# Hepatocellular carcinoma

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/  
OnCo record `hcc` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live.

## Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the dominant primary liver cancer (~75-85%) and one of the most preventable: HBV vaccination and HCV cure have cut incidence wherever they were deployed. Its defining feature is that it arises in a diseased organ: chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related and metabolic (MASLD) cirrhosis account for most cases, so the liver's remaining function (Child-Pugh, ALBI) matters as much as tumour stage. The BCLC system integrates both and maps each stage to a treatment: ablation, resection or transplantation for early disease; TACE or radioembolisation for intermediate disease; systemic therapy for advanced disease. Surveillance of at-risk patients with six-monthly ultrasound is recommended but poorly adopted, and most patients still present beyond curative stages, which is why it remains the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide.

Systemic therapy changed completely between 2018 and 2026. Sorafenib (SHARP, 2007) was the only option for a decade. Lenvatinib matched it (REFLECT), then IMbrave150 made atezolizumab plus bevacizumab the first regimen to beat sorafenib on survival (OS 19.2 vs 13.4 months). HIMALAYA's STRIDE regimen (single-dose tremelimumab plus durvalumab) followed with a doubling of five-year survival (19.6% vs 9.4%), and CheckMate 9DW's nivolumab plus ipilimumab reached a median OS of 23.7 months (approved 2025). Camrelizumab plus rivoceranib (CARES-310, OS 23.8 vs 15.2 months) is approved in China but has received three FDA complete response letters for manufacturing reasons, most recently in July 2026. Second-line options after sorafenib (regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab for AFP ≥400) lack data after immunotherapy, the setting most patients now reach.

The frontier is combining local and systemic therapy. Three phase 3 trials (EMERALD-1, LEAP-012, EMERALD-3) show that adding immunotherapy and anti-VEGF drugs to TACE prolongs progression-free survival by about 30%, but LEAP-012's final overall-survival hazard ratio of 0.98 shows PFS is a weak surrogate here, and adjuvant atezolizumab-bevacizumab (IMbrave050) lost its early benefit with follow-up. Open questions include the right therapy after first-line immunotherapy, the role of immunotherapy before transplantation, GPC3-directed cell therapy, and above all prevention: HBV vaccination and HCV cure could avert most cases, while MASLD-driven HCC in non-cirrhotic livers is rising and escapes surveillance.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Also known as: LIHC; TCGA-LIHC; liver hepatocellular carcinoma (TCGA LIHC cohort); Liver Cancer
- Tags: gi; spike
- Group: gastrointestinal
- Burden: Roughly 900,000 liver cancer cases a year worldwide (GLOBOCAN), ~80% in Asia and Africa, and largely preventable: HBV vaccination and HCV cure have cut incidence in Taiwan, Japan and Egypt. Deaths are ~800,000 a year, and in the United States the death rate has risen faster than for any other cancer over the past two decades, driven by hepatitis C and fatty liver disease.
- Subtypes: Viral (HBV, HCV) HCC; Alcohol-related HCC; MASLD/MASH-related HCC (often non-cirrhotic); Fibrolamellar carcinoma (young adults, DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion); Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma; BCLC stages 0/A, B, C, D
- Biomarkers: AFP; GPC3 (trials); Child-Pugh / ALBI liver function; AFP (prognosis; ≥400 ng/mL for ramucirumab); BCLC stage and performance status; Portal vein tumour thrombus; HBV/HCV status; AFP-L3 and DCP (GALAD score)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/hcc/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/#overview [3 subtypes, 8 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/#what-it-is [9 subtypes, 6 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/#finding-it [8 biomarkers, 2 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/#treating-it [11 settings, 2 regimens, 8 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/evidence/ [104 trials, 10 key papers, 17 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/science/ [115 targets, 6 pathways, 7 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/where-you-are/ [54 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/#living-with-it [27 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/coming/ [30 medicines, 104 trials, 23 ideas, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/data/ [512 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Early: Resection, ablation, transplant. ([Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Focused ultrasound & histotripsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hifu-histotripsy/))
- Intermediate: TACE/TARE ± systemic therapy. ([Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/))
- Advanced: Atezolizumab-bevacizumab, durvalumab-tremelimumab, or nivolumab-ipilimumab. ([Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/))
- Prevention: Universal HBV vaccination; antiviral suppression of HBV; direct-acting antiviral cure of HCV; alcohol and metabolic risk reduction. ([Hepatitis B and C as cancer causes](https://onco.cc/terms/hbv-hcv/), [HPV & HBV vaccination](https://onco.cc/technologies/hpv-vaccine/))
- Surveillance: Six-monthly ultrasound ± AFP in cirrhosis and high-risk HBV carriers; abbreviated MRI where ultrasound is inadequate. ([HCC surveillance in cirrhosis (ultrasound + AFP)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hcc-surveillance/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/), [Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)](https://onco.cc/terms/afp/))
- Very early / early (BCLC 0-A): Ablation (RFA/microwave) for ≤3 cm; resection for preserved liver function; transplantation within Milan or downstaged criteria; radiation segmentectomy as an alternative. ([Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liver-transplant-oncology/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [BCLC staging](https://onco.cc/terms/bclc-staging/))
- Intermediate (BCLC B): TACE (conventional or DEB-TACE) or TARE; systemic therapy for high tumour burden or TACE-refractory disease; TACE + durvalumab-bevacizumab or STRIDE + lenvatinib prolong PFS (OS unproven). ([Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tace/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [EMERALD-1](https://onco.cc/trials/emerald-1/), [LEAP-012](https://onco.cc/trials/leap-012/), [EMERALD-3](https://onco.cc/trials/emerald-3/))
