# Glioma & glioblastoma

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/  
OnCo record `glioblastoma` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma itself is the hardest to treat and has kept the same standard since 2005; CAR-T delivered into the brain and focused-ultrasound drug delivery are the live directions.

## Summary

Gliomas are classified by the WHO 2021 system on molecular grounds: IDH-wild-type glioblastoma (grade 4, ~50% of gliomas, median age 65, median survival ~15 months with maximal therapy), IDH-mutant astrocytoma (grades 2-4) and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma (better prognosis, decades of survival possible), and paediatric-type tumours including H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma (median survival ~11 months) and BRAF-altered low-grade glioma (the commonest childhood brain tumour, rarely life-threatening but chronically disabling). The two shared barriers are the blood-brain barrier, which excludes most drugs, and diffuse infiltration, which makes complete resection impossible.

Glioblastoma treatment has been static since 2005: maximal safe resection (improved by 5-ALA fluorescence, intraoperative MRI, and awake mapping; the extent of resection is itself prognostic and is now graded by the RANO resect classes), radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (Stupp), and tumour treating fields (EF-14). MGMT promoter methylation predicts temozolomide benefit; unmethylated tumours gain less, though not nothing, and how much remains debated (in the elderly trials NOA-08 and Nordic, unmethylated tumours did better with radiotherapy than with temozolomide alone). Every major systemic trial since has failed: bevacizumab (PFS only), rindopepimut (ACT IV), nivolumab (CheckMate 143, 498, 548), depatuxizumab mafodotin (INTELLANCE-1), and many more. At recurrence, lomustine, re-resection, re-irradiation, LITT, and bevacizumab for oedema are the options, with median survival under a year. DCVax-L's externally controlled phase 3 remains contested.

Progress has come at the edges. Vorasidenib (INDIGO, approved 2024) is the first targeted therapy for grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma, delaying radiation and chemotherapy by years. Dabrafenib with trametinib (2023) was the first targeted therapy approved for BRAF V600E paediatric low-grade glioma; tovorafenib (2024) followed for relapsed or refractory BRAF-altered tumours, including BRAF fusions. Dordaviprone (August 2025) is the first drug approved for H3 K27M diffuse midline glioma. Methylation-based classification and intraoperative nanopore sequencing have transformed diagnosis. For glioblastoma itself the most promising directions are locoregional CAR-T (IL13Rα2, GD2, multi-target), focused-ultrasound and LITT-based barrier opening to deliver ADCs, radioconjugates, and chemotherapy, neoadjuvant immunotherapy with window designs, personalised neoantigen vaccines (NeoVax), and combinations built on the unmethylated-MGMT population where temozolomide adds nothing.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-17
- Tags: cns; spike
- Group: central nervous system
- Burden: About 300,000 CNS tumours occur per year, most of them not glioblastoma; IDH-mutant and paediatric low-grade gliomas can be lived with for decades and now have targeted drugs. Median survival for glioblastoma with maximal therapy is about 15 months.
- Subtypes: Glioblastoma, IDH-wild-type (WHO grade 4; TERT promoter, EGFR amplification, +7/−10); Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2-4; CDKN2A/B deletion defines grade 4); Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted (grades 2-3); Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-altered (including DIPG); Paediatric low-grade glioma (BRAF fusion or V600E, NF1); Diffuse hemispheric glioma H3 G34-mutant; infant-type hemispheric glioma (NTRK/ALK/ROS1 fusions)
- Biomarkers: IDH1/2; 1p/19q codeletion; MGMT methylation; H3K27M; EGFR amplification; Methylation class; IDH1/2 mutation (vorasidenib eligibility); MGMT promoter methylation (temozolomide benefit); H3 K27M (dordaviprone eligibility); BRAF fusion / V600E (tovorafenib, dabrafenib-trametinib); TERT promoter, EGFR amplification, +7/−10 (molecular glioblastoma); CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion (grade 4 astrocytoma); DNA methylation class (Heidelberg classifier); NTRK/ALK/ROS1 fusions (infant gliomas); TMB / mismatch repair (rare hypermutant, IO-responsive)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/glioblastoma/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/#overview [5 subtypes, 7 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/#what-it-is [11 subtypes, 3 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/#finding-it [15 biomarkers, 4 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/#treating-it [9 settings, 2 regimens, 6 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/evidence/ [85 trials, 6 key papers, 17 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/science/ [46 targets, 13 pathways, 7 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/where-you-are/ [42 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/#living-with-it [28 questions, 4 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/coming/ [27 medicines, 85 trials, 30 ideas, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/data/ [433 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Glioblastoma: Resection → RT + temozolomide → TTFields; lomustine/bevacizumab at relapse. ([Fluorescence-guided surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/fluorescence-guided-surgery/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields)](https://onco.cc/drugs/optune/))
