# Gallbladder cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/  
OnCo record `gallbladder` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Gallbladder cancer starts in the small bile-storing sac under the liver and is one of the biliary tract cancers. Most cases are found late, or by chance when a gallbladder is removed for gallstones. It is rare in the UK, with about 1,300 cases a year, and much commoner in Chile, Bolivia and northern India. Found early, an operation can cure it.

## Summary

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped pouch about 8 cm long under the right lobe of the liver that concentrates and stores bile; it is not essential and people digest normally without it (CRUK, what is gallbladder cancer). Cancer here is grouped with cholangiocarcinoma as biliary tract cancer, and most systemic-therapy evidence comes from mixed biliary trials, but gallbladder cancer differs in its causes (gallstones and chronic inflammation rather than liver fluke or primary sclerosing cholangitis), its geography, the way it is found (often incidentally in a cholecystectomy specimen), its staging (a separate AJCC chapter with the T2a and T2b split) and its molecular profile (HER2 alterations more often than FGFR2 fusions or IDH1 mutations). Hundal and Shaffer describe it as the commonest biliary tract cancer, 80 to 95 percent of biliary tract cancers in their review, and Roa and colleagues note that most cases are discovered incidentally after cholecystectomy for symptomatic stones.

World: the IARC gallbladder fact sheet, served today with the GLOBOCAN 2024 estimates, gives 126,384 new cases (22nd commonest cancer, age-standardised rate 1.2 per 100,000) and 92,029 deaths (20th, 0.82 per 100,000) a year, with 72.4 percent of cases in Asia, 10.0 percent in Europe, 8.8 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 4.3 percent in Northern America. The highest national age-standardised incidence on the sheet is Bolivia (6.7 per 100,000, both sexes; 6.0 in men) and Chile (7.6 per 100,000 in women); the highest regions are South Central Asia, South America and Eastern Asia. Earlier GLOBOCAN rounds gave lower counts, so the version matters when figures are compared. Randi and colleagues (2006) recorded the highest registry rates in women in Delhi (21.5 per 100,000), South Karachi (13.8) and Quito (12.9), high rates in Korea, Japan and parts of central and eastern Europe, and a female to male ratio of about 3. In the United States about 3,700 people a year were diagnosed in 2007 to 2011 (1.13 per 100,000) and 2,000 died (0.62 per 100,000), two thirds of them women, with rates three times higher in American Indian and Alaska Native people (Henley 2015); a 2026 meta-analysis found 3 to 3.5-fold higher incidence in Native American people nationally and 6 to 8.5-fold in the Southwest and Alaska (Kosuru 2026). SEER incidence fell by 1.65 percent a year from 1973 but has been flat since 2002 (Low 2022). In India a Tata Memorial registry of 1,950 patients (2019 to 2022) found 84.6 percent came from, or had migrated from, the Gangetic belt, and 60 percent had metastatic disease at presentation (Patkar 2025); in Pakistan a prospective series of 233 cases was 77 percent women with a mean age of 55 (Malik 2003).

United Kingdom (Cancer Research UK, drawing on the national registries): 1,288 new cases a year (2019 and 2021 to 2022 average, ICD-10 C23), around 900 in females and 380 in males, under 1 percent of all cancers; 54 percent are diagnosed at 75 or over and rates peak at ages 85 to 89, which account for 13 percent of cases. Incidence rates have risen by 79 percent since the early 1990s and by 33 percent in the last decade, and are projected to rise a further 43 percent by 2038 to 2040 to about 3,100 cases a year. Rates are higher in the Asian and Black ethnic groups than the White group in England (2013 to 2017). There are about 810 deaths a year (2022 to 2024), 60 percent at 75 or over; it is the 23rd commonest cause of cancer death (20th in women). Mortality rates are 28 percent lower than in the early 1970s but 29 percent higher than a decade ago. Lifetime risk is about 1 in 210 for females and 1 in 670 for males born in 1961. A UK primary-care cohort found biliary tract cancer incidence rising 4 percent a year in 2000 to 2010 and higher in the most deprived quintile (Keane 2014). Half of cases in England (2019) were diagnosed after an emergency presentation and 17 percent through an urgent suspected cancer referral; in Northern Ireland 24 percent of staged cases were stage I or II (2015 to 2019); in England in 2022, 21 percent of patients had surgery, 22 percent systemic therapy and 2 percent radiotherapy as part of primary treatment (CRUK main statistics page). National Disease Registration Service tables could not be read directly for this record (the site blocks automated readers); the CRUK figures above are derived from registry data.

Risk factors, with the evidence: gallstones are the strongest (pooled relative risk 4.9 for a history of benign gallbladder disease, Randi 2006; odds ratio 7.26 for gallbladder cancer in a 2021 meta-analysis of 30 studies, Huang; hazard ratio 7.35 for gallbladder cancer death in 396,720 Koreans followed by ultrasound, Ryu 2016), and larger stones carry more risk (odds ratio 2.4 for stones 2.0 to 2.9 cm and 10.1 for 3 cm or larger versus under 1 cm, Diehl 1983). Yet gallstones are very common and this cancer very rare, so most people with stones never develop it (CRUK). Porcelain gallbladder: about eight times the risk (CRUK, citing Schnelldorfer), but the 2013 systematic review found cancer in only 6 percent of calcified gallbladders in studies without selection bias against 1 percent in matched controls, and a 2018 cohort observed 90 patients for a mean 3.2 years without a cancer (DesJardins). Gallbladder polyps: about 8 percent of polyps of 10 mm or more are malignant and about 4 percent of polyps reach that size (CRUK, citing Elmasry 2016, whose review found 0.57 percent of 5,482 ultrasound-detected polyps were malignant). Primary sclerosing cholangitis: 37 percent of explanted gallbladders showed dysplasia and 14 percent adenocarcinoma in one transplant series (Lewis 2007); polyps were seen in 16 percent of 453 patients and the cancer rate among those with a polyp was 8.8 per 1,000 person-years (van Erp 2020). Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage: summary relative risk 4.6 for anti-Vi antibodies and 5.0 for bile or stool culture across more than 1,000 cases (Koshiol 2016; pooled 4.8 in Randi 2006). Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction: about seven times the risk in a meta-analysis of case-control studies (CRUK, citing Deng 2011); in a 2025 MRCP series the anomaly was present in 0.44 percent of benign cholecystectomies but 16 percent of gallbladder cancers, an estimated 38-fold higher incidence (Shirai 2025). Obesity: 20 percent of UK cases are attributed to overweight and obesity; risk is 22 to 29 percent higher in overweight women and 68 to 78 percent higher in obese women, and 43 to 54 percent higher in obese men (CRUK risk page; relative risk 1.69 for obesity across 14 cohorts, Liu 2016). Sex and age: 71 percent of UK patients are women and risk climbs steeply after 75 (CRUK). Aflatoxin: exposure markers were found in 32 percent of Shanghai gallbladder cancer patients against 15 percent of gallstone controls, odds ratio 7.61 for the top exposure quartile and a population attributable fraction of 20 percent (Koshiol 2017), with a parallel signal in Chile (Nogueira 2015). Genetics: a family history raises risk about five-fold (CRUK); the Indian genome-wide association study found risk variants at 7q21.12 spanning the bile phospholipid transporter genes ABCB1 and ABCB4 (per-allele odds ratios 1.47 to 1.61) and estimated a sibling relative risk of 3.15 from common variation (Mhatre 2017); in Chile each 1 percent rise in Mapuche ancestry raised risk by about 0.8 percent in a Mendelian randomisation analysis, partly through gallstones (Zollner 2023; Lorenzo Bermejo 2017). Also on the CRUK list: type 2 diabetes (44 to 49 percent higher), smoking (19 percent higher in current smokers), heavy alcohol (about three times at 50 g or more a day), choledochal cysts and ionising radiation. About 20 percent of UK cases are judged preventable.

Presentation takes two forms. A large share is found by the pathologist after a cholecystectomy for presumed gallstone disease: 0.25 to 0.89 percent of all cholecystectomy specimens in the series reviewed by Soreide (2019), 0.29 percent of 9,698 in a Danish department (0.08 percent under 60, 0.67 percent over 60; Lerche-Jorgensen 2025). The rest present with symptoms that are vague until late: pain or a dragging feeling in the right upper abdomen, feeling or being sick, loss of appetite and weight, fever, a lump in the abdomen, a swollen abdomen, and jaundice with itching, dark urine and pale stools (NHS). In the Pakistani series pain was the presenting symptom in 89 percent, weight loss in 42 percent, jaundice in 33 percent and a palpable mass in a quarter (Malik 2003). Jaundice usually means the tumour has reached the bile duct or hilar nodes: even among patients without distant spread who were operated on, five-year survival was 21.9 percent with jaundice against 68.3 percent without (Chaudhary 2021, Langenbecks Arch Surg, doi 10.1007/s00423-020-02075-8). The NHS asks people to seek urgent help for jaundice or for vomiting lasting more than two days, and NICE NG12 (1.2.10) tells GPs to consider an urgent direct-access ultrasound for an upper abdominal mass consistent with an enlarged gallbladder.

Diagnosis: ultrasound is the first test for a gallbladder mass, wall thickening or polyp, and the joint European polyp guideline keeps it as the primary investigation, with contrast-enhanced or endoscopic ultrasound reserved for expert centres in difficult cases (Foley 2022). Contrast CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis stages the tumour and judges resectability (pooled sensitivity 99 percent, specificity 76 percent for resectability; Li 2013); MRI with MRCP maps the bile ducts and liver invasion. Both are weak at finding involved lymph nodes: CT sensitivity ranged from 25 to 93 percent across studies and MRI pooled sensitivity was 75 percent (de Savornin Lohman 2019). FDG PET-CT is accurate for the primary (sensitivity 96 percent) and for distant metastases (95 percent) but less so for nodes (75 percent), and changes management in a meaningful share of patients (Parida 2021); gallbladder cancers are PET-avid, and PET can spare a futile re-resection (Soreide 2019). Blood tests include liver function and the tumour markers CA 19-9 and CEA, which are raised more often in cancer than in benign disease but cannot make or exclude the diagnosis and did not predict survival in a 200-patient Indian series (Sinha 2022); 58 percent of the Pakistani series had a raised CEA (Malik 2003). The AHPBA consensus sets the minimum staging as contrast cross-sectional imaging plus diagnostic laparoscopy (Aloia 2015). When imaging shows a resectable mass, UK hepatobiliary teams generally do not biopsy through the tumour beforehand: the Liverpool MDT relied on the surgeon's intraoperative assessment with frozen section, which matched final histology in every case but doubled operating time (Chan 2022), and an Imperial College unit runs a single-stage operation in which frozen section decides whether to extend a cholecystectomy to a radical resection (Banh 2024). Biopsy is used when the disease is clearly unresectable and systemic treatment is planned, or to confirm metastases (NHS tests page lists biopsy, laparoscopy and ERCP among the possible tests).