- Advanced (BCLC C), first line: Atezolizumab + bevacizumab (IMbrave150), STRIDE tremelimumab + durvalumab (HIMALAYA), or nivolumab + ipilimumab (CheckMate 9DW); lenvatinib or sorafenib if immunotherapy is contraindicated (transplant, active autoimmune disease). ([IMbrave150](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave150/), [HIMALAYA](https://onco.cc/trials/himalaya/), [CheckMate 9DW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-9dw/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Tremelimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tremelimumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Lenvatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenvatinib/), [Sorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sorafenib/))
- Advanced, second line and beyond: After immunotherapy: lenvatinib, sorafenib, cabozantinib or regorafenib by extrapolation (no dedicated phase 3); ramucirumab if AFP ≥400 ng/mL; clinical trials. ([Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [Regorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/regorafenib/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [Lenvatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenvatinib/), [RESORCE](https://onco.cc/trials/resorce/), [CELESTIAL](https://onco.cc/trials/celestial/))
- Adjuvant after resection/ablation: No approved adjuvant therapy; IMbrave050 benefit not sustained. Surveillance imaging every 3-6 months. ([IMbrave050](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave050/))
- Portal vein tumour thrombosis: Systemic immunotherapy; Y-90 radioembolisation where TACE is contraindicated; radiotherapy to the thrombus in selected patients. ([Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/))

## State of the art

- IO doublets first line.
- GPC3 CAR-T and bispecifics emerging.
- Three first-line immunotherapy regimens with overall-survival benefit over sorafenib; median OS approaching two years and five-year survival of one in five with STRIDE.
- Choice of regimen is driven by bleeding risk (varices), autoimmune disease and transplant candidacy rather than a predictive biomarker.
- Radioembolisation and radiation segmentectomy offer curative-intent options for small tumours and for portal vein thrombosis.
- TACE plus systemic therapy prolongs PFS in intermediate-stage disease in three phase 3 trials, but overall survival is unproven (LEAP-012 OS HR 0.98).
- Prevention works: HBV vaccination and HCV antivirals have cut incidence in Taiwan, Japan and Egypt; MASLD is the rising cause.
- Living-donor transplantation and downstaging widen the pool of curable patients, led by Asian high-volume centres.

## Open problems

- Liver function limits therapy.
- Surveillance uptake in cirrhosis is poor.
- No predictive biomarker chooses among the three first-line immunotherapy regimens; PD-L1, TMB and viral aetiology are weak.
- Second-line therapy after immunotherapy failure is extrapolated from the sorafenib era; no dedicated phase 3 has read out.
- TACE combinations prolong PFS but not (yet) OS; sequencing local and systemic therapy is unresolved.
- Adjuvant therapy after curative resection remains unproven; recurrence is ~70% at five years.
- Surveillance uptake is below 25% and ultrasound misses early tumours in obese, steatotic livers; MASLD-HCC often arises without cirrhosis.
- Immunotherapy in transplant candidates risks rejection; safe washout intervals are undefined.
- Child-Pugh B patients are excluded from almost every trial yet make up a large share of real-world patients.
- Global inequity: most cases occur in Asia and Africa, where HBV vaccination, HCV treatment and systemic therapy access are uneven.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma

## Connected records

- pairings: [Caution: bevacizumab-based regimens with untreated varices](https://onco.cc/pairings/io-varices-caution/), [PD-1 blockade + VEGF inhibition](https://onco.cc/pairings/io-plus-vegf/), [TACE + immunotherapy/anti-VEGF](https://onco.cc/pairings/tace-plus-systemic/)
- technologies: [Alcohol reduction, pricing and cancer warning labels](https://onco.cc/technologies/alcohol-reduction-labelling/), [Anti-angiogenic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/antiangiogenic/), [Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/technologies/bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [Carbon-ion synchrotrons and facilities](https://onco.cc/technologies/carbon-ion-synchrotrons/), [Coffee and tea intake](https://onco.cc/technologies/coffee-intake-cancer/), [CT body composition and sarcopenia measurement](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct-body-composition-sarcopenia/), [CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/cyberknife/), [Dual-energy and spectral CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/dual-energy-spectral-ct/), [Elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound-elastography-ceus/), [Electrochemotherapy devices (Cliniporator)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electrochemotherapy-devices/), [FAPI PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/fapi-pet/), [Focused ultrasound & histotripsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hifu-histotripsy/), [Global oncology and access in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/technologies/global-oncology-access/), [GLP-1 receptor agonists and obesity-related cancer risk](https://onco.cc/technologies/glp1-agonists-cancer-risk/), [Hand-held and point-of-care ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/hand-held-ultrasound/), [HCC surveillance in cirrhosis (ultrasound + AFP)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hcc-surveillance/), [Histotripsy as an immune primer](https://onco.cc/technologies/histotripsy-immune-priming/), [HPV & HBV vaccination](https://onco.cc/technologies/hpv-vaccine/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/), [Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liver-transplant-oncology/), [Mediterranean and plant-forward dietary patterns](https://onco.cc/technologies/mediterranean-plant-forward-diet/), [Microwave and radiofrequency ablation systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/microwave-rf-ablation/), [Multi-cancer early detection (MCED)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mced/), [Photon-counting CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/photon-counting-ct/), [Quantitative imaging biomarkers (RECIST, PERCIST, SUV, ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/quantitative-imaging-biomarkers/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/), [Respiratory gating and tumour tracking systems (RPM, ABC, Calypso, Synchrony)](https://onco.cc/technologies/respiratory-gating-tumour-tracking-systems/), [Respiratory motion management (4D-CT, gating, breath-hold, tracking)](https://onco.cc/technologies/respiratory-motion-management/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tace/), [Ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened drinks](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultra-processed-food-ssb/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/), [X-ray radiography and fluoroscopy](https://onco.cc/technologies/x-ray-radiography-fluoroscopy/)
