# Melanoma

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/  
OnCo record `melanoma` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine.

## Summary

Melanoma arises from pigment cells; most cases are cured by excision when found early, and it is the skin cancer most likely to spread when it is not. Risk is driven by ultraviolet exposure and fair skin; the tumour carries the highest mutation burden of any common cancer, which is why it became the proving ground for immunotherapy. About half of cutaneous melanomas carry BRAF V600 mutations, a quarter NRAS, and acral and mucosal subtypes carry KIT alterations; uveal melanoma is a distinct disease driven by GNAQ/GNA11 and BAP1.

The treatment revolution began in 2011 with ipilimumab and vemurafenib and accelerated with PD-1 blockade (2014). Nivolumab-ipilimumab now delivers ~50% melanoma-specific survival at ten years in advanced disease (CheckMate 067), pembrolizumab 34% overall survival at ten years (KEYNOTE-006), and nivolumab-relatlimab offers a gentler doublet. For BRAF-mutant disease, DREAMseq settled that immunotherapy should come first. In resectable stage III disease, NADINA and SWOG S1801 moved immunotherapy to before surgery with response-adapted follow-on treatment, and adjuvant PD-1 or BRAF/MEK covers stage IIB-III. After immunotherapy fails, lifileucel TIL therapy (2024) and the oncolytic virus RP1 with nivolumab (2026) are approved; tebentafusp is the first survival-extending drug in metastatic uveal melanoma. Intismeran autogene plus pembrolizumab became the first personalised mRNA vaccine to pass a phase 3 in August 2026.