- IDH-mutant grade 2: Resection → vorasidenib or observation; RT/PCV for high-risk. ([Vorasidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vorasidenib/))
- Diagnosis: MRI with contrast; maximal safe resection with 5-ALA and intraoperative mapping, with early postoperative MRI to measure the extent of resection; integrated histo-molecular diagnosis with methylation classification where available. ([MRI](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri/), [Fluorescence-guided surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/fluorescence-guided-surgery/), [Extent of resection (RANO resect classes)](https://onco.cc/terms/extent-of-resection/), [DNA methylation profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/methylation-profiling/))
- Glioblastoma, newly diagnosed: Radiotherapy 60 Gy in 30 fractions with concurrent and 6 cycles adjuvant temozolomide; from age 65, short-course radiotherapy (40 Gy in 15 fractions) with temozolomide (CCTG CE.6); for older patients unfit for combined treatment, temozolomide alone or hypofractionated radiotherapy alone, chosen by MGMT status (Nordic, NOA-08); TTFields with maintenance temozolomide; trials for MGMT-unmethylated patients. ([EORTC 26981 / NCIC CE.3 (Stupp trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-26981/), [CCTG CE.6 / EORTC 26062-22061 (Perry trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/cctg-ce6/), [Temozolomide](https://onco.cc/drugs/temozolomide/), [EF-14](https://onco.cc/trials/ef-14/), [Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields)](https://onco.cc/drugs/optune/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [MGMT promoter methylation](https://onco.cc/terms/mgmt/), [NOA-08](https://onco.cc/trials/noa-08/))
- Glioblastoma, recurrent: Re-resection or LITT if feasible; lomustine; bevacizumab for oedema/steroid sparing; re-irradiation; clinical trial (CAR-T, FUS-BBB, vaccines) strongly preferred. ([Lomustine (CCNU)](https://onco.cc/drugs/lomustine/), [Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use)](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab-glioma/), [Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/litt/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/), [Focused-ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening](https://onco.cc/technologies/bbb-focused-ultrasound/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/))
- IDH-mutant grade 2 glioma: Maximal resection; vorasidenib for residual/recurrent disease (INDIGO); radiotherapy plus PCV or temozolomide for high-risk or progressive disease. ([Vorasidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vorasidenib/), [INDIGO](https://onco.cc/trials/indigo/))
- Oligodendroglioma grade 3 / astrocytoma grade 3: Radiotherapy plus PCV (RTOG 9402, EORTC 26951) or temozolomide (CATNON). ([Temozolomide](https://onco.cc/drugs/temozolomide/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/))
- H3 K27M diffuse midline glioma: Radiotherapy; dordaviprone at progression (2025); GD2 CAR-T and ONC201 first-line trials. ([Dordaviprone](https://onco.cc/drugs/dordaviprone/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/))
- Paediatric low-grade glioma: Resection where safe; chemotherapy (carboplatin/vincristine) or tovorafenib / dabrafenib-trametinib for BRAF-altered relapsed disease; avoid radiation in young children. ([Tovorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tovorafenib/))

## State of the art

- Vorasidenib in low-grade glioma.
- Methylation-based diagnosis.
- TTFields.
- Three first-in-class targeted approvals for glioma subtypes in 2024-25: vorasidenib (IDH-mutant), tovorafenib (BRAF paediatric), dordaviprone (H3 K27M).
- Molecular classification (WHO 2021, methylation classifier, intraoperative nanopore) now defines diagnosis.
- Locoregional CAR-T produces objective responses in recurrent glioblastoma and DIPG, though transient.
- Focused ultrasound opens the blood-brain barrier in humans with 4-6x higher drug delivery; efficacy trials underway.

## Open problems

- Blood-brain barrier.
- Immunologically cold, heterogeneous, infiltrative.
- Glioblastoma: no systemic drug has beaten the 2005 standard; getting drugs across the blood-brain barrier is the crux.
- Glioblastoma's standard has not changed since 2005: every phase 3 systemic agent since temozolomide has failed, so median survival has not moved in 20 years.
- MGMT-unmethylated glioblastoma (~60%) gains almost nothing from chemotherapy and has no approved alternative.
- Blood-brain barrier and diffuse infiltration limit delivery and resection; imaging cannot distinguish progression from pseudoprogression reliably.
- Immunotherapy failure: low TMB, T-cell exclusion, dexamethasone, and treatment-induced lymphopenia; neoadjuvant approaches are the only signal.
- Antigen heterogeneity and loss (EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2) undermine single-target vaccines, ADCs, and CAR-T.
- Paediatric tumours (DIPG) have one approved drug with 22% response; durable control remains out of reach.
