# Endocrine therapy (SERMs, AIs, SERDs)

Source: https://onco.cc/technologies/endocrine-therapy/  
OnCo record `endocrine-therapy` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Pills that block or remove oestrogen signalling, the mainstay of treatment for hormone-driven breast cancer for 50 years.

## Summary

Tamoxifen (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane), fulvestrant (injectable SERD), oral SERDs (elacestrant, imlunestrant approved 2025, camizestrant), and the PROTAC vepdegestrant (2026). Ovarian function suppression (goserelin) for premenopausal women. Five to ten years of adjuvant therapy halves recurrence; adherence is a major real-world problem.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Status: standard-of-care
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Principle: Compete for ER (SERM), deplete oestrogen (AI), or degrade ER (SERD, PROTAC).
- Since: 1977
- Strengths: Oral, effective, cheap (generics)
- Limitations: ESR1 mutations; menopausal symptoms, bone loss, adherence

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)

## Connected records

- pairings: [CDK4/6 inhibitor + endocrine therapy](https://onco.cc/pairings/cdk46-plus-endocrine/), [PI3K/AKT-pathway inhibitor + endocrine therapy (± CDK4/6)](https://onco.cc/pairings/pi3k-pathway-plus-endocrine/)
- cancers: [Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/), [High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/hr-positive-early-high-risk/), [HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-hr-positive/), [Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast/), [Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/invasive-lobular-carcinoma/), [Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast/), [Male breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/male-breast-cancer/), [Mucinous carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/mucinous-carcinoma-breast/), [Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast/), [Papillary carcinomas of the breast (encapsulated, solid and invasive papillary)](https://onco.cc/cancers/papillary-carcinoma-breast/), [Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pituitary-tumours/), [Tubular carcinoma of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/tubular-carcinoma-breast/), [Uterine sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uterine-sarcoma/)
- fronts: [Hormonal Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/hormonal/)
- technologies: [Acupuncture for aromatase-inhibitor joint pain](https://onco.cc/technologies/acupuncture-aromatase-inhibitor-arthralgia/), [Acupuncture for hot flushes on endocrine therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/acupuncture-hot-flushes/), [Antiandrogens for hair: spironolactone, finasteride, dutasteride](https://onco.cc/technologies/hair-antiandrogens-alopecia/), [Bone loss caused by cancer treatment, and what rebuilds it](https://onco.cc/technologies/cancer-treatment-bone-loss/), [CDK4/6 inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/cdk46-inhibitor/), [Dietitian-led weight-loss programmes in HR-positive breast cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/dietitian-led-weight-loss-breast/), [Fertility-sparing hormonal treatment of early endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/fertility-sparing-endometrial/), [KAT6 inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kat6-inhibitors/), [Menopause brought on by cancer treatment, and the options for it](https://onco.cc/technologies/menopause-after-cancer-treatment/), [Minoxidil for persistent chemotherapy- and endocrine-therapy hair loss](https://onco.cc/technologies/minoxidil-chemotherapy-alopecia/), [Oncofertility and fertility preservation](https://onco.cc/technologies/fertility-preservation/), [Oral SERDs](https://onco.cc/technologies/oral-serds/), [PROTACs & molecular glues (targeted protein degradation)](https://onco.cc/technologies/protac-degrader/), [Soy foods and breast cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/soy-breast-cancer/), [Vaginal oestrogen after breast cancer: what the evidence says, and where it disagrees](https://onco.cc/technologies/vaginal-oestrogen-after-breast-cancer/)
- targets: [Estrogen receptor (ERα)](https://onco.cc/targets/estrogen-receptor/)
- drugs: [Abarelix](https://onco.cc/drugs/abarelix/), [Aminoglutethimide](https://onco.cc/drugs/aminoglutethimide/), [Anastrozole](https://onco.cc/drugs/anastrozole/), [Breast Cancer Index](https://onco.cc/drugs/breast-cancer-index/), [Buserelin](https://onco.cc/drugs/buserelin/), [CAM2029 (octreotide subcutaneous depot)](https://onco.cc/drugs/cam2029/), [Camizestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/camizestrant/), [Diethylstilbestrol](https://onco.cc/drugs/diethylstilbestrol/), [Elacestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/elacestrant/), [Exemestane](https://onco.cc/drugs/exemestane/), [Fluoxymesterone](https://onco.cc/drugs/fluoxymesterone/), [Formestane](https://onco.cc/drugs/formestane/), [Fulvestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/fulvestrant/), [Giredestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/giredestrant/), [Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression)](https://onco.cc/drugs/goserelin/), [Histrelin](https://onco.cc/drugs/histrelin/), [Imlunestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/imlunestrant/), [Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors)](https://onco.cc/drugs/letrozole/), [Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists](https://onco.cc/drugs/leuprolide/), [Megestrol acetate](https://onco.cc/drugs/megestrol/), [Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD)](https://onco.cc/drugs/megestrol-progestins/), [Raloxifene](https://onco.cc/drugs/raloxifene/), [Rezvilutamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/rezvilutamide/), [Tamoxifen](https://onco.cc/drugs/tamoxifen/), [Toremifene](https://onco.cc/drugs/toremifene/), [Triptorelin](https://onco.cc/drugs/triptorelin/), [Vepdegestrant](https://onco.cc/drugs/vepdegestrant/)
