# Oesophageal cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/  
OnCo record `esophageal` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026.

## Summary

Oesophageal cancer is two diseases: squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC, ~85% globally, driven by tobacco, alcohol, hot beverages, and nutritional factors along a belt from Iran through Central Asia to China) and adenocarcinoma (EAC, dominant in the West, arising from Barrett's oesophagus through reflux and obesity). Japan and parts of China screen high-risk populations endoscopically and cure early squamous cancers with endoscopic resection; elsewhere most patients present with dysphagia and locally advanced or metastatic disease. It causes about 510,000 new cases a year (the seventh most common cancer) and, because of late presentation, 445,000 deaths (sixth among cancers); five-year survival is about 20% overall.

Localised disease is treated with multimodality therapy. CROSS chemoradiation followed by oesophagectomy gives 10-year survival of 38% versus 25% for surgery alone; perioperative FLOT is the alternative for adenocarcinoma (ESOPEC favoured it). Definitive chemoradiation is used for cervical tumours and unfit patients. CheckMate 577 added a year of adjuvant nivolumab for residual disease after chemoradiation (DFS 22.4 vs 11.0 months), and SANO showed that patients with a clinical complete response can be watched rather than operated on with non-inferior survival. Advanced disease is treated with chemotherapy plus PD-1 blockade: pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-590, both histologies), nivolumab ± ipilimumab (CheckMate 648, squamous), tislelizumab (RATIONALE-306, squamous PD-L1 ≥1%), and camrelizumab or sintilimab in China. HER2-positive adenocarcinoma follows the gastric pathway (trastuzumab, zanidatamab after HERIZON-GEA-01, T-DXd second line). In 2026 the EGFR×HER3 bispecific ADC izalontamab brengitecan became the first agent to improve overall survival in second-line ESCC after immunotherapy (PANKU-Esophagus01).

Open fronts: whether PD-1 blockade added to definitive chemoradiation raises cure rates (KEYNOTE-975, SKYSCRAPER-07 and Chinese trials), how far organ preservation can be pushed, non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's (BEST4), the absence of targets in squamous disease beyond PD-1 and now EGFR/HER3, and the persistent gap between Asian and Western outcomes that early detection explains.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-07
- Also known as: ESCA; TCGA-ESCA; oesophageal carcinoma (TCGA ESCA cohort)
- Tags: gi; spike
- Group: gastrointestinal
- Burden: ~510,000 cases per year; ~85% squamous cell carcinoma globally, adenocarcinoma dominant in North America, Western Europe, and Australia. Endoscopic screening, where it exists, cures most early disease. 5-year survival is >80% for endoscopically treated early cancers and ~20% overall; ~445,000 deaths per year.
- Subtypes: Squamous cell carcinoma (upper/mid oesophagus; tobacco, alcohol; Asia and Africa); Adenocarcinoma (distal oesophagus/GEJ; Barrett's, reflux, obesity; the West); GEJ tumours by Siewert type (I treated as oesophageal, III as gastric); HER2-positive adenocarcinoma (~15-20%); PD-L1-high (CPS ≥10 or TAP ≥10%) tumours with greater immunotherapy benefit; Cervical oesophageal cancer (definitive chemoradiation, no surgery); Early (T1a) disease amenable to endoscopic resection
- Biomarkers: PD-L1; HER2 (adenocarcinoma); EGFR (squamous); Histology (squamous vs adenocarcinoma) determines the pathway; PD-L1 (CPS for adenocarcinoma/pembrolizumab; TAP score for tislelizumab in ESCC); HER2 IHC/ISH in adenocarcinoma; MSI/dMMR; CLDN18.2 in GEJ adenocarcinoma (gastric trials); Pathologic response after neoadjuvant therapy (residual disease → adjuvant nivolumab); Clinical complete response assessment (endoscopy, biopsy, PET-CT) for surveillance; EGFR and HER3 expression (not required for iza-bren)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/esophageal/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/#overview [2 subtypes, 8 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/#what-it-is [9 subtypes, 6 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/#finding-it [11 biomarkers]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/#treating-it [12 settings, 6 regimens, 8 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/evidence/ [62 trials, 6 key papers, 16 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/science/ [82 targets, 4 pathways, 6 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/where-you-are/ [32 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/#living-with-it [34 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/coming/ [31 medicines, 58 trials, 25 ideas, 9 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/data/ [393 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Localised: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CROSS) or perioperative FLOT → surgery → nivolumab if residual disease. ([Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/))
