoid-guided therapy at scale](https://onco.cc/technologies/organoid-guided-therapy-scale/), [Parsortix label-free circulating tumour cell harvest](https://onco.cc/technologies/parsortix-ctc-harvest/), [PDAC organoid pharmacotyping](https://onco.cc/technologies/pdac-organoid-pharmacotyping/), [Pharmacogenomic testing before chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-pharmacogenomics/), [Pre-analytics: blood-collection tubes and tissue fixation](https://onco.cc/technologies/preanalytics-sample-stabilisation/), [Proteomics & phosphoproteomics](https://onco.cc/technologies/proteomics/), [Proteomics instruments and affinity platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/proteomics-platforms/), [Quantitative imaging biomarkers (RECIST, PERCIST, SUV, ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/quantitative-imaging-biomarkers/), [RAD51 foci assay (functional HRD test)](https://onco.cc/technologies/rad51-foci-assay/), [Reference laboratories and companion-diagnostic testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/reference-laboratories/), [RNA sequencing & expression profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/rna-seq/), [Robotic and navigational bronchoscopy](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-bronchoscopy/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Single-cell & spatial profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/single-cell-spatial/), [Spatial biology 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Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [Sakura Finetek](https://onco.cc/companies/sakura-finetek/), [Sectra](https://onco.cc/companies/sectra/), [SEngine Precision Medicine](https://onco.cc/companies/sengine/), [Signatur Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/signatur-biosciences/), [SOPHiA GENETICS](https://onco.cc/companies/sophia-genetics/), [Strand AI](https://onco.cc/companies/strand-ai/), [Streck](https://onco.cc/companies/streck/), [Tempus AI](https://onco.cc/companies/tempus/), [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/thermo-fisher/), [Third Rock Ventures](https://onco.cc/companies/third-rock-ventures/), [Ultima Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/ultima-genomics/), [Universal DX](https://onco.cc/companies/universal-dx/), [Valar Labs](https://onco.cc/companies/valar-labs/), [Valius Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/valius/), [Velsera (Seven Bridges and Pierian)](https://onco.cc/companies/velsera/), [Veracyte 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- terms: [Acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate](https://onco.cc/terms/prostate-acinar-adenocarcinoma/), [Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis): sun damage, not cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/actinic-keratosis/), [Active surveillance and observation](https://onco.cc/terms/active-surveillance-term/), [Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/adenocarcinoma/), [Blasts (leukaemic blast cells)](https://onco.cc/terms/blasts/), [Bronchoscopy (EBUS, robotic navigation)](https://onco.cc/terms/bronchoscopy/), [Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG 1 to 5)](https://onco.cc/terms/cambridge-prognostic-group/), [Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/cfdna/), [Child-Pugh score](https://onco.cc/terms/child-pugh/), [Chromoplexy](https://onco.cc/terms/chromoplexy/), [Core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration (FNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/core-needle-biopsy/), [Cribriform growth pattern in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/cribriform-prostate-cancer/), [Cytogenetics and karyotype](https://onco.cc/terms/cytogenetics/), [Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC)](https://onco.cc/terms/staging-systems/), [Driver mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-mutation/), [Ducts, lobules and the terminal duct lobular unit](https://onco.cc/terms/terminal-duct-lobular-unit/), [Endoscopy (EGD, EUS, ERCP)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopy/), [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/ebv-term/), [Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion](https://onco.cc/terms/extraprostatic-extension/), [FISH / ISH (in situ hybridisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/fish/), [Flow cytometry (immunophenotyping)](https://onco.cc/terms/flow-cytometry/), [Gene amplification and copy-number change](https://onco.cc/terms/gene-amplification/), [Genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH)](https://onco.cc/terms/genome-wide-loss-of-heterozygosity/), [Gleason score / Grade Group](https://onco.cc/terms/gleason-grade-group/), [Grade, stage and receptor status: three different things on one breast report](https://onco.cc/terms/grade-stage-receptor-breast/), [HER2 testing in the UK: reflex ISH, the ratio against the copy number, and where the UK differs from ASCO/CAP](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-testing-uk-breast/), [HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or ISH-amplified)](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-positive/), [High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)](https://onco.cc/terms/high-grade-pin/), [Histology](https://onco.cc/terms/histology/), [Hormone receptor status (ER / PR)](https://onco.cc/terms/hormone-receptor-status/), [How ER and PR are scored on a breast report (Allred score, H score, and why PR is not a UK core item)](https://onco.cc/terms/er-pr-scoring-breast/), [How skin carcinoma is staged in Britain: UICC TNM, and why it is not the American system](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-skin-carcinoma/), [HPV status (HPV-positive / HPV-negative)](https://onco.cc/terms/hpv-status/), [Inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer: Gorlin syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum](https://onco.cc/terms/inherited-skin-cancer-syndromes/), [Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P)](https://onco.cc/terms/intraductal-carcinoma-prostate/), [Keratinocyte cancer (and why 'non-melanoma skin cancer' is being retired)](https://onco.cc/terms/keratinocyte-cancer/), [Keratoacanthoma: the tumour that may be a squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/keratoacanthoma/), [Lymphovascular invasion (LVI)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphovascular-invasion/), [Microsatellite-stable (MSS) / mismatch-repair proficient (pMMR)](https://onco.cc/terms/mss-pmmr/), [Molecular response (MMR, MR4, treatment-free remission)](https://onco.cc/terms/molecular-response/), [Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/neuroendocrine-differentiation/), [Nottingham grade (breast cancer grade 1, 2 and 3)](https://onco.cc/terms/nottingham-grade/), [Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), and