Pathology: about 90 percent are adenocarcinomas, which Cancer Research UK divides into non-papillary, papillary and mucinous; squamous cell carcinoma makes up about 5 percent, and adenosquamous carcinoma, small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma, sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumours and lymphoma are rare (CRUK types page). The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, 5th edition (2019; summarised by Nagtegaal 2020), is the reference classification for the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts; it also names the precursor lesions, flat biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and the polypoid intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (Adsay 2012; Akita 2019). Mucinous carcinoma is defined by extracellular mucin in more than half of the tumour and was 2.5 percent of 606 carcinomas (Dursun 2012); adenosquamous carcinoma needs a squamous component above 25 percent and was 5 percent of adenocarcinoma-plus-adenosquamous cases in the National Cancer Database (Murimwa 2021; Gasparello 2026); neuroendocrine carcinoma was 31 of 636 cancers, under 5 percent, in a pathology cohort and 1.6 percent of gallbladder carcinomas in SEER (Reid 2026; Cai 2022). Grade runs from 1 (well differentiated) to 3 (poorly differentiated) (CRUK stages and grades). Early cancers are often invisible to the naked eye: 60 percent of 190 Tis, T1a and T1b tumours were not apparent on gross examination, which is why the AHPBA asks for at least three sections and the cystic duct margin from every routine specimen in high-incidence areas (Roa 2013; Aloia 2015). Each subtype has its own page below.

Staging follows the AJCC and UICC TNM 8th edition (2017), described in plain words by Cancer Research UK. Tis: cancer cells confined to the lining. T1a: into the connective tissue under the lining; T1b: into the muscle layer. T2: through the muscle into the connective tissue beyond it, still within the gallbladder, split into T2a on the peritoneal side (the free side facing the abdominal cavity) and T2b on the hepatic side (the side against the liver). T3: through the outer wall, or into the liver or one adjacent organ. T4: into the main portal vein or hepatic artery, or into two or more organs outside the liver. N1: one to three regional nodes; N2: four or more (the count replaced the 7th edition's anatomical grouping after series such as Shirai 2012 showed 0, 1 to 3 and 4 or more nodes stratified survival). M1: distant spread. Stage groups: I is T1 N0, II is T2 N0, IIIA is T3 N0, IIIB is T1 to T3 with N1, IVA is T4 with N0 or N1, and IVB is any N2 or any M1. What each means for surgery: Tis and T1a are cured by the cholecystectomy already done in almost all cases (five-year survival up to 100 percent after cholecystectomy alone, Soreide 2019); from T1b upwards guidelines recommend radical (extended) cholecystectomy with resection of the liver bed and portal lymphadenectomy, though the T1b benefit is contested (meta-analysis of 26 cohorts: better overall survival with extended surgery, hazard ratio 0.48, but no difference in disease-specific survival, Cho 2026; no survival difference in 950 National Cancer Database patients, Rhodin 2024); T2b tumours carry more vascular invasion (51 versus 19 percent), perineural invasion (33 versus 8 percent) and nodal spread (40 versus 17 percent) than T2a and roughly twice the hazard of death (Shindoh 2015; Alrawashdeh 2022 meta-analysis of 2,531 patients), so liver resection matters most on the hepatic side; T3 disease is resectable when one adjacent organ can be taken en bloc; T4 disease and N2 nodes, or para-aortic node involvement, rarely benefit from resection and are directed to systemic treatment (Aloia 2015). The 8th edition N split did not improve prognostic performance over the 7th in a 7,743-patient validation (Giannis 2021), and a Korean series found the N category discriminated only when six or more nodes had been examined (Sung 2020), the count the AHPBA asks surgeons to aim for.

Screening and prevention: there is no screening programme for gallbladder cancer in the UK because no test picks it up reliably at an early stage (CRUK screening page), and none exists anywhere at population level, even in Chile or northern India (open problem). Prevention rests on managing the precursors. Polyps: the 2022 ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE guideline recommends cholecystectomy for polyps of 10 mm or more; for 6 to 9 mm polyps with a risk factor (age over 60, primary sclerosing cholangitis, Asian ethnicity, or a sessile polyp including focal wall thickening over 4 mm); ultrasound at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years for 6 to 9 mm polyps without risk factors or 5 mm or smaller polyps with one, stopping after 2 years if there is no growth; no follow-up for polyps of 5 mm or less with no risk factors; cholecystectomy if a polyp reaches 10 mm, and discussion if it grows 2 mm or more (Foley 2022). Cancer Research UK lists anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction and choledochal cysts among the congenital risk factors, and the 38-fold incidence estimated with the maljunction (Shirai 2025) is the argument for removing the gallbladder once it is found. Prophylactic cholecystectomy has traditionally been advised for porcelain gallbladder (the CRUK patient page says a doctor may suggest it); that advice is now debated because the cancer risk in unselected calcified gallbladders is far lower than once thought and observation caused no cancers in a 90-patient cohort (Schnelldorfer 2013; DesJardins 2018). Weight, alcohol and smoking are the modifiable factors the NHS names.

Incidental cancer is the commonest route to cure. About half of incidental tumours are pT2 and a third pT1 (Soreide 2019). For T1b or deeper disease the patient should be referred to a hepatobiliary centre for re-resection, ideally 4 to 8 weeks after the first operation (median survival 40.4 months, against 17.4 months for under 4 weeks and 22.4 months for over 8 weeks in 207 US patients, Ethun 2017), with cross-sectional imaging and often PET-CT in the interval. Port-site metastases fell from 18.6 percent before 2000 to 10.3 percent since (Berger-Richardson 2017), and routine excision of port sites has no effect on survival (Soreide 2019). A Dutch study found only 53.9 percent of patients eligible for re-resection were referred to a tertiary centre (van Dooren 2024), a gap the UK pathway pages take up.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-24
- Also known as: Gallbladder cancer; Gallbladder carcinoma; Carcinoma of the gallbladder; Gall bladder cancer; Biliary tract cancer of the gallbladder; GBC; ICD-10 C23
- Tags: gallbladder; biliary; nci-coverage; rare
- Group: gastrointestinal
- Burden: Around 1,300 people a year in the UK, seven in ten of them women and more than half aged 75 or over; rare here, but common where gallstones are common, above all Bolivia, Chile, northern India and Pakistan (Cancer Research UK; GLOBOCAN).
- Subtypes: Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (about 90 percent; biliary, intestinal, mucinous and other patterns); Papillary carcinoma of the gallbladder, and its precursor the intracholecystic papillary neoplasm; Mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder (about 2.5 percent); Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the gallbladder (about 5 percent); Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (small cell and large cell; under 5 percent); Incidental gallbladder cancer found in the cholecystectomy specimen; Carcinoma in situ and dysplasia of the gallbladder (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia; stage 0); Cystic duct carcinoma (staged with gallbladder cancer)
- Biomarkers: T category on the cholecystectomy specimen (T1a versus T1b or deeper decides whether a second operation is offered); T2a versus T2b (peritoneal versus hepatic side), the strongest pathological predictor within T2; Cystic duct margin status (positive margin adds a bile duct resection); Lymph node count and number involved (N1 one to three, N2 four or more; six or more nodes examined for a reliable N stage); Grade 1 to 3 and histological type (adenosquamous and neuroendocrine carcinomas behave worse); Lymphovascular and perineural invasion; Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus involvement in early cancers; HER2 amplification or over-expression (more frequent than in cholangiocarcinoma; the molecular rows below carry the figures by cohort); Mismatch repair deficiency, BRAF V600E, NTRK fusions (tumour-agnostic treatments); CA 19-9 and CEA (often raised, neither diagnostic nor reliably prognostic); TP53 mutation: 63% (63% of 244 MSK-IMPACT samples (Giraldo 2022); KRAS mutation (amplification rarer): 11% (11% of 244 samples (Giraldo 2022); ERBB2 (HER2) amplification: 8-10% (8% amplification alone plus 1.5% amplification with a mutation among 260 patients (Mondaca 2024)); ERBB2 (HER2) activating mutation (s310f/y hotspot): 4-8% (4% mutation alone, 1.5% with amplification and 0.4% fusion among 260 patients (Mondaca 2024)); ERBB2 (HER2) protein overexpression (ihc): 9-31% (31.3% HER2-positive among 80 resected Japanese gallbladder carcinomas scored by the gastro-oesophageal guideline (Hiraoka 2020)); ERBB3 (HER3) mutation (amplification rarer): 7-12% (11.8% of 57 (Li 2014, a significantly mutated gene)); PIK3CA mutation: 11% (Mutation in 26 of 244 samples, 10.7%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 11 of 103, 10.7%, in gbc_msk_2018); CDKN2A / CDKN2B deletion or mutation: 21% (CDKN2A 21% (Giraldo 2022)); CDKN2B deep deletion (with cdkn2a): 14% (Deep deletion in 34 of 244 samples, 13.9%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 12 of 103, 11.7%, in gbc_msk_2018); ARID1A mutation (loss of function): 13-25% (13% of 85 (Javle 2016)); SMAD4 mutation or deletion: 21-38% (38% in Chile, 36% in Japan and 27% in the United States among 81 patients, with worse survival (10 versus 25 months); CTNNB1 mutation (wnt activation): 6% (Mutation in 15 of 244 samples, 6.1%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 6 of 103, 5.8%, in gbc_msk_2018); EGFR amplification or mutation: 1-3% (Amplification in 8 of 244 samples, 3.3%, and mutation in 3 of 244, 1.2%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); MDM2 amplification: 12% (Amplification in 29 of 244 samples, 11.9%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 12 of 103, 11.7%, in gbc_msk_2018); BRAF mutation: 3% (Mutation in 7 of 244 samples, 2.9%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 5 of 103, 4.9%, in gbc_msk_2018); IDH1 / IDH2 mutation: 0.4% (IDH1 mutation in 1 of 244 samples, 0.4%, and no IDH2 mutation in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); FGFR2 fusion, mutation or amplification: 1% (No FGFR2 fusion among the structural variants deposited for cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); NTRK1 / NTRK2 / NTRK3 gene fusion: 0.4% (One LMNA::NTRK1 fusion patient (four samples) among 233 patients in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022, about 0.4%); MLH1 / MSH2 / MSH6 / PMS2 microsatellite instability (msi-high): 0.6-2.5% (6 of 244 samples, 2.5%, called unstable by MSIsensor in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); Tumour mutational burden tmb (mutations per megabase): 1-12% (Median 4.1 non-synonymous mutations per megabase, with 28 of 244 samples, 11.5%, at 10 or more on the MSK-IMPACT panel (cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022)); BRCA1 / BRCA2 mutation (somatic or germline): 1-5% (BRCA2 mutation in 13 of 244 samples, 5.3%, and BRCA1 in 3 of 244, 1.2%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); ATM mutation: 7-16% (Mutation in 16 of 244 samples, 6.6%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022 and 16 of 103, 15.5%, in gbc_msk_2018); PALB2 mutation: 1.6% (Mutation in 4 of 244 samples, 1.6%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); ELF3 frameshift and truncating mutation: 9% (Mutation in 21 of 244 samples, 8.6%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); STK11 mutation: 9% (Mutation in 22 of 244 samples, 9.0%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); CCNE1 amplification: 9% (Amplification in 22 of 244 samples, 9.0%, in cBioPortal gbc_mskcc_2022); CD274 (PD-L1) protein expression (ihc): 15-23% (Tumour cells positive at 1% or more in 23.0% of 174 Indian cases (SP263)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/gallbladder/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/#overview [8 subtypes, 11 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/#what-it-is [16 subtypes, 6 staging notes]
- Finding it (own page): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/finding-it/ [5 symptoms, 36 biomarkers, 26 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/#treating-it [15 settings, 1 regimen, 7 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/evidence/ [171 trials, 79 key papers, 29 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/science/ [33 targets, 10 pathways]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/where-you-are/ [19 centres, 24 UK centres, 7 high-burden regions]
- Living with it (own page): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/living-with-it/ [45 questions, 6 red cards, 2 decision aids]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/coming/ [27 medicines, 170 trials, 12 ideas, 18 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/data/ [494 connected records, 11 notes]