- Advanced: Chemotherapy + pembrolizumab/nivolumab; iza-bren in trials. ([Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/))
- Prevention and screening: Tobacco and alcohol control; endoscopic screening of high-risk populations in China and Japan (Lugol chromoendoscopy); surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus with ablation or resection of dysplasia; non-endoscopic capsule-sponge screening in trials (BEST4). ([Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-resection/), [Barrett's oesophagus](https://onco.cc/terms/barretts-esophagus/), [Non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's oesophagus and early adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-non-endoscopic-barretts-screening/))
- Early (T1a, high-grade dysplasia): Endoscopic resection (EMR/ESD) with radiofrequency ablation of residual Barrett's; oesophagectomy for T1b with high-risk features. ([Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-resection/))
- Resectable locally advanced (cT2-4a or N+): CROSS chemoradiation (carboplatin/paclitaxel + 41.4 Gy) then oesophagectomy for squamous and adenocarcinoma; perioperative FLOT for adenocarcinoma/GEJ (ESOPEC). Adjuvant nivolumab for residual disease after chemoradiation (CheckMate 577). ([CROSS](https://onco.cc/trials/cross/), [CheckMate 577](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-577/), [FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel)](https://onco.cc/drugs/flot/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [CROSS chemoradiation → surgery → adjuvant nivolumab if residual disease](https://onco.cc/pairings/cross-then-nivolumab/))
- Clinical complete response after chemoradiation: Active surveillance with surgery on regrowth is a non-inferior option (SANO); requires intensive endoscopic and PET surveillance. ([SANO](https://onco.cc/trials/sano/), [Active surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance/), [Clinical complete response (cCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-complete-response/))
- Unresectable locally advanced or cervical: Definitive chemoradiation (50-50.4 Gy with cisplatin/5-FU or carboplatin/paclitaxel); PD-1 blockade added in trials. ([IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/))
- Advanced squamous cell carcinoma, first line: Chemotherapy + pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-590), nivolumab (CheckMate 648), or tislelizumab (RATIONALE-306, PD-L1 ≥1%); nivolumab + ipilimumab chemotherapy-free option; camrelizumab/sintilimab/toripalimab in China. ([KEYNOTE-590](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-590/), [CheckMate 648](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-648/), [RATIONALE-306](https://onco.cc/trials/rationale-306/), [ESCORT-1st](https://onco.cc/trials/escort-1st/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Tislelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tislelizumab/), [Camrelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab/))
- Advanced adenocarcinoma, first line: As for gastric cancer: chemotherapy + pembrolizumab or nivolumab (PD-L1 CPS ≥5 or ≥1); trastuzumab-based therapy if HER2-positive; zolbetuximab if CLDN18.2-positive (GEJ eligible in SPOTLIGHT/GLOW). ([KEYNOTE-590](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-590/), [CheckMate 649](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-649/), [Trastuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab/), [Zanidatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab/), [Zolbetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zolbetuximab/))
- Second line, squamous cell carcinoma: Izalontamab brengitecan after PD-(L)1 + platinum (PANKU-Esophagus01, OS and PFS benefit, 2026; approval pending); otherwise taxane or irinotecan; nivolumab/pembrolizumab if IO-naive. ([PANKU-Esophagus01 (BL-B01D1-305)](https://onco.cc/trials/panku-esophagus01/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/))
- Second line, adenocarcinoma: T-DXd if HER2-positive (DESTINY-Gastric04); ramucirumab + paclitaxel; CLDN18.2 ADC after CLARITY-Gastric 01. ([DESTINY-Gastric04](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-gastric04/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [CLARITY-Gastric 01](https://onco.cc/trials/clarity-gastric01/))
- Palliation of dysphagia: Self-expanding metal stent, brachytherapy, or external beam radiation; nutritional support; early palliative care. ([Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/))

## State of the art

- Immunotherapy in first line and adjuvant.
- First bispecific ADC phase 3 success in ESCC.
- Chemoradiation before surgery (CROSS) has a durable 13-point 10-year survival gain; organ preservation after complete response is non-inferior (SANO).