- Trial design: single-arm and external-control comparisons (DCVax-L, historical vaccine data) have repeatedly misled the field.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Cell therapy roadmap: CD19 CAR-T → solid tumours → in vivo CAR](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/cell-therapy-roadmap/), [Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/)
- collections: [National Brain Tumor Society (NBTS)](https://onco.cc/collections/national-brain-tumor-society/)
- cancers: [Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)](https://onco.cc/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/), [Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/brain-tumours/), [Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)](https://onco.cc/cancers/secondary-brain-tumours/), [Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG)](https://onco.cc/cancers/dipg-dmg/), [Ependymoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ependymoma/), [Medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma/), [Meningioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/meningioma/), [Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted](https://onco.cc/cancers/oligodendroglioma/), [Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/), [Paediatric low-grade glioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-low-grade-glioma/)
- technologies: [Accelerator-based BNCT systems (NeuCure, nuBeam, NeuPex)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bnct-accelerator-systems/), [Anti-angiogenic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/antiangiogenic/), [Antineoplastons (Burzynski clinic)](https://onco.cc/technologies/antineoplastons/), [Armoured, logic-gated & next-gen CARs](https://onco.cc/technologies/armored-car/), [Boron neutron capture therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/bnct/), [C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)](https://onco.cc/technologies/c-arm-linac/), [Cancer-associated thrombosis prevention and treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/cancer-associated-thrombosis/), [Cannabis and cannabinoids for pain, appetite and cancer control](https://onco.cc/technologies/cannabinoids-pain-appetite/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Dendritic cell vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/dendritic-cell-vaccines/), [DNA methylation profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/methylation-profiling/), [Dose painting and biologically guided radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/dose-painting/), [Early integrated palliative care](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-care/), [Epigenetic drugs (HDAC, DNMT, EZH2, IDH, menin, BET)](https://onco.cc/technologies/epigenetic-drugs/), [Fluorescence-guided surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/fluorescence-guided-surgery/), [Focused ultrasound & histotripsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hifu-histotripsy/), [Focused-ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening](https://onco.cc/technologies/bbb-focused-ultrasound/), [High-dose intravenous vitamin C](https://onco.cc/technologies/high-dose-vitamin-c/), [Hyperthermia](https://onco.cc/technologies/hyperthermia/), [IDH inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/idh-inhibitors/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [In vivo CAR-T](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-vivo-car-t/), [Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/), [Intraoperative MRI and CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-mri-ct/), [Ketogenic diets in glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/technologies/ketogenic-diet-glioblastoma/), [Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/litt/), [Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems (NeuroBlate, Visualase)](https://onco.cc/technologies/litt-systems/), [Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia](https://onco.cc/technologies/magnetic-nanoparticle-hyperthermia/), [Methylation classifier for brain tumours](https://onco.cc/technologies/cns-tumour-methylation-classifier/), [MRI](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri/), [MRI field strengths: 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T](https://onco.cc/technologies/mri-field-strengths/), [Off-the-shelf cancer vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/shared-antigen-vaccine/), [Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/neoantigen-mrna-vaccine/), [Proliferation-invasion (reaction-diffusion) models of glioma](https://onco.cc/technologies/reaction-diffusion-glioma-model/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/), [Radiosensitisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiosensitisers/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [Sonodynamic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sonodynamic-therapy/), [Transcranial focused ultrasound systems (Exablate Neuro, SonoCloud)](https://onco.cc/technologies/transcranial-focused-ultrasound-systems/), [Tumour hypoxia: imaging and modification](https://onco.cc/technologies/tumour-hypoxia-modification/), [Tumour treating fields (TTFields)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ttfields/)
- targets: [ACSM3](https://onco.cc/targets/acsm3/), [AXIN1](https://onco.cc/targets/axin1/), [B7-H3](https://onco.cc/targets/b7h3/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [COL1A1](https://onco.cc/targets/col1a1/), [CSF1R](https://onco.cc/targets/csf1r/), [CUL7](https://onco.cc/targets/cul7/), [DCAF12L2](https://onco.cc/targets/dcaf12l2/), [Dopamine D2 receptor](https://onco.cc/targets/drd2/), [DRD5](https://onco.cc/targets/drd5/), [EGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/egfr/), [EphA2 receptor](https://onco.cc/targets/epha2/), [FRK kinase](https://onco.cc/targets/frk/), [GD2 (disialoganglioside)](https://onco.cc/targets/gd2/), [Glutathione reductase](https://onco.cc/targets/gsr/), [H3C2](https://onco.cc/targets/h3c2/), [HDAC9](https://onco.cc/targets/hdac9/), [HGF](https://onco.cc/targets/hgf/), [IDH1 / IDH2](https://onco.cc/targets/idh/), [IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH2)](https://onco.cc/targets/impdh2/), [KNL1](https://onco.cc/targets/knl1/), [LZTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/lztr1/), [MDM2](https://onco.cc/targets/mdm2/), [MED12](https://onco.cc/targets/med12/), [MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)](https://onco.cc/targets/mgmt-protein/), [NVL](https://onco.cc/targets/nvl/), [PCM1](https://onco.cc/targets/pcm1/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PDGFRA](https://onco.cc/targets/pdgfra/), [PLK1](https://onco.cc/targets/plk1/), [PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers)](https://onco.cc/targets/prmt5-mtap/), [PTEN](https://onco.cc/targets/pten/), [QKI](https://onco.cc/targets/qki/), [RAD50](https://onco.cc/targets/rad50/), [RPL5](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl5/), [SLC12A2](https://onco.cc/targets/slc12a2/), [TAL2](https://onco.cc/targets/tal2/), [TCF12](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf12/), [TP53](https://onco.cc/targets/tp53/), [UBXN11](https://onco.cc/targets/ubxn11/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [WDR12](https://onco.cc/targets/wdr12/), [ZEB1](https://onco.cc/targets/zeb1/)