Open problems: roughly 40% of advanced patients never respond to immunotherapy, and second-line options after PD-1 failure remain limited; LAG-3 blockade failed as adjuvant therapy and with a different PD-1 partner; adjuvant treatment of stage II over-treats most patients; uveal, mucosal, and acral subtypes lag far behind; brain metastases affect up to half of advanced patients; and half the world's population lacks the HLA type required by the T-cell-receptor drugs.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: skin; spike
- Group: skin
- Burden: Melanoma causes about 330,000 cases per year, and incidence is rising in fair-skinned populations.
- Subtypes: Superficial spreading (most common cutaneous); Nodular; Lentigo maligna (chronically sun-damaged skin); Acral lentiginous (palms, soles, nails; KIT/NRAS; not UV-driven); Mucosal (KIT, low TMB, poor IO response); Uveal (GNAQ/GNA11, BAP1; HLA-A*02 tebentafusp); Desmoplastic (very high TMB, IO-sensitive); BRAF V600-mutant (~50%); NRAS-mutant (~25%); Triple wild-type
- Biomarkers: BRAF V600; NRAS; KIT (acral/mucosal); PD-L1 (weak); TMB; HLA-A*02:01 (tebentafusp); Breslow thickness and ulceration (staging); Sentinel node status; BRAF V600E/K (targeted therapy eligibility); NRAS, KIT (subtype and trial eligibility); HLA-A*02:01 (tebentafusp, brenetafusp); PRAME (diagnostic IHC; TCR target); LDH (prognostic in stage IV); ctDNA (investigational for MRD and response); TMB and interferon signatures (research predictors of IO response)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/melanoma/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/#overview [8 subtypes, 9 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/#what-it-is [18 subtypes, 7 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/#finding-it [15 biomarkers, 8 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/#treating-it [13 settings, 4 regimens, 8 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/evidence/ [144 trials, 17 key papers, 19 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/science/ [178 targets, 9 pathways, 8 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/where-you-are/ [63 centres]
- Living with it (own page): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/living-with-it/ [40 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/coming/ [57 medicines, 144 trials, 45 ideas, 11 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/data/ [751 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Stage II-III: Adjuvant pembrolizumab/nivolumab; neoadjuvant IO for resectable stage III. ([Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Sentinel lymph node biopsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sentinel-node/))
- Metastatic first line: Nivolumab-ipilimumab or nivolumab-relatlimab; BRAF/MEK if rapid control needed. ([CheckMate 067](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-067/), [Relatlimab + nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/relatlimab-nivolumab/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/))
- After PD-1: Lifileucel, RP1 + nivolumab, ipilimumab-based, trials; tebentafusp (uveal). ([Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lifileucel/), [Vusolimogene oderparepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/vusolimogene-oderparepvec/), [Tebentafusp](https://onco.cc/drugs/tebentafusp/))
- Screening and diagnosis: Dermoscopy, total-body photography for high-risk patients, excisional biopsy with Breslow thickness and ulceration reported; AI decision support emerging. ([Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis](https://onco.cc/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/), [Breslow thickness](https://onco.cc/terms/breslow-thickness/), [Ulceration (melanoma)](https://onco.cc/terms/ulceration-melanoma/))
- Stage I-II primary: Wide local excision with margins by thickness (1-2 cm); sentinel lymph node biopsy from ~0.8 mm Breslow or with ulceration; nodal ultrasound surveillance rather than completion dissection if positive (MSLT-II). ([Sentinel lymph node biopsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sentinel-node/), [MSLT-II](https://onco.cc/trials/mslt-ii/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/))
- Stage IIB-IIC (thick or ulcerated, node-negative): Adjuvant pembrolizumab or nivolumab for one year (KEYNOTE-716, CheckMate 76K); discuss modest absolute benefit and irAE risk; ctDNA-guided trials. ([KEYNOTE-716](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-716/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/))
- Resectable stage III (macroscopic nodes): Neoadjuvant ipilimumab + nivolumab (two cycles) then surgery with response-adapted adjuvant therapy (NADINA), or neoadjuvant pembrolizumab (SWOG S1801); alternative adjuvant-only PD-1 or, if BRAF-mutant, dabrafenib-trametinib. ([NADINA](https://onco.cc/trials/nadina/), [SWOG S1801](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1801/), [COMBI-AD](https://onco.cc/trials/combi-ad/), [Major pathological response (MPR)](https://onco.cc/terms/major-pathological-response/))
- Stage III after surgery (adjuvant): Nivolumab or pembrolizumab for one year; dabrafenib-trametinib for BRAF V600 (COMBI-AD, 10-year RFS 48%); relatlimab adds nothing (RELATIVITY-098). ([COMBI-AD](https://onco.cc/trials/combi-ad/), [Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [RELATIVITY-098](https://onco.cc/trials/relativity-098/))
- Unresectable or metastatic, first line: Nivolumab + ipilimumab (highest long-term survival; ~59% grade 3-4 events) or nivolumab + relatlimab (Opdualag; ~21%) or anti-PD-1 alone; for BRAF-mutant disease, immunotherapy first (DREAMseq) unless rapid control is needed. ([CheckMate 067](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-067/), [RELATIVITY-047](https://onco.cc/trials/relativity-047/), [KEYNOTE-006](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-006/), [DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134)](https://onco.cc/trials/dreamseq/), [Immunotherapy first, then BRAF/MEK (BRAF-mutant melanoma)](https://onco.cc/pairings/io-first-then-braf-mek/))
- BRAF V600-mutant, after immunotherapy or needing rapid response: BRAF + MEK doublet: encorafenib-binimetinib, dabrafenib-trametinib, or vemurafenib-cobimetinib; triplet with atezolizumab is approved but little used. ([COLUMBUS](https://onco.cc/trials/columbus/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [Binimetinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/binimetinib/), [Vemurafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vemurafenib/), [Cobimetinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobimetinib/), [BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-plus-mek/))
- After anti-PD-1 failure: Lifileucel TIL therapy (accelerated approval 2024), RP1 oncolytic virus + nivolumab (2026), ipilimumab-based rechallenge, brenetafusp trials; clinical trials strongly encouraged. ([Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lifileucel/), [C-144-01](https://onco.cc/trials/c-144-01/), [Vusolimogene oderparepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/vusolimogene-oderparepvec/), [PRISM-MEL-301](https://onco.cc/trials/prism-mel-301/), [Brenetafusp](https://onco.cc/drugs/brenetafusp/))
- Metastatic uveal melanoma (HLA-A*02:01-positive): Tebentafusp (OS benefit, IMCgp100-202); liver-directed therapy for hepatic-dominant disease; ipilimumab-nivolumab has modest activity. ([Tebentafusp](https://onco.cc/drugs/tebentafusp/), [IMCgp100-202](https://onco.cc/trials/imcgp100-202/), [HLA-A*02:01 restriction](https://onco.cc/terms/hla-a02-restriction/))
- Brain metastases: Nivolumab + ipilimumab for asymptomatic disease (~50% intracranial response, CheckMate 204); stereotactic radiosurgery; BRAF/MEK for symptomatic BRAF-mutant disease. ([Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/))

## State of the art

- 10-year survival ~50% with IO doublet.
- First cell therapy for a solid tumour.
- First positive phase 3 personalised vaccine.
- About half of patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab-ipilimumab are alive at ten years, and a third of those on pembrolizumab; durable remissions persist off treatment.
- Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with response-adapted follow-on treatment (NADINA, SWOG S1801) is the new standard for resectable stage III disease and lets most patients skip a year of adjuvant therapy.
- Sequencing is settled for BRAF-mutant disease: immunotherapy first, targeted therapy in reserve.
- Post-PD-1 options now exist: TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus with nivolumab, and PRAME-directed T-cell engagers in phase 3.
- The first personalised mRNA vaccine to pass a phase 3 (intismeran, August 2026) did so in melanoma.
- Completion lymph node dissection has been abandoned after MSLT-II, sparing most stage III patients lymphoedema.