- Adjuvant nivolumab doubles disease-free survival after incomplete response to chemoradiation (CheckMate 577), though OS was not significantly improved.
- Chemo-immunotherapy is first-line standard in both histologies, replicated in five phase 3 trials; PD-L1 defines the size of benefit.
- A chemotherapy-free immunotherapy doublet (nivolumab + ipilimumab) is an option in squamous disease.
- The first bispecific ADC with an OS benefit in second-line ESCC (iza-bren, 2026) gives post-immunotherapy squamous cancer its first targeted option.
- Endoscopic screening and resection in East Asia cure most early squamous cancers; Barrett's surveillance and ablation prevent adenocarcinoma in the West.

## Open problems

- Late presentation.
- Squamous cell carcinoma lacks targets beyond EGFR/HER3.
- Most patients present with advanced disease; no Western screening for squamous cancer and only trial-stage non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's.
- Adjuvant nivolumab improves DFS but not significantly OS; who truly needs it (PD-L1, ctDNA) is unknown.
- Squamous cell carcinoma has no validated molecular targets beyond PD-1 and, since 2026, EGFR/HER3 antigen delivery.
- PD-L1-negative tumours derive little from chemo-immunotherapy; alternatives are lacking.
- Whether adding PD-1 blockade to definitive chemoradiation improves cure remains unproven pending KEYNOTE-975 and SKYSCRAPER-07.
- Organ preservation requires intensive surveillance and salvage surgery capacity that many centres lack.
- Oesophagectomy carries high morbidity; centralisation and minimally invasive approaches are unevenly adopted.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer
- NCCN Esophageal and EGJ Cancers guideline: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1433
- ESMO oesophageal cancer guideline: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/esmo-clinical-practice-guidelines-gastrointestinal-cancers/
- NCI PDQ esophageal cancer treatment: https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/hp/esophageal-treatment-pdq

## Connected records

- technologies: [Active surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance/), [Alcohol reduction, pricing and cancer warning labels](https://onco.cc/technologies/alcohol-reduction-labelling/), [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [Aspirin for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/aspirin-cancer-prevention/), [Bispecific ADC](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-adc/), [Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)](https://onco.cc/technologies/c-arm-linac/), [Coffee and tea intake](https://onco.cc/technologies/coffee-intake-cancer/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-resection/), [Endoscopic ultrasound and EBUS systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/endoscopic-ultrasound-systems/), [Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition](https://onco.cc/technologies/eras-perioperative-nutrition/), [Enteral and parenteral nutrition support](https://onco.cc/technologies/enteral-parenteral-nutrition/), [FAPI PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fapi-pet/), [Gastric cancer endoscopic screening (East Asia)](https://onco.cc/technologies/gastric-endoscopic-screening/), [Global oncology and access in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/technologies/global-oncology-access/), [High-dose-rate brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hdr-brachytherapy/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Immunonutrition before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/immunonutrition-perioperative/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [Nutrition support and cachexia management](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-nutrition/), [Oncology nutrition assessment and medical nutrition therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/nutrition-screening-mnt/), [Photodynamic therapy lasers and light sources](https://onco.cc/technologies/photodynamic-therapy-lasers/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/), [Prehabilitation before cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/prehabilitation/), [Proton therapy machines: cyclotrons, synchrotrons and single-room systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy-systems/), [Remote afterloaders for HDR brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy-afterloaders/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [Smoking cessation in cancer patients](https://onco.cc/technologies/smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis/), [Vitamin D and omega-3 supplementation](https://onco.cc/technologies/vitamin-d-omega3-supplementation/)