- drugs: [5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery)](https://onco.cc/drugs/aminolevulinic-acid-gleolan/), [ASC40](https://onco.cc/drugs/asc40/), [BCB-276](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcb-276/), [Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/), [Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use)](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab-glioma/), [Carmustine](https://onco.cc/drugs/carmustine/), [Cobolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobolimab/), [DCVax-L](https://onco.cc/drugs/dcvax-l/), [Depatuxizumab mafodotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/depatuxizumab-mafodotin/), [DOC1021](https://onco.cc/drugs/doc1021/), [Dordaviprone](https://onco.cc/drugs/dordaviprone/), [Fluciclovine F-18](https://onco.cc/drugs/fluciclovine-f18/), [INO-5401](https://onco.cc/drugs/ino-5401/), [LAM561](https://onco.cc/drugs/lam561/), [Lomustine (CCNU)](https://onco.cc/drugs/lomustine/), [Mebendazole](https://onco.cc/drugs/mebendazole/), [NeoVax](https://onco.cc/drugs/neovax/), [Nimotuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nimotuzumab/), [Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields)](https://onco.cc/drugs/optune/), [Procarbazine](https://onco.cc/drugs/procarbazine/), [Rindopepimut](https://onco.cc/drugs/rindopepimut/), [Safusidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/safusidenib/), [Temozolomide](https://onco.cc/drugs/temozolomide/), [TNG456](https://onco.cc/drugs/tng456/), [Tovorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tovorafenib/), [Vebreltinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vebreltinib/), [Vorasidenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vorasidenib/)
- companies: [Alaunos Therapeutics (formerly Ziopharm Oncology)](https://onco.cc/companies/alaunos/), [Alpha Tau Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/alpha-tau-medical/), [Ascletis Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/ascletis/), [Aveta Biomics](https://onco.cc/companies/aveta-biomics/), [Basilea Pharmaceutica](https://onco.cc/companies/basilea/), [Belay Diagnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/belay-diagnostics/), [Black Diamond Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/black-diamond-therapeutics/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Candel Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/candel-therapeutics/), [Carl Zeiss Meditec](https://onco.cc/companies/carl-zeiss-meditec/), [Carthera](https://onco.cc/companies/carthera/), [Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group](https://onco.cc/companies/cclg/), [CureVac](https://onco.cc/companies/curevac/), [Day One Biopharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/day-one-biopharmaceuticals/), [Denovo Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/denovo-biopharma/), [Diakonos Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/diakonos-oncology/), [Diffusion Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/diffusion-pharmaceuticals/), [EORTC](https://onco.cc/companies/curie-nki-eortc/), [Erasca](https://onco.cc/companies/erasca/), [Evaxion](https://onco.cc/companies/evaxion/), [Geneos Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/geneos-therapeutics/), [GT Medical Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/gt-medical-technologies/), [Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical](https://onco.cc/companies/guangzhou-virotech/), [Hangzhou Hanx Biopharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/hangzhou-hanx-biopharmaceuticals/), [Inovio Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/inovio/), [Insightec](https://onco.cc/companies/insightec/), [Insys Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/insys-therapeutics/), [Ipsen](https://onco.cc/companies/ipsen/), [Isarna Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/isarna-therapeutics/), [Jazz Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/jazz/), [Kiyatec](https://onco.cc/companies/kiyatec/), [Kopra Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/kopra-bio/), [Laminar Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/laminar-pharmaceuticals/), [Moleculin Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/moleculin/), [Monteris Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/monteris-medical/), [Neonc Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/neonc-technologies/), [Nerviano Medical Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/nerviano-medical-sciences/), [Neutron Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/neutron-therapeutics/), [Northwest Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/northwest-biotherapeutics/), [Novocure](https://onco.cc/companies/novocure/), [Nuvation Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/nuvation-bio/), [Philogen S.p.A.](https://onco.cc/companies/philogen-s-p-a/), [photonamic](https://onco.cc/companies/photonamic/), [Reverie Labs](https://onco.cc/companies/reverie-labs/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [SBI Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/sbi-pharmaceuticals/), [Servier](https://onco.cc/companies/servier/), [SonALAsense](https://onco.cc/companies/sonalasense/), [Stella Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/stella-pharma/), [TAE Life Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/tae-life-sciences/), [Tango Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/tango-therapeutics/)