## Standard of care

- Suspected cancer in primary care: Urgent direct-access ultrasound for an upper abdominal mass consistent with an enlarged gallbladder (NICE NG12 1.2.10); urgent referral for jaundice; the UK pathway page carries the detail. ([Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/), [Obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/obstructive-jaundice/))
- Diagnosis and staging: Ultrasound, contrast CT, MRI with MRCP, FDG PET-CT before radical surgery, staging laparoscopy; frozen section rather than needle biopsy when the mass is resectable. ([Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/), [CT (computed tomography)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct/), [MRI](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri/), [PET/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-ct/), [Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/staging-laparoscopy/), [TNM staging](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-staging/))
- Tis or T1a found in the cholecystectomy specimen: No further surgery when the cystic duct margin is clear; the simple cholecystectomy is curative in almost all cases. ([Simple cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/simple-cholecystectomy/), [Cystic duct margin](https://onco.cc/terms/cystic-duct-margin/), [Carcinoma in situ and dysplasia of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia/))
- T1b, T2 or T3 (incidental or suspected before surgery): Radical (extended) cholecystectomy: resection of the liver bed (wedge or segments IVb and V) with portal lymphadenectomy, bile duct resection only when the cystic duct margin is positive; re-resection 4 to 8 weeks after an incidental diagnosis; port sites not routinely excised. ([Radical (extended) cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/radical-cholecystectomy/), [Segment IVb and V liver resection (versus wedge resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/segment-ivb-v-resection/), [Hepatectomy (liver resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/hepatectomy/), [Lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphadenectomy/), [Cystic duct margin](https://onco.cc/terms/cystic-duct-margin/), [Port-site metastasis](https://onco.cc/terms/port-site-metastasis/), [Incidental gallbladder cancer (found after cholecystectomy)](https://onco.cc/cancers/incidental-gallbladder-cancer/))
- After resection: Adjuvant capecitabine for six months (BILCAP, a UK trial in a mixed biliary population that required muscle-invasive gallbladder cancer for entry); the BILCAP record carries the figures, and the UK CAPBIL cohort saw no matched benefit, so ACTICCA-1 is awaited. ([Capecitabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine/), [BILCAP](https://onco.cc/trials/bilcap/), [ACTICCA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/acticca-1/))
- Unresectable or metastatic disease, first line: Gemcitabine and cisplatin with durvalumab (TOPAZ-1, in which 25 percent of patients had gallbladder cancer; NICE TA944) or with pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-966; not appraised by NICE), with molecular profiling including HER2 at diagnosis and biliary drainage first if jaundiced. Second-line, HER2-directed and other targeted options follow in the rows below. ([Gemcitabine + cisplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/gemcitabine-cisplatin/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [TOPAZ-1](https://onco.cc/trials/topaz-1/), [KEYNOTE-966](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-966/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/))
- Polyps and precursors (prevention): Cholecystectomy for polyps of 10 mm or more, or 6 to 9 mm with a risk factor; ultrasound surveillance at 6, 12 and 24 months otherwise; no follow-up for polyps of 5 mm or less without risk factors (ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE 2022). ([Gallbladder polyp (polypoid lesion)](https://onco.cc/terms/gallbladder-polyp/), [Porcelain gallbladder](https://onco.cc/terms/porcelain-gallbladder/), [Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (pancreaticobiliary maljunction)](https://onco.cc/terms/anomalous-pancreaticobiliary-junction/), [Simple cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/simple-cholecystectomy/))
- Jaundice from a blocked bile duct: stent or bypass: A stent placed by ERCP, or through the skin (PTC), is the usual way to relieve jaundice; metal stents stay open longer than plastic and are used when surgery to remove the cancer is not planned; a surgical bypass (joining the bile duct above the blockage to the small bowel) is reserved for people already having an operation or when a stent cannot be placed. Jaundice must be relieved before chemotherapy can be given safely. ([Biliary stenting and drainage](https://onco.cc/technologies/biliary-stenting-drainage/), [Stent or bypass for jaundice: the choice](https://onco.cc/terms/stent-or-bypass-for-jaundice/), [Stenting (biliary, oesophageal, airway)](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-stent/), [Obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/obstructive-jaundice/))
- Newly diagnosed advanced disease: HER2 and genomic testing: HER2 testing (immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation) and a tumour gene panel at diagnosis of advanced disease: about one in ten gallbladder cancers is HER2-positive on staining and about one in seven carries a HER2 gene change, and zanidatamab is licensed (MHRA, February 2026) and NICE-recommended (TA1153, May 2026) for HER2-positive biliary cancer after chemotherapy; mismatch repair, BRAF V600E and NTRK results open tumour-agnostic options. On the NHS the hospital team requests the test through the Genomic Medicine Service on tissue already taken. ([HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH)](https://onco.cc/drugs/her2-testing-assays/), [Comprehensive genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/cgp/), [Zanidatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [HER2 and genomic testing for biliary cancer on the NHS](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-testing-biliary-uk/), [Genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-profiling/))
- A clinical trial or standard treatment: At every stage a trial can be a reasonable choice beside standard treatment: ask what the comparison arm is, whether a placebo is used (in KEYNOTE-966 the control arm had chemotherapy plus placebo, never placebo alone), what extra visits are involved, and that you can leave at any time. AMMF lists biliary trials open in the UK; HERIZON-BTC-302 is the first-line HER2 trial. ([A clinical trial or standard treatment for gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/trial-or-standard-treatment-biliary/), [Clinical trial](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-trial/), [Informed consent](https://onco.cc/terms/informed-consent/), [Placebo](https://onco.cc/terms/placebo/), [KEYNOTE-966](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-966/), [HERIZON-BTC-302](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-btc-302/))
- Locally advanced, unresectable, non-metastatic: Gemcitabine and cisplatin with durvalumab as for metastatic disease; consider chemoradiotherapy or stereotactic radiotherapy within a trial (UK ABC-07; India POLCAGB, RUGB) and reassess for conversion surgery. ([TOPAZ-1](https://onco.cc/trials/topaz-1/), [ABC-07](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-07/), [POLCAGB](https://onco.cc/trials/polcagb/), [RUGB](https://onco.cc/trials/rugb/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/))
- HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or amplified), after first-line therapy: Zanidatamab (HERIZON-BTC-01: 41 percent response, 53 percent gallbladder cancer; FDA 2024, EU 2025, MHRA February 2026, NICE TA1153 May 2026) or trastuzumab deruxtecan for IHC 3+ (DESTINY-PanTumor02 biliary cohort 45 percent response; FDA tumour-agnostic 2024, not NICE-appraised); trastuzumab with pertuzumab through the UK DETERMINE platform; first-line zanidatamab within HERIZON-BTC-302 and SAFIR-ABC10. ([Zanidatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab/), [HERIZON-BTC-01](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-btc-01/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [DESTINY-PanTumor02](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-pantumor02/), [DETERMINE arm 04: trastuzumab with pertuzumab in HER2-amplified or mutated rare cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/determine-arm04/), [HERIZON-BTC-302](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-btc-302/), [SAFIR-ABC10](https://onco.cc/trials/safir-abc10/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/))
- Other actionable alterations (rare in gallbladder cancer): BRAF V600E: dabrafenib with trametinib (ROAR biliary cohort 51 percent response; FDA tumour-agnostic 2022). Mismatch-repair deficiency or high tumour mutational burden: pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-158). NTRK fusion: larotrectinib or entrectinib. KRAS G12C: sotorasib or adagrasib off-label or in trials. FGFR2 fusions (pemigatinib, futibatinib) and IDH1 mutations (ivosidenib) are intrahepatic features; the licences and NICE appraisals (TA722, TA1005, TA948) cover cholangiocarcinoma and the trials enrolled almost no gallbladder cancer. ([Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [ROAR (Rare Oncology Agnostic Research) basket: BRAF V600E biliary tract cancer cohort](https://onco.cc/trials/roar/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [KEYNOTE-158](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-158/), [Larotrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/larotrectinib/), [Entrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/entrectinib/), [Sotorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotorasib/), [Adagrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/adagrasib/), [Pemigatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/pemigatinib/), [Futibatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/futibatinib/), [Ivosidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivosidenib/), [Comprehensive genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/cgp/))
- Second line, no actionable target: FOLFOX with active symptom control (ABC-06, UK: overall survival 6.2 versus 5.3 months; gallbladder cancer eligible); liposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil is an NCCN option on NIFTY but was negative in NALIRICC and is not commissioned in the UK; trials preferred (SEVILLA ivonescimab versus FOLFOX at UCL; ComboMATCH for MAPK-mutant disease). ([FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [ABC-06](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-06/), [Liposomal irinotecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/liposomal-irinotecan/), [NIFTY](https://onco.cc/trials/nifty/), [NALIRICC (AIO)](https://onco.cc/trials/naliricc/), [SEVILLA](https://onco.cc/trials/sevilla/))
- Palliation of obstruction and symptoms: Biliary drainage by ERCP metal stent, percutaneous transhepatic drainage for hilar block or failed ERCP, or EUS-guided drainage (non-inferior to ERCP with fewer complications in a 125-patient randomised trial); duodenal stent or gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet obstruction by expected survival (SUSTENT); opioids with coeliac plexus block for visceral pain; paracentesis or tunnelled catheter for ascites; early integrated palliative care. ([Biliary drainage routes: ERCP stent, percutaneous (PTC) and EUS-guided](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-drainage-routes/), [Biliary stenting and drainage](https://onco.cc/technologies/biliary-stenting-drainage/), [Duodenal stenting and gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/duodenal-stenting-gastric-outlet/), [Symptom control in advanced gallbladder cancer: pain, ascites and nutrition](https://onco.cc/terms/gallbladder-cancer-symptom-control/), [Early integrated palliative care](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-care/))

