# Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting

Source: https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/  
OnCo record `lymphoma-roadmap` (Roadmap). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Lymphoma was the first cancer shown to be caused by a virus, the first common cancer sorted into subtypes by reading which genes were switched on, and the first in which a patient's own immune cells were reprogrammed to cure them. This roadmap follows the evidence from 1958 to the trials reading out in 2032.

## Summary

Lymphoma has been first at more things than any other cancer, and the reason is that you can get hold of it. A lymph node is easy to biopsy, the cells grow in culture, the disease circulates in blood, and it responds to treatment fast enough that a trial reads out in years rather than decades.

That is why the first human tumour virus was found in it. Denis Burkitt described a jaw tumour in Ugandan children in 1958 and mapped where it occurred; Epstein, Achong and Barr saw virus particles in cells cultured from one of his biopsies in 1964. Twenty years later the first human retrovirus, now called human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, was isolated from the lymphocytes of a patient with a T-cell lymphoma by Poiesz and Gallo, and tied to adult T-cell leukaemia across a Japanese population by Hinuma.

It is also why lymphoma was the first common cancer taken apart by gene expression. Alizadeh and Staudt showed in 2000 that diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is at least two diseases; Rosenwald turned that into a survival predictor in 2002; Hans gave pathology laboratories a three-stain version in 2004. The genetic classifications followed in 2018, when Chapuy and Schmitz published five clusters and four subtypes within three weeks of each other, and Wright's LymphGen tool in 2020 made it possible to classify one patient's tumour with a probability attached.

Treatment moved on three tracks. In Hodgkin lymphoma the whole effort since the 1990s has been to take treatment away without losing the cure, because the Dutch cohorts showed that 48.5 per cent of survivors develop a second cancer within 40 years and 50 per cent develop cardiovascular disease. HD10 halved the chemotherapy and cut the radiation dose; HD18 and AHL2011 used the scan after two cycles to shorten or soften the intensive regimen; HD16 and EORTC H10 tried to drop radiotherapy on a clear scan and could not. In aggressive B-cell lymphoma, R-CHOP has survived every challenger except one: obinutuzumab failed in GOYA, dose-adjusted EPOCH-R failed in CALGB 50303, ibrutinib failed overall in PHOENIX, and only polatuzumab vedotin in POLARIX improved on it. In indolent lymphoma the question has been how long to treat rather than how hard, and PRIMA answered it with six extra years before relapse and no change in survival.

The last decade belongs to the immune treatments. ZUMA-1, JULIET and TRANSCEND NHL 001 made CAR-T a third line in large B-cell lymphoma; ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM moved it to second line, while BELINDA failed in the same setting with a 52-day manufacturing wait. ELARA and ZUMA-5 brought it to follicular lymphoma. The CD20 bispecific antibodies arrived alongside, off the shelf and without apheresis, and inMIND, ELM-2 and ROSEWOOD show the relapsed indolent setting is now crowded with options.

What has not been solved: the genetic subtypes have not yet changed a single first-line treatment, the T-cell lymphomas have almost no randomised evidence at all, no trial has shown that acting on a circulating tumour DNA result improves anything, and the drugs that cure this disease are unavailable to most of the people who get it.

## Fields

- Kind: Roadmap
- Last checked: 2026-10-01
- Also known as: Lymphoma history; Lymphoma evidence roadmap; Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma roadmap; How lymphoma treatment was worked out

## Sources

- NCI PDQ: adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment (health professional): https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/hp/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq
- NCI PDQ: adult Hodgkin lymphoma treatment (health professional): https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/hp/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq
- ESMO clinical practice guidelines: haematological malignancies: https://www.esmo.org/guidelines/esmo-clinical-practice-guidelines-haematological-malignancies
- British Society for Haematology guidelines: https://b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04685616: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04685616
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06337318: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06337318