## Open problems

- Primary IO resistance in ~40%.
- Uveal and mucosal subtypes.
- Brain metastases.
- Primary resistance: about 40% of advanced patients never respond to PD-1-based therapy, and predictive biomarkers (PD-L1, TMB, interferon signatures) remain too weak to guide choices.
- After PD-1 failure, the approved options (TIL therapy, RP1 with nivolumab) respond in ~30% at best; for the rest melanoma remains life-limiting, and PRAME-directed T-cell engagers are the next attempt.
- LAG-3 blockade is not a class effect: it failed as adjuvant therapy and with cemiplimab, so the biology of when it helps is unresolved.
- Adjuvant therapy in stage IIB/IIC treats many to benefit few; ctDNA-guided selection is unproven.
- Uveal, mucosal, and acral melanomas respond poorly to checkpoint inhibitors and have few targeted options.
- Brain metastases occur in up to half of advanced patients; leptomeningeal disease is untreatable.
- T-cell-receptor drugs require HLA-A*02:01, excluding most people of African and East Asian ancestry.
- Long-term immune toxicity (endocrinopathies, arthritis) in cured patients is under-studied.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma

## Connected records

- cancers: [Acral melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/acral-melanoma/), [Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)](https://onco.cc/cancers/aya-cancers/), [Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-melanoma/), [Basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/), [BRAF V600-mutant melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/), [Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)](https://onco.cc/cancers/secondary-brain-tumours/), [Conjunctival melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/conjunctival-melanoma/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms](https://onco.cc/cancers/histiocytoses/), [Melanoma of the urethra](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral-melanoma/), [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/), [Mucosal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mucosal-melanoma/), [Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella)](https://onco.cc/cancers/rare-childhood-cancers/), [Skin cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/), [Stage IIB and IIC melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/), [Stage III melanoma (after surgery)](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/), [Uveal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uveal-melanoma/), [Vaginal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal-melanoma/), [Vulvar melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/vulvar-melanoma/)
- roadmaps: [Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/)
- pairings: [BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-plus-mek/), [Caution: LAG-3 blockade outside active disease](https://onco.cc/pairings/lag3-adjuvant-caution/), [Immunotherapy first, then BRAF/MEK (BRAF-mutant melanoma)](https://onco.cc/pairings/io-first-then-braf-mek/), [Neoadjuvant immunotherapy → response-adapted adjuvant](https://onco.cc/pairings/neoadjuvant-io-response-adapted/), [Oncolytic virus + PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/pairings/oncolytic-plus-pd1/), [PD-1 failure → TIL therapy](https://onco.cc/pairings/io-then-til/), [Personalised neoantigen vaccine + PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/pairings/vaccine-plus-pd1/)
- technologies: [Accelerator-based BNCT systems (NeuCure, nuBeam, NeuPex)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bnct-accelerator-systems/), [Adaptive therapy (evolution-based dosing)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adaptive-therapy-dynamics/), [Black salve and other escharotic pastes](https://onco.cc/technologies/black-salve-escharotics/), [Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [CD40 agonist antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/cd40-agonists/), [Compression, decongestive therapy and exercise for lymphoedema](https://onco.cc/technologies/lymphoedema-decongestive-therapy/), [Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for skin (VivaScope, VivoSight, deepLive)](https://onco.cc/technologies/confocal-oct-skin-imaging/), [Cytokines & engineered cytokines](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytokine-therapy/), [Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis](https://onco.cc/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/), [Dietary fibre and the gut microbiome for immunotherapy