## State of the art

- Where it is found matters more than any drug: the same tumour has a five-year survival near 100 percent as a T1a incidental finding and under 5 percent once it has spread (Soreide 2019; CRUK quoting SEER).
- The 8th edition split of T2 into peritoneal-side T2a and hepatic-side T2b, built on the 437-patient international series of Shindoh and colleagues, is the main staging advance of the decade and steers how much liver is removed.
- Incidental cancers are rising with the volume of cholecystectomies; the evidence now favours re-resection 4 to 8 weeks after the first operation, PET-CT beforehand, and no routine port-site excision.
- The joint European polyp guideline (2022) gives ultrasound-based rules by polyp size and risk factor, replacing ad hoc surveillance.
- Immunotherapy added to gemcitabine and cisplatin is the first-line standard for advanced disease and HER2 is the most useful gallbladder-specific target; the standard-of-care rows and the trial records linked from this page carry the evidence.
- The disease is under-studied on its own: most trial evidence comes from mixed biliary populations and UK statistics do not report it by stage.
- Genomic landscape. TP53 (47 to 63%), CDKN2A/B loss (14 to 21%), ERBB2 (14 to 16%, split roughly 8% amplification and 4% mutation), KRAS (7 to 11%), PIK3CA (about 11%), ARID1A (13 to 25%), SMAD4 (21 to 38%, prognostic), CTNNB1 (about 6%), ELF3 (about 9%), STK11 (about 9%, prognostic), MDM2 amplification (about 12%) and CCNE1 amplification (about 9%) define the disease; IDH1 (0.4%), FGFR2 fusions (none deposited) and NTRK fusions (about 0.4%) are rare, the mirror image of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. About a third of patients carry something actionable (Giraldo 2022) and 22% a top-tier alteration (Cowzer 2026). Every figure and cohort is in the molecular table.
- Regional biology. Indian patients present a decade earlier with less ARID1A, SMAD4 and CDKN2A but the same 15% ERBB2 (Suryavanshi 2025); Chilean tumours show lower TP53 and high TSC2 and NOTCH1 on a small panel series (Erices 2025) and a comparable ERBB2 rate to the United States (Mondaca 2024); Japanese tumours are older, better differentiated, less stone-related and lack ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations (Narayan 2019); Chinese exomes put the ErbB pathway in 36.8% (Li 2014).
- Premalignant sequence. Most cancers arise through flat metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ over 10 to 15 years (Roa 1996, 2006); a minority through adenomas and intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms, which carry invasive cancer in 55% but a better outlook (Adsay 2012). CTNNB1 sits at the start of the raised route and some carcinomas diverge early from the visible precursor (Lin 2021). Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage raises risk four to five fold and the bacterium transforms predisposed cells through MAPK and AKT signalling (Koshiol 2016, Scanu 2015).
- Immune microenvironment. PD-L1 on tumour cells at a 1% cut-off is 14.7% in Western and 23% in Indian series, and higher PD-L1 marks poorly differentiated tumours with shorter survival (Albrecht 2021, Neyaz 2018); poor-survival transcriptomic subtypes are defined by myeloid suppressor cells, desmoplasia, hypoxia and T-cell dysfunction (Nepal 2021). MSI-high (0.6 to 2.5%) and TMB-high are rare, and the first-line immunotherapy approvals were unselected.
- Testing. HER2 is scored by the gastric rules; IHC 3+ is enough for zanidatamab and IHC 2+ needs ISH; staining is heterogeneous in most positive tumours, so larger samples are preferred (Hiraoka 2020, Angerilli 2026). A comprehensive panel at diagnosis captures ERBB2 copy number and mutations, MSI, TMB, BRAF, NTRK and repair genes in one run, and plasma panels found a therapeutically relevant alteration in 55% of advanced biliary patients (Mody 2019). Germline testing is warranted because 11% of biliary patients carried a predisposing repair-gene variant (Wardell 2018).

## Open problems

- No screening test and no surveillance programme even in the highest-incidence regions; ultrasound-based surveillance and cholecystectomy policies are unproven.
- Whether T1b tumours need radical re-resection: no randomised trial exists, meta-analyses of retrospective cohorts disagree on disease-specific benefit, and the largest international series found five-year disease-specific survival of 93.7 versus 95.5 percent after simple versus extended cholecystectomy in 237 patients (Kim 2018); bile duct excision and port-site policy rest on the same kind of series.
- How much liver to remove for T2 disease: a 2023 meta-analysis found better one-year disease-free survival but worse three-year overall survival and more complications with anatomical segment IVb and V resection than with a wedge, and two meta-analyses suggest peritoneal-side (T2a) tumours may not need the liver resection at all.
- Only about half of patients eligible for re-resection reached a specialist centre in the Dutch study that measured it, and two thirds had liver resection in the UK CAPBIL cohort; why the rest did not is not recorded.
- UK survival and stage at diagnosis are not reported for gallbladder cancer outside Northern Ireland.
- Why incidence is rising in the UK while falling in the United States is not explained.
- The highest-incidence populations are the least sequenced: 23 Chilean patients in the largest comparative HER2 series and 56 Chilean tumours in the first landscape paper, against 244 samples from New York.
- HER2 heterogeneity and loss at progression (Cowzer 2026) mean a positive biopsy does not guarantee benefit and a single diagnostic test may not describe the relapsed tumour.
- No immunotherapy biomarker works in gallbladder cancer: PD-L1 rates swing six-fold with the assay, MSI-high and TMB-high are rare, and the transcriptomic microenvironment subtypes have not been tested prospectively.
- MDM2 and CCNE1 amplification, SMAD4 and STK11 loss, and ELF3 frameshift neoantigens are recurrent but untargeted in this disease.
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for incidental gallbladder cancer is untested: GAIN closed after 68 of 333 planned patients and OPT-IN will not report before 2028.
- Gallbladder cancer is a quarter or less of the landmark first-line trials and their gallbladder hazard ratios are unpublished or exploratory; S1815 hinted at a gallbladder-specific taxane effect that no trial is designed to confirm.
- HER2 positivity in gallbladder cancer ranges from 9 percent (Italian resected series scored by the HERIZON-BTC-01 rule, Angerilli 2026) through 13 percent (Chile, breast scoring, Roa 2014) to 31 percent (Japan, gastric scoring, Hiraoka 2020) depending on cohort and scoring rule, so the size of the zanidatamab-eligible population in the UK is uncertain.
- Second-line evidence is thin: FOLFOX adds a month, liposomal irinotecan has one positive and one negative trial, and the UK's randomised second-line option is a single phase 2 (SEVILLA) at one site.
- Why the map looks as it does: gallstones explain much of the excess in the Andes, the Gangetic belt and Pakistan but not the sex ratio of Korea and Japan, nor why India's south is spared; ancestry (Mapuche, Aymara, Native American), typhoid carriage, aflatoxin, mustard oil and water contamination are each supported by case-control studies and none by a prevention trial.
- Adjuvant capecitabine's benefit is borrowed from BILCAP's mixed population; the UK CAPBIL cohort saw none in matched analysis. ACTICCA-1 and ARTEMIDE-Biliary01 are the tests.
- Residual disease blood tests are strongly prognostic after biliary resection but no trial acts on them.
- Prevention in high-incidence regions: Chile's prophylactic cholecystectomy programme has run since 2006 without an evaluable design; typhoid carriers have never been offered a trial.

## Notes

- Patients and carers ask: my gallbladder was removed for stones and the report says cancer, what now? It depends on how deep the tumour went. Tis and T1a tumours confined to the lining and the layer beneath are treated by the operation already done. T1b or deeper tumours are referred to a liver and bile duct (hepatobiliary) centre for a second operation, ideally 4 to 8 weeks after the first, after new scans (Soreide 2019; Ethun 2017).
- Is gallbladder cancer the same as bile duct cancer? They are grouped together as biliary tract cancers and share the same chemotherapy trials, but the gallbladder is a separate organ with its own staging, its own causes (gallstones rather than liver disease) and a different mix of gene changes (CRUK, what is gallbladder cancer; Roa 2022).
- I have gallstones, will I get it? Gallstones raise the risk about five-fold, but gallbladder cancer is very rare and the great majority of people with stones never develop it (CRUK risks and causes).
- Should my polyp be removed? The European guideline says yes at 10 mm or more, yes at 6 to 9 mm with a risk factor (age over 60, primary sclerosing cholangitis, Asian ethnicity, a sessile polyp or wall thickening over 4 mm), and otherwise ultrasound checks at 6, 12 and 24 months; polyps of 5 mm or less with no risk factor need no follow-up (Foley 2022).
- I have a porcelain gallbladder, must it come out? The link with cancer is weaker than older textbooks said: about 6 percent in unbiased studies versus 1 percent in controls, and one cohort observed 90 people for three years without a cancer. Many surgeons still offer removal to fit patients; the decision is individual (Schnelldorfer 2013; DesJardins 2018; CRUK).
- Is there a screening test? No. There is no UK screening programme because no test finds it reliably early (CRUK screening page).
- Why was it found so late, or at A and E? Symptoms are vague until the tumour blocks the bile duct or forms a mass, and half of English cases are diagnosed after an emergency presentation (NHS; CRUK).
- Does it run in families? A family history raises risk about five-fold, and common inherited variants near the bile transporter genes ABCB1 and ABCB4 were found in India, but no single gene test is used and the absolute risk stays small (CRUK; Mhatre 2017).
- Which symptoms need urgent attention? Yellow eyes or skin, or being sick for more than two days: ask for an urgent GP appointment or call 111 the same day (NHS symptoms page).
- What do T2a and T2b mean on my report? Both mean the tumour has grown through the muscle layer but is still inside the gallbladder. T2a is on the free (peritoneal) side; T2b is on the side against the liver, which spreads more often, so the surgeon removes more liver tissue (CRUK stages page; Shindoh 2015).
- Frequencies marked cBioPortal were computed from the public API on the named study id on 24 September 2026 as sample-level counts (mutation, high-level amplification or deep deletion) over the study's sequenced or copy-number sample list; they are not the paper's own per-patient percentages, which are quoted alongside where the abstract gives them.

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- Parida, Nucl Med Commun 2021: FDG PET-CT in staging gallbladder cancer, meta-analysis: https://doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0000000000001405
- Li, Clin Imaging 2013: CT for assessing resectability of gallbladder carcinoma, meta-analysis: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.05.009
- de Savornin Lohman, Eur J Radiol 2019: CT and MRI for lymph node metastases in gallbladder cancer: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.11.034
- Sinha, World J Gastrointest Surg 2022: CA 19-9, CEA, CA 125 and CA 242 in gallbladder cancer: https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v14.i11.1272
- Chan, J Surg Oncol 2022: intraoperative frozen section for suspected gallbladder cancer (Liverpool): https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.26726
- Banh, Int J Surg 2024: single-stage management of suspected gallbladder cancer with frozen section (London): https://doi.org/10.1097/js9.0000000000001456
- Roa, Virchows Arch 2013: early gallbladder carcinoma and Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus involvement: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-013-1478-1
- Nagtegaal, Histopathology 2020: the 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system: https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13975
- Zhu, Medicine 2020: survival of 2,433 SEER gallbladder cancer patients 2010 to 2015: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000022292
- Chaudhary, Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021: resection in gallbladder cancer with jaundice: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-020-02075-8
- TOPAZ-1 (NEJM Evidence 2022): https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2200015
- KEYNOTE-966 (Lancet 2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00727-4
- HERIZON-BTC-01 (Lancet Oncol 2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00242-5
- NCCN: Biliary Tract Cancers: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1517
- NHS: gallbladder cancer, treatment: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/
- NHS: gallbladder cancer, help and support: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallbladder-cancer/help-and-support/
- Macmillan: gallbladder cancer: https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/gallbladder-cancer
- Cancer Research UK: gallbladder cancer treatment decisions: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions
- Cancer Research UK: follow up after gallbladder cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/follow-up
- AMMF, the UK cholangiocarcinoma charity: https://ammf.org.uk/
- AMMF: UK centres with hepatobiliary expertise: https://ammf.org.uk/second-opinions-and-liver-disease-centres/
- ESMO: biliary tract cancer, a guide for patients: https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/patient-guides/biliary-tract-cancer-a-guide-for-patients
- NICE TA944: durvalumab with gemcitabine and cisplatin for unresectable or advanced biliary tract cancer: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta944
- Cancer Research UK: prehabilitation: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/prehabilitation
- BILCAP: adjuvant capecitabine (Lancet Oncology 2019): https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30915-X
- Cancer Research UK: chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy
- Cancer Research UK: immunotherapy for gallbladder cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/immunotherapy
- Cancer Research UK: surgery for gallbladder cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/treatment/surgery
- cBioPortal study gbc_mskcc_2022 (Gallbladder Cancer, MSK 2022; 244 samples from 233 patients): https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=gbc_mskcc_2022
- cBioPortal study gbc_msk_2018 (Gallbladder Cancer, MSK, Cancer 2018; 103 samples): https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=gbc_msk_2018
- cBioPortal study gbc_shanghai_2014 (Gallbladder Carcinoma, Shanghai, Nat Genet 2014; 32 exomes): https://www.cbioportal.org/study/summary?id=gbc_shanghai_2014
- Giraldo et al., Clin Cancer Res 2022: MSK-IMPACT profiling of 244 gallbladder carcinoma samples: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1954
- Suryavanshi et al., JCO Glob Oncol 2025: genomic profiling of 376 Indian gallbladder carcinomas: https://doi.org/10.1200/go-25-00332
- Mondaca et al., JCO Glob Oncol 2024: ERBB2-altered gallbladder cancer in an American and a Chilean cohort: https://doi.org/10.1200/go.24.00090
- NICE: guidance on biliary tract cancers: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/conditions-and-diseases/cancer/biliary-tract-cancers/products
- IARC Cancer Today: GLOBOCAN 2022 (gallbladder, C23) by country and sex: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today
- ICMR-NCDIR: National Cancer Registry Programme report 2020, gall bladder (C23-C24) by registry: https://ncdirindia.org/All_Reports/Report_2020/resources/Chapter5ComparisonofcancerincidenceandpatternsofallPopulationBasedCancerRegistries.pdf
- Superintendencia de Salud (Chile): GES problem 26, preventive cholecystectomy at 35 to 49: https://www.supersalud.gob.cl/difusion/665/w3-propertyvalue-1962.html
- National Cancer Center Japan: gallbladder and bile duct cancer statistics: https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/stat/cancer/9_gallbladder.html
- ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline: biliary tract cancer (Ann Oncol 2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.506
- CAPBIL: incidental gallbladder cancer in the UK (Br J Surg 2026): https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znag050