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Chemotherapy roadmap: mustard gas → curative combinations → the warhead inside smarter drugs](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/chemotherapy-roadmap/), [Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/), [Radiotherapy roadmap: X-rays → shaped beams → fewer fractions, particles and FLASH](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/radiation-roadmap/)
- ideas: [A radiotherapy-free cure for early Hodgkin lymphoma that actually holds](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin/), [An Epstein-Barr virus vaccine to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer and lymphomas](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-ebv-vaccine/), [Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/), [CD30 CAR-T for multiply relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cd30-car-t-hodgkin/), [Chemotherapy-free Hodgkin lymphoma: brentuximab + PD-1 in early stage](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-chemo-free-hodgkin/), [Fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free first-line treatment for the indolent lymphomas](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line/), [Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/), [Randomised evidence for the T-cell lymphomas, including the ones that are not in Europe or North America](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-randomised-evidence-for-the-t-cell-lymphomas/), [Report the time from apheresis to infusion as a trial endpoint, not a logistics footnote](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint/), [The drugs that cure lymphoma, and the places that do not have them](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them/), [Use circulating tumour DNA instead of the interim scan to decide what happens next](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan/)
- cancers: [Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Burkitt lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/), [Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/dlbcl/), [Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/malt-lymphoma/), [Follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/), [Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/), [Marginal zone lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/), [Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Waldenström macroglobulinaemia](https://onco.cc/cancers/waldenstrom/)
- fronts: [Antibody-Drug Conjugates](https://onco.cc/fronts/adcs/), [Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/cell-therapy/), [Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/chemotherapy/), [Diagnostics & Biomarkers](https://onco.cc/fronts/diagnostics/), [Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/immunotherapy/), [Prevention & Risk](https://onco.cc/fronts/prevention/), [Radiation Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/radiation/), [Targeted Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/targeted-therapy/)
- technologies: [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [Bispecific antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-antibody/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liquid-biopsy/), [Monoclonal antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/), [PET/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-ct/), [T-cell engagers (bispecific)](https://onco.cc/technologies/t-cell-engager/), [Whole-exome & whole-genome sequencing](https://onco.cc/technologies/wes-wgs/)
- terms: [ABVD, BEACOPP and BrECADD (Hodgkin lymphoma regimens)](https://onco.cc/terms/abvd-beacopp/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)](https://onco.cc/terms/autologous-transplant/), [Cell of origin (GCB vs ABC)](https://onco.cc/terms/cell-of-origin/), [Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/ctdna/), [Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/crs/), [Deauville five-point scale](https://onco.cc/terms/deauville-score/), [Double-hit / high-grade B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/double-hit-lymphoma/), [FLIPI, FLIPI2 and POD24 (follicular lymphoma risk)](https://onco.cc/terms/flipi/), [ICANS (neurotoxicity)](https://onco.cc/terms/icans/), [International Prognostic Index (IPI)](https://onco.cc/terms/ipi-score/), [Lugano classification / Ann Arbor staging](https://onco.cc/terms/lugano-classification/), [Maintenance therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/maintenance-therapy/), [Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd/), [Next-generation sequencing (NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/ngs/), [POD24: progression of follicular lymphoma within two years, and why it changes the plan](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-pod24/), [R-CHOP (lymphoma chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/r-chop/), [Radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/terms/radiotherapy/), [The CAR-T pathway in lymphoma: referral, apheresis, bridging and the waiting](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-car-t-pathway/), [The lymphoma regimen alphabet: R-CHOP, pola-R-CHP, DA-EPOCH-R, ABVD, BEACOPP and the rest](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-tx-regimen-alphabet/)
- targets: [BCL-2](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl2/), [BCL6](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl6/), [BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase)](https://onco.cc/targets/btk/), [CCND1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd1/), [CD19](https://onco.cc/targets/cd19/), [CD20](https://onco.cc/targets/cd20/), [CD3](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3/), [CD30](https://onco.cc/targets/cd30/), [CD79b](https://onco.cc/targets/cd79b/), [EZH2](https://onco.cc/targets/ezh2/), [MYD88](https://onco.cc/targets/myd88/), [NOTCH1](https://onco.cc/targets/notch1/), [NOTCH2](https://onco.cc/targets/notch2/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [TP53](https://onco.cc/targets/tp53/)
