# IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)

Source: https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/  
OnCo record `imrt-igrt` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.

## Summary

Intensity-modulated and volumetric arc therapy shape the radiation dose using multi-leaf collimators that vary beam intensity from multiple angles around the patient, while image guidance with cone-beam CT verifies patient position before each fraction. Together they are the default for most curative radiotherapy, giving conformal dose to the tumour with fewer side effects. Hypofractionation, meaning fewer, larger doses, is now standard in breast and prostate cancer and saves patients many visits. The remaining drawbacks are the low-dose bath spread across normal tissue from many beam angles and the need for motion management in moving targets. Adaptive replanning and MR-guidance are the next step, adjusting the plan to daily anatomy. Photons are low-LET and have RBE 1 by definition. Hypofractionation with IMRT is an alpha/beta bet; choosing protons instead of IMRT is an LET/RBE bet. The simple version is radiation sculpted to the tumour and checked with imaging every day.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Status: standard-of-care
- Last checked: 2026-09-17
- Principle: Multi-leaf collimators modulate beam intensity from many angles; cone-beam CT verifies position before each fraction.
- Strengths: Conformal dose, fewer side effects; Hypofractionation saves visits
- Limitations: Low-dose bath to normal tissue; Motion management

## Sources

- ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (New England Journal of Medicine 2024): https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2404873
- PACIFIC: a year of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for stage III lung cancer (New England Journal of Medicine 2017): https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709937

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22033-26033](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22033/), [EORTC 22863](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22863/), [EORTC 22881-10882 (boost against no boost)](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22881-boost/), [EORTC 22911](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22911/), [EORTC 22922/10925](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22922/), [EORTC 22961](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22961/), [EORTC 22991](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-22991/), [EORTC 26951](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-26951/), [EORTC 26981 / NCIC CE.3 (Stupp trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-26981/), [EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-h10/), [Epacadostat (INCB024360) Added to Preoperative Chemoradiation in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03516708/), [ESPAC-5](https://onco.cc/trials/espac-5/), [EuroNet-PHL-C2](https://onco.cc/trials/euronet-phl-c2/), [FAPI-Guided Radiotherapy With Cadonilimab and Standard Chemotherapy for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastasis: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial (TORHC-PM02)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07815834/), [FAST (5-fraction whole-breast radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/trials/fast-trial/), [FAST-Forward](https://onco.cc/trials/fast-forward/), [FOLFOX, Botensilimab, and Balstilimab for the Treatment of Localized Rectal Cancer Before Surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06780787/), [GEMSTONE-301](https://onco.cc/trials/gemstone-301/), [GETUG-AFU 16](https://onco.cc/trials/getug-afu-16/), [GETUG-AFU 17](https://onco.cc/trials/getug-afu-17/), [Hippocampal-Sparing Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Pathologically Nodal Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02448992/), [HORRAD](https://onco.cc/trials/horrad/), [Hypofractionated Radiotherapy +Chemotherapy+ Camrelizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06435260/), [Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Combined With NALIRIF, PD-1 Antibody in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer(NOVELTY-R)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07183865/), [Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Plus Immunotherapy Versus Conventional Radiotherapy in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06928584/), [Hypofractionated Versus Conventional Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Consolidative Immunotherapy in Locally Advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07052669/), [IELSG37](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg37/), [Immunonutrition Reduces Acute Esophagitis After Thoracic Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06840704/), [IMPORT LOW](https://onco.cc/trials/import-low/), [Induction Chemotherapy for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04389086/), [InPACT](https://onco.cc/trials/inpact/), [INT-0116 (Macdonald trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/int-0116/), [Interest of Early Erectile Rehabilitation With Sildenafil After Radiotherapy and Proctectomy for Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06123156/), [Intergroup 0096 (Turrisi): twice-daily versus once-daily thoracic radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/turrisi-intergroup-0096/), [INTERLACE](https://onco.cc/trials/interlace/), [International Watch & Wait Database](https://onco.cc/trials/iwwd/), [Involve-site Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07161115/), [Iparomlimab/Tuvonralimab Integrating With Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (IT-TNT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07026422/), [JAVELIN Head and Neck 100](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-hn-100/), [KEYNOTE-689](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-689/), [KEYNOTE-A18 / ENGOT-cx11 / GOG-3047](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-a18/), [KORTUC (KRC-01) Plus Radiotherapy for Organ Preservation in Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07622017/), [LAP07](https://onco.cc/trials/lap07/), [LDRT Combined With Pucotenlimab and Standard Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Single-Arm Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07312422/), [Liposomal Irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil/Calcium Folinate, Oxaliplatin, and Adebrelimab in Combination With Radiotherapy for Resectable or Borderline Resectable Pan](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07542002/), [Liposomal Irinotecan, Capecitabine and Enlonstobart With Short-Course Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07281157/), [Long-course Chemoradiotherapy or Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CAPOX, PD-1antibody, and COX-2 Inhibitor for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (SERRAC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07150949/), [Lorlatinib Compared with Concurrent/ Sequential Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III ALK Positive Lung Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06858410/), [Low-Dose Radiotherapy to Sensitize Pucotenlimab Plus CAPEOX for pMMR Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07448142/), [Lung ART](https://onco.cc/trials/lung-art/), [Lung Functional Avoidance Radiotherapy Using Hyperpolarized Xenon MRI](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07355231/), [Lvosidenib (AK112) Combined With CapeOX and Radiotherapy in Patients With Unresectable Metastatic MSS-type Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06593548/), [mFOLFIRINOX Plus Radiotherapy to Patients With CA19-9-normal Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06149689/), [mFOLFIRINOX Plus Radiotherapy to Patients