- targets: [ADH1B](https://onco.cc/targets/adh1b/), [AKAP9](https://onco.cc/targets/akap9/), [APC](https://onco.cc/targets/apc/), [ARID2](https://onco.cc/targets/arid2/), [AURKA](https://onco.cc/targets/aurka/), [AXIN1](https://onco.cc/targets/axin1/), [BAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/bap1/), [CANT1](https://onco.cc/targets/cant1/), [CBL](https://onco.cc/targets/cbl/), [CDH1](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh1/), [CDH11](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh11/), [CDK9](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk9/), [CDKN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2a/), [CDX2](https://onco.cc/targets/cdx2/), [Claudin 18.2](https://onco.cc/targets/cldn18-2/), [CLIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/clip1/), [CREBBP](https://onco.cc/targets/crebbp/), [CRTC1](https://onco.cc/targets/crtc1/), [CSMD3](https://onco.cc/targets/csmd3/), [CTLA-4](https://onco.cc/targets/ctla4/), [CTNND2](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnnd2/), [DCC](https://onco.cc/targets/dcc/), [EGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/egfr/), [EP300](https://onco.cc/targets/ep300/), [EPHA3](https://onco.cc/targets/epha3/), [FAT1](https://onco.cc/targets/fat1/), [FAT4](https://onco.cc/targets/fat4/), [FBXW7](https://onco.cc/targets/fbxw7/), [FOXP1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxp1/), [GNAS](https://onco.cc/targets/gnas/), [GRM3](https://onco.cc/targets/grm3/), [H3C2](https://onco.cc/targets/h3c2/), [HDAC9](https://onco.cc/targets/hdac9/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [HER3](https://onco.cc/targets/her3/), [HLA-B](https://onco.cc/targets/hla-b/), [IL7R](https://onco.cc/targets/il7r/), [KAT6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6a/), [KDM6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm6a/), [LRP1B](https://onco.cc/targets/lrp1b/), [MAP2K4](https://onco.cc/targets/map2k4/), [MSN](https://onco.cc/targets/msn/), [MYC](https://onco.cc/targets/myc-gene/), [MYH9](https://onco.cc/targets/myh9/), [NBEA](https://onco.cc/targets/nbea/), [NCOA2](https://onco.cc/targets/ncoa2/), [NCOR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor2/), [NFE2L2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfe2l2/), [NOTCH1](https://onco.cc/targets/notch1/), [NRG1](https://onco.cc/targets/nrg1/), [NSD1](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd1/), [NUMA1](https://onco.cc/targets/numa1/), [NUTM1](https://onco.cc/targets/nutm1/), [PBRM1](https://onco.cc/targets/pbrm1/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [PREX2](https://onco.cc/targets/prex2/), [PTPRD](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprd/), [PTPRT](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprt/), [RAP1GDS1](https://onco.cc/targets/rap1gds1/), [RB1](https://onco.cc/targets/rb1/), [RNF213](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf213/), [RNF43](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf43/), [RNF6](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf6/), [ROBO2](https://onco.cc/targets/robo2/), [SETD1B](https://onco.cc/targets/setd1b/), [SMAD4](https://onco.cc/targets/smad4/), [SMARCA4](https://onco.cc/targets/smarca4/), [TEC](https://onco.cc/targets/tec/), [TGFBR1](https://onco.cc/targets/tgfbr1/), [TGFBR2](https://onco.cc/targets/tgfbr2/), [TSC2](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc2/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [WWOX](https://onco.cc/targets/wwox/), [YAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/yap1/), [ZBTB16](https://onco.cc/targets/zbtb16/), [ZNF208](https://onco.cc/targets/znf208/), [ZNF521](https://onco.cc/targets/znf521/), [ZNF750](https://onco.cc/targets/znf750/)
- companies: [AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie)](https://onco.cc/companies/aio/), [AP Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/ap-biosciences/), [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group](https://onco.cc/companies/agitg/), [BeOne Medicines (formerly BeiGene)](https://onco.cc/companies/beone/), [BigHat Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/bighat-biosciences/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [CellSeed](https://onco.cc/companies/cellseed/), [Coherus BioSciences](https://onco.cc/companies/coherus/), [Cyted Health](https://onco.cc/companies/cyted-health/), [Daiichi Sankyo](https://onco.cc/companies/daiichi-sankyo/), [Eurofarma](https://onco.cc/companies/eurofarma/), [Iksuda Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/iksuda-therapeutics/), [Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)](https://onco.cc/companies/jcog/), [Jazz Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/jazz/), [Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/hengrui/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [ModeX Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/modex-therapeutics/), [Nanjing Leads Biolabs](https://onco.cc/companies/nanjing-leads-biolabs/), [Neonc Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/neonc-technologies/), [Qilu Pharmaceutical](https://onco.cc/companies/qilu-pharmaceutical/), [SOFIE Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/sofie-biosciences/), [Sunshine Lake Pharma (HEC)](https://onco.cc/companies/sunshine-lake-pharma/), [SystImmune / Sichuan Biokin](https://onco.cc/companies/systimmune/)
- institutions: [Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi](https://onco.cc/institutions/aga-khan-university-hospital-nairobi/), [Aichi Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/aichi-cancer-center/), [Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://onco.cc/institutions/cams-cancer-hospital/), [Cancer Institute of Iran, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex](https://onco.cc/institutions/tehran-cancer-institute/), [Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/), [Chang Gung Memorial Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/chang-gung-memorial-hospital/), [Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/baylor-sammons-dallas/), [Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand](https://onco.cc/institutions/wits-charlotte-maxeke/), [Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/csco/), [Groote Schuur