PREDICT](https://onco.cc/terms/nottingham-prognostic-index/), [PD-L1 expression testing (22C3, SP142, SP263)](https://onco.cc/terms/pd-l1-testing/), [Percentage of Gleason pattern 4](https://onco.cc/terms/percentage-gleason-pattern-4/), [Perineural invasion (PNI)](https://onco.cc/terms/perineural-invasion/), [PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System)](https://onco.cc/terms/pi-rads/), [Polygenic risk score (PRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/polygenic-risk-score/), [PSA density](https://onco.cc/terms/psa-density/), [Receptor conversion: when the receptors change between the primary and a recurrence](https://onco.cc/terms/receptor-conversion-breast/), [Resection margins (R0 / R1 / R2)](https://onco.cc/terms/resection-margins/), [Squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/squamous-cell-carcinoma/), [Template mapping biopsy (transperineal template prostate mapping)](https://onco.cc/terms/template-mapping-biopsy/), [The Brigham and Women's Hospital staging system, and why squamous cell carcinoma has two](https://onco.cc/terms/bwh-staging-cscc/), [The growth pattern on a basal cell carcinoma report: nodular, superficial, infiltrative, basosquamous](https://onco.cc/terms/bcc-growth-pattern/), [The subtype and grade on a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma report](https://onco.cc/terms/cscc-subtype-and-grade/), [The WHO classification of breast tumours, and what the 6th edition changed](https://onco.cc/terms/who-breast-classification/), [TNM staging for prostate cancer, and what changed in the 9th edition](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-prostate-cancer/), [TP53-mutated (p53-abnormal)](https://onco.cc/terms/tp53-mutated/), [Tumour differentiation (well / moderately / poorly differentiated)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-differentiation/), [Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-markers/), [Tumour size on a breast report, and why it differs from the scan](https://onco.cc/terms/breast-tumour-size-on-the-report/), [Tumour-informed versus tumour-naive ctDNA assays](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-informed-assay/), [Undetectable MRD (uMRD / MRD-negative)](https://onco.cc/terms/umrd/), [What makes a skin cancer high risk: the UK feature lists](https://onco.cc/terms/skin-cancer-high-risk-features/), [Which staging edition a breast report uses: UICC TNM 8, TNM 9 and the AJCC prognostic stage](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-breast-cancer-editions/), [Whole-mount pathology](https://onco.cc/terms/whole-mount-pathology/), [Why nobody knows how many skin cancers there are: the counting rule behind every figure](https://onco.cc/terms/keratinocyte-cancer-counting/), [Wild-type (WT)](https://onco.cc/terms/wild-type/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Aichi Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/), [BC Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/bc-cancer/), [Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/), [Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-manchester-institute/), [Edinburgh Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/edinburgh-cancer-centre/), [Garvan Institute of Medical Research / Kinghorn Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/garvan-institute/), [Hadassah Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hadassah/), [HealthCare Global Enterprises](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcg/), [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcpa-porto-alegre/), [HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/helsinki-hus/), [INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia](https://onco.cc/institutions/incliva-valencia/), [Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital](https://onco.cc/institutions/inselspital-bern/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-porto/), [Istituto di Candiolo IRCCS (FPO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/candiolo/), [Keio University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/keio-university-hospital/), [National Cancer Center Hospital East](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National University Hospital / National University Cancer Institute, Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nuh-ncis/), [Peking Union Medical College Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pumch/), [Prince of Wales Hospital / Chinese University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/prince-of-wales-hospital-cuhk/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [Queen Mary Hospital / University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/queen-mary-hospital-hku/), [Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/ramathibodi-hospital/), [Shizuoka Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/), [Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/lund-skane/), [Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/), [Tohoku University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tohoku-university-hospital/), [UMC Utrecht Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/umc-utrecht/), [University of Malaya Medical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/ummc-kuala-lumpur/), [Wellcome Sanger Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome-sanger/), [Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow](https://onco.cc/institutions/wolfson-wohl-cancer-research-centre/)
- trials: [Precision-Panc](https://onco.cc/trials/precision-panc/), [PROMIS](https://onco.cc/trials/promis/), [TRACERx](https://onco.cc/trials/tracerx/)
- key papers: [A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/), [A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958/), [Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lynch-egfr-activating-mutations-gefitinib-nejm-2004/), [Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981/), [AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-antonarakis-ar-v7-resistance-nejm-2014/), [Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020/), [Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/), [Capmatinib in MET exon 14-mutated or MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wolf-geometry-mono-1-capmatinib-nejm-2020/), [Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016/), [Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015/), [Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004/), [Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980/), [Detection of individual prostate cancer foci via multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-johnson-mpmri-individual-foci-eur-urol-2019/), [Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/), [DYNAMIC: a blood test safely halved chemotherapy use after surgery for stage II colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dynamic-nejm-2022/), [Early relapse of follicular lymphoma after R-CHOP