With CA19-9-normal Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Refractory to Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06249321/), [Modified Long-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor for MSS/pMMR High-risk Mid/Low LARC (MODIFI-RC-I)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06923345/), [Modified Sandwich Therapeutic Regimen for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05228431/), [Multicenter, Phase II Randomized Controlled Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Chemotherapy and Concurrent Low-Dose Radiotherapy (LDRT) for the Treatment of Ext](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06610734/), [NALIRIFOX Combined With PD-1 Sequential Radiotherapy Versus NALIRIFOX as Conversion Therapy of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06669078/), [NBTXR3 With Radiation Therapy Alone for Locally-advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07224152/), [NCIC MA.20](https://onco.cc/trials/ma-20/), [Neo-adjuvant Pembrolizumab and Radiotherapy in Localised MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04109755/), [Neoadjuvant CAPOX With or Without Pucotenlimab Plus Selective Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07528209/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Combined With Immunotherapy and Anti-angiogenesis in Treating Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07134218/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Combined With Tislelizumab in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05479240/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy With or Without Tislelizumab for Resectable Ultra-low Rectal Cancer: The RELIEVE-02 Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07132463/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Sintilimab for Intermediate/High Immunoscore Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05450029/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Tislelizumab With or Without Probio-M9 in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07458529/), [Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Versus Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in the Treatment of T3 Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06097416/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer（CONTROL-01）](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06647680/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Excision And Observation vs Chemoradiotherapy For Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06205485/), [Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06812728/), [Neoadjuvant FOLFOXIRI and Chemoradiotherapy Versus Neoadjuvant CAPOX/FOLFOX and Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery or a Watch-and-Wait Approach in High Risk](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07472868/), [Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy ± Radiotherapy in MSI-H/dMMR Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07403877/), [Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy Plus Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy and Consolidative Immunotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Ca](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06734702/), [Neoadjuvant Long-course Chemoradiation Plus PD-1 Blockade for Mid-low Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05245474/), [Neoadjuvant mFOLFOXIRI Plus Bevacizumab in Patients With High-Risk Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04215731/), [Neoadjuvant Moderately Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Combined with Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for High-risk LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06599827/), [Neoadjuvant Moderately Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for High-risk pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prosp](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07527520/), [Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy Combined With NALIRIFOX and Adebrelimab in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Phase II Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07622771/), [Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Rectal Adenocarcinoma With Capecitabine Versus TAS-102 (Neo-REACT): A Multi-center, Randomized, Phase III Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06850090/), [Neoadjuvant Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by a Combination of Disitamab Vedotin, Sintilimab, and Capecitabine in Locally Advanced HER2-expressing Rectal Ca](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07509424/), [Neoadjuvant Short-Course Radiotherapy With or Without Chemotherapy and AK112 in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06718543/), [Neoadjuvant SHR-1701 Plus Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07478731/), [Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Low Rectal Cancer (SMARTi-RC01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07134101/), [Neoadjuvant Therapy vs Standard Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05378919/), [Nimotuzumab Combined With Chemoradiotherapy in the Treatment of Unresectable Locally Advanced or Oligometastatic Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07386704/), [Nivolumab and Ipilimumab With or Without Local Consolidation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03391869/), [NIVOPOSTOP (GORTEC 2018-01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nivopostop/), [NOA-08](https://onco.cc/trials/noa-08/), [Nodal-Region Sparing Short-Course RT With Chemo-PD-1/Bevacizumab vs. Short-Course RT With Chemotherapy as TNT in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07674732/), [Node-Sparing Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Plus Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor in pMMR/MSS High-Risk Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized,](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07230639/), [Node-Sparing Low-Dose Radiotherapy Concurrent With Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor in pMMR/MSS High-Risk Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Prospective, Single-Ar](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07279077/), [Node-sparing Radiotherapy Combined With Total Neoadjuvant CAPOX and Sintilimab for MSS Middle and Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06204094/), [Node-Sparing Short-Course Radiation Combined With Capecitabine and PD-1/CTLA-4 for MSS Early Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07068763/), [Node-sparing Short-Course Radiation Combined With CAPOX and Tislelizumab for MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06507371/), [Node-Sparing Short-Course Radiation With CAPOX and Sintilimab for MSS Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06594692/), [Node-Sparing Short-Course Radiotherapy Plus Chemotherapy, Bevacizumab and PD-1 Inhibitor in Metastatic pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer (MODIFI-CRC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06958419/), [Node-Sparing Short-Course Radiotherapy Sequential Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor for Mid/Low pMMR/MSS Rectal Cancer (MODIFI-RC-II)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06958432/), [Nodes-sparing Short-course Radiation Combined With CAPOX and Tislelizumab for MSS Middle and Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05972655/), [Non Inferiority Study of Preoperative Chemotherapy Without Pelvic Irradiation for Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03875781/), [NRG CC001](https://onco.cc/trials/nrg-cc001/), [NRG Oncology RTOG 0521](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-0521/), [NRG-HN002 & NRG-HN005 (HPV+ de-escalation)](https://onco.cc/trials/nrg-hn002-hn005/), [NSABP