## Connected records

- cancers: [Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-adenosquamous-squamous-carcinoma/), [Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ampullary/), [Biliary tract cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/), [Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/), [Carcinoma in situ and dysplasia of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia/), [Cystic duct carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cystic-duct-carcinoma/), [Gallbladder adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-adenocarcinoma/), [Incidental gallbladder cancer (found after cholecystectomy)](https://onco.cc/cancers/incidental-gallbladder-cancer/), [Mucinous carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-mucinous-carcinoma/), [Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/), [Papillary carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-papillary-carcinoma/)
- collections: [GLOBOCAN / Global Cancer Observatory](https://onco.cc/collections/globocan/), [SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results)](https://onco.cc/collections/seer/), [UK specialist HPB cancer centres](https://onco.cc/collections/uk-hpb-specialist-centres/)
- biomarkers: [BRAF V600E (and V600K)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-v600e/), [dMMR (mismatch repair deficiency by IHC)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/dmmr-ihc/), [HER2 (ERBB2) activating mutation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/her2-mutation/), [HER2 IHC 2+ (equivocal, reflex to ISH)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/her2-ihc-2-plus/), [HER2 IHC 3+ (HER2-positive by immunohistochemistry)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/her2-ihc-3-plus/), [HER2 ISH amplified (ERBB2 gene amplification)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/her2-ish-amplified/), [MSI-high (microsatellite instability by PCR or sequencing)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/msi-high/), [NTRK1/2/3 gene fusion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ntrk-fusion/), [PD-L1 CPS (combined positive score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-cps/), [PD-L1 TPS (tumour proportion score)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-tps/), [TMB-high (tumour mutational burden >= 10 mutations per megabase)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/tmb-high/)
- roadmaps: [ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/), [Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/)
- technologies: [Biliary stenting and drainage](https://onco.cc/technologies/biliary-stenting-drainage/), [Cancer pain management](https://onco.cc/technologies/pain-management/), [Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue and distress](https://onco.cc/technologies/cbt-fatigue-distress/), [Comprehensive genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/cgp/), [CT (computed tomography)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Early integrated palliative care](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-care/), [Enteral and parenteral nutrition support](https://onco.cc/technologies/enteral-parenteral-nutrition/), [Exercise during chemotherapy and radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/exercise-during-chemotherapy/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liquid-biopsy/), [Monoclonal antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/), [MRI](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri/), [Multidisciplinary tumour boards](https://onco.cc/technologies/multidisciplinary-tumour-board/), [Nutrition support and cachexia management](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-nutrition/), [PET/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-ct/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Surgery for gallbladder cancer: simple versus radical cholecystectomy, re-resection and lymphadenectomy](https://onco.cc/technologies/gallbladder-cancer-surgery/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/)
- targets: [ARID1A](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1a/), [ATM](https://onco.cc/targets/atm/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [BRCA1 / BRCA2 (HRD)](https://onco.cc/targets/brca/), [CCNE1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccne1/), [CDKN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2a/), [CDKN2B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2b/), [CTNNB1](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnnb1/), [EGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/egfr/), [ELF3](https://onco.cc/targets/elf3/), [FGFR2](https://onco.cc/targets/fgfr2/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [HER3](https://onco.cc/targets/her3/), [IDH1 / IDH2](https://onco.cc/targets/idh/), [KDM5A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5a/), [KRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/kras/), [MDM2](https://onco.cc/targets/mdm2/), [Mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)](https://onco.cc/targets/mmr/), [NTRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ntrk/), [PALB2](https://onco.cc/targets/palb2/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3ca/), [PSIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/psip1/), [SMAD4](https://onco.cc/targets/smad4/), [STK11](https://onco.cc/targets/stk11/), [TP53](https://onco.cc/targets/tp53/)
- drugs: [Adagrasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/adagrasib/), [Capecitabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine/), [Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Entrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/entrectinib/), [FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)](https://onco.cc/drugs/folfox/), [FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/foundationone-cdx/), [Futibatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/futibatinib/), [Gemcitabine + cisplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/gemcitabine-cisplatin/), [Guardant360 CDx](https://onco.cc/drugs/guardant360-cdx/), [HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH)](https://onco.cc/drugs/her2-testing-assays/), [Ivonescimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivonescimab/), [Ivosidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivosidenib/), [Larotrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/larotrectinib/), [Liposomal irinotecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/liposomal-irinotecan/), [Nab-paclitaxel](https://onco.cc/drugs/nab-paclitaxel/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Pemigatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/pemigatinib/), [Pertuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pertuzumab/), [Sotorasib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sotorasib/), [Tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1)](https://onco.cc/drugs/tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil/), [Trastuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [Varlitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/varlitinib/), [VENTANA MMR RxDx Panel](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-mmr-rxdx/), [Zanidatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab/), [Zanidatamab zovodotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanidatamab-zovodotin/)
- companies: [AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie)](https://onco.cc/companies/aio/), [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Jazz Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/jazz/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/)
- institutions: [Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals](https://onco.cc/institutions/addenbrookes-cambridge/), [AMMF, the Cholangiocarcinoma Charity](https://onco.cc/institutions/ammf/), [Belfast Health and Social Care Trust HPB service](https://onco.cc/institutions/belfast-trust-hpb/), [Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk/), [Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth](https://onco.cc/institutions/derriford-plymouth/), [Glasgow Royal Infirmary](https://onco.cc/institutions/glasgow-royal-infirmary/), [King's College Hospital, London](https://onco.cc/institutions/kings-college-hospital-london/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Liverpool University Hospitals HPB centre (Aintree)](https://onco.cc/institutions/liverpool-hpb-centre/), [Manchester Royal Infirmary HPB Unit](https://onco.cc/institutions/manchester-royal-infirmary/), [Morriston Hospital, Swansea](https://onco.cc/institutions/morriston-swansea/), [National Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NINE, Bengaluru)](https://onco.cc/institutions/icmr-ncrp/), [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https://onco.cc/institutions/nice/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-free-hospital/), [Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-infirmary-edinburgh/), [University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-hospital-wales-cardiff/), [University Hospital Southampton / Centre for Cancer Immunology](https://onco.cc/institutions/southampton-cancer/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/)
- pathways: [Double-strand break repair: HR versus end joining](https://onco.cc/pathways/homologous-recombination-repair/), [Inflammation & NF-κB](https://onco.cc/pathways/inflammation-nfkb/), [Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/), [p53 / RB / cell-cycle checkpoint](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-cell-cycle/), [PI3K / AKT / mTOR](https://onco.cc/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [Receptor tyrosine kinase activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/rtk-activation/), [The cell-cycle engine (cyclins & CDKs)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cell-cycle-engine-cdks/), [The p53 network (guardian of the genome)](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-mdm2-axis/), [Wnt / β-catenin](https://onco.cc/pathways/wnt/)
- terms: [A clinical trial or standard treatment for gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/trial-or-standard-treatment-biliary/), [Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (pancreaticobiliary maljunction)](https://onco.cc/terms/anomalous-pancreaticobiliary-junction/), [Biliary drainage routes: ERCP stent, percutaneous (PTC) and EUS-guided](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-drainage-routes/), [Biliary stent problems: blockage and infection](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-stent-problems/), [CA 19-9](https://onco.cc/terms/ca19-9/), [Cancer cachexia](https://onco.cc/terms/cachexia/), [Cancer-related fatigue (tiredness)](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-related-fatigue/), [Carcinoma in situ (CIS)](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoma-in-situ/), [Carers: what you can do and UK carer support](https://onco.cc/terms/carers-gallbladder-cancer-uk/), [Cholangitis: infection of a blocked bile duct](https://onco.cc/terms/acute-cholangitis/), [Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/ctdna/), [Clinical trial](https://onco.cc/terms/clinical-trial/), [Cystic duct margin](https://onco.cc/terms/cystic-duct-margin/), [Duodenal stenting and gastrojejunostomy for malignant gastric outlet obstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/duodenal-stenting-gastric-outlet/), [Dysplasia (pre-cancerous change)](https://onco.cc/terms/dysplasia/), [Eating after gallbladder removal](https://onco.cc/terms/eating-after-gallbladder-removal/), [Emotional support and helplines (UK)](https://onco.cc/terms/emotional-support-cancer-uk/), [FISH / ISH (in situ hybridisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/fish/), [Gallbladder cancer in biliary tract cancer trials (eligibility and subgroups)](https://onco.cc/terms/gallbladder-cancer-in-biliary-trials/), [Gallbladder polyp (polypoid lesion)](https://onco.cc/terms/gallbladder-polyp/), [Gene amplification and copy-number change](https://onco.cc/terms/gene-amplification/), [Genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-profiling/), [Grade](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-grade/), [Hepatectomy (liver resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/hepatectomy/), [HER2 and genomic testing for biliary cancer on the NHS](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-testing-biliary-uk/), [HER2 testing in biliary tract cancer (IHC, ISH and NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-testing-in-biliary-cancer/), [HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or ISH-amplified)](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-positive/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/hrd/), [Immunohistochemistry (IHC)](https://onco.cc/terms/ihc/), [Informed consent](https://onco.cc/terms/informed-consent/), [Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm (ICPN)](https://onco.cc/terms/intracholecystic-papillary-tubular-neoplasm/), [Intrahepatic, perihilar, distal and gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-anatomy-subtypes/), [Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/staging-laparoscopy/), [Living with jaundice and itching (biliary cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/jaundice-and-itch-biliary/), [Lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection)](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphadenectomy/), [Lynch syndrome](https://onco.cc/terms/lynch-syndrome/), [Metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ: the flat route to gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma-sequence/), [Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) / mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)](https://onco.cc/terms/msi/), [Mutational signature](https://onco.cc/terms/mutational-signature/), [Next-generation sequencing (NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/ngs/), [Obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction](https://onco.cc/terms/obstructive-jaundice/), [Pain with gallbladder and bile duct cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/pain-with-biliary-cancer/), [Performance status (ECOG, Karnofsky)](https://onco.cc/terms/performance-status/), [Peritoneal metastasis](https://onco.cc/terms/peritoneal-metastasis/), [Placebo](https://onco.cc/terms/placebo/), [Porcelain gallbladder](https://onco.cc/terms/porcelain-gallbladder/), [Port-site metastasis](https://onco.cc/terms/port-site-metastasis/), [Prophylactic (preventive) cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/prophylactic-cholecystectomy/), [Radical (extended) cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/radical-cholecystectomy/), [Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus](https://onco.cc/terms/rokitansky-aschoff-sinus/), [Salmonella Typhi carriage and gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer/), [Segment IVb and V liver resection (versus wedge resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/segment-ivb-v-resection/), [Simple cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/simple-cholecystectomy/), [Stent or bypass for jaundice: the choice](https://onco.cc/terms/stent-or-bypass-for-jaundice/), [Stenting (biliary, oesophageal, airway)](https://onco.cc/terms/biliary-stent/), [Symptom control in advanced gallbladder cancer: pain, ascites and nutrition](https://onco.cc/terms/gallbladder-cancer-symptom-control/), [T2a versus T2b gallbladder cancer (peritoneal side versus hepatic side)](https://onco.cc/terms/t2a-versus-t2b/), [TNM staging](https://onco.cc/terms/tnm-staging/), [Tumour mutational burden (TMB)](https://onco.cc/terms/tmb/), [Tumour-agnostic (tissue-agnostic) approval](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-agnostic/), [Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)](https://onco.cc/terms/tils/), [Weight loss, fat digestion and enzymes with gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/weight-loss-and-fat-digestion-biliary/), [When to seek urgent help with gallbladder cancer (NHS 111 and 999)](https://onco.cc/terms/urgent-help-gallbladder-cancer/)