- targets: [ACVR2A](https://onco.cc/targets/acvr2a/), [AFF4](https://onco.cc/targets/aff4/), [AKAP9](https://onco.cc/targets/akap9/), [APC](https://onco.cc/targets/apc/), [ARID1A](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1a/), [ARID1B](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1b/), [ARID2](https://onco.cc/targets/arid2/), [AXIN1](https://onco.cc/targets/axin1/), [AXL](https://onco.cc/targets/axl/), [BAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/bap1/), [BIRC6](https://onco.cc/targets/birc6/), [BRD7](https://onco.cc/targets/brd7/), [CACNA1D](https://onco.cc/targets/cacna1d/), [CARD11](https://onco.cc/targets/card11/), [CD44](https://onco.cc/targets/cd44/), [CDH11](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh11/), [CDK9](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk9/), [CDKN1A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1a/), [CDKN1B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1b/), [CEACAM1](https://onco.cc/targets/ceacam1/), [CIC](https://onco.cc/targets/cic/), [CLTC](https://onco.cc/targets/cltc/), [CLTCL1](https://onco.cc/targets/cltcl1/), [CRAF (RAF1)](https://onco.cc/targets/raf1/), [CREBBP](https://onco.cc/targets/crebbp/), [CSMD3](https://onco.cc/targets/csmd3/), [CTLA-4](https://onco.cc/targets/ctla4/), [CTNNA2](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnna2/), [CTNNB1](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnnb1/), [DCC](https://onco.cc/targets/dcc/), [DHX9](https://onco.cc/targets/dhx9/), [EPHA7](https://onco.cc/targets/epha7/), [FAP](https://onco.cc/targets/fap/), [FAT4](https://onco.cc/targets/fat4/), [FBLN2](https://onco.cc/targets/fbln2/), [FGF19](https://onco.cc/targets/fgf19/), [FGF3](https://onco.cc/targets/fgf3/), [FGF4](https://onco.cc/targets/fgf4/), [FGFR4](https://onco.cc/targets/fgfr4/), [FRK kinase](https://onco.cc/targets/frk/), [FUS](https://onco.cc/targets/fus/), [GALNT14](https://onco.cc/targets/galnt14/), [Glypican-3](https://onco.cc/targets/gpc3/), [GMPS](https://onco.cc/targets/gmps/), [GNAQ](https://onco.cc/targets/gnaq/), [GNAS](https://onco.cc/targets/gnas/), [HNF1A](https://onco.cc/targets/hnf1a/), [HNRNPA2B1](https://onco.cc/targets/hnrnpa2b1/), [IL6ST](https://onco.cc/targets/il6st/), [IL7R](https://onco.cc/targets/il7r/), [KDM6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm6a/), [KEAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/keap1/), [KIF23](https://onco.cc/targets/kif23/), [KLF4](https://onco.cc/targets/klf4/), [KMT2B](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2b/), [KNL1](https://onco.cc/targets/knl1/), [LEF1](https://onco.cc/targets/lef1/), [LZTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/lztr1/), [MAP2K4](https://onco.cc/targets/map2k4/), [MAP3K1](https://onco.cc/targets/map3k1/), [MAPK1](https://onco.cc/targets/mapk1/), [MET](https://onco.cc/targets/met/), [MUC6](https://onco.cc/targets/muc6/), [MYO5A](https://onco.cc/targets/myo5a/), [N4BP2](https://onco.cc/targets/n4bp2/), [NBEA](https://onco.cc/targets/nbea/), [NCOR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor2/), [NEDD9](https://onco.cc/targets/nedd9/), [NF2](https://onco.cc/targets/nf2/), [NFE2L2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfe2l2/), [PABPC1](https://onco.cc/targets/pabpc1/), [PBLD](https://onco.cc/targets/pbld/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [PMS2](https://onco.cc/targets/pms2/), [PNPLA3](https://onco.cc/targets/pnpla3/), [PRDM2](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm2/), [PREX2](https://onco.cc/targets/prex2/), [PRKACA](https://onco.cc/targets/prkaca/), [PROM1](https://onco.cc/targets/prom1/), [PTPN6](https://onco.cc/targets/ptpn6/), [PTPRC](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprc/), [PTPRT](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprt/), [RANBP2](https://onco.cc/targets/ranbp2/), [RB1](https://onco.cc/targets/rb1/), [RGPD3](https://onco.cc/targets/rgpd3/), [ROBO2](https://onco.cc/targets/robo2/), [RPL22](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl22/), [RPS6KA3](https://onco.cc/targets/rps6ka3/), [RUNX1T1](https://onco.cc/targets/runx1t1/), [SDHA](https://onco.cc/targets/sdha/), [SETDB1](https://onco.cc/targets/setdb1/), [SF3B1](https://onco.cc/targets/sf3b1/), [TAL1](https://onco.cc/targets/tal1/), [TCF7L2](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf7l2/), [TET1](https://onco.cc/targets/tet1/), [TFG](https://onco.cc/targets/tfg/), [TIE2 receptor (TEK)](https://onco.cc/targets/tie2/), [TPR](https://onco.cc/targets/tpr/), [TSC1](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc1/), [TSC2](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc2/), [USP6](https://onco.cc/targets/usp6/), [USP8](https://onco.cc/targets/usp8/), [USP9X](https://onco.cc/targets/usp9x/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [VEGFC](https://onco.cc/targets/vegfc/), [WNK2](https://onco.cc/targets/wnk2/), [ZFHX3](https://onco.cc/targets/zfhx3/), [ZNF429](https://onco.cc/targets/znf429/), [ZNF521](https://onco.cc/targets/znf521/)
- companies: [Abbisko Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/abbisko/), [Altay Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/altay-therapeutics/), [AngioDynamics](https://onco.cc/companies/angiodynamics/), [Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/ascentawits-pharmaceuticals/), [Ascletis Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/ascletis/), [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group](https://onco.cc/companies/agitg/), [Bayer](https://onco.cc/companies/bayer/), [BioInvent International](https://onco.cc/companies/bioinvent-international/), [Boston Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/boston-scientific/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Butterfly Network](https://onco.cc/companies/butterfly-network/), [Can-Fite BioPharma](https://onco.cc/companies/can-fite/), [Captor Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/captor-therapeutics/), [CatalYm](https://onco.cc/companies/catalym/), [Eisai](https://onco.cc/companies/eisai/), [Elevar Therapeutics (HLB)](https://onco.cc/companies/elevar-therapeutics/), [Eli Lilly (incl. Loxo)](https://onco.cc/companies/eli-lilly/), [Eureka Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/eureka-therapeutics/), [Exelixis](https://onco.cc/companies/exelixis/), [GC