B-06](https://onco.cc/trials/nsabp-b06/), [NSABP B-39/RTOG 0413](https://onco.cc/trials/nsabp-b39/), [NSABP B-51 / RTOG 1304](https://onco.cc/trials/nsabp-b51/), [Omitting CTV for Primary Tumor in LS-SCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07008716/), [OPRA](https://onco.cc/trials/opra/), [Optimizing Immunotherapy Combined With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07040098/), [Oral Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy With/Without Radiotherapy as 3rd- or Later-line Therapy for Advanced MSS/pMMR Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06764680/), [Organ Preservation Following Enverolimab-based Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Very Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05969847/), [Organ Preservation in Rectal AdenoCa Using Hypofractionated Pelvic RT(Hypo-OPRA)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06991465/), [Organ Preservation Strategy of Total Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Low Rectal Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05563922/), [Organ Preservation With Tislelizumab and Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients With Low Rectal Cancer: RELIEVE -01 Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06390982/), [OUTBACK / ANZGOG 0902 / GOG-0274](https://onco.cc/trials/outback/), [PACCELIO - FDG-PET Based Small Volume Accelerated Immuno Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06102057/), [PACIFIC](https://onco.cc/trials/pacific/), [Pancreatic Cancer Adaptive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03322995/), [PARTIQoL](https://onco.cc/trials/partiqol/), [PATHOS](https://onco.cc/trials/pathos/), [PD-1 + FOLFOXIRI vs CAPOX as Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for pMMR Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07277842/), [PD-1 Inhibitor and Chemotherapy With Concurrent Irradiation at Varied Tumour Sites in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03774732/), [Pencil Beam Proton Therapy for Pelvic Recurrences in Rectal Cancer Patients Previously Treated With Radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04695782/), [Personalized Escalation of Consolidation Treatment Following Chemoradiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Stage III NSCLC in Stage III NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04585490/), [Personalized Long-course Radiotherapy Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Immunotherapy for LARC: PALACE Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07020247/), [Phase I/II Trial in ES-SCLC to Enhance Response to Atezolizumab Plus Chemotherapy With Total Body Irradiation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06110572/), [Phase Ib/II Study of QL1706 + Fruquintinib + SCRT vs. Standard Third-Line Therapy in Unresectable Liver-Metastatic pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer: Safety, Tolerabil](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07353268/), [Phase II Basket Trial: Zanidatamab Plus Tislelizumab in HER2-Positive GI Tumors (UNION-HER2-BASKET)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07243938/), [Phase II RCT of LCRT vs SCRT + CAPOX/PD-1i/COX-2i in MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07154316/), [Pneumonitis Prevention Protocol Using Pentoxifylline and α-tocopherol In Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoradiation](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06634056/), [POP-RT](https://onco.cc/trials/pop-rt/), [PORTEC-3](https://onco.cc/trials/portec-3/), [PREOPANC-1](https://onco.cc/trials/preopanc/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Toripalimab in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06751394/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery Versus Ttransanal Endoscopic Microsurgery in T1 N0, M0 Rectal Cancer (TAUTEM-T1 Study)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06450574/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy With CApecitabine and Temozolomide in MGMT Silenced, MSS, Locally Advanced RecTal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05136326/), [Preventive Efficacy of Bergmann Enema for Acute Radiation-induced Rectal Injury in Rectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Short-course Radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07302126/), [Primary Radiotherapy In MEtastatic Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07135882/), [PRIME II](https://onco.cc/trials/prime-ii/), [PRODIGE 23](https://onco.cc/trials/prodige-23/), [PRODIGE 90 - (FFCD 2204) Neoadjuvant Dostarlimab with Short Course Radiotherapy in a Watch-and-wait Strategy for Microsatellite Unstable or Mismatch Repair-defi](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06762405/), [PROFIT (Prostate Fractionated Irradiation Trial)](https://onco.cc/trials/profit-trial/), [Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview (Auperin meta-analysis)](https://onco.cc/trials/pci-overview-1999/), [PROSPECT (Alliance N1048)](https://onco.cc/trials/prospect/), [Prospectively Randomized Control Clinical Trial of FOLFOXIRI Preoperative Chemotherapy Alone on Rectal Cancer in Local Advance Comparing to Oral Capecitabine Co](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03671252/), [Proton Radiation for Unresectable, Borderline Resectable, or Medically Inoperable Carcinoma of the Pancreas](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02598349/), [Pucotenlimab Plus Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cance(PUCRT)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06770270/), [QL1706 With Short-Course Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07175636/), [RADCOMP](https://onco.cc/trials/radcomp/), [Radiation Combined With BIspecific T-Cell Engager in DLL3 Expressing Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06814496/), [RADICALS-HD](https://onco.cc/trials/radicals-hd/), [RADICALS-RT](https://onco.cc/trials/radicals-rt/), [Radiotherapy + Systemic Therapy as Conversion Therapy for pMMR/MSS T4M0 Colon Cancer（Neo-Color）](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06949111/), [Radiotherapy Combined QL1706, TAS-102 and Bevacizumab in mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07116577/), [Radiotherapy Combined With Capeox Chemotherapy, Sintilimab and Suvemcitug in Locally Advanced pMMR Rectal Cancer:a Prospective Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07774754/), [Radiotherapy Plus CAPOX, and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab (QL1706) as Neoadjuvant Therapy for LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07291401/), [Radiotherapy Plus Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab (QL1706), Regorafenib, and CAPOX as Neoadjuvant Therapy for pMMR/MSS LARC.