- trials: [A Comparative Study of AZD9833 Plus Palbociclib Versus Anastrozole Plus Palbociclib in Patients With ER-Positive HER2 Negative Breast Cancer Who Have Not Received Any Systemic Treatment for Advanced Disease](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04711252/), [A Phase 1/2 Trial of TER-2013 in Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring AKT/PI3K/PTEN Pathway Alterations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07109726/), [A Phase 2 Bridging Study of Elacestrant Monotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07766018/), [A Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Inavolisib Plus Ribociclib Plus Fulvestrant Versus Placebo Plus Ribociclib Plus Fulvestrant in Participants With Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07405801/), [A Phase III Clinical Study of Rezvilutamide in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07241416/), [A Phase IIIb Study to Evaluate Camizestrant Plus Ribociclib in ER-positive, HER2-negative Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07647328/), [A Phase IIIB Study to Evaluate the Use of Capivasertib in Combination With Fulvestrant in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer Who Have Relapsed/Progressed on ET and CDK4/6 Inhibitor Reflecting Real World Clinical Practice in Spain](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06764186/), [A Study Evaluating Adherence, Tolerability, and Patient Reported Outcomes of Giredestrant in Participants With ER+/HER2- Early Breast Cancer Who Are Intolerant to Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy (novERA Breast Cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07541079/), [A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Giredestrant Compared With Physician's Choice of Endocrine Monotherapy in Participants With Previously Treated Estrogen Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (acelERA Breast Cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04576455/), [A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Inavolisib Plus Fulvestrant Compared With Alpelisib Plus Fulvestrant in Participants With HR-Positive, HER2-Negative, PIK3CA Mutated, Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer Post CDK4/6i and Endocrine Combination Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05646862/), [A Study of Abemaciclib (LY2835219) Combined With Fulvestrant in Women With Hormone Receptor Positive HER2 Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02107703/), [A Study of Abemaciclib (LY2835219) in Participants With Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02763566/), [A Study of Abemaciclib (LY2835219) Plus Tamoxifen or Abemaciclib Alone in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02747004/), [A Study of Camizestrant in ER+/HER2- Early Breast Cancer After at Least 2 Years of Standard Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05774951/), [A Study of Elacestrant Versus Standard Endocrine Therapy in Women and Men With ER+,HER2-, Early Breast Cancer With High Risk of Recurrence](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06492616/), [A Study of HRS-6208 in Combination With HRS-8080, or Fulvestrant, or Letrozole, With or Without HRS-6209 in Patients With Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07389733/), [A Study of Imlunestrant (LY3484356) in Premenopausal Women With Estrogen Receptor-Positive (ER+) Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Negative (HER2-) Early Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07287098/), [A Study of Imlunestrant Versus Standard Endocrine Therapy in Participants With Early Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05514054/), [A Study of SHR3680, HS-20093 and SHR2554 in Subjects With Prostate Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07230106/), [A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Giredestrant Compared With Fulvestrant (Plus a CDK4/6 Inhibitor), in Participants With ER-Positive, HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer Resistant to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy (pionERA Breast Cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06065748/), [A Study to Evaluate the Effect of GDC-4198 Alone and in Combination With Giredestrant Versus Abemaciclib and Giredestrant in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Estrogen Receptor-Positive (ER+), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Negative (HER2-) Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07100106/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Giredestrant in Combination With Phesgo (Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab, and Hyaluronidase-zzxf) Versus Phesgo in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (heredERA Breast Cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05296798/), [A Study to Investigate Efficacy and Safety With Oral AZD9833 Compared With Intramuscular Fulvestrant in Post-menopausal Women at Least 18 Years of Age With Advanced ER-positive HER2 Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04214288/), [A Study to Learn About Vepdegestrant When Given With PF-07220060 to People With Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06206837/), [A Trial of HRS-6209 in Combination With Fulvestrant, Letrozole, HRS-8080, or HRS-1358 in Breast Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06555068/), [A Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Octreotide Subcutaneous Depot in Patients With