Cell](https://onco.cc/companies/gc-cell/), [Geneos Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/geneos-therapeutics/), [GI Innovation](https://onco.cc/companies/gi-innovation/), [GV20 Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/gv20-therapeutics/), [Helio Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/helio-genomics/), [Humane Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/humane-genomics/), [Immunitor](https://onco.cc/companies/immunitor/), [Immunovaccine (IMV)](https://onco.cc/companies/immunovaccine/), [Imunon](https://onco.cc/companies/imunon/), [Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/hengrui/), [Korean Cancer Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/kcsg/), [Lepu Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/lepu-biopharma/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Nanjing Leads Biolabs](https://onco.cc/companies/nanjing-leads-biolabs/), [Polaris Group](https://onco.cc/companies/polaris-group/), [Quantum Surgical](https://onco.cc/companies/quantum-surgical/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [Shanghai AbelZeta](https://onco.cc/companies/shanghai-abelzeta/), [Sirtex Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/sirtex/), [TaiRx](https://onco.cc/companies/tairx/), [Teclison](https://onco.cc/companies/teclison/), [Tyra Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/tyra-biosciences/), [ViewRay (MRIdian)](https://onco.cc/companies/viewray/), [XACT Robotics](https://onco.cc/companies/xact-robotics/)
- institutions: [Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals](https://onco.cc/institutions/addenbrookes-cambridge/), [Asan Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/asan-medical-center/), [Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre / CRUK Scotland Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/beatson-glasgow/), [Belfast Health and Social Care Trust HPB service](https://onco.cc/institutions/belfast-trust-hpb/), [Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra / CIMA](https://onco.cc/institutions/cun-navarra/), [Chang Gung Memorial Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/chang-gung-memorial-hospital/), [Chinese PLA General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pla-general-hospital/), [Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/csco/), [Chulabhorn Hospital / Chulabhorn Royal Academy](https://onco.cc/institutions/chulabhorn-hospital/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-tuebingen/), [Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth](https://onco.cc/institutions/derriford-plymouth/), [Dharmais National Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dharmais-cancer-hospital/), [First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysu-first-affiliated-hospital/), [Fox Chase Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/fox-chase/), [Gates Foundation](https://onco.cc/institutions/gates-foundation/), [Glasgow Royal Infirmary](https://onco.cc/institutions/glasgow-royal-infirmary/), [Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/gunma-heavy-ion-medical-center/), [Gustave Roussy](https://onco.cc/institutions/gustave-roussy/), [Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcmc-oncology-hospital/), [Hokkaido University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hokkaido-university-hospital/), [Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/), [Institut Pasteur](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-pasteur/), [IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/humanitas/), [Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale](https://onco.cc/institutions/pascale-naples/), [Kindai University Faculty of Medicine and Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kindai-university-hospital/), [King's College Hospital, London](https://onco.cc/institutions/kings-college-hospital-london/), [Korle Bu Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/korle-bu-teaching-hospital/), [Kyushu University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyushu-university-hospital/), [Liverpool University Hospitals HPB centre (Aintree)](https://onco.cc/institutions/liverpool-hpb-centre/), [Manchester Royal Infirmary HPB Unit](https://onco.cc/institutions/manchester-royal-infirmary/), [Mayo Clinic](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [Morriston Hospital, Swansea](https://onco.cc/institutions/morriston-swansea/), [National Cancer Center Korea](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-korea/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National Cancer Institute, Cairo University](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-cairo/), [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [Osaka International Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/osaka-international-cancer-institute/), [Prince of Wales Hospital / Chinese University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/prince-of-wales-hospital-cuhk/), [QST Hospital (National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/qst-hospital/), [Queen Mary Hospital / University of Hong Kong](https://onco.cc/institutions/queen-mary-hospital-hku/), [Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://onco.cc/institutions/renji-hospital/), [Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-infirmary-edinburgh/), [Seoul National University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/snuh/), [Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/siriraj-hospital/), [Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysucc/), [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/taipei-veterans-general-hospital/), [Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology](https://onco.cc/institutions/tongji-hospital-wuhan/), [Uganda Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uganda-cancer-institute/), [University Hospital Düsseldorf / CIO Düsseldorf](https://onco.cc/institutions/uk-duesseldorf/), [University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-hospital-wales-cardiff/), [University of Hawai'i Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hawaii-cancer-center/), [Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (K Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/k-hospital-hanoi/), [Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/)
- pathways: [Hepatocellular carcinoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/hepatocellular-carcinoma-signalling/), [Lipid synthesis, uptake & cholesterol](https://onco.cc/pathways/lipid-metabolism-cancer/), [Oncogenic viruses](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/), [The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels](https://onco.cc/pathways/angiogenic-switch/), [VEGF angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/), [Wnt / β-catenin](https://onco.cc/pathways/wnt/)