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06911684/), [Radiotherapy to Patients With CA19-9-elevated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06250972/), [Radiotherapy With GX Regimen as Adjuvant Therapy for High-risk Patients Following Pancreatic Cancer Surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07632118/), [RAINBO](https://onco.cc/trials/rainbo/), [Randomizing Two Radiotherapy Boost Options to Avoid Rectal Cancer Surgery](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03051464/), [RAPID (accelerated partial-breast irradiation)](https://onco.cc/trials/rapid/), [RAPIDO](https://onco.cc/trials/rapido/), [RAVES (TROG 08.03/ANZUP)](https://onco.cc/trials/raves/), [Re-irradiation Therapy of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer With Carbon Ion](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05807984/), [Regorafenib Alone or in Combination With Hypofractionated/Low-dose Radiotherapy Plus Toripalimab for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05963490/), [REStoring lymphoCytes Using NKTR-255* After chemoradiothErapy in Solid Tumors (RESCUE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05632809/), [RTOG 0129 (HPV analysis)](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-0129/), [RTOG 0415](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-0415/), [RTOG 0617](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-0617/), [RTOG 1016](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-1016/), [RTOG 91-11](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-91-11/), [RTOG 92-02](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-9202/), [RTOG 94-08](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-9408/), [RTOG 9402](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-9402/), [RTOG 9601](https://onco.cc/trials/rtog-9601/), [S1827 (MAVERICK) Testing Whether the Use of Brain Scans Alone Instead of Brain Scans Plus Preventive Brain Radiation Affects Lifespan in Patients With Small Cel](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04155034/), [Sacituzumab Tirumotecan Plus Third-Generation TKI With/Without Radiotherapy for EGFR-Mutant NSCLC Brain Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07343479/), [Safety of a Boost (CXB or EBRT) in Combination With Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Early Rectal Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02505750/), [SANO](https://onco.cc/trials/sano/), [SCALOP](https://onco.cc/trials/scalop/), [SCALOP-2](https://onco.cc/trials/scalop-2/), [SCRT + Chemo Targeted Immuno-neoadjuvant Therapy for High-risk pMMR/MSS RC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07549399/), [SCRT Based iTNT vs. LCRT Based TNT for MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07551479/), [SCRT Combined With CAPOX and PD-1/CTLA4 Antibody for Early-stage Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07837362/), [SCRT Combined With Chemotherapy and Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab in MSS or pMMR Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06864013/), [SCRT Followed by AK112 in pMMR/MSS Mid-low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07162714/), [SCRT Followed by CAPOX + Bev ± PD-1 Inhibitor for TNT in LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07198165/), [SCRT Sequential Penpulimab in Combination With CAPEOX in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05576480/), [SCRT VS LCRT Followed by PD-L1 Inhibitor Plus CAPEOX as TNT in Patients With LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07284992/), [SCRT-CAPEOX-Serplulimab for MSS/pMMR Rectal Cancer With Oligometastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06850103/), [SCRT(Short Course Radiotherapy) Combined With CAPOX Plus QL1706 for Rectal Cancer Liver Metastases](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06787183/), [SENOMAC](https://onco.cc/trials/senomac/), [Serine/Glycine-Restricted Diet With Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07811076/), [SFRT+Tislelizumab+Platinum Chemotherapy for Unresectable Stage III NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07131319/), [Short Course Radiotherapy Followed by CAPOX and Carrilizumab and Bevacizumab or Cetuximab for the Initial Treatment of Unresectable Metastatic Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07059949/), [Short RT Versus RCT,Followed by Chemo and Organ Preservation for Interm and High-risk Rectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04246684/), [Short-Course Online Adaptive Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy as Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT) for Locally Advanced](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07581626/), [Short-course Radiation (SCRT) Followed by 6 Cycles of Cadonilimab Plus MFOLFOX6 As Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (LARC):](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06832917/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CapeOx and PD-1 Inhibitor After Local Excision for High-risk Early Rectal Cancer (TORCH-LE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06455124/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With CAPOX and PD-1 Antibody Versus Long-course Chemoradiotherapy Combined With CAPOX for Early Low-lying Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06462053/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Mid-Low Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07397442/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Combined With Furoquintinib and PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06014944/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Combined with Intracavitary Brachytherapy Followed by Pucotenlimab, Bevacizumab, Oxaliplatin, and Trifluridine/Tipiracil (TAS-102) for](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06872606/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by AK112 and CAPOX as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06802666/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by CAPOX and Ivonescimab for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06760520/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by CAPOX With or Without Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab in pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07686640/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy and PD-1 Inhibitor for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05484024/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Fruquintinib Plus Adebrelimab and CAPOX in the Full Course Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: a Mult](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06234007/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Immunotherapy Combined With Chemotherapy for Microsatellite Stable Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prospective, Randomiz](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07594925/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Camrelizumab in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (UNION)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04928807/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy Followed by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, HLX07and Serplulimab in LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06542588/), [Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Sequential Chemotherapy With or Without PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody and Bevacizumab as Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in pMMR/MSS](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07005570/), [Short-course Radiotherapy in TNT Combined With Enlonstobart for pMMR LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07448077/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy With Tumor-Draining Lymph Node Preservation Followed by PD-1 Inhibitors in pMMR/MSS Stage II-III Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07394192/), [Short-Course Radiotherapy, Nal-IRI, Capecitabine, and Camrelizumab for Locally Advanced MSS Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07521605/), [Short-course RT Followed by NALIRIFOX Plus Pucotenlimab as Neoadjuvant Therapy for High-risk Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer With MSS/pMMR](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07651007/), [Short-Course RT Plus CAPOX and Tislelizumab vs Long-Course CRT Plus Tislelizumab for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07469306/), [SIB-RT Combined With CAPOX and PD-1 for High-Risk Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07297030/), [Simultaneous Boost in Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07200141/), [Sintilimab Combined With Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Inoperable Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06050317/), [SJMB12](https://onco.cc/trials/sjmb12/), [SMAD4 Tailored Neoadjuvant Therapy for the Treatment of Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, SMART-PANC Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07748611/), [SPCG-7/SFUO-3](https://onco.cc/trials/spcg-7/), [Split Course Adaptive Radiation Therapy With Pembrolizumab With/Without Chemotherapy for Treating Stage IV Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05501665/), [STAMPEDE](https://onco.cc/trials/stampede/), [Standard Dose Versus High Dose of Radiotherapy in Rectal Preservation With Chemo-radiotherapy in Rectal Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04095299/), [Standard Maintenance Therapy (SMT) vs Local Consolidative Radiation Therapy and SMT in OM-NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05278052/), [Standard Systemic Therapy Combined With High/Low-dose Radiotherapy Plus Toripalimab for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06525428/), [Standard-of-care Systemic Therapy With or Without Local Therapy in Patients With Oligoprogressive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC）](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07076693/), [START-A (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy, trial A)](https://onco.cc/trials/start-a/), [START-B (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/trials/start-b/), [STELLAR (rectal cancer)](https://onco.cc/trials/stellar-rectal/), [Stockholm III](https://onco.cc/trials/stockholm-iii/), [STRASS (EORTC 62092)](https://onco.cc/trials/strass/), [Study Evaluating Two Treatment Strategies for Rectal Cancer in Patients ≥75 Years Old](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07118800/), [Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy Combined With Tislelizumab, Liposomal Irinotecan, and Capecitabine in the Treatment of pMMR Locally](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07104604/), [Sugemalimab as Consolidation Therapy in Patients With LS-SCLC Following cCRT or sCRT](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05623267/), [SUPREMO (BIG 2-04)](https://onco.cc/trials/supremo/), [Surgery against radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma of the face](https://onco.cc/trials/avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc/), [Surgery Plus Chemo Versus Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery Plus Chemo for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04288999/), [Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/swedish-rectal-cancer-trial/), [SWOG 8794](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-8794/), [TARGIT-A (targeted intraoperative radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/trials/targit-a/), [Testing Higher Dose Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06958328/), [Testing Proton Craniospinal Radiation Therapy Versus the Usual Radiation Therapy for Leptomeningeal Metastasis, RADIATE-LM Trial](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06500481/), [Testing the Addition of a New Anti-cancer Drug, M3814 (Peposertib), to the Usual Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04172532/), [Testing the Addition of a New Immunotherapy Drug, Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), to the Usual Chemoradiation (CRT) Therapy Treatment for Limited Stage Small Cell Lun](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03811002/), [Testing the Addition of an Anti-Cancer Drug, Irinotecan, to the Standard Chemotherapy Treatment (FOLFOX) After Long-Course Radiation Therapy for Advanced-Stage](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05610163/), [Testing the Addition of an Antibody to Standard Chemoradiation Followed by the Antibody for One Year to Standard Chemoradiation Followed by One Year of the Anti](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04092283/), [Testing the Addition of Radiation Therapy to the Usual Treatment (Immunotherapy With or Without Chemotherapy) for Advanced Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Pati](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04929041/), [The Combination of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05628038/), [The Combination of Immunotherapy and Neoadjuvant Short-course Radiotherapy in Early Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05555888/), [The Efficiency of Surgery and Radiotherapy After SHR-1316 (Adebrelimab) and Platinum-containing Doublet Induction Therapy for Limited-stage Small Cell Lung Canc](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05496166/), [The Selective Personalized Radio-Immunotherapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Trial 2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07146230/), [Thoracic Radiotherapy and Inhibition of PD-1 and LAG-3 for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06865339/), [TNT of SCRT+CAPOX vs SCRT+CAPOXIRI for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05646511/), [Total Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Anti-PD-1 in Subperitoneal Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal CancerPatients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05998122/), [Total Neoadjuvant mFOLFOX6 Plus Suvemcitug and Enlonstobart With Selective Omission of Pelvic Radiotherapy for High-Risk Mid-Rectal Locally Advanced Rectal Canc](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07810114/), [Total Neoadjuvant Therapy and Organ Preservation Versus Surgery for Rectal Cancer.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06758830/), [Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06162650/), [Total Neoadjuvant Therapy With mFOLFOX and Short-course Radiation in Resectable Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04643366/), [Total Neoadjuvant Therapy With PD-1 for Locally Advcancer Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07214142/), [Total Neoadjuvant Treatment for pMMR Locally Advanced Low Rectal Cancer: Anti-PD-1 Antibody With FOLFOXIRI and Preoperative Radiation Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06099951/), [Treating Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer With TAS-102 Chemotherapy Plus Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05965531/), [Treatment of Rectal Cancer With Long-term Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Combined With Camrelizumab](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06304545/), [Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Short and Long Course Radiation Therapy With/Without BMX-001](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05254327/), [TrilynX](https://onco.cc/trials/trilynx/), [Triplet Combination or Doublet Regimen Versus Chemoradiation as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03975049/), [TROG 05.01 (chemotherapy added to radiotherapy after surgery for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/trog-05-01/), [Tumor Local Excision +Postoperative Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for T1-2N0M0 Low/Ultra-Low Rectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06949098/), [Umbrella Trial of Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07503639/), [Ventilation Imaging to Improve the Quality of Life for Patients With Lung Cancer Treated With Radiation Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06127654/), [XELOX Plus DoSTARlimab Versus XELOX Alone as Consolidation Treatment After Standard Chemoradiation in pMMR/MSS or MSI-Low Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (LARC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07381777/), [Yang et al. Anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 Dual Immunotherapy for LARC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07596290/)
- journals: [Cancer radiothérapie](https://onco.cc/journals/cancer-radiotherapie/), [Clinical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-oncology-rcr/), [Practical radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/practical-radiation-oncology/), [Radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/radiation-oncology/), [Seminars in radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/seminars-in-radiation-oncology/), [Strahlentherapie und Onkologie](https://onco.cc/journals/strahlentherapie-und-onkologie/)