response](https://onco.cc/technologies/dietary-fibre-microbiome-io/), [Electrochemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/electrochemotherapy/), [Electrochemotherapy devices (Cliniporator)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electrochemotherapy-devices/), [Faecal microbiota transplantation for PD-1 non-responders](https://onco.cc/technologies/fmt-checkpoint-nonresponders/), [Gamma probes, handheld gamma cameras and dose calibrators](https://onco.cc/technologies/gamma-probes-dose-calibrators/), [Gerson therapy, coffee enemas and 'detox' regimens](https://onco.cc/technologies/gerson-therapy-detox-regimens/), [Hyperthermia systems (BSD-2000, EHY-2000, superficial and interstitial applicators)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hyperthermia-systems/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Immuno-PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/immuno-pet/), [Immunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions)](https://onco.cc/technologies/immunocytokines/), [In situ vaccination](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-situ-vaccination/), [Intraoperative fluorescence and Cerenkov imaging systems (SPY, Firefly, LumiSystem, LightPath)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems/), [Intratumoural gene electrotransfer (IL-12 plasmid)](https://onco.cc/technologies/il12-electroporation/), [Isolated limb perfusion and infusion](https://onco.cc/technologies/isolated-limb-perfusion/), [LAG-3 blockade](https://onco.cc/technologies/lag3-blockade/), [Metastatic seeding and dormancy models](https://onco.cc/technologies/metastasis-seeding-models/), [Microbiome modulation to unlock immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/microbiome-modulation-io/), [Mistletoe extracts (Iscador, Helixor)](https://onco.cc/technologies/mistletoe-extracts/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [mRNA and lipid nanoparticle manufacturing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrna-lnp-manufacturing/), [MUSK (Stanford, vision-language pathology)](https://onco.cc/technologies/musk/), [Oncolytic viruses](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncolytic-virus/), [Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/neoantigen-mrna-vaccine/), [Probiotics, antibiotics and stewardship around immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Sentinel lymph node biopsy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sentinel-node/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Skin cancer screening (visual skin examination)](https://onco.cc/technologies/skin-cancer-screening/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [SPECT/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/spect-ct/), [T-cell engagers (bispecific)](https://onco.cc/technologies/t-cell-engager/), [TCR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/tcr-t/), [TIL therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/til-therapy/), [Troponin and natriuretic peptide monitoring during cancer treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/cardiac-biomarker-monitoring/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/)
- targets: [ACKR3](https://onco.cc/targets/ackr3/), [ACVR1B](https://onco.cc/targets/acvr1b/), [AEBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/aebp1/), [AFDN](https://onco.cc/targets/afdn/), [AFF1](https://onco.cc/targets/aff1/), [AFF4](https://onco.cc/targets/aff4/), [AMER1](https://onco.cc/targets/amer1/), [ARHGEF12](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgef12/), [ARNT](https://onco.cc/targets/arnt/), [ATF1](https://onco.cc/targets/atf1/), [ATP2B3](https://onco.cc/targets/atp2b3/), [ATXN1L](https://onco.cc/targets/atxn1l/), [AXIN1](https://onco.cc/targets/axin1/), [B2M](https://onco.cc/targets/b2m/), [BCL11A](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl11a/), [BCL9](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9/), [BCL9L](https://onco.cc/targets/bcl9l/), [BCLAF1](https://onco.cc/targets/bclaf1/), [BCORL1](https://onco.cc/targets/bcorl1/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [BRD7](https://onco.cc/targets/brd7/), [BUB1B](https://onco.cc/targets/bub1b/), [CADM2](https://onco.cc/targets/cadm2/), [CARS1](https://onco.cc/targets/cars1/), [CBLB](https://onco.cc/targets/cblb/), [CCND2](https://onco.cc/targets/ccnd2/), [CD40](https://onco.cc/targets/cd40/), [CDK5](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk5/), [CDX2](https://onco.cc/targets/cdx2/), [CIC](https://onco.cc/targets/cic/), [CIITA](https://onco.cc/targets/ciita/), [CNOT3](https://onco.cc/targets