Hospital / University of Cape Town](https://onco.cc/institutions/groote-schuur-uct/), [Henan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/henan-cancer-hospital/), [Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Cancer Centre, Varanasi](https://onco.cc/institutions/homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-varanasi/), [Jiangsu Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/jiangsu-cancer-hospital/), [Keio University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/keio-university-hospital/), [Kenyatta National Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kenyatta-national-hospital/), [Krankenhaus Nordwest / Institute of Clinical Cancer Research (IKF)](https://onco.cc/institutions/krankenhaus-nordwest/), [Kyushu University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyushu-university-hospital/), [Leipzig University Hospital / University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL)](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-hospital-leipzig/), [National Cancer Center Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-japan/), [National Cancer Center Hospital East](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/), [Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nki/), [Ocean Road Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/ocean-road-cancer-institute/), [Osaka International Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/), [Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine / Osaka University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-university/), [Peking University Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/shandong-cancer-hospital/), [Shanghai Chest Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/shanghai-chest-hospital/), [Sichuan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/sichuan-cancer-hospital/), [Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysucc/), [Wellcome Sanger Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome-sanger/), [Zhejiang Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhejiang-cancer-hospital/)
- pathways: [Basement membrane & tissue barriers](https://onco.cc/pathways/basement-membrane-tissue-barriers/), [Field cancerisation](https://onco.cc/pathways/field-cancerisation/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/)
- terms: [Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/adenocarcinoma/), [Ageing tissue and clonal fields: cancer as a disease of old tissue](https://onco.cc/terms/ageing-tissue-field-theory/), [Alcohol-attributable cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/alcohol-attributable-cancer/), [Barrett's oesophagus](https://onco.cc/terms/barretts-esophagus/), [Chemoradiation (chemoradiotherapy, CRT)](https://onco.cc/terms/chemoradiation/), [Clinical complete response (cCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-complete-response/), [Combined positive score (CPS)](https://onco.cc/terms/cps/), [Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)](https://onco.cc/terms/dysphagia/), [Dysplasia (pre-cancerous change)](https://onco.cc/terms/dysplasia/), [EMR and ESD (endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopic-resection-term/), [Endoscopy (EGD, EUS, ERCP)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopy/), [Feeding tube (gastrostomy, PEG, jejunostomy)](https://onco.cc/terms/feeding-tube/), [FLOT regimen (perioperative chemotherapy for gastric cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/flot-term/), [Gastrectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/gastrectomy/), [Gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ)](https://onco.cc/terms/gej/), [Mediastinum](https://onco.cc/terms/mediastinum/), [Neoadjuvant / adjuvant / perioperative](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-adjuvant/), [Nutrition impact symptoms](https://onco.cc/terms/nutrition-impact-symptoms/), [Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)](https://onco.cc/terms/obesity-related-cancers/), [Oesophagectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/oesophagectomy/), [Pathologic complete response (pCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/pcr/), [Radiation pneumonitis and lung fibrosis](https://onco.cc/terms/radiation-pneumonitis/), [Siewert classification (GEJ tumours)](https://onco.cc/terms/siewert-classification/), [Squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/terms/squamous-cell-carcinoma/), [Squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus](https://onco.cc/terms/escc-vs-eac/), [Stenting (biliary, oesophageal, airway)](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-stent/)
- trials: [64Cu-LNTH-1363S in Patients With Sarcoma or Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06298916/), [A Clinical Trial of Ifinatamab Deruxtecan in People With Advanced Esophageal Cancer (MK-3475-06F)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07405151/), [A Dose Optimization/Expansion Study of SAR445877 in Adult Chinese Participants With Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07692204/), [A First-in-Human Study Using BDC-4182 as a Single Agent in Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06921837/), [A Phase 2 Study of Zanidatamab in Patients With HER2-expressing Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06695845/), [A Phase II Clinical Study to Evaluate HLX43 in Patients With Recurrent/Metastatic ESCC Failed or Intolerance to Standard Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06769113/), [A