- cancers: [Adenoid cystic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/adenoid-cystic-carcinoma/), [Adrenocortical carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/adrenocortical/), [Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/), [Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/), [Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Alveolar soft part sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma/), [Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/anal/), [Anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer/), [Angiosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/angiosarcoma/), [Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)](https://onco.cc/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/), [Basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/), [Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-bcr/), [Bladder & urothelial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/), [Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)](https://onco.cc/cancers/secondary-brain-tumours/), [Breast cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-cancer/), [Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)](https://onco.cc/cancers/buccal-mucosa-cancer/), [Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/), [Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets](https://onco.cc/cancers/cup-favourable-subsets/), [Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cns-germ-cell-tumours/), [Cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/cervical/), [Chondrosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/chondrosarcoma/), [Chordoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/chordoma/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Craniopharyngioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/craniopharyngioma/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans](https://onco.cc/cancers/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG)](https://onco.cc/cancers/dipg-dmg/), [Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-ductal-adenocarcinoma/), [Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/), [Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-cervical-cancer/), [Early triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-early/), [Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/), [Endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial/), [Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial-nsmp/), [Ependymoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ependymoma/), [Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma/), [Epithelioid sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/epithelioid-sarcoma/), [Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/esthesioneuroblastoma/), [Ewing sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/), [Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/), [Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/malt-lymphoma/), [Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/), [Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-germ-cell-tumours/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma-group-3-4/), [Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/head-and-neck/), [Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hereditary-ppgl/), [High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)](https://onco.cc/cancers/high-risk-gtn/), [High-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/), [Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/), [HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer/), [HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/), [HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer/), [HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer/), [Hypopharyngeal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/hypopharyngeal-cancer/), [Inflammatory breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/inflammatory-breast-cancer/), [Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk/), [Kaposi sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/), [Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/laryngeal-cancer/), [Leiomyosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/leiomyosarcoma/), [Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/limited-stage-sclc/), [Lip cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/lip-cancer/), [Liposarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/liposarcoma/), [Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)](https://onco.cc/cancers/localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma/), [Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)](https://onco.cc/cancers/localised-anal-cancer/), [Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-high-risk/), [Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-intermediate-risk/), [Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/), [Locally advanced cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/locally-advanced-cervical-cancer/), [Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)](https://onco.cc/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)](https://onco.cc/cancers/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour/), [Marginal zone lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/), [Medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma/), [Meningioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/meningioma/), [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/), [Mesothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mesothelioma/), [Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate-mhspc/), [Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-ppgl/), [Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial-mmr-deficient/), [Mucoepidermoid carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mucoepidermoid-carcinoma/), [Mucosal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mucosal-melanoma/), [Multiple myeloma](https://onco.cc/cancers/multiple-myeloma/), [Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/), [Myxofibrosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/myxofibrosarcoma/), [Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/sinonasal/), [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/nasopharyngeal/), [Neuroblastoma (paediatric)](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/), [Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/node-positive-penile-cancer/), [Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement)](https://onco.cc/cancers/nut-carcinoma/), [Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/ocular-adnexal-malt-lymphoma/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted](https://onco.cc/cancers/oligodendroglioma/), [Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)](https://onco.cc/cancers/oral-cavity-cancer/), [Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/oral-tongue-cancer/), [Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue)](https://onco.cc/cancers/oropharyngeal-cancer/), [p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial-p53-abnormal/), [Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/), [Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Phyllodes tumour of the breast](https://onco.cc/cancers/phyllodes-tumour/), [Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pituitary-tumours/), [POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial-pole-ultramutated/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Primary large B-cell lymphoma of the