GEP-NET](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05050942/), [Bioequivalence ANDA SNP Clinical Study - Raloxifene and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06062810/), [BWEL (Breast Cancer Weight Loss, Alliance A011401)](https://onco.cc/trials/bwel/), [CAMBRIA-1 & CAMBRIA-2](https://onco.cc/trials/cambria/), [Capivasertib + CDK4/6i + Fulvestrant for Advanced/Metastatic HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer (CAPItello-292)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04862663/), [Capivasertib+Fulvestrant asTreatment for Locally Advanced(Inoperable) or Metastatic HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer in Chinese Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06635447/), [CFI-402257, a Potent and Selective TTK Inhibitor, in Solid Tumors and With Fulvestrant in Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05251714/), [COMET (Comparison of Operative versus Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy)](https://onco.cc/trials/comet-dcis/), [Comparison of Fulvestrant (FASLODEX™) 250 mg and 500 mg in Postmenopausal Women With Oestrogen Receptor Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Progressing or Relapsing After Previous Endocrine Therapy.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00099437/), [Efficacy and Safety of Tinengotinib Tablets Combined With Fulvestrant Injection in Patients With HR Positive and HER-2 Negative Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Have Failed Prior Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07498478/), [ELACESTRANT in Women and Men With CDK4/6 Inhibitor-Naive Estrogen Receptor Positive, HER-2 Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05596409/), [EMBER-3](https://onco.cc/trials/ember-3/), [EMERALD](https://onco.cc/trials/emerald/), [Evaluation of Lasofoxifene Combined With Abemaciclib Compared With Fulvestrant Combined With Abemaciclib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic ER+/HER2- Breast Cancer With an ESR1 Mutation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05696626/), [evERA](https://onco.cc/trials/evera/), [Gedatolisib Plus Fulvestrant With or Without Palbociclib vs Standard-of-Care for the Treatment of Patients With Advanced or Metastatic HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer (VIKTORIA-1)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05501886/), [lidERA](https://onco.cc/trials/lidera/), [Nanocrystalline Megestrol Acetate in Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07150663/), [Open-Label Umbrella Study To Evaluate Safety And Efficacy Of Elacestrant In Various Combination In Participants With Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05563220/), [persevERA](https://onco.cc/trials/persevera/), [Phase 1/1b/2 Study of Oral PMD-026 in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04115306/), [Phase 1/2 Study of ETX-636 in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06993844/), [Phase Ib/II Clinical Study of QLS1304 Combined With Endocrine Therapy in the Treatment of ER+/HER2- Breast Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07235176/), [Saruparib (AZD5305) Plus Camizestrant or Plus Endocrine Therapy, Compared With CDK4/6 Inhibitor Plus Endocrine Therapy or Plus Camizestrant in HR-Positive, HER2-Negative (IHC 0, 1+, 2+/ ISH Non-amplified), BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2m Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06380751/), [Single-injection depot progesterone before breast surgery (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/progesterone-preop-tmh/), [SOFT & TEXT](https://onco.cc/trials/soft-text/), [Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Treatment With Alpelisib Plus Fulvestrant in Japanese Men and Postmenopausal Women With Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04524000/), [Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Treatment With Alpelisib Plus Fulvestrant Versus Placebo Plus Fulvestrant in Chinese Men and Postmenopausal Women With Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04544189/), [Study of Abemaciclib and Elacestrant in Participants With Brain Metastasis Due to ER+/HER-2- Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05386108/), [Study of Belzutifan (MK-6482) Plus Fulvestrant for ER+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer (MK-6482-029/LITESPARK-029)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06428396/), [Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Alpelisib Plus Fulvestrant in Participants With HR-positive (HR+), HER2-negative, Advanced Breast Cancer After Treatment With a CDK4/6 Inhibitor and an Aromatase Inhibitor.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05038735/), [Study to Evaluate Efficacy & Safety of Afuresertib Plus Fulvestrant in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04851613/), [Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Camizestrant in Combination With Atirmociclib in Women With Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07427394/), [TACTIVE-U: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Vepdegestrant) When Given With Other Medicines in People With Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (Sub-Study A)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05548127/), [TACTIVE-U: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Vepdegestrant) When Given With Other Medicines in People With Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer (Sub-Study B)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05573555/), [TACTIVE-U: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Vepdegestrant) When Given With Other Medicines in People With Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer. (Sub-Study C)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06125522/), [TAM-01](https://onco.cc/trials/tam-01/), [To Study the Effect of Inavolisib in Combination With Fulvestrant in Participants With Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07368998/), [Vepdegestrant (ARV-471/PF-07850327) + Palbociclib vs Letrozole + Palbociclib in ER(+)/HER2(-) Advanced Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05909397/), [VERITAC-2](https://onco.cc/trials/veritac-2/)