- terms: [Alcohol-attributable cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/alcohol-attributable-cancer/), [Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)](https://onco.cc/terms/afp/), [BCLC staging](https://onco.cc/terms/bclc-staging/), [Child-Pugh and ALBI liver-function scores](https://onco.cc/terms/child-pugh-albi/), [Child-Pugh score](https://onco.cc/terms/child-pugh/), [Cirrhosis](https://onco.cc/terms/cirrhosis/), [Dosimetry](https://onco.cc/terms/dosimetry/), [Downstaging and conversion therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/downstaging/), [Fiducial markers](https://onco.cc/terms/fiducial-markers/), [Hepatectomy (liver resection)](https://onco.cc/terms/hepatectomy/), [Hepatitis B and C as cancer causes](https://onco.cc/terms/hbv-hcv/), [Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)](https://onco.cc/terms/liver-directed-therapy/), [Malignant pleural effusion and ascites](https://onco.cc/terms/pleural-effusion/), [Mechanical theory: stiffness, pressure and force as causes](https://onco.cc/terms/mechanical-theory-of-cancer/), [Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance](https://onco.cc/terms/metabolic-syndrome/), [Microenvironment and inflammation: tumours as wounds that do not heal](https://onco.cc/terms/microenvironment-inflammation-theory/), [Microwave ablation (MWA)](https://onco.cc/terms/microwave-ablation/), [Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)](https://onco.cc/terms/obesity-related-cancers/), [Portal vein tumour thrombus (macrovascular invasion)](https://onco.cc/terms/portal-vein-tumour-thrombus/), [Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)](https://onco.cc/terms/radiofrequency-ablation/), [Resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable](https://onco.cc/terms/resectability/), [TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/tace-term/), [TARE / SIRT (radioembolisation with yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/terms/tare/), [Tumour marker](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-marker/)
- trials: [4SC-201 (Resminostat) and Sorafenib in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00943449/), [A Phase 1 and 2 Study of VMD-102 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07636785/), [A Phase 1/2 Study of BGB-B2033, Alone or in Combination With Tislelizumab With or Without Bevacizumab, in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Sol](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06427941/), [A Phase I/II Study of AST-3424 in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06239155/), [A Phase I/II Study to Evaluate AZD5851 in GPC3+ Advanced/Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06084884/), [A Phase Ib/II Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of HH-009 for the Treatment of FGF19-positive Advanced or Unresectable HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07547553/), [A Phase II Clinical Study of AK104/AK112 in Combination With TT-00420 Tablet for Advanced HCC.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07052253/), [A Phase II Clinical Study to Evaluate HLX43 in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic HCC Failed or Intolerance to Standard Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06742892/), [A Phase II/III Trial Comparing Transarterial Tirapazamine Embolization (TATE) With cTACE for Intermediate-stage Liver Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06844357/), [A Phase IIa, Single-arm, Open-label Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and PK of CVM-1118 in Combination With Sintilimab and TACE in Part](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07521852/), [A Phase III Study of AK104 as Adjuvant Therapy in HCC With High Risk of Recurrence After Curative Resection](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05489289/), [A Study Evaluating Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab, With or Without Tiragolumab, in Participants With Untreated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Hepatocell](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05904886/), [A Study Evaluating Atezolizumab, With or Without Bevacizumab, in Participants With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Child-pugh B7 and B8 Cirr](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06096779/), [A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Immunotherapy-Based Treatment Combinations in Patients With Advanced Liver Cancers (Morpheus-Li](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04524871/), [A Study of AK104+Lenvatinib in Combination With Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Versus TACE in Participants With Incurable/Non-metastatic Hepat](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06371157/), [A Study of AK112 in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06530251/), [A Study of Durvalumab or Tremelimumab Monotherapy, or Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab or Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02519348/), [A Study of E7386 in Combination With Other Anticancer Drug(s) in Participants With Solid Tumor](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04008797/), [A Study of Nivolumab in Participants With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Are at High Risk of Recurrence After Curative Hepatic Resection or Ablation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03383458/), [A Study of Nofazinlimab (CS1003) in Subjects With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04194775/), [A Study of PTX-9908 Injection for Non-resectable HCC with TACE](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03812874/), [A Study of TACE Combined With Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab or TACE Alone in Patients With Untreated Heaptocellular Carcionma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04712643/), [A Study of TACE Combined With Camrelizumab Plus Rivoceranib (Apatinib) in Patients With Incurable Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05320692/), [A Study of TTI-101 as Monotherapy and in Combination in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic, and Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05440708/), [A Study to Assess the Dose, Adverse Events, and Change in Disease Activity of Livmoniplimab as an Intravenous (IV) Solution in Combination With Budigalimab as an IV Solution in Adult Participants With Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06109272/), [A Study to Evaluate C-CAR031 in Glypican-3 (GPC3)+ Advanced/Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06590246/), [A Study to Evaluate Camrelizumab Plus Rivoceranib (Apatinib) as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) at