testis](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-testicular-lymphoma/), [Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/), [Prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate/), [Rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/rectal-cancer/), [Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer/), [Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-hnscc/), [Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Retinoblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/retinoblastoma/), [Retroperitoneal sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/retroperitoneal-sarcoma/), [Rhabdomyosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma/), [Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease](https://onco.cc/cancers/rosai-dorfman-disease/), [Salivary duct carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/salivary-duct-carcinoma/), [Salivary gland cancers](https://onco.cc/cancers/salivary-gland/), [Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)](https://onco.cc/cancers/sarcoma/), [Seminoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/seminoma/), [SHH-activated medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma-shh/), [Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)](https://onco.cc/cancers/extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma/), [Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural)](https://onco.cc/cancers/spinal-cord-tumours/), [Synovial sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/synovial-sarcoma/), [Thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-carcinoma/), [Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymoma/), [Thymoma and thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-epithelial/), [Thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/), [Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/), [Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/), [Urethral cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral/), [Uterine carcinosarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uterine-carcinosarcoma/), [Vaginal adenocarcinoma (including DES-associated clear cell adenocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal-adenocarcinoma/), [Vaginal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal/), [Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/), [Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vascular-tumours/), [Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vestibular-schwannoma/), [Vulvar cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vulvar/), [Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/wilms-tumor/), [WNT-activated medulloblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/medulloblastoma-wnt/)
- drugs: [Amifostine](https://onco.cc/drugs/amifostine/), [Mitomycin C](https://onco.cc/drugs/mitomycin/), [NBTXR3 (hafnium oxide nanoparticles)](https://onco.cc/drugs/nbtxr3/), [Temozolomide](https://onco.cc/drugs/temozolomide/)
- ideas: [A Global Fund for cancer care in low- and middle-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-global-cancer-fund/), [A national repository of radiotherapy dose plans linked to outcomes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-radiotherapy-dose-repository/), [A neutral platform trial for radiotherapy plus immunotherapy combinations](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-rt-io-platform/), [A statutory minimum share of public trial money for surgery and radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-non-drug-trial-quota/), [Advanced-practice radiation therapists doing contouring and on-treatment reviews](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-advanced-practice-radiation-therapists/), [An open-hardware radiotherapy machine built for unreliable power and dust](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-open-hardware-linac/), [Blended finance and a low-cost linac to close the global radiotherapy gap](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-lmic-radiotherapy-finance/), [Core-funded radiotherapy trials infrastructure with central quality assurance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-radiotherapy-trials-infrastructure/), [Coverage-with-evidence registries for MR-guided and adaptive radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-adaptive-radiotherapy-evidence/), [ctHPV-DNA-adapted de-escalation of chemoradiation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cthpv-adapted-deescalation/), [Make one-week radiotherapy the default in overloaded systems](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-hypofractionation-default-lmic/), [Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/), [One medical physicist covering many radiotherapy machines through remote quality assurance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-remote-medical-physics-qa/), [Organ preservation as the default after complete response in oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-organ-preservation-esophageal/), [Pay for a course of radiotherapy, not for each fraction](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-hypofractionation-payment/), [Pay per course of radiotherapy, not per session, so short courses are not penalised](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-course-based-radiotherapy-payment/), [Payer-funded trials that omit surgery or radiotherapy in low-risk patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-omission-deescalation-trials/), [Photobiomodulation and a taste and swallowing programme for mouth and throat toxicity](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-mucositis-taste-programme/), [Pooled coverage-with-evidence for proton therapy across all centres](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-proton-coverage-with-evidence/), [Radiotherapy for everyone who needs it by 2040](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-radiotherapy-for-everyone-2040/), [Randomise organ preservation against surgery in mismatch repair-proficient rectal cancer, with bowel function as a co-primary endpoint](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal/), [Round-the-clock remote treatment-planning hubs for clinics without physicists](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-remote-planning-hubs/), [Single-fraction radiotherapy as the default for painful bone metastases](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-single-fraction-palliative-radiotherapy-default/), [Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-let-rbe-ab-selects-protons/), [Validate and reimburse AI contouring and planning to expand radiotherapy capacity](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-rt-planning-ai-capacity/)
- key papers: [ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adriatic-nejm-2024/), [Cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: 40-year disease risk](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015/), [Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017/), [Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022/), [Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer (Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (overall survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-os-lancet-2024/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (progression-free survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-pfs-lancet-2024/), [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus neoadjuvant gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy in resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (PREOPANC-2): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-preopanc-2-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-vs-chemoradiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2025/), [Osimertinib after chemoradiotherapy in stage III EGFR-mutated NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024/), [PACIFIC: a year of durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for stage III lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pacific-nejm-2017/), [PARTIQoL: phase 3 randomised trial of proton therapy versus IMRT for localised prostate cancer (ASTRO 2024 late-breaking abstract)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-partiqol-astro-2024/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Versus Immediate Surgery for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Results of the Dutch Randomized Phase III PREOPANC Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020/), [Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer (Dutch TME trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001/), [Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009/), [Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esmo-rectal-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2017/), [Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Stupp 2005: temozolomide added to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-stupp-temozolomide-nejm-2005/), [Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999/)