- trials: [A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Open-label Phase Ib/II Study of Celecoxib Plus Pembrolizumab and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin Versus Pembrolizumab and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Patients With CK5/6-High Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07632235/), [A Phase II Exploratory Study of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Combined With Envafolimab for TROP2-Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers Previously Treated With First-Line Immunotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07729033/), [A Phase II Study of Adjuvant Durvalumab Combined With GEMOX/GC Chemotherapy Followed by Lenvatinib Versus Capecitabine in Biliary Tract Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07679399/), [A Phase II Study of GV20-0251 in Combination With Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients With Unresectable, Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Solid Tumors.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07623642/), [A Phase II Study of Pemigatinib Plus Durvalumab in Previously Treated Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients With FGFR-2 Fusion or Rearrangement](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06728410/), [A Phase II Trial of Organoid Drug Sensitivity Testing to Guide Therapy in Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07351591/), [A Phase IIb Randomized Clinical Trial of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-based Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07269158/), [A Prospective, Single-Arm, Phase II Study: PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibody + Chemoradiotherapy as Bridge Therapy to Liver Transplantation for Locally Advanced Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma (ACHIEVE-LT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07471165/), [A Randomized, Two-cohort, Prospective Phase II Clinical Study of the Second-line Treatment of Advanced Biliary System Tumors With Liposomal Irinotecan (II) Combination Regimen](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07099794/), [A Single-arm Phase II Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Camrelizumab Combined With GEMOX for Unresectable GBCs](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06423170/), [A Single-arm, Multicenter, Exploratory Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Apatinib and Systemic Chemotherapy for Initially Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07135544/), [A Single-arm, Open-label, Prospective Clinical Study of Surufatinib Combined With Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06654947/), [A Study of CDX-1140, a CD40 Agonist, in Combination With Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin (CAPOX) and Keytruda in Subjects With Biliary Tract Carcinoma (BTC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05849480/), [A Study of Different Dosing Schedules of Selumetinib With Cisplatin/Gemcitabine (CIS/GEM) Versus CIS/GEM Alone in Biliary Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02151084/), [A Study of HRS-4642 Monotherapy or in Combination With Adebrelimab in the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Tumors.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06620848/), [A Study to See the Effects That a New Combination of the Three Drugs, Nab-paclitaxel, Gemcitabine, and Cisplatin Has on Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02632305/), [ABC-02](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-02/), [ABC-06](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-06/), [ABC-07](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-07/), [ABC-12](https://onco.cc/trials/abc-12/), [ACTICCA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/acticca-1/), [Adebrelimab Combined With Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Simvastatin for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07392541/), [Adebrelimab Plus S-1 for Resected Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07561775/), [Adjuvant Chemotherapy for BTC Based on 3D-PTA](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07296666/), [Adoptive Transfer of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03801083/), [Agnostic Therapy in Rare Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06638931/), [AK112 Combined With GAP Conversion Therapy for Locally Advanced Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07767994/), [Alternating Chemo-immunotherapy and FGFR Inhibitor for FGFR-positive Biliary or Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07780838/), [Alternating HAIC and Systemic Chemotherapy With or Without Adebrelimab and Apatinib for Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07569679/), [An Exploratory Study on the Use of Ivosidenib for the Precise Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Malignancies With IDH1 Mutations in the Later Line of Therapy.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07282262/), [An Open-label, Single-arm, Multicenter Exploratory Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Gemcitabine and Albumin-bound Paclitaxel as First-line Treatment for Biliary Tract Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07668453/), [Anlotinib Plus Nab-Paclitaxels and S-1 for Patients with Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer As Second-Line Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06662877/), [Anlotinib+Cadonilimab+PULSAR in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07635290/), [ASCOT (JCOG1202)](https://onco.cc/trials/ascot-jcog1202/), [Atezolizumab Plus Tivozanib in Immunologically Cold Tumor Types](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05000294/), [Becotatug Vedotin Plus Pucotenlimab for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer, Phase II](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07649980/), [BILCAP](https://onco.cc/trials/bilcap/), [Biliary Stenting With or Without Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma or Other Biliary Tract Tumors That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00513539/), [BMS-986504 in Combination With Pemetrexed for the Treatment of Metastatic Solid Tumors With MTAP Deletion](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07594626/), [Cadonilimab Combined With Liposomal Irinotecan Plus Leucovorin and Fluorouracil for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06438822/), [Camrelizumab and Chemotherapy With or Without Anlotinib as First-line Treatment for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06901622/), [Camrelizumab Plus Apatinib in Combination With GEMOX (Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin ) in Patients With Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05451290/), [Candonilimab in Combination With LM-302 for Claudin 18.2 Positive-advanced Biliary Tract Cancer After Failure of Standard of Chemotherapy and PD1/PD-L1 Antibody](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05994001/), [Chemotherapy Combined With Adebrelimab and Apatinib as the Perioperative Treatment in Patients With Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06280508/), [Chemotherapy Combined With Adebrelimab and Mecapegfilgrastim in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Potentially Resectable BTC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06037655/), [Chidamide Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy as First-line Treatment for Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07570849/), [CisPlatin plUs Gemcitabine and Nabpaclitaxel (GAP) as pReoperative Chemotherapy Versus Immediate Resection in patIents With resecTable BiliarY Tract Cancers (BTC) at High Risk for Recurrence](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06037980/), [Combination Immunotherapy in Rare Cancers Under InvesTigation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04969887/), [Combination of Gemcitabine, Albumin-paclitaxel , Sintilimab and Bevacizumab in Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05757336/), [Combination of QLS31905 and Chemotherapy ± QL2107 in Patients With CLDN18.2-positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07151872/), [Combined Treatment of Durvalumab, Bevacizumab, Tremelimumab and Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Subjects With Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Biliary Tract Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03937830/), [ComboMATCH: FOLFOX with or without binimetinib in second-line biliary tract cancer with MAPK pathway alterations](https://onco.cc/trials/combomatch-binimetinib-folfox/), [Consolidative Radiotherapy (CSRT) in Patients With Oligometastatic/Locally Advanced Unresectable Bilary Tract Cancer (BTC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06502080/), [CPI-613 (Devimistat) in Combination With Hydroxychloroquine and 5-fluorouracil or Gemcitabine in Treating Patients With Advanced Chemorefractory Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05733000/), [Cryoablation Combined With QL1706 (Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab) Plus Lenvatinib in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07829874/), [CTX-009 With Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Durvalumab as First-line Therapy in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06548412/), [DEBATE](https://onco.cc/trials/debate/), [DESTINY-PanTumor02](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-pantumor02/), [DETERMINE arm 04: trastuzumab with pertuzumab in HER2-amplified or mutated rare cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/determine-arm04/), [Disitamab Vedotin Plus Lenvatinib and PD-1 Inhibitors for Treating HER2-positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07159217/), [Domvanalimab and Zimberelimab in Advanced Liver Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05724563/), [Dual-Target HER2/CEA CAR-NK Cells in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07641036/), [Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Tremelimumab and Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03482102/), [Durvalumab and Tremelimumab in Combination With Propranolol and Chemotherapy for Treatment of Advanced Hepatopancreabiliary Tumors (BLOCKED)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05451043/), [Durvalumab Combined With Chemotherapy Neoadjuvant Therapy of Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05640791/), [Durvalumab Combined With S-1 as Adjuvant Therapy of Resectable BTC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06490107/), [EA2197 ivonescimab: ivonescimab with gemcitabine and cisplatin versus standard chemo-immunotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/ea2197-ivonescimab/), [Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma: A Multicenter Prospective Phase II Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07636824/), [Efficacy and Safety of SBRT Plus Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Sintilimab as First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07638501/), [Envafolimab With Chemotherapy and Simvastatin in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07003815/), [EORTC 1607: pembrolizumab with cisplatin and gemcitabine in biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-1607-pembro-cisgem/), [Evaluating Efficacy of Tivozanib (AV-951) in Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04645160/), [Evaluating Novel Therapies in ctDNA Positive GI Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05482516/), [Exploratory Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Rezetecan in the Treatment of HER2-Expressiong Advanced Solid Tumor](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07631884/), [Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Combined With Pucotenlimab in the Treatment of Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07105852/), [FAPI-PET Value for the Initial Screening of Pancreatic and Biliary Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07478523/), [First-line Trastuzumab, Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and Nivolumab in Advanced HER2- Positive Biliary Tract Cancer: a Multicenter, Open-label, Single-arm Phase Ib/II Trial (HERBOT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05749900/), [GAIN (AIO/CALGP/ACO)](https://onco.cc/trials/gain-igbc/), [Gem+Nab-P+LEN+TIS for Advanced Unresectable BTC (GALENT-BT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06963060/), [Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel Combined With Iparomlimab and Tuvorilimab for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07310069/), [Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Cisplatin, Nab-Paclitaxel, and Durvalumab in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06591650/), [Gemcitabine-Cisplatin Plus Envafolimab in Resectable Biliary Tract Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07599995/), [Gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel phase 2 (MD Anderson and Mayo)](https://onco.cc/trials/gap-phase2-mdacc/), [Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, Nab-paclitaxel (GAP) and Cemiplimab for Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07433673/), [HAIC+Adebrelimab+Lenvatinib for Conversion Treatment of Potentially Resectable, Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06389500/), [Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Plus Envafolimab and Lenvatinib for First-Line Unresectable Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07636798/), [Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Gemcitabine-oxaliplatin for Second-line Therapy in Non-metastatic Unresectable Intra-hepatic Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03364530/), [HERIZON-BTC-01](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-btc-01/), [HERIZON-BTC-302](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-btc-302/), [Immunotherapy Combined With Y-90 SIRT Therapy in Advanced Stage Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04238637/), [Investigating Precision Medicine in the Adjuvant Setting in Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07745296/), [Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Injection Combined With GemOX and Lenvatinib as Conversion Therapy for Initially Potentially Resectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07263360/), [Ivonescimab