High Risk of Recur](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04639180/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of IBI310 and Sintilimab Combination Therapy in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma as First-line Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07490262/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Therapeutic Activity of GI-102 As a Single Agent and in Combination with Conventional Anti-cancer Drugs, Pembrolizu](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05824975/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Pumitamig Alone or In Combination With Ipilimumab in Participants With First-Line Advanced or Unres](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07291076/), [A Study to Explore the Reasonable Dosage and Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of HLX10 and HLX04 with or Without HLX53 in Untreated, Locally Advanced or Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06349980/), [A Trial of Casdozokitug in Combination With Toripalimab Plus Bevacizumab in Participants With Unresectable and/or Locally Advanced or Metastatic Hepat](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06679985/), [A US Study to Evaluate Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) in Combination With Durvalumab and Bevacizumab Therapy in People With Unresectable Hepat](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06040099/), [ABSK-011+BSC vs. Placebo+BSC in Previously Treated Advanced HCC With FGF19 Overexpression](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07327034/), [ABX196 in Combination With Nivolumab in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03897543/), [Anlotinib Hydrochloride Capsules Combined With Penpulimab Injection for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma at High Risk of Recurrence.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05862337/), [Applicability of 3D-HDRA in Patients With Primary Liver Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05701436/), [Applicability of PDOX in Patients With Primary Liver Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05766605/), [Assess Efficacy and Safety of Durvalumab Alone or Combined With Bevacizumab in High Risk of Recurrence HCC Patients After Curative Treatment](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03847428/), [BI-1910 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06205706/), [BOXR1030 T Cells in Subjects With Advanced GPC3-Positive Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05120271/), [CARES-310](https://onco.cc/trials/cares-310/), [CELESTIAL](https://onco.cc/trials/celestial/), [CheckMate 9DW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-9dw/), [Cisplatin With or Without Sodium Thiosulfate in Treating Young Patients With Stage I, II, or III Childhood Liver Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00652132/), [Combination of TATE and PD-1 Inhibitor in Liver Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03259867/), [CVM-1118 in Combination With Nivolumab for Unresectable Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05257590/), [Dose-defining Study of Tirapazamine Combined With Embolization in Liver Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02174549/), [Dual-Target GPC3/B7-H3 CAR-NK Cells for Advanced HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07500220/), [Durvalumab and Tremelimumab as First Line Treatment in Participants With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05883644/), [Durvalumab and Tremelimumab With Lenvatinib as First-line Treatment in Patients With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07081633/), [Durvalumab Plus Tremelimumab as First-line Treatment in Chinese Patients With uHCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05557838/), [Efficacy and Safety of Activated T Lymphocytes (ATL) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05304481/), [EMERALD-1](https://onco.cc/trials/emerald-1/), [EMERALD-3](https://onco.cc/trials/emerald-3/), [Endovascular Brachytherapy Combined With Stent Placement and TACE for HCC With Main Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02971345/), [ET140203 T Cells in Pediatric Subjects With Hepatoblastoma, HCN-NOS, or Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04634357/), [Evaluation of 11 C-Choline PET-CT for Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01377220/), [First in Human Study to Evaluate AZD9793 in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06795022/), [GKL-006 Injection Plus TACE Versus TACE Alone in Patients With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07209813/), [GPC3-Targeted T-Cell Therapy (ECT204) in Adults With Advanced HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04864054/), [HAIC Plus H101 vs HAIC Alone for Unresectable HCC at BCLC A-B](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03780049/), [HIMALAYA](https://onco.cc/trials/himalaya/), [IMbrave050](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave050/), [IMbrave150](https://onco.cc/trials/imbrave150/), [LEAP-002](https://onco.cc/trials/leap-002/), [LEAP-012](https://onco.cc/trials/leap-012/), [Liver Resection Versus Transarterial Chemoembolization for the Treatment of Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02755311/), [Low-dose olanzapine for cancer anorexia (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/olanzapine-appetite-tmh/), [MRG006A Combination Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Phase I/II)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07479485/), [Namodenoson in the Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Child-Pugh Class B7 Cirrhosis](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05201404/), [Neoadjuvant Cemiplimab for the Treatment of Resectable NSCLC, HCC, and HNSCC in Adult Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03916627/), [NHS-Galleri](https://onco.cc/trials/nhs-galleri/), [NWRD06 DNA Plasmid for HCC After Curative Resection.