- institutions: [Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania](https://onco.cc/institutions/penn-abramson/), [Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/wake-forest-cancer/), [Beaumont RCSI Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/beaumont-rcsi-cancer-centre/), [Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/), [CeCurio (MVZ Tübingen oncology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/cecurio/), [Cedars-Sinai Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/cedars-sinai-cancer/), [Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357](https://onco.cc/institutions/cche-57357/), [City of Hope](https://onco.cc/institutions/city-of-hope/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-tuebingen/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-vienna/), [Duke Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/duke-cancer-institute/), [Edinburgh Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/edinburgh-cancer-centre/), [Erasmus MC Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/erasmus-mc/), [Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hug-geneva/), [German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)](https://onco.cc/institutions/dkfz/), [Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children](https://onco.cc/institutions/great-ormond-street/), [Heidelberg University Hospital / NCT / DKFZ](https://onco.cc/institutions/heidelberg-nct/), [Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa](https://onco.cc/institutions/iowa-holden/), [Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille](https://onco.cc/institutions/ap-hm-timone/), [Hospital de Amor (Barretos Cancer Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-de-amor-barretos/), [Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital](https://onco.cc/institutions/inselspital-bern/), [Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie AP-HP Sorbonne Université](https://onco.cc/institutions/iuc-aphp-sorbonne/), [Juravinski Cancer Centre / Escarpment Cancer Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/juravinski/), [Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) / Ludwig Institute Lausanne](https://onco.cc/institutions/chuv-lausanne/), [Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mgh/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB](https://onco.cc/institutions/oneal-uab/), [Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/onj-cancer-centre/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/qimr-berghofer/), [Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University](https://onco.cc/institutions/northwestern-lurie/), [SIOP Europe (European Society for Paediatric Oncology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/siop-europe/), [Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/stanford/), [Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/sunnybrook-odette/), [Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/), [Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-sourasky/), [The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)](https://onco.cc/institutions/sickkids/), [The Wistar Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wistar/), [University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT)](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-frankfurt/), [University Hospital Zurich / Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich](https://onco.cc/institutions/usz-zurich/), [University of Florida Health Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uf-health-cancer-center/), [Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University](https://onco.cc/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/)
- pathways: [Base excision repair, PARP & alkylation damage](https://onco.cc/pathways/base-excision-repair-parp/), [Cancer neuroscience (nerve-tumour signalling)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-neuroscience/), [Glioma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/glioma-signalling/), [Glutamine addiction](https://onco.cc/pathways/glutamine-metabolism/), [Hedgehog signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/hedgehog/), [Mutant IDH / 2-hydroxyglutarate](https://onco.cc/pathways/idh-2hg/), [p53 / RB / cell-cycle checkpoint](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-cell-cycle/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [PI3K / AKT / mTOR](https://onco.cc/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels](https://onco.cc/pathways/angiogenic-switch/), [The blood-brain barrier & brain metastasis](https://onco.cc/pathways/blood-brain-barrier-metastasis/), [VEGF angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/)
- terms: [1p/19q codeletion](https://onco.cc/terms/1p19q-codeletion/), [Accelerated approval](https://onco.cc/terms/accelerated-approval/), [Bioelectric theory of cancer (Levin)](https://onco.cc/terms/bioelectric-theory-of-cancer/), [Blood-brain barrier (BBB)](https://onco.cc/terms/blood-brain-barrier/), [Cancer stem cell theory and phenotypic plasticity](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-stem-cell-theory/), [CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion](https://onco.cc/terms/cdkn2a-homozygous-deletion/), [Chemoradiation (chemoradiotherapy, CRT)](https://onco.cc/terms/chemoradiation/), [EGFRvIII](https://onco.cc/terms/egfrviii/), [Extent of resection (RANO resect classes)](https://onco.cc/terms/extent-of-resection/), [Grade](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-grade/), [H3 K27M (diffuse midline glioma)](https://onco.cc/terms/h3k27m/), [Hot vs cold tumours](https://onco.cc/terms/cold-vs-hot/), [Intrathecal therapy (lumbar puncture, Ommaya reservoir)](https://onco.cc/terms/intrathecal-therapy/), [Metabolic theory of cancer: from Warburg to oncometabolites](https://onco.cc/terms/metabolic-theory-of-cancer/), [MGMT promoter methylation](https://onco.cc/terms/mgmt/), [Necrosis](https://onco.cc/terms/necrosis/), [Radiation necrosis (brain)](https://onco.cc/terms/radiation-necrosis/), [Re-irradiation](https://onco.cc/terms/re-irradiation/), [TERT promoter mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/tert-promoter/)