- terms: [Agonist and antagonist](https://onco.cc/terms/agonist-antagonist/), [Aromatase inhibitor](https://onco.cc/terms/aromatase-inhibitor/), [Chemoprevention (tamoxifen, anastrozole, raloxifene) and ER-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/chemoprevention-and-er-negative-breast-cancer/), [Endocrine-therapy-induced alopecia](https://onco.cc/terms/alopecia-endocrine-therapy/), [Hormone receptor status (ER / PR)](https://onco.cc/terms/hormone-receptor-status/), [Hormone therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/hormone-therapy/), [How ER and PR are scored on a breast report (Allred score, H score, and why PR is not a UK core item)](https://onco.cc/terms/er-pr-scoring-breast/), [Selective oestrogen receptor degrader (SERD)](https://onco.cc/terms/serd/)
- pathways: [Oestrogen receptor signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/er-signaling/), [The cell-cycle engine (cyclins & CDKs)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cell-cycle-engine-cdks/), [Transcriptional machinery & addiction](https://onco.cc/pathways/transcription-addiction/), [Tumour dormancy](https://onco.cc/pathways/tumor-dormancy/)
- people: [Aditya Bardia](https://onco.cc/people/aditya-bardia/), [Ann H. Partridge](https://onco.cc/people/ann-partridge/), [Bernard Fisher](https://onco.cc/people/bernard-fisher/), [Jack Cuzick](https://onco.cc/people/jack-cuzick/), [Komal Jhaveri](https://onco.cc/people/komal-jhaveri/), [Mitch Dowsett](https://onco.cc/people/mitch-dowsett/), [Prudence A. Francis](https://onco.cc/people/prudence-francis/), [Richard Gray](https://onco.cc/people/richard-gray/), [Stephen Johnston](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-johnston/), [Wendy Parulekar](https://onco.cc/people/parulekar-wendy/)
- ideas: [Cardiometabolic screening and treatment for survivors on long-term hormone therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-cardiometabolic-clinic-hormone-therapy/), [GLP-1 receptor agonists as adjuvant weight-loss therapy in HR-positive breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-glp1-adjuvant-hr-breast/), [Hormone tablets instead of surgery for small breast cancers in the frail over-80s](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-frail-elderly-primary-endocrine-breast/), [Keep them asleep: dormancy maintenance as adjuvant therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-dormancy-maintenance-therapy/), [Low-dose tamoxifen for high-risk women, prescribed by pharmacists and nurses](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-low-dose-tamoxifen-uptake/), [Measure blood levels of oral targeted drugs and adjust doses to a target range](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-therapeutic-drug-monitoring-for-oral-tkis/), [Model-informed individual dosing with drug-level monitoring for every oral cancer drug](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-individualised-dosing-all-oral-drugs/), [Rotate between drugs on a fixed schedule instead of waiting for failure](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-alternating-schedules/), [Use residual disease tests to decide who needs ten years of hormone therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-guided-endocrine-duration/)
- roadmaps: [Hormonal therapy roadmap: removing the ovaries → tamoxifen → oral degraders switched by a blood test](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/hormonal-therapy-roadmap/), [Paths to cures: interception, eradication, control](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/cure-paths/)
- key papers: [IBIS-I: five years of tamoxifen keeps preventing breast cancer for at least 20 years](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ibis-i-tamoxifen-lancet-oncol-2015/), [monarchE: two years of abemaciclib after surgery in high-risk, hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-monarche-jco-2020/), [NATALEE: three years of ribociclib after surgery in a broad population of hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-natalee-nejm-2024/), [Single-injection depot progesterone before surgery and survival in operable breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-badwe-progesterone-jco-2011/), [STAMPEDE: adding abiraterone to hormone therapy at diagnosis of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stampede-abiraterone-nejm-2017/)
- institutions: [Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/karmanos/), [Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/beatson-glasgow/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-vienna/), [Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/baylor-duncan/), [Edinburgh Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/edinburgh-cancer-centre/), [Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/georgetown-lombardi/), [Institut Jules Bordet](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-jules-bordet/)
- companies: [Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/abcsg/), [Breast Cancer Trials](https://onco.cc/companies/breast-cancer-trials/), [ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation](https://onco.cc/companies/etop-ibcsg/), [GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group](https://onco.cc/companies/geicam/), [NSABP Foundation](https://onco.cc/companies/nsabp-foundation/), [Zydus Lifesciences](https://onco.cc/companies/zydus/)

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