- people: [A. Murray Brunt](https://onco.cc/people/murray-brunt/), [Albert C. Koong](https://onco.cc/people/albert-koong/), [Ananya Choudhury](https://onco.cc/people/ananya-choudhury/), [Anthony L. Zietman](https://onco.cc/people/anthony-zietman/), [Anthony V. D'Amico](https://onco.cc/people/anthony-damico/), [Bas W. Raaymakers](https://onco.cc/people/bas-raaymakers/), [Carien L. Creutzberg](https://onco.cc/people/carien-creutzberg/), [Charlotte E. Coles](https://onco.cc/people/charlotte-coles/), [Claus Belka](https://onco.cc/people/claus-belka/), [Corinne Faivre-Finn](https://onco.cc/people/corinne-faivre-finn/), [Daniel E. Spratt](https://onco.cc/people/daniel-spratt/), [Everett E. Vokes](https://onco.cc/people/everett-vokes/), [Hisham Mehanna](https://onco.cc/people/hisham-mehanna/), [Jean Bourhis](https://onco.cc/people/jean-bourhis/), [Jeffrey D. Bradley](https://onco.cc/people/jeffrey-bradley/), [Judith M. Bliss](https://onco.cc/people/judith-bliss/), [Jun Ma](https://onco.cc/people/ma-jun/), [Lori J. Pierce](https://onco.cc/people/lori-pierce/), [Mary McCormack](https://onco.cc/people/mary-mccormack/), [Michael Baumann](https://onco.cc/people/michael-baumann/), [Quynh-Thu Le](https://onco.cc/people/quynh-thu-le/), [Roberto Orecchia](https://onco.cc/people/roberto-orecchia/), [Theodore S. Lawrence](https://onco.cc/people/theodore-lawrence/), [Timothy J. Whelan](https://onco.cc/people/timothy-whelan/), [Uwe Oelfke](https://onco.cc/people/uwe-oelfke/), [Vincenzo Valentini](https://onco.cc/people/vincenzo-valentini/)
- bottlenecks: [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/)
- institutions: [Aarhus University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/aarhus-university-hospital/), [American Society for Radiation Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/astro/), [Centre Antoine Lacassagne](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-antoine-lacassagne/), [Centre Oscar Lambret](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-oscar-lambret/), [Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand](https://onco.cc/institutions/wits-charlotte-maxeke/), [Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357](https://onco.cc/institutions/cche-57357/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF)](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-freiburg/), [European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/estro/), [Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hug-geneva/), [Groote Schuur Hospital / University of Cape Town](https://onco.cc/institutions/groote-schuur-uct/), [Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust / King's Health Partners Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/guys-st-thomas/), [Hacettepe University Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/hacettepe-cancer-institute/), [Hamad Medical Corporation / National Center for Cancer Care and Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/hamad-medical-corporation/), [Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcmc-oncology-hospital/), [Hokkaido University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hokkaido-university-hospital/), [Hunan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hunan-cancer-hospital/), [Institut Bergonié](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-bergonie/), [Institut National d'Oncologie, Rabat](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-national-oncologie-rabat/), [Institut Salah Azaïez](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-salah-azaiez/), [Institute of Oncology Ljubljana](https://onco.cc/institutions/onkoloski-institut-ljubljana/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-lisboa/), [International Atomic Energy Agency: Rays of Hope](https://onco.cc/institutions/iaea/), [IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/humanitas/), [Istanbul University Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/istanbul-oncology-institute/), [IUCT Oncopole (Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse)](https://onco.cc/institutions/iuct-oncopole/), [Juravinski Cancer Centre / Escarpment Cancer Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/juravinski/), [Kenyatta National Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kenyatta-national-hospital/), [Korle Bu Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/korle-bu-teaching-hospital/), [Lagos University Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/luth-lagos/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/nio-warsaw/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [National Cancer Institute, Cairo University](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-cairo/), [National Institute of Oncology, Hungary](https://onco.cc/institutions/noi-budapest/), [NCT/UCC Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus](https://onco.cc/institutions/nct-dresden/), [Ocean Road Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/ocean-road-cancer-institute/), [Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)](https://onco.cc/institutions/oxford-cancer/), [Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/rgci/), [Rambam Health Care Campus](https://onco.cc/institutions/rambam/), [Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/rigshospitalet/), [Royal Adelaide Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-adelaide-hospital/), [Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/shandong-cancer-hospital/), [Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University](https://onco.cc/institutions/siriraj-hospital/), [Tata Medical Center, Kolkata](https://onco.cc/institutions/tata-medical-center-kolkata/), [Tawam Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tawam-hospital/), [Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-sourasky/), [Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tmucih/), [UMC Utrecht Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/umc-utrecht/), [University of Malaya Medical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/ummc-kuala-lumpur/), [University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uw-carbone/), [Velindre Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/velindre-cardiff/), [Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (K Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/k-hospital-hanoi/), [Zhejiang Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhejiang-cancer-hospital/)
- pathways: [Double-strand break repair: HR versus end joining](https://onco.cc/pathways/homologous-recombination-repair/)
- roadmaps: [Radiotherapy roadmap: X-rays → shaped beams → fewer fractions, particles and FLASH](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/radiation-roadmap/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/imrt-igrt.json