- trials: [18F-Fluciclovine PET Imaging for Detecting High Grade Glioma Recurrence After Radiochemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05479136/), [A Clinical Trial Testing the Safety of the Investigational Drug Pumitamig (BNT327) and How Well it Works in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07297212/), [A Dose-escalation Clinical Study of Intraoperative Photodynamic Therapy of Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05736406/), [A Phase 1/2 Study of the Safety and Tolerability of MT-125 in GBM Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07185880/), [A Phase 1b / 2 Drug Resistant Immunotherapy With Activated, Gene Modified Allogeneic or Autologous γδ T Cells (DeltEx) in Combination With Maintenance Temozolomide in Subjects With Recurrent or Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05664243/), [A Phase 1b/2, Multicenter, Open-label Study of ACP-196 in Subjects With Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02586857/), [A Phase 2 Study of BGJ398 in Patients With Recurrent GBM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01975701/), [A Phase 2 Study of HX301 in Patients with High-grade Giloma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06703255/), [A Phase 2b Clinical Study With a Combination Immunotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Patients With Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04485949/), [A Phase I/IIa Study of C5252 in Patients With Intracranial Tumor](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07243340/), [A Phase Ib/II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of JL15003 Injection in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma (rGBM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07501559/), [A Prospective Pivotal Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Avastin® Bevacizumab (BEV) With or Without Microbubble-mediated Focused Ultrasound (FUS-MB) Using NaviFUS System in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06496971/), [A Study Comparing Abemaciclib Plus Temozolomide to Temozolomide Monotherapy in Children and Young Adults With High-grade Glioma Following Radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06413706/), [A Study of Berubicin in Adult Subjects With Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04762069/), [A Study of BL-B01D1 in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06598787/), [A Study of BPM31510 With Vitamin K1 in Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma (GB)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04752813/), [A Study of Debio 0123 in Combination With Temozolomide in Adult Participants With Recurrent or Progressive Glioblastoma and of Debio 0123 in Combination With Temozolomide and Radiotherapy in Adult Participants With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05765812/), [A Study of DS-1001b in Patients With Chemotherapy- and Radiotherapy-Naive IDH1 Mutated WHO Grade II Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04458272/), [A Study of HF1K16 Combined With Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent or Progressive Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07678684/), [A Study of NanO2™ Combined With Radiation and Temozolomide in Patients With Newly Diagnosed GBM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03862430/), [A Study of PLB1001 Enteric Capsules in the Treatment of sGBM/IDH Mutant Glioblastoma Patients With the ZM Fusion Gene (FUGEN).](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06105619/), [A Study of VRT106 for Injection in Patients With Recurrent/Progressive Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07093814/), [A Study of VRT106 in Combination With Radiotherapy in Adult Patients With Diffuse Midline Glioma / Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07589257/), [A Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of ACT001 and Anti-PD-1 in Patients With Surgically Accessible Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05053880/), [A Study With L19TNF in Combination With Lomustine in Patients With Glioblastoma at Progression or Recurrence](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06336291/), [ACT IV](https://onco.cc/trials/act-iv/), [ADI-PEG 20 Plus Radiotherapy and Temozolomide in Subjects With Glioblastoma Multiforme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04587830/), [Adjuvant Temozolomide ± 5-Aminolevulinic Acid + Low Intensity Diffuse Ultrasound Sonodynamic Therapy System for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07225621/), [Antineoplaston Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly-diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00003456/), [AVAglio](https://onco.cc/trials/avaglio/), [Azeliragon in MGMT Unmethylated Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05986851/), [Beginning Radiation Immediately With GammaTile at GBM Excision Versus Standard of Care](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07195591/), [Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption Using Exablate Focused Ultrasound With Doxorubicin for Treatment of Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05630209/), [Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption Using Exablate Focused Ultrasound With Doxorubicin for Treatment of Pediatric DIPG](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05615623/), [CATNON (EORTC 26053-22054)](https://onco.cc/trials/catnon/), [CCTG CE.6 / EORTC 26062-22061 (Perry trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/cctg-ce6/), [Cediranib in Combination With Lomustine Chemotherapy in Recurrent Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00777153/), [CheckMate 143](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-143/), [CheckMate 498](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-498/), [CheckMate 548](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-548/), [CODEL](https://onco.cc/trials/codel/), [DAY101 vs. Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Pediatric Participants With Low-Grade Glioma Requiring First-Line Systemic Therapy (LOGGIC/FIREFLY-2)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05566795/), [DOC1021 Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy for Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Adult Glioblastoma (GBM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06805305/), [Early Phase Study of KESONOTIDE™in Participants With Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06926075/), [EF-14](https://onco.cc/trials/ef-14/), [EF-41/KEYNOTE D58: Phase 3 Study of Optune Concomitant With Temozolomide Plus Pembrolizumab in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06556563/), [EORTC 22033-26033](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22033/), [EORTC 26951](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-26951/), [EORTC 26981 / NCIC CE.3 (Stupp trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-26981/), [ERGO2: ketogenic diet and fasting during re-irradiation of recurrent glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/ergo2/), [GBM AGILE](https://onco.cc/trials/gbm-agile/), [Glioblastoma Treatment With Irradiation and Olaptesed Pegol (NOX-A12) in MGMT Unmethylated Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04121455/), [HERBY](https://onco.cc/trials/herby/), [INDIGO](https://onco.cc/trials/indigo/), [Injection of Active Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Gliomas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06687681/), [INO-5401 and INO-9012 Delivered by Electroporation (EP) in Combination With Cemiplimab (REGN2810) in Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma (GBM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03491683/), [INTELLANCE-1](https://onco.cc/trials/intellance-1/), [Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02685605/), [Irinotecan-ChemoSeed in Surgically Resectable Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07356973/), [JK-1201I Combined with Adjuvant Temozolomide in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06595186/), [LAM561 With RT and TMZ for Adults With Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04250922/), [Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LiTT) With Cemiplimab or Other Chemotherapy in Recurrent Glioblastomas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07620548/), [Maximum Tolerated Dose, Safety, and Efficacy of Rhenium Nanoliposomes in Recurrent Glioma (ReSPECT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01906385/), [N-803 and PD-L1 t-haNK Combined With Bevacizumab for Recurrent or Progressive Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06061809/), [NOA-08](https://onco.cc/trials/noa-08/), [OPTIMUS PRIME: Safety and Feasibility of OPTune GIO® Integrated With MRI-gUided Laser Ablation Surgery and Pembrolizumab for Recurrent GlIoblastoMa, A randomizEd Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06558214/), [Ph I/II Study of NMS-03305293+TMZ in Adult Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04910022/), [Phase 2a Immune Modulation With Ultrasound for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05864534/), [Phase II Study of Carmustine, Streptozocin, and Mercaptopurine for Refractory or Recurrent Brain Neoplasms](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00004688/), [RTOG 9402](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-9402/), [Safety and Efficacy of L19TNF Plus Temozolomide Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04443010/), [Safety and Efficacy Study in Recurrent or Progressive Grade III or IV IDH1 Mutated Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02704858/), [Safety and Tolerability of TNG456 Alone and in Combination With Abemaciclib in Patients With Solid Tumors With MTAP Loss](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06810544/), [SIGMA (Safusidenib in IDH1 Mutant Glioma Maintenance)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05303519/), [Sonocloud-9 in Association With Carboplatin Versus Standard-of-Care Chemotherapies (CCNU or TMZ) in Recurrent GBM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05902169/), [Study of a Drug [DCVax®-L] to Treat Newly Diagnosed GBM Brain Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00045968/), [Study of an AAV Mediated Dual-Payload Gene Therapy in Patients With High Grade Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07346144/), [Study of Antineoplaston Therapy + Radiation vs. Radiation Only in Diffuse, Intrinsic, Brainstem Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02887040/), [Study of Gamma-Knife Radiosurgery Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Spectroscopy for Recurrent Glioma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01011231/), [Study of LAM561 Acid in Pediatric Patients With Malignant Glioma and Other Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04299191/), [Study of Liposomal Curcumin in Combination With RT and TMZ in Patients With Newly Diagnosed High-Grade Gliomas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05768919/), [Study of Silevertinib With Temozolomide for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed GBM With Unmethylated MGMT and EGFRvIII](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07326566/), [Study of TLX101-Tx Plus Standard of Care (SoC) Versus SoC Alone for the Treatment of Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07100730/), [Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ASC40 Tablets in Combination With Bevacizumab in Subjects With rGBM](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05118776/), [Treatment of Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Glioma With APG-157 and Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06011109/)
- key papers: [Bao 2006: glioma stem cells resist radiotherapy by activating the DNA damage response](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bao-glioma-stem-cells-radioresistance-nature-2006/), [INDIGO: vorasidenib, the first targeted drug for IDH-mutant low-grade glioma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-indigo-nejm-2023/), [NOA-08: temozolomide alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-noa-08-temozolomide-vs-radiotherapy-elderly-wick-lancet-oncol-2012/), [Reverse swing-M, phase 1 study of repurposing mebendazole in recurrent high-grade glioma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patil-mebendazole-glioma-phase-1-cancer-med-2020/), [Singh 2004: identification of human brain tumour initiating cells](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-singh-brain-tumour-initiating-cells-nature-2004/), [Stupp 2005: temozolomide added to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stupp-temozolomide-nejm-2005/)
- journals: [Brain tumor pathology](https://onco.cc/journals/brain-tumor-pathology/), [CNS oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/cns-oncology/), [Journal of neuro-oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-neuro-oncology/), [Neuro-Oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/neuro-oncology/)