defines patients at high risk for death: an analysis from the National LymphoCare Study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015/), [EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paez-egfr-mutations-gefitinib-science-2004/), [GALAXY: tumour DNA in blood four weeks after bowel cancer surgery predicts relapse tenfold](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-galaxy-signatera-nat-med-2023/), [Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mok-ipass-gefitinib-pulmonary-adenocarcinoma-nejm-2009/), [Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/), [Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/), [Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sequist-genotypic-histological-evolution-egfr-resistance-sci-transl-med-2011/), [Gerlinger: a single biopsy misses most of the mutations in a kidney tumour](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012/), [IMvigor011: using a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy after bladder surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imvigor011-nejm-2025/), [Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016/), [Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-taylor-integrative-genomic-profiling-cancer-cell-2010/), [Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991/), [Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/), [Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rudin-sclc-molecular-subtypes-nat-rev-cancer-2019/), [Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scagliotti-cisplatin-pemetrexed-histology-jco-2008/), [Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017/), [PROMIS: diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ahmed-promis-multiparametric-mri-lancet-2017/), [Prospective comprehensive genomic profiling of 3,476 primary and metastatic prostate tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019/), [Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stamey-psa-serum-marker-nejm-1987/), [Punctuated evolution of prostate cancer genomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-baca-punctuated-evolution-chromoplexy-cell-2013/), [Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tomlins-tmprss2-ets-fusion-science-2005/), [SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/), [TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas: 10,000 tumours across 33 cancer types, classified by molecular features](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018/), [TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/), [The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gundem-evolutionary-history-lethal-metastatic-prostate-nature-2015/), [The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012/), [The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002/), [TRACERx 421: the full-cohort picture of how lung cancer evolves and which subclones drive relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023/), [TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/), [Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-conti-trans-ancestry-gwas-prostate-nat-genet-2021/), [Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964/)
- ideas: [A breath test to rule out cancer in people with vague symptoms](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-breath-voc-symptomatic-ruleout/), [A urine DNA test to decide who with blood in the urine needs a camera test](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-urine-dna-haematuria-triage/), [AI second reads to stop borderline lesions being upgraded to cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-pathology-ai-borderline-anchor/), [Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/), [Automatic germline testing for every cancer type where it changes care](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-reflex-germline-testing/), [Find peritoneal spread while it is still small, and run complete cytoreduction through networks rather than adding heated chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-peritoneal-disease-found-early-and-treated-in-networks/), [Make resistance a diagnosis: sequence at every progression and choose the next line from what the tumour became](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-resistance-directed-sequencing-at-every-progression/), [Multi-cancer blood test as the first step for patients with non-specific symptoms](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-mced-non-specific-symptom-triage/), [One-stop breast clinics: imaging, biopsy and a preliminary answer in a single visit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-one-stop-breast-diagnostic-clinic/), [Pathologist assistants plus AI triage to multiply pathologist capacity](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-pathologist-assistants-and-ai-triage/), [Publish a per-lesion miss rate for every prostate MRI service before it is allowed to guide focal treatment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-per-lesion-mri-audit-before-focal-treatment/), [Publish the four numbers the NHS lung cancer pathway does not currently measure: reflex testing rate, genomic turnaround, surgical access and a lung-specific waiting time in every nation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-uk-screening-testing-and-access-gaps/), [Rapid diagnostic centres for people with vague but worrying symptoms](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-rapid-diagnostic-centres-vague-symptoms/), [Slide scanners in district hospitals wired to pathologists anywhere](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-telepathology-district-network/), [Take ctDNA-guided de-escalation beyond stage II, and stop escalating on a positive result until a trial says it helps](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii/), [Test every man for DNA repair faults on the day his prostate cancer is found to have spread, not three treatments later](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-hrr-testing-at-metastatic-diagnosis/), [Use circulating tumour DNA instead of the interim scan to decide what happens next](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan/), [Use the trend in routine blood counts, not a single threshold, to spot cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-blood-count-trend-flags/), [Watch for the cancer changing cell type before the biopsy says neuroendocrine, and act on it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prostate-plasticity-surveillance-before-it-is-neuroendocrine/)
- people: [Alastair Greystoke](https://onco.cc/people/alastair-greystoke/), [Caroline Moore](https://onco.cc/people/caroline-moore/), [Eitan Friedman](https://onco.cc/people/eitan-friedman/), [Ephrat Levy-Lahad](https://onco.cc/people/ephrat-levy-lahad/), [Janet Rowley](https://onco.cc/people/janet-rowley/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/diagnostics.json