in Combination With Liposomal Irinotecan and 5-FU/LV in Potentially Resectable Biliary Tract Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06993025/), [KEYNOTE-158](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-158/), [KEYNOTE-966](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-966/), [KN026 Plus Chemotherapy ± KN-046 in HER2 Positive Colorectal Cancer and Biliary Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05985707/), [Lenvatinib Plus Paclitaxel for Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Who Failed to Gemcitabine-based Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05170438/), [Ligufalimab and Cadonilimab in Advanced Liver Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06789848/), [Liposomal Irinotecan Plus 5-FU/LV and Sintilimab With Sequential SBRT for Locally Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07797816/), [mFOLFOX/mFOLFIRI vs. mFOLFOX in Advanced or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancer Second-line](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07062536/), [MP0317 in Combination With Chemoimmunotherapy in First Line Treatment for Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07036380/), [Multicenter Phase 2 Study of Envafolimab in Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04910386/), [MyPathway](https://onco.cc/trials/mypathway/), [NALIRICC (AIO)](https://onco.cc/trials/naliricc/), [NAPOLI-2: Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Nanoliposomal Irinotecan in Biliary Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04005339/), [Neoadjuvant Tislelizumab, Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and S-1 for Resectable High-risk Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06903273/), [NEOGB](https://onco.cc/trials/neogb/), [NIFE (AIO-YMO HEP-0315)](https://onco.cc/trials/nife/), [NIFTY](https://onco.cc/trials/nifty/), [Olanzapine for the Management of Cancer Associated Appetite Loss in Patients With Advanced Esophagogastric, Hepatopancreaticobiliary, Colorectal or Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05705492/), [Olaparib in Treating Patients With Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer With Aberrant DNA Repair Gene Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04042831/), [Olaparib With or Without Durvalumab for DDR Gene Mutated Biliary Tract Cancer Following Platinum-based Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05222971/), [Oncolytic Virus H101 Combined With Lenvatinib Plus Toripalimab Compared With FOLFOX in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (OPTIONS-06)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06919848/), [OPT-IN (EA2197)](https://onco.cc/trials/opt-in/), [PD-L1 Antibody Combined With CTLA-4 Antibody for Patients With Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Who Progressed After Standard Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04634058/), [Pembrolizumab With or Without Lenvatinib or Chemotherapy in First-Line Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06230471/), [Pemigatinib Combined With Durvalumab for Previously Treated Biliary Tract Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06530823/), [Pemigatinib Plus PD-1 Inhibitor With or Without Chemotherapy in FGFR2 Fusion/Rearrangement-Positive Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07786766/), [Perioperative Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Pembrolizumab in Potentially Resectable Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06001658/), [Phase 2 Study of Daraxonrasib in Recurrent KRAS-Mutant Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07793253/), [Phase II Clinical Study of GemOX Hepatic Arterial Infusion Combined with Lenvatinib and Toripalimab for Advanced and Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06852287/), [Phase Ⅱ Clinical Study of Surufatinib Combined With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Plus Durvalumab/Pembrolizumab Regimen in the Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06708858/), [Phase II Study of Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab (QL1706) in Combination With Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel and Lenvatinib as Second-Line Therapy for Unresectable or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07530445/), [Phase II Study of Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Adebrelimab and Lenvatinib as First-Line Therapy for Advanced HER2-Positive/HER2-Low Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07670273/), [Phase II Study of Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Adebrelimab and Lenvatinib in Advanced HER2-Positive/Low-Expression Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07704177/), [POLCAGB](https://onco.cc/trials/polcagb/), [Polymeric Micellar Paclitaxel-Based Combination Therapy for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07159204/), [Precision Integrated Strategies and Efficacy Evaluation for Biliary Tract Cancers: An Umbrella Platform Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07729917/), [QL1706 Combined With Lenvatinib and GEMOX as First - Line Treatment for Unresectable Biliary Tract Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06892925/), [QL1706（Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab) Combined With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as First-Line Treatment for PD-L1-Positive Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07733115/), [Rilvegostomig + Chemotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy for Biliary Tract Cancer After Resection (ARTEMIDE-Biliary01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06109779/), [ROAR (Rare Oncology Agnostic Research) basket: BRAF V600E biliary tract cancer cohort](https://onco.cc/trials/roar/), [RUGB](https://onco.cc/trials/rugb/), [Sacituzumab Tirumotecan in Previously Treated TROP2-Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07701122/), [Safety of Biliary Intraductal Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Unresectable Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06274879/), [SAFIR-ABC10](https://onco.cc/trials/safir-abc10/), [Sequential Anti-Angiogenic Therapy After Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07025174/), [SEVILLA](https://onco.cc/trials/sevilla/), [Sintilimab Combined With Ipilimumab (N01) Plus AG as First-line Therapy for uBTC.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07654530/), [Sintilimab Plus NALIRIFOX or Gemcitabine-Cisplatin as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07831993/), [Study of Becotatug Vedotin Added to Standard Treatment for Advanced Bile Duct Cancer With EGFR Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07598318/), [Study of Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, AB680 and AB122 During First Line Treatment of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers (QUIC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06048133/), [Study on Sequential Cryoablation, Relaforp Alpha, and Chemotherapy for Bile Duct Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07726446/), [Surufatinib Combined With Serplulimab and Standard Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment in Advanced Solid Tumors With Neuroendocrine Differentiation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06531291/), [SWOG S0809](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s0809/), [SWOG S1815](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1815/), [Target Therapy With GEMOX in Recectable Gallbladder Carcinoma Patients Monitored by ctDNA](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04183712/), [TESLA RCT](https://onco.cc/trials/tesla-rct/), [Testing A New Combination of Anti-cancer Immune Therapies, Atezolizumab and CDX-1127 (Varlilumab) With or Without the Addition of a Third Anti-cancer Drug, Cobimetinib, for Advanced-Stage Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04941287/), [Testing Mitazalimab in Combination With Standard Chemotherapy in Immunotherapy Resistant Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07437287/), [Testing the Combination of New Anti-cancer Drug Peposertib With Avelumab and Radiation Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors and Hepatobiliary Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04068194/), [The Effect of [18F] F-FAPI PET-CT on Management in Patients With Proximal Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06355427/), [The Efficacy and Safety of Pucotenlimab (PD-1) Combined With Becotatugvedotin (EGFR-ADC) in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07514533/), [The Efficacy and Safety of Trilaciclib in Bone Marrow Protection Before Chemotherapy for Advanced Bile Duct Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07160283/), [The Purpose of This Research Study is to See if Combining Gemcitabine, Cisplatin and Durvalumab Chemotherapy Treatments With a Direct Tumor Therapy Yittrium-90 (Y-90) Will Work Better Together to Shrink Tumors and Control Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05422690/), [The Purpose of This Trial is to Determine if Regorafenib Plus Durvalumab (MEDI4736) is Safe and Effective in Treatment of Chemo Refractory Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04781192/), [The Safety and Efficacy of Benmelstobart Injection in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Malignant Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07109167/), [TOPAZ-1](https://onco.cc/trials/topaz-1/), [Toripalimab Combined With Capecitabine as Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Resectable Advanced Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06717464/), [TRAP-BTC](https://onco.cc/trials/trap-btc/), [Trastuzumab in Combination With Serplulimab and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of HER2-overexpressing Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer or Urothelial Carcinoma After Failure of Standard Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07506057/), [Trastuzumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in First-line HER2 Positive Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07062263/), [Trastuzumab Rezetecan Combined With Pertuzumab and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab for Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07129018/), [TreeTopp](https://onco.cc/trials/treetopp/), [Trial Comparing Standard of Care Therapy With and Without Sequential Cytoreductive Intervention for Patients With Metastatic Foregut Adenocarcinoma and Undetectable Circulating Tumor-Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (ctDNA) Levels](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07282912/), [Trifluridine/Tipiracil + Oxaliplatin in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07146646/), [Tripegfilgrastim Trial to Reduce the Risk of Severe Neutropenia in Patients With Unresectable Pancreaticobiliary Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06135896/), [Tucatinib Plus Trastuzumab and Oxaliplatin-based Chemotherapy or Pembrolizumab-containing Combinations for HER2+ Gastrointestinal Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04430738/), [Tuvonralimab and Iparomlimab Based Regimens for the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Biliary Tract Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07267078/), [Vebotolimab Combined With Ptorlimab for EGFR-positive Refractory Advanced Biliary Tract Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07472933/), [Zolbetuximab With mFOLFOX6 or CAPOX in Claudin 18.2 Overexpressed Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07723534/)
- bottlenecks: [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [The hardest cancers are found late](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-early-detection/)
- key papers: [8th Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chun-ajcc-8th-edition-hepatobiliary-aso-2018/), [A phase III randomised clinical trial of perioperative therapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy) in locally advanced gallbladder cancers (POLCAGB): study protocol](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polcagb-protocol-bmj-open-2019/), [Association of Optimal Time Interval to Re-resection for Incidental Gallbladder Cancer With Overall Survival: A Multi-Institution Analysis From the US Extrahepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ethun-re-resection-timing-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-jama-surg-2017/), [Biliary cancer: utility of next-generation sequencing for clinical management](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-javle-biliary-ngs-cancer-2016/), [Biliary tract cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esmo-biliary-tract-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023/), [Biliary Tract Cancers, Version 2.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nccn-biliary-tract-cancers-v2-2025-jnccn-2025/), [British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bsg-cholangiocarcinoma-guideline-gut-2023/), [Carcinoma of the gallbladder: staging, treatment, and prognosis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nevin-gallbladder-carcinoma-staging-cancer-1976/), [Changes in gallbladder cancer mortality and hospital discharges due to preventive cholecystectomy in Chile](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mardones-frenz-chile-ges-mortality-rev-med-chile-2019/), [Circulating tumor DNA profiling of advanced biliary tract cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mody-biliary-ctdna-profiling-jco-po-2019/), [Clinical and genomic characterization of ERBB2-altered gallbladder cancer: exploring differences between an American and a Chilean cohort](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mondaca-erbb2-gallbladder-us-chile-jco-go-2024/), [Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019: The 3rd English edition](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jshbps-biliary-tract-cancer-guidelines-2019-jhbps-2021/), [Clinical relevance of PD-L1 expression in gallbladder cancer: a potential target for therapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-neyaz-pdl1-gallbladder-histopathology-2018/), [Comprehensive molecular characterization of gallbladder carcinoma and potential targets for intervention](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022/), [Details of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in 454 cases of biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hiraoka-her2-status-biliary-hum-pathol-2020/), [Detecting Early Recurrence With Circulating Tumor DNA in Stage I-III Biliary Tract Cancer After Curative Resection](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yu-ctdna-early-recurrence-biliary-tract-cancer-jco-po-2025/), [Durvalumab plus chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer: 3-year overall survival update from the phase III TOPAZ-1 study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-topaz-1-three-year-survival-j-hepatol-2025/), [Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with HER2-expressing biliary tract or pancreatic tumors: a subgroup analysis of DESTINY-PanTumor02](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-oh-destiny-pantumor02-biliary-pancreatic-esmo-open-2026/), [Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in India](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dutta-gallbladder-cancer-epidemiology-india-chin-clin-oncol-2019/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roa-gallbladder-cancer-primer-nat-rev-dis-primers-2022/), [Gallbladder cancer mortality in Chile: has the government program targeting young gallstone patients had an impact?