- ideas: [A billion-dollar prize for the first durable cure of a lethal metastatic cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-cure-prize/), [A permanent neutral non-profit sponsor for multi-company platform trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-neutral-platform-sponsor/), [A perpetual platform trial in every major cancer, funded as infrastructure](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-perpetual-platforms/), [A skull ultrasound implant that opens the barrier at every cycle](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-implanted-ultrasound-repeat-dosing/), [A standard platform to get drugs into the brain: focused ultrasound plus shuttle-engineered therapeutics](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-brain-delivery-platform/), [A standing platform for testing new drugs with radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-rt-drug-platform/), [A standing platform trial for every major cancer, funded as infrastructure](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-standing-platform-per-cancer/), [Advance market commitments for paediatric and rare cancer drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-amc-paediatric-rare/), [Attack extrachromosomal DNA, the engine of oncogene amplification](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ecdna-targeting/), [Cure-focused prizes: pay for verified long-term cures, not for drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-cure-prizes/), [Cut the nerve supply to tumours with old drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nerve-tumour-blockade/), [Deliver CAR-T cells straight into the fluid around the brain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-intraventricular-car-t/), [Deliver drugs and cells to the brain through the nose](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-intranasal-delivery/), [Design protein degraders small enough to get into the brain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-brain-penetrant-glue-degraders/), [Develop drugs in children first when the target is a children's target](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-paediatric-first-development/), [Focused-ultrasound BBB opening to deliver ADCs and radioligands to glioma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fus-plus-adc-glioma/), [Implant a tiny device that tests twenty drugs inside the patient's own tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-implantable-microdevice-screen/), [Make bespoke mouse cancer models in weeks with in vivo gene editing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-somatic-crispr-gemms/), [Map metabolic dependencies in the patient, not the dish](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-metabolic-vulnerability-mapping/), [Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with surgical window for glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-neoadjuvant-io-glioblastoma/), [Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12/), [One definitive ketogenic diet trial in glioblastoma, then stop](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-ketogenic-gbm-definitive-trial/), [Open the barrier so engineered immune cells can enter the brain](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-fus-for-cell-entry/), [Partial lottery funding for good proposals in under-funded cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-neglected-cancer-lottery/), [Pet dogs with spontaneous cancer as a bridge before human trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-comparative-oncology-dogs/), [Read the spinal fluid to track brain tumours without opening the skull](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-csf-ctdna-monitoring/), [Reprogramme suppressive macrophages instead of trying to delete them](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-trem2-myeloid-reprogramming/), [Robot-placed catheters and live imaging for drug infusion into brain tumours](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-robotic-convection-delivery/), [Treat brain metastases as a disease with its own trials programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-brain-metastases-programme/), [Ultrasound-assisted blood test instead of a brain biopsy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-sonobiopsy/)
- people: [Andreas von Deimling](https://onco.cc/people/andreas-von-deimling/), [Andrew B. Lassman](https://onco.cc/people/andrew-lassman/), [Behnam Badie](https://onco.cc/people/behnam-badie/), [Bradley E. Bernstein](https://onco.cc/people/bradley-bernstein/), [Catherine J. Wu](https://onco.cc/people/catherine-wu/), [Christine E. Brown](https://onco.cc/people/christine-brown/), [Crystal L. Mackall](https://onco.cc/people/crystal-mackall/), [Evanthia Galanis](https://onco.cc/people/evanthia-galanis/), [Florian Roser](https://onco.cc/people/florian-roser/), [Hans-Peter Kiem](https://onco.cc/people/hans-peter-kiem/), [Ingo K. Mellinghoff](https://onco.cc/people/ingo-mellinghoff/), [Jacques Grill](https://onco.cc/people/jacques-grill/), [Johanna Joyce](https://onco.cc/people/johanna-joyce/), [Justin D. Lathia](https://onco.cc/people/justin-lathia/), [Kirsten Schmieder](https://onco.cc/people/kirsten-schmieder/), [Marcela V. Maus](https://onco.cc/people/marcela-maus/), [Martin J. van den Bent](https://onco.cc/people/martin-van-den-bent/), [Maximilian Niyazi](https://onco.cc/people/maximilian-niyazi/), [Michael Weller](https://onco.cc/people/michael-weller/), [Mitchel S. Berger](https://onco.cc/people/mitchel-berger/), [Monika E. Hegi](https://onco.cc/people/monika-hegi/), [Olivier L. Chinot](https://onco.cc/people/olivier-chinot/), [Patrick Y. Wen](https://onco.cc/people/patrick-wen/), [Ramon E. Parsons](https://onco.cc/people/ramon-parsons/), [Robert A. Fenstermaker](https://onco.cc/people/robert-fenstermaker/), [Roger Stupp](https://onco.cc/people/roger-stupp/), [Santosh Kesari](https://onco.cc/people/santosh-kesari/), [Stefan Pfister](https://onco.cc/people/stefan-pfister/), [Timothy F. Cloughesy](https://onco.cc/people/timothy-cloughesy/), [Tomáš Kazda](https://onco.cc/people/tomas-kazda/)
- bottlenecks: [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [Incentives reward me-too drugs and marginal gains](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-incentive-misalignment/), [Lab models that fail to predict what happens in patients](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-preclinical-models/), [Pain relief and palliative care are unavailable to most](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-palliative/), [The brain: barrier and sanctuary](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/), [Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/)
- biomarkers: [1p/19q codeletion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/1p19q-codeletion-readout/), [IDH1 R132 mutation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/idh1-r132/), [MGMT promoter methylation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/mgmt-promoter-methylation/), [PTEN alteration (sequencing) and PTEN loss (IHC)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pten-alteration/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/glioblastoma.json