- pathways: [B-cell receptor / BTK signalling (to NF-κB)](https://onco.cc/pathways/bcr-signalling/), [Intrinsic apoptosis (BCL-2 family)](https://onco.cc/pathways/apoptosis-bcl2/), [JAK-STAT signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/jak-stat/), [MYC](https://onco.cc/pathways/myc/)
- drugs: [Acalabrutinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/acalabrutinib/), [Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase)](https://onco.cc/drugs/asparaginase/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/), [Bendamustine](https://onco.cc/drugs/bendamustine/), [Brentuximab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/brentuximab-vedotin/), [Epcoritamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/epcoritamab/), [Glofitamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/glofitamab/), [Ibrutinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibrutinib/), [Lenalidomide](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenalidomide/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/), [Mosunetuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/mosunetuzumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Obinutuzumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/obinutuzumab/), [Odronextamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/odronextamab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Polatuzumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/polatuzumab-vedotin/), [Rituximab](https://onco.cc/drugs/rituximab/), [Tafasitamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tafasitamab/), [Tisagenlecleucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/tisagenlecleucel/), [Zanubrutinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanubrutinib/)
- companies: [AbbVie (incl. ImmunoGen, Capstan)](https://onco.cc/companies/abbvie/), [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Genmab](https://onco.cc/companies/genmab/), [Gilead Sciences (incl. Kite)](https://onco.cc/companies/gilead/), [Incyte](https://onco.cc/companies/incyte/), [Johnson & Johnson](https://onco.cc/companies/johnson-johnson/), [Novartis](https://onco.cc/companies/novartis/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Regeneron](https://onco.cc/companies/regeneron/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/)
- institutions: [Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk/), [Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dana-farber/), [European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/esmo/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [National Cancer Institute (NIH)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci/), [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](https://onco.cc/institutions/nice/)
- trials: [A Phase 3 Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Tafasitamab Plus Lenalidomide and Rituximab Compared to Placebo Plus Lenalidomide and Rituximab in Pa](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04680052/), [A Study of BR Alone Versus in Combination With Acalabrutinib in Subjects With Previously Untreated MCL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02972840/), [A Study to Assess the Anti-Tumor Activity and Safety of Odronextamab in Adult Patients With B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Who Have Been Previously Treat](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03888105/), [AHL2011](https://onco.cc/trials/ahl2011/), [ALCANZA](https://onco.cc/trials/alcanza/), [Alliance/CALGB 50303](https://onco.cc/trials/calgb-50303/), [ARCHED](https://onco.cc/trials/arched/), [BELINDA](https://onco.cc/trials/belinda/), [Brentuximab Vedotin Plus Lenalidomide and Rituximab for the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory DLBCL](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04404283/), [ECHELON-1](https://onco.cc/trials/echelon-1/), [ECHELON-2](https://onco.cc/trials/echelon-2/), [ELARA](https://onco.cc/trials/elara/), [ENRICH](https://onco.cc/trials/enrich/), [EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-h10/), [EPCORE NHL-1](https://onco.cc/trials/epcore-nhl-1/), [FLYER](https://onco.cc/trials/flyer/), [FORTplus](https://onco.cc/trials/fortplus/), [GALLIUM](https://onco.cc/trials/gallium/), [GHSG HD10](https://onco.cc/trials/hd10/), [GHSG HD16](https://onco.cc/trials/hd16/), [GHSG HD18](https://onco.cc/trials/hd18/), [GHSG HD21](https://onco.cc/trials/hd21/), [GOYA](https://onco.cc/trials/goya/), [IELSG-19](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg-19/), [IELSG32](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg32/), [JCOG9801](https://onco.cc/trials/jcog9801/), [JULIET](https://onco.cc/trials/juliet/), [LyMa](https://onco.cc/trials/lyma/), [MATRix/IELSG43](https://onco.cc/trials/ielsg43/), [Mosunetuzumab against rituximab in low tumour burden follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mosun-lbt-fl/), [Mosunetuzumab with lenalidomide in relapsed marginal zone lymphoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mosun-len-mzl/), [PHOENIX DDR/Anti-PD-L1](https://onco.cc/trials/phoenix/), [POLAR BEAR](https://onco.cc/trials/polar-bear/), [POLARGO](https://onco.cc/trials/polargo/), [POLARIX](https://onco.cc/trials/polarix/), [PRIMA](https://onco.cc/trials/prima-follicular/), [PRIMA-CNS](https://onco.cc/trials/prima-cns/), [RADAR](https://onco.cc/trials/radar-hodgkin/), [RATHL](https://onco.cc/trials/rathl/), [RELEVANCE](https://onco.cc/trials/relevance/), [REMARC](https://onco.cc/trials/remarc/), [ROSEWOOD](https://onco.cc/trials/rosewood/), [SHINE](https://onco.cc/trials/shine/), [SMILE](https://onco.cc/trials/smile-enktl/), [STARGLO](https://onco.cc/trials/starglo/), [TRANSCEND NHL 001](https://onco.cc/trials/transcend-nhl-001/), [TRANSFORM](https://onco.cc/trials/transform/), [TRIANGLE](https://onco.cc/trials/triangle/), [TROG 99.03](https://onco.cc/trials/trog-99-03/), [ZUMA-1](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-1/), [ZUMA-5](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-5/), [ZUMA-7](https://onco.cc/trials/zuma-7/)