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cid-chile-programme-gallbladder-cancer-mortality-am-j-epidemiol-2024/), [Gallbladder Cancer: Is It Time to Modify the Explicit Health Guarantees (GES) Program?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-samaniego-chile-ges-programme-evaluation-rev-med-chile-2024/), [Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wistuba-gazdar-gallbladder-cancer-lessons-nat-rev-cancer-2004/), [Genomic characterization of biliary tract cancers identifies driver genes and predisposing mutations](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wardell-biliary-drivers-germline-j-hepatol-2018/), [Genomic characterization of co-existing neoplasia and carcinoma lesions reveals distinct evolutionary paths of gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lin-gallbladder-neoplasia-carcinoma-evolution-nat-commun-2021/), [Genomic profiling of Indian gallbladder carcinoma: mutational insights in a high-incidence population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-suryavanshi-indian-gallbladder-genomics-jco-go-2025/), [Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nakamura-biliary-genomic-spectra-nat-genet-2015/), [Genotyping of circulating tumor DNA in cholangiocarcinoma reveals diagnostic and prognostic information](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ettrich-cholangiocarcinoma-ctdna-genotyping-sci-rep-2019/), [Geographic and genetic diversity in gallbladder cancer mutation profiles: insights from a worldwide exome analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garate-calderon-gallbladder-cancer-worldwide-exome-ebiomedicine-2026/), [HER2 status in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma: concordance between immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization in 140 cases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-angerilli-her2-ihc-cish-biliary-hum-pathol-2026/), [HER2 status in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma: Concordance between immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization in 140 Cases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-angerilli-her2-gallbladder-extrahepatic-concordance-hum-pathol-2026/), [HER2/HER3 pathway in biliary tract malignancies; systematic review and meta-analysis: a potential therapeutic target?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-galdy-her2-biliary-tract-meta-analysis-cancer-metastasis-rev-2017/), [Hospital-based gallbladder cancer registry from a high-volume referral cancer centre in India: Insights into epidemiology and roadmap for enhancing cancer care](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patkar-tata-memorial-gallbladder-cancer-registry-cancer-epidemiol-2025/), [Immune microenvironment in gallbladder adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021/), [Incidence of finding residual disease for incidental gallbladder carcinoma: implications for re-resection](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pawlik-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-residual-disease-jgs-2007/), [Incidental Carcinoma after Cholecystectomy for Benign Disease of the Gallbladder: A Meta-Analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pyo-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-jcm-2020/), [Integrated genomic analysis reveals mutated ELF3 as a potential gallbladder cancer vaccine candidate](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pandey-gallbladder-elf3-nat-commun-2020/), [Integrative molecular characterisation of gallbladder cancer reveals micro-environment-associated subtypes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nepal-gallbladder-microenvironment-subtypes-j-hepatol-2021/), [Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) of the gallbladder (neoplastic polyps, adenomas, and papillary neoplasms that are at least 1.0 cm): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 123 cases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adsay-icpn-gallbladder-ajsp-2012/), [Liposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic biliary tract cancer after progression on gemcitabine plus cisplatin (NIFTY): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2b study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nifty-liposomal-irinotecan-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: updated joint guidelines between the ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gallbladder-polyp-joint-guideline-eur-radiol-2022/), [Management of incidental gallbladder cancer in the nationwide CAPBIL study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mcclements-capbil-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-bjs-2026/), [Mismatch repair deficiency is a rare but putative therapeutically relevant finding in non-liver fluke associated cholangiocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-goeppert-cholangiocarcinoma-mmr-deficiency-bjc-2019/), [Molecular and clinical determinants of targeted therapy treatment in biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cowzer-biliary-targeted-therapy-determinants-ccr-2026/), [Molecular profiling of biliary cancers reveals distinct molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-weinberg-biliary-profiling-jgo-2019/), [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin followed by radical liver resection versus immediate radical liver resection alone with or without adjuvant chemotherapy in incidentally detected gallbladder carcinoma after simple cholecystectomy or in front of radical resection of BTC (ICC/ECC) - a phase III study of the German registry of incidental gallbladder carcinoma platform (GR)- the AIO/ CALGP/ ACO- GAIN-trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gain-trial-protocol-bmc-cancer-2020/), [Neoadjuvant treatment for incidental gallbladder cancer: A systematic review](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-varshney-neoadjuvant-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-systematic-review-ahbps-2025/), [Nomogram for predicting the benefit of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resected gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wang-adjuvant-chemoradiotherapy-nomogram-gallbladder-cancer-jco-2011/), [Optimal surgical treatment in patients with T1b gallbladder cancer: An international multicenter study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kim-t1b-gallbladder-cancer-international-jhbps-2018/), [Outcomes of Gallbladder Polyps and Their Association With Gallbladder Cancer in a 20-Year Cohort](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-szpakowski-gallbladder-polyps-20-year-cohort-jama-netw-open-2020/), [Overexpression of the HER2/neu gene: a new therapeutic possibility for patients with advanced gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roa-her2-overexpression-gallbladder-gcr-2014/), [Pertuzumab and trastuzumab for HER2-positive, metastatic biliary tract cancer (MyPathway): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-javle-mypathway-her2-biliary-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Polyp size of 1 cm is insufficient to discriminate neoplastic and non-neoplastic gallbladder polyps](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wennmacker-gallbladder-polyp-size-threshold-surg-endosc-2019/), [Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/), [Preneoplastic lesions and gallbladder cancer: an estimate of the period required for progression](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roa-dysplasia-to-carcinoma-interval-gastroenterology-1996/), [Preneoplastic lesions in gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roa-gallbladder-preneoplastic-lesions-jso-2006/), [Prognostic Significance of Tumor Location in T2 Gallbladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kang-t2-gallbladder-cancer-location-meta-analysis-jcm-2021/), [Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an independent negative prognosticator in Western-world gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021/), [Re-resection in Incidental Gallbladder Cancer: Survival and the Incidence of Residual Disease](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-de-savornin-lohman-re-resection-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-aso-2020/), [Real-world analysis of ctDNA and other biomarkers in patients with curatively resected stage I-III biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-malla-ctdna-resected-biliary-tract-cancer-esmo-gi-onc-2026/), [Regional differences in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis: insights from a multi-institutional comparison of tumor mutations](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-narayan-gallbladder-regional-mutations-cancer-2019/), [Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-meta-analysis-cancer-med-2016/), [Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-koshiol-salmonella-typhi-gallbladder-cancer-cancer-med-2016/), [Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scanu-salmonella-gallbladder-transformation-cell-host-microbe-2015/), [Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abc-06-folfox-second-line-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Surgical outcomes in gallbladder cancer: evidence from the UK nationwide CAPBIL study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mcclements-capbil-surgical-outcomes-gallbladder-cancer-hpb-2026/), [Surgical Strategy for T2 Gallbladder Cancer According to Tumor Location](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lee-t2-gallbladder-cancer-surgical-strategy-aso-2015/), [SWOG S0809: A Phase II Intergroup Trial of Adjuvant Capecitabine and Gemcitabine Followed by Radiotherapy and Concurrent Capecitabine in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swog-s0809-adjuvant-chemoradiation-jco-2015/), [Systematic review of management of incidental gallbladder cancer after cholecystectomy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-soreide-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-review-bjs-2019/), [Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nagaraja-eslick-typhi-carrier-gallbladder-cancer-meta-analysis-apt-2014/), [The mutational landscape and actionable targets of gallbladder cancer: an ancestry-informed and comparative analysis of a Chilean population](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025/), [The risk of malignancy in ultrasound detected gallbladder polyps: A systematic review](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-elmasry-gallbladder-polyp-malignancy-systematic-review-int-j-surg-2016/), [Timing of revision surgery for incidental gallbladder cancer: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-selvakumar-revision-surgery-timing-ipd-meta-analysis-hpb-2026/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-expressing biliary tract cancer (HERB; NCCH1805): a multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ohba-herb-trastuzumab-deruxtecan-biliary-jco-2024/), [Tumor location and concurrent liver resection, impact survival in T2 gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-khan-t2-gallbladder-cancer-liver-resection-meta-analysis-updates-surg-2021/), [Tumor location is a strong predictor of tumor progression and survival in T2 gallbladder cancer: an international multicenter study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shindoh-t2-gallbladder-cancer-tumour-location-ann-surg-2015/), [Validation of the 8th Edition American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) Gallbladder Cancer Staging System: Prognostic Discrimination and Identification of Key Predictive Factors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-giannis-ajcc8-gallbladder-staging-validation-cancers-2021/), [Whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing of gallbladder carcinoma identifies recurrent mutations in the ErbB pathway](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014/), [Zanidatamab for HER2-amplified, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (HERIZON-BTC-01): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2b study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-harding-lancet-oncol/)
- pairings: [Gemcitabine-cisplatin + PD-(L)1 blockade in biliary cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/gemcis-plus-io-btc/)
- ideas: [A burden-to-funding audit for gallbladder cancer and a dedicated research call](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-burden-to-funding-audit-and-dedicated-call/), [A ctDNA residual disease-guided adjuvant trial after gallbladder cancer resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-ctdna-residual-disease-guided-adjuvant-trial/), [A national incidental gallbladder cancer pathway: histology for every gallbladder, referral within two weeks, re-resection by eight](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-national-incidental-cancer-pathway/), [A randomised trial of adjuvant chemoradiation after margin-positive or node-positive gallbladder cancer resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-randomised-adjuvant-chemoradiation-r1-node-positive/), [A trial of sparing the liver resection in peritoneal-side (T2a) gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-t2a-spare-liver-resection-trial/), [Chemotherapy before the second operation for high-risk incidental gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-neoadjuvant-for-high-risk-incidental-cancer/), [Cholecystectomy or ultrasound surveillance for chronic typhoid carriers in endemic regions](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-typhoid-carrier-cholecystectomy-or-surveillance/), [Redesign Chile's prophylactic cholecystectomy programme around risk, and evaluate it properly](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-prophylactic-cholecystectomy-targeted-and-evaluated/), [Reflex HER2 testing of every advanced gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-reflex-her2-testing-advanced-biliary/), [Report gallbladder cancer as its own population in every biliary trial](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-report-gallbladder-separately-in-biliary-trials/), [Risk-targeted ultrasound screening in high-incidence regions, tested against usual care](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-risk-targeted-ultrasound-in-high-incidence-regions/), [Test whether T1b gallbladder cancer needs the second operation at all](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gbc-t1b-simple-cholecystectomy-prospective-study/)
- people: [Hassan Malik](https://onco.cc/people/hassan-malik/), [John Bridgewater](https://onco.cc/people/john-bridgewater/), [Mairéad McNamara](https://onco.cc/people/mairead-mcnamara/), [Shahid A. Khan](https://onco.cc/people/shahid-khan/)
- journals: [Clinical colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-colorectal-cancer/), [Journal of gastrointestinal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/gallbladder.json