Study of BL-B01D1 in Combination With Tislelizumab ±5-Fluorouracil Versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Plus Tislelizumab as First-line Treatment in Patients With Unresectable, Locally Advanced Recurrent or Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma(PANKU-Esophagus02)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07554456/), [A Study of IDP-001 in Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07602842/), [A Study of Ifinatamab Deruxtecan in Subjects With Pretreated Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) (IDeate-Esophageal01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06644781/), [A Study of KC1036 Versus Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06194734/), [A Study of MT-4561 in Patients With Various Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06943521/), [A Study of Novel Agents or Combinations as Perioperative Treatment in Participants With Locally Advanced Resectable Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07069712/), [A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of LY01015 and Opdivo® Combined Respectively With Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06022861/), [A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Tislelizumab Plus Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients in the United States](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07554521/), [A Study to Evaluate Investigational Agents With or Without Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With Advanced Esophageal Cancer Previously Exposed to Programmed Cell Death 1 Protein (PD-1)/ Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Treatment (MK-3475-06B)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05319730/), [A Study to Evaluate Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (MK-2870) in Advanced/Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-2870-015)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06356311/), [A Study to Investigate ALE.P02 as Monotherapy in Adult Patients With Selected CLDN1+ Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06747585/), [A Study to Investigate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Activity of AP203 in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors, and Expansion to Selected Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05473156/), [A Trial of SHR-A2102 With Adebrelimab With or Without Other Antitumor Therapy in Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06474468/), [Add-Aspirin](https://onco.cc/trials/add-aspirin/), [ASKB589 in Combination With CAPOX and PD-1 Inhibitors in Patients With Advanced, and Unresectable G/GEJ Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05632939/), [BL-B01D1-307](https://onco.cc/trials/bl-b01d1-307/), [CheckMate 577](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-577/), [CheckMate 648](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-648/), [CheckMate 649](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-649/), [CLARITY-Gastric 01](https://onco.cc/trials/clarity-gastric01/), [Clinical Trial Evaluating TQB6411 Injection in Participant s With Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07367516/), [CROSS](https://onco.cc/trials/cross/), [DESTINY-Gastric04](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-gastric04/), [Dose Escalation and Dose Expansion Study of MDX2001 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06239194/), [Dose Escalation Study of a PD1-LAG3 Bispecific Antibody in Patients With Advanced and/or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04140500/), [ESCORT-1st](https://onco.cc/trials/escort-1st/), [ESOPEC](https://onco.cc/trials/esopec/), [Feasibility of the LUM Imaging System for Detection of Gastrointestinal Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02584244/), [FLOT4-AIO](https://onco.cc/trials/flot4/), [HERIZON-GEA-01](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-gea-01/), [JUPITER-06](https://onco.cc/trials/jupiter-06/), [KC1036 in Combination With PD-1 Antibody and Platinum-based Chemotherapy for First-line Advanced Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07481058/), [KEYNOTE-590](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-590/), [Lead-212 PSV359 Therapy for Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06710756/), [Metabolomic and BH3 Profiling of Esophageal Cancers: Identification of Novel Assessment Methods of Treatment Response for Precision Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03223662/), [Mithramycin for Lung, Esophagus, and Other Chest Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01624090/), [NHS-Galleri](https://onco.cc/trials/nhs-galleri/), [PANKU-Esophagus01 (BL-B01D1-305)](https://onco.cc/trials/panku-esophagus01/), [Phase 1/2 Study of BHB810 in Advanced Gastric and GEJ Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07529808/), [Phase 2 Futibatinib in Combination With PD-1 Antibody Based Standard of Care in Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05945823/), [QLC5508 vs. Chemotherapy in Pretreated Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07463573/), [RATIONALE-302](https://onco.cc/trials/rationale-302/), [RATIONALE-306](https://onco.cc/trials/rationale-306/), [SANO](https://onco.cc/trials/sano/), [Single Dose Investigator Initiated Pilot Study to Investigate CYTALUX (Pafolacianine) for Intraoperative Detection of Malignant Tissue in Subjects Undergoing Surgical Resection for Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07039526/), [SKB500 Combinations in Patients With Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07700667/), [SL-28 for Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07341737/), [Sonesitatug Vedotin in Combination With Capecitabine With or Without Rilvegostomig in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Gastric, Gastroesophageal Junction, or Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Expressing Claudin18.2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07431281/), [Study of Durvalumab Versus Placebo in Combination With Definitive Chemoradiation Therapy in Patient With ESCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04550260/), [Study of Larotinib in Unresectable Advanced or Recurrent Esophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04415853/), [Substudy 06C: A Study of Investigational Agents With Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) and Chemotherapy in Participants With First-Line Locally Advanced Unresectable/Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-3475-06C/KEYMAKER-U06)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06469944/), [Substudy 06D: Combination Therapies in Second Line (2L) Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-3475-06D/Keymaker-U06)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06445972/), [Substudy 06E: Umbrella Study of Combination Therapies in Esophageal Cancer (MK-3475-06E/KEYMAKER-U06)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06780111/), [Symbiotic-GI-16: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-08634404 in Combination With Chemotherapy in Gastroesophageal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/symbiotic-gi-16/), [ToGA](https://onco.cc/trials/toga/), [Using 18F-FAPI PET to Detect Metastatic Disease in Patients That Have Gastric or Esophageal Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07217704/)
- key papers: [Alcohol caused an estimated 741,000 cancers worldwide in 2020](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021/), [CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction and oesophageal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-649-lancet-2021/), [Fifty years of the British Doctors Study: smokers lose ten years of life, quitting gives most of it back](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004/), [IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/), [Performance of a multi-cancer early detection test in the randomized controlled NHS-Galleri trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026/), [SPOTLIGHT: zolbetuximab, the first Claudin 18.2 antibody, added to chemotherapy in gastric cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-spotlight-lancet-2023/)
- journals: [Clinical colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-colorectal-cancer/), [Esophagus](https://onco.cc/journals/esophagus-journal/), [Journal of gastrointestinal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer/), [Thoracic cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/thoracic-cancer/)
- drugs: [AZD5863](https://onco.cc/drugs/azd5863/), [Camrelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab/), [FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel)](https://onco.cc/drugs/flot/), [Fluorouracil (5-FU)](https://onco.cc/drugs/fluorouracil/), [Gotistobart](https://onco.cc/drugs/gotistobart/), [HLX43](https://onco.cc/drugs/hlx43/), [HMBD-001](https://onco.cc/drugs/hmbd-001/), [HS-20093](https://onco.cc/drugs/hs-20093/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/), [KC1036](https://onco.cc/drugs/kc1036/), [Lerotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lerotinib/), [MCLA-129](https://onco.cc/drugs/mcla-129/), [Nedaplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/nedaplatin/), [Nimotuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nimotuzumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Oxaliplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/oxaliplatin/), [PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [PF-08634404](https://onco.cc/drugs/pf-08634404/), [Porfimer sodium](https://onco.cc/drugs/porfimer-sodium/), [QLC5508](https://onco.cc/drugs/qlc5508/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [Sintilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sintilimab/), [Tislelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tislelizumab/), [Toripalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/toripalimab/), [TQB6411](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb6411/), [Trastuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [Zanidatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab/), [Zolbetuximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zolbetuximab/)