- people: [Andreas Engert](https://onco.cc/people/andreas-engert/), [Andrés J. M. Ferreri](https://onco.cc/people/andres-ferreri/), [Ash A. Alizadeh](https://onco.cc/people/ash-alizadeh/), [Caron A. Jacobson](https://onco.cc/people/caron-jacobson/), [Catherine Thieblemont](https://onco.cc/people/catherine-thieblemont/), [Franck Morschhauser](https://onco.cc/people/franck-morschhauser/), [Gilles Salles](https://onco.cc/people/gilles-salles/), [Jason R. Westin](https://onco.cc/people/jason-westin/), [John P. Leonard](https://onco.cc/people/john-leonard/), [Laurie H. Sehn](https://onco.cc/people/laurie-sehn/), [Louis M. Staudt](https://onco.cc/people/louis-staudt/), [Martin Dreyling](https://onco.cc/people/martin-dreyling/), [Michael Dickinson](https://onco.cc/people/michael-dickinson/), [Michael L. Wang](https://onco.cc/people/michael-wang/), [Peter Borchmann](https://onco.cc/people/peter-borchmann/), [Stephen J. Schuster](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-schuster/)
- bottlenecks: [Biomarkers are not validated or standardised](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/), [Dormant cells and minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/), [Failures are hidden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-negative-results/), [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Older and multimorbid patients are excluded and undertreated](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-aging-comorbidity/), [Prices and value](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-drug-pricing/), [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [Survivorship and late effects are neglected](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-survivorship/), [Toxicity and quality of life are undervalued](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-toxicity-qol/), [Trial design, endpoints and cost](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-trial-design/), [Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/)
- key papers: [A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/), [A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958/), [Acalabrutinib plus bendamustine-rituximab in untreated mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-echo-acalabrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-jco-2025/), [Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981/), [ALCANZA: brentuximab vedotin versus physician's choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alcanza-brentuximab-vedotin-lancet-2017/), [Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022/), [Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003/), [Brentuximab vedotin combination for relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-echelon-3-brentuximab-lenalidomide-rituximab-dlbcl-jco-2025/), [Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-horwitz-lancet/), [Cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: 40-year disease risk](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015/), [Circulating Tumor DNA Measurements As Early Outcome Predictors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kurtz-j-clin-oncol/), [Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004/), [Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980/), [Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/), [Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alizadeh-nature/), [Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R compared with R-CHOP as frontline therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical outcomes of the phase III intergroup trial Alliance/CALGB 50303](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-calgb-50303-da-epoch-r-vs-r-chop-jco-2019/), [Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017/), [Early relapse of follicular lymphoma after R-CHOP defines patients at high risk for death: an analysis from the National LymphoCare Study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015/), [Enhanced detection of minimal residual disease by targeted sequencing of phased variants in circulating tumor DNA](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kurtz-nat-biotechnol/), [Final results of the IELSG-19 randomized trial of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: improved event-free and progression-free survival with rituximab plus chlorambucil versus either chlorambucil or rituximab monotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ielsg-19-chlorambucil-rituximab-malt-jco-2017/), [FoRT long-term follow-up: 4 Gy versus 24 Gy for follicular and marginal zone lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-fort-long-term-follow-up-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2021/), [FoRT: 4 Gy versus 24 Gy radiotherapy for indolent lymphoma, a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-fort-4gy-vs-24gy-indolent-lymphoma-hoskin-lancet-oncol-2014/), [Four versus six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy in combination with six applications of rituximab in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma with favourable prognosis (FLYER)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-flyer-four-vs-six-cycles-r-chop-lancet-2019/), [Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/), [GHSG HD10: reduced treatment intensity in early-stage favourable Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd10-reduced-intensity-early-hodgkin-nejm-2010/), [GHSG HD21: PET-guided BrECADD versus escalated BEACOPP in advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd21-brecadd-vs-ebeacopp-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-2024/), [Ibrutinib and rituximab versus immunochemotherapy in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma (ENRICH): a randomised, open-label, phase 2/3 superiority trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-enrich-ibrutinib-rituximab-mantle-cell-lancet-2025/), [Ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-shine-ibrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-nejm-2022/), [JULIET: tisagenlecleucel for adults with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-juliet-tisagenlecleucel-dlbcl-nejm-2019/), [Lenalidomide maintenance compared with placebo in responding elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with first-line R-CHOP](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-remarc-lenalidomide-maintenance-dlbcl-jco-2017/), [Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020/), [Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/), [Obinutuzumab or rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-goya-obinutuzumab-vs-rituximab-chop-dlbcl-jco-2017/), [PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ahl2011-pet-adapted-treatment-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2019/), [PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd18-pet-guided-escalated-beacopp-lancet-2017/), [Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage IV, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-smile-chemotherapy-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-jco-2011/), [POLARIX: swapping vincristine for the antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin in first-line treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polarix-polatuzumab-rchp-nejm-2022/), [Polatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results from the phase III, randomized POLARGO trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-polargo-polatuzumab-r-gemox-dlbcl-jco-2026/), [Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019/), [Randomized phase III trial of ibrutinib and R-CHOP in non-germinal centre B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PHOENIX)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-phoenix-ibrutinib-r-chop-non-gcb-dlbcl-jco-2019/), [Randomized trial of systemic therapy after involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early-stage follicular lymphoma: TROG 99.03](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018/), [RATHL: adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rathl-interim-pet-adapted-abvd-advanced-hodgkin-nejm-2016/), [Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cheson-j-clin-oncol/), [Regression of primary low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wotherspoon-h-pylori-malt-lancet-1993/), [Rituximab after autologous stem-cell transplantation in mantle-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lyma-rituximab-maintenance-after-transplant-mantle-cell-nejm-2017/), [Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-prima-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-lancet-2011/), [ROSEWOOD: a phase II randomized study of zanubrutinib plus obinutuzumab versus obinutuzumab monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rosewood-zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab-follicular-jco-2023/), [Safety and efficacy of odronextamab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-elm-2-odronextamab-follicular-ann-oncol-2024/), [Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015/), [Second-line tisagenlecleucel or standard care in aggressive B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022/), [Sustained progression-free survival benefit of rituximab maintenance in patients with follicular lymphoma: long-term results of the PRIMA study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-prima-final-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-jco-2019/), [Tafasitamab, lenalidomide, and rituximab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (inMIND): a global, phase 3, randomised controlled trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-inmind-tafasitamab-lenalidomide-rituximab-follicular-lancet-2026/), [The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002/), [Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022/), [TRANSFORM: liso-cel CAR-T versus salvage chemotherapy and transplant in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-transform-liso-cel-lancet-2022/), [TRIANGLE: ibrutinib with immunochemotherapy with or without autologous transplant versus immunochemotherapy and transplant in untreated mantle cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-triangle-ibrutinib-mantle-cell-lymphoma-dreyling-lancet-2024/), [VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jcog9801-vcap-amp-vecp-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-jco-2007/), [Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964/), [ZUMA-1: axicabtagene ciloleucel for refractory large B-cell lymphoma, the first CAR-T approved for lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-1-axi-cel-nejm-2017/), [ZUMA-7: axi-cel CAR-T instead of salvage chemotherapy and transplant for large B-cell lymphoma that relapses early](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zuma-7-axi-cel-second-line-nejm-2022/)

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