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07324304/), [Ori-C101Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Modified T Cells for the Treatment of HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05652920/), [ORIENT-32](https://onco.cc/trials/orient-32/), [Phase Ib/II Trial of Envafolimab Plus Lenvatinib for Subjects With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05024214/), [Phase IIb Study of AST-3424 in Patients With AKR1C3-high Expressing Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07310173/), [Phase III Study of Rilvegostomig in Combination With Bevacizumab With or Without Tremelimumab as First-line Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06921785/), [REACH-2](https://onco.cc/trials/reach-2/), [REFLECT](https://onco.cc/trials/reflect/), [RESORCE](https://onco.cc/trials/resorce/), [SARAH and SIRveNIB](https://onco.cc/trials/sarah-sirvenib/), [SHARP](https://onco.cc/trials/sharp/), [SL-28 for Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07341737/), [Sodium Thiosulfate in Preventing Hearing Loss in Young Patients Receiving Cisplatin for Newly Diagnosed Germ Cell Tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Osteosarcoma, or Other Malignancy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00716976/), [Study of ADI-PEG 20 Versus Placebo in Subjects With High Arginine Level and Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05317819/), [Study of an Immunotherapeutic, DPX-Survivac, in Combination With Low Dose Cyclophosphamide & Pembrolizumab, in Subjects With Selected Advanced & Recur](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03836352/), [Study of Cabozantinib in Combination With Atezolizumab Versus Sorafenib in Participants With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Who Have Not Rece](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03755791/), [Study of DECOY20 With or Without Tislelizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05651022/), [Study of GV20-0251 in Participants With Solid Tumor Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07070518/), [Study of Novel Immunomodulators as Monotherapy and in Combination With Anticancer Agents in Participants With Advanced Hepatobiliary Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05775159/), [Study of RP2 in Combination With Second-line Therapy in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05733598/), [Study of the Theranostic Pair RYZ811 (Diagnostic) and RYZ801 (Therapeutic) to Identify and Treat Subjects With GPC3+ (Glypican-3) Unresectable HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06726161/), [Study of ZG005 Combined With Bevacizumab Versus Sintilimab Combined With Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06558227/), [Study to Evaluate Adverse Events, and Change in Disease Activity, When Intravenously (IV) Infused With Livmoniplimab in Combination With IV Infused Bu](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05822752/), [Symbiotic-GI-13: A Study to Learn About Study Medicine Called PF-08634404 as a Single Treatment and Combination Treatment in Adult Participants With a](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07227012/), [TheraSphere With Durvalumab and Tremelimumab for HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05063565/), [Thermal Ablation Combined With Anlotinib and TQB2450 Solution for HCC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04665609/), [To Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of FB-1603 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient Receiving Transarterial Chemoembolization](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06478719/), [Transarterial Chemoembolization Compared With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy or Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Residual or Recurrent Liver Cancer Undergone Initial Transarterial Chemoembolization](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02762266/), [Visugromab, Nivolumab and Lenvatinib Compared to Double Placebo and Lenvatinib in Unresectable or Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Post Anti-PD-(L)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07219459/), [Yttrium Y 90 Glass Microspheres and Capecitabine in Treating Patients With Liver Cholangiocarcinoma or Liver Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00858429/), [ZGDH3 (donafenib vs sorafenib)](https://onco.cc/trials/zgdh3/)
- people: [Alan P. Venook](https://onco.cc/people/alan-venook/), [Andrew X. Zhu](https://onco.cc/people/andrew-zhu/), [Ann-Lii Cheng](https://onco.cc/people/ann-lii-cheng/), [Armando Santoro](https://onco.cc/people/armando-santoro/), [Audre Lorde](https://onco.cc/people/audre-lorde/), [Bruno Sangro](https://onco.cc/people/bruno-sangro/), [Francisco Berrospi Espinoza](https://onco.cc/people/francisco-berrospi-espinoza/), [Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa](https://onco.cc/people/ghassan-abou-alfa/), [Hassan Malik](https://onco.cc/people/hassan-malik/), [Ho Yeong Lim](https://onco.cc/people/lim-ho-yeong/), [Ignacio Melero](https://onco.cc/people/ignacio-melero/), [Igor Kiss](https://onco.cc/people/igor-kiss/), [Jia Fan](https://onco.cc/people/fan-jia/), [Jordi Bruix](https://onco.cc/people/jordi-bruix/), [Josep M. Llovet](https://onco.cc/people/josep-llovet/), [Kenneth K. Tanabe](https://onco.cc/people/kenneth-tanabe/), [Lars Zender](https://onco.cc/people/lars-zender/), [Masatoshi Kudo](https://onco.cc/people/masatoshi-kudo/), [Miriam Merad](https://onco.cc/people/miriam-merad/), [Richard S. Finn](https://onco.cc/people/richard-finn/), [Robin Kate Kelley](https://onco.cc/people/robin-kate-kelley/), [Shukui Qin](https://onco.cc/people/qin-shukui/), [Sung-Gyu Lee](https://onco.cc/people/lee-sung-gyu/), [Theodore S. Hong](https://onco.cc/people/theodore-hong/), [Theodore S. Lawrence](https://onco.cc/people/theodore-lawrence/), [Thomas U. Marron](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-marron/), [Yuman Fong](https://onco.cc/people/yuman-fong/), [Zonghai Li](https://onco.cc/people/li-zonghai/)
- key papers: [Alcohol caused an estimated 741,000 cancers worldwide in 2020](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alcohol-cancer-burden-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Allemani 2018: CONCORD-3, global surveillance of cancer survival 2000 to 2014](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-allemani-concord-3-lancet-2018/), [Calle 2003: overweight, obesity and death from cancer in 900,000 US adults](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-calle-obesity-cancer-mortality-nejm-2003/), [Chen 2016: Cancer statistics in China, 2015](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-cancer-statistics-china-2015-cacancer-2016/), [Coussens and Werb 2002: inflammation and cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002/), [Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991/), [IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/), [IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab replaces sorafenib as first treatment for advanced liver cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imbrave150-nejm-2020/), [Performance of a multi-cancer early detection test in the randomized controlled NHS-Galleri trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026/), [Rahib 2014: projecting US cancer incidence and deaths to 2030](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rahib-projecting-cancer-deaths-2030-cancerres-2014/)