- ideas: [A biomarker-directed trial of vitamin D after surgery for digestive tract cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-vitamin-d-digestive-cancer-biomarker-trial/), [A dietitian in every gastrointestinal and head and neck tumour board](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-dietitian-in-every-mdt/), [A funded programme of organ-preservation trials to avoid radical surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-organ-preservation-programme/), [A swallowable sponge test for reflux patients, offered in pharmacies](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-capsule-sponge-pharmacy/), [A ten-dollar blood test for the five cancers that kill most people in poorer countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lmic-five-cancer-methylation-test/), [Burden-matched funding for trials led in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-lmic-burden-match/), [Burden-weighted portfolio targets for every major cancer funder](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-burden-weighted-portfolio/), [Cancer warnings on alcohol labels, evaluated as a natural experiment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels/), [Dedicated cohorts for patients with performance status 2 in first-line trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts/), [Dose-finding in older and frail patients, not extrapolation from fit ones](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-geriatric-dose-finding-cohorts/), [Evaluate alcohol minimum unit pricing against cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Four weeks of training and nutrition before major cancer surgery, as standard](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-prehabilitation-standard/), [Intercept cancer at the field stage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-field-interception/), [Link bariatric and GLP-1 registries to cancer registries in every country that has both](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage/), [Minimum alcohol pricing evaluated with cancer endpoints](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-minimum-unit-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's oesophagus and early adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-non-endoscopic-barretts-screening/), [Open-source drug discovery to clinical proof of concept for neglected cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-open-source-oncology-drug-discovery/), [Organ preservation as the default after complete response in oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-organ-preservation-esophageal/), [Partial lottery funding for good proposals in under-funded cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-neglected-cancer-lottery/), [Pooled coverage-with-evidence for proton therapy across all centres](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-proton-coverage-with-evidence/), [Pre-surgery platform trials that test combinations on pathological response in months](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-neoadjuvant-combo-platform/), [Public risk-adjusted outcome reporting for cancer surgery to drive centralisation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-outcomes-public-reporting/), [Stop routine endoscopies for non-dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-barrett-surveillance-deescalation/), [Upfront reduced-dose regimens tested head-to-head in frail older patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-upfront-reduced-dose-trials-frail/), [Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-let-rbe-ab-selects-protons/)
- pairings: [Caution: proton therapy vs IMRT](https://onco.cc/pairings/proton-vs-imrt/), [CROSS chemoradiation → surgery → adjuvant nivolumab if residual disease](https://onco.cc/pairings/cross-then-nivolumab/)
- people: [C. S. Pramesh](https://onco.cc/people/pramesh-c-s/), [David Cunningham](https://onco.cc/people/david-cunningham/), [Florian Lordick](https://onco.cc/people/florian-lordick/), [Geoff Parnell](https://onco.cc/people/geoff-parnell/), [Haruhiko Fukuda](https://onco.cc/people/fukuda-haruhiko/), [J. Jan B. van Lanschot](https://onco.cc/people/jan-van-lanschot/), [Jaffer A. Ajani](https://onco.cc/people/jaffer-ajani/), [Jens Höppner](https://onco.cc/people/jens-hoeppner/), [Jie He](https://onco.cc/people/he-jie/), [Jimmy So](https://onco.cc/people/jimmy-so/), [Jing Huang](https://onco.cc/people/huang-jing-cams/), [Jong-Mu Sun](https://onco.cc/people/jong-mu-sun/), [Ken Kato](https://onco.cc/people/ken-kato/), [Mark Middleton](https://onco.cc/people/mark-middleton/), [Philip Wai Yan Chiu](https://onco.cc/people/philip-chiu/), [Rebecca C. Fitzgerald](https://onco.cc/people/rebecca-fitzgerald/), [Ronan J. Kelly](https://onco.cc/people/ronan-kelly/), [Rui-Hua Xu](https://onco.cc/people/xu-rui-hua/), [Salah-Eddin Al-Batran](https://onco.cc/people/salah-eddin-al-batran/), [Toshihiko Doi](https://onco.cc/people/doi-toshihiko/), [Yelena Y. Janjigian](https://onco.cc/people/yelena-janjigian/), [Yuichiro Doki](https://onco.cc/people/yuichiro-doki/), [Yuko Kitagawa](https://onco.cc/people/kitagawa-yuko/)
- bottlenecks: [Cachexia, toxicity and the limits of the patient](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-cachexia-supportive/), [Fragmented care and guideline gaps](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-care-fragmentation/), [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Pain relief and palliative care are unavailable to most](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-palliative/), [Prevention we already have is not deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/), [The hardest cancers are found late](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-early-detection/)
- collections: [CSCO guidelines (China)](https://onco.cc/collections/csco-guidelines/), [Japanese oncology guidelines (JSMO, JSCO and organ societies)](https://onco.cc/collections/jsmo-jsco-guidelines/)
- biomarkers: [PD-L1 CPS (combined positive score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-cps/)
- cancers: [Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/), [Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/esophageal.json