- journals: [Clinical colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-colorectal-cancer/), [Journal of gastrointestinal cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer/), [Tumour virus research](https://onco.cc/journals/tumour-virus-research/)
- drugs: [ADG126](https://onco.cc/drugs/adg126/), [ADI-PEG20](https://onco.cc/drugs/adi-peg20/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [AZD9793](https://onco.cc/drugs/azd9793/), [Bevacizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/bevacizumab/), [Budigalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/budigalimab/), [Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [Camrelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab/), [Camrelizumab + rivoceranib](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab-rivoceranib/), [Cobolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobolimab/), [Donafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/donafenib/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Ethiodized oil](https://onco.cc/drugs/ethiodized-oil/), [Floxuridine](https://onco.cc/drugs/floxuridine/), [IBI310](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibi310/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [Ivonescimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivonescimab/), [JK08](https://onco.cc/drugs/jk08/), [Lenvatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenvatinib/), [Livmoniplimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/livmoniplimab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [PF-08634404](https://onco.cc/drugs/pf-08634404/), [Ramucirumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ramucirumab/), [Regorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/regorafenib/), [Rivoceranib (apatinib)](https://onco.cc/drugs/rivoceranib/), [Sintilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sintilimab/), [Sorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sorafenib/), [Tislelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tislelizumab/), [Tremelimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tremelimumab/)
- ideas: [A delivery-science moonshot for prevention we already own](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-prevention-moonshot/), [A Global Fund for cancer care in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-global-cancer-fund/), [A pragmatic trial of statins to prevent liver cancer in people with cirrhosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-statin-hcc-prevention-trial/), [A ten-dollar blood test for the five cancers that kill most people in poorer countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-lmic-five-cancer-methylation-test/), [A trial of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs with cancer as the primary outcome](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-glp1-cancer-prevention-rct/), [Blood-based HCC surveillance to replace six-monthly ultrasound](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-hcc-blood-surveillance/), [Burden-matched funding for trials led in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-lmic-burden-match/), [Burden-weighted portfolio targets for every major cancer funder](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-burden-weighted-portfolio/), [Cancer warnings on alcohol labels, evaluated as a natural experiment](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-alcohol-cancer-warning-labels/), [Cure hepatitis C in prisons and drug services, and enrol the cured in liver cancer surveillance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hcv-test-treat-surveillance-linkage/), [Device-agnostic public trials of ablation technologies against surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-ablation-versus-surgery-trials/), [Eliminate infection-caused cancers: HPV, hepatitis B and C, H. pylori and EBV](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-eliminate-infection-cancers/), [Evaluate alcohol minimum unit pricing against cancer incidence](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-alcohol-minimum-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Every routine CT scan checked by AI for early cancer signs, with a tracked follow-up pathway](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-opportunistic-ct-ai-registry/), [Immunotherapy downstaging to transplant with a safe washout](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-hcc-io-before-transplant/), [In vivo CAR-T against solid-tumour antigens](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-in-vivo-car-solid/), [Keep a freshly removed tumour alive on a pump and test drugs in it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-ex-vivo-perfused-tumour/), [Kidney and liver impairment dosing studies completed before approval, not years after](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-organ-impairment-pk-before-approval/), [Link bariatric and GLP-1 registries to cancer registries in every country that has both](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-bariatric-cancer-registry-linkage/), [Mechanically pulverise one tumour with ultrasound to wake the immune system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-histotripsy-immune-priming/), [Minimum alcohol pricing evaluated with cancer endpoints](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-minimum-unit-pricing-cancer-endpoints/), [Replace six-monthly ultrasound with a blood test for liver cancer in cirrhosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hcc-blood-surveillance-cirrhosis/), [Treat everyone with chronic hepatitis B to prevent liver cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-hbv-treat-all-hcc/)
- collections: [CSCO guidelines (China)](https://onco.cc/collections/csco-guidelines/), [Japanese oncology guidelines (JSMO, JSCO and organ societies)](https://onco.cc/collections/jsmo-jsco-guidelines/), [UK specialist HPB cancer centres](https://onco.cc/collections/uk-hpb-specialist-centres/)
- bottlenecks: [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Pain relief and palliative care are unavailable to most](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-palliative/), [Prevention we already have is not deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/), [The hardest cancers are found late](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-early-detection/), [Trials do not represent the people who get cancer](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-trial-diversity/)
- cancers: [Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc-advanced/), [Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc-early/), [Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc-intermediate/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/hcc.json