/cnot3/), [CNOT9](https://onco.cc/targets/cnot9/), [COL1A1](https://onco.cc/targets/col1a1/), [COL6A3](https://onco.cc/targets/col6a3/), [CREB1](https://onco.cc/targets/creb1/), [CRLF2](https://onco.cc/targets/crlf2/), [CTLA-4](https://onco.cc/targets/ctla4/), [CTNNA2](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnna2/), [CTNND2](https://onco.cc/targets/ctnnd2/), [CYP1B1](https://onco.cc/targets/cyp1b1/), [CYP2C8](https://onco.cc/targets/cyp2c8/), [DAXX](https://onco.cc/targets/daxx/), [EIF1AX](https://onco.cc/targets/eif1ax/), [ELL](https://onco.cc/targets/ell/), [EPHA3](https://onco.cc/targets/epha3/), [ERCC2](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc2/), [ERCC3](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc3/), [ERCC4](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc4/), [ERCC5](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc5/), [FANCD2](https://onco.cc/targets/fancd2/), [FANCF](https://onco.cc/targets/fancf/), [FAS](https://onco.cc/targets/fas/), [FCRL4](https://onco.cc/targets/fcrl4/), [FH](https://onco.cc/targets/fh/), [FLG](https://onco.cc/targets/flg/), [FN1](https://onco.cc/targets/fn1/), [GD2 (disialoganglioside)](https://onco.cc/targets/gd2/), [GM-CSF receptor (CSF2RA)](https://onco.cc/targets/csf2ra/), [GNA11](https://onco.cc/targets/gna11/), [GNAQ](https://onco.cc/targets/gnaq/), [gp100 (PMEL)](https://onco.cc/targets/gp100/), [GRM3](https://onco.cc/targets/grm3/), [H3-3B](https://onco.cc/targets/h3-3b/), [HGF](https://onco.cc/targets/hgf/), [HLA-A](https://onco.cc/targets/hla-a/), [HLA-DRA](https://onco.cc/targets/hla-dra/), [HNF1A](https://onco.cc/targets/hnf1a/), [HOXD8](https://onco.cc/targets/hoxd8/), [HSP90AB1](https://onco.cc/targets/hsp90ab1/), [IDO1](https://onco.cc/targets/ido1/), [IFNAR2](https://onco.cc/targets/ifnar2/), [IFNGR1](https://onco.cc/targets/ifngr1/), [IKBKB](https://onco.cc/targets/ikbkb/), [IL2RB](https://onco.cc/targets/il2rb/), [IL2RG](https://onco.cc/targets/il2rg/), [Interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR1)](https://onco.cc/targets/ifnar1/), [IRS4](https://onco.cc/targets/irs4/), [JUN](https://onco.cc/targets/jun/), [KAT6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6a/), [KAT6B](https://onco.cc/targets/kat6b/), [KDM5A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm5a/), [KIT](https://onco.cc/targets/kit/), [KLF4](https://onco.cc/targets/klf4/), [KLF6](https://onco.cc/targets/klf6/), [KMT2B](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2b/), [KNL1](https://onco.cc/targets/knl1/), [KNSTRN](https://onco.cc/targets/knstrn/), [LAG-3](https://onco.cc/targets/lag3/), [LATS2](https://onco.cc/targets/lats2/), [LIFR](https://onco.cc/targets/lifr/), [LZTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/lztr1/), [MAGE-A4](https://onco.cc/targets/mage-a4/), [MAP3K13](https://onco.cc/targets/map3k13/), [MBD4](https://onco.cc/targets/mbd4/), [MC1R](https://onco.cc/targets/mc1r/), [MDGA2](https://onco.cc/targets/mdga2/), [MDM4](https://onco.cc/targets/mdm4/), [MECOM](https://onco.cc/targets/mecom/), [MEK1/2](https://onco.cc/targets/mek/), [MERTK](https://onco.cc/targets/mertk/), [MITF](https://onco.cc/targets/mitf/), [MLLT3](https://onco.cc/targets/mllt3/), [MN1](https://onco.cc/targets/mn1/), [MRTFA](https://onco.cc/targets/mrtfa/), [MX2](https://onco.cc/targets/mx2/), [MYB](https://onco.cc/targets/myb/), [MYCL](https://onco.cc/targets/mycl/), [MYH11](https://onco.cc/targets/myh11/), [NACA](https://onco.cc/targets/naca/), [NFKB2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfkb2/), [NFKBIE](https://onco.cc/targets/nfkbie/), [NKX2-1](https://onco.cc/targets/nkx2-1/), [NRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/nras/), [NUP98](https://onco.cc/targets/nup98/), [NUTM1](https://onco.cc/targets/nutm1/), [OCA2](https://onco.cc/targets/oca2/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PDCD1LG2](https://onco.cc/targets/pdcd1lg2/), [PER1](https://onco.cc/targets/per1/), [PHLDA1](https://onco.cc/targets/phlda1/), [PHOX2B](https://onco.cc/targets/phox2b/), [PIK3R2](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3r2/), [PLAG1](https://onco.cc/targets/plag1/), [PLCG1](https://onco.cc/targets/plcg1/), [PLXNC1](https://onco.cc/targets/plxnc1/), [POLQ](https://onco.cc/targets/polq/), [POT1](https://onco.cc/targets/pot1/), [PPP6C](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp6c/), [PRAME](https://onco.cc/targets/prame/), [PRDM16](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm16/), [PRF1](https://onco.cc/targets/prf1/), [PRKDC](https://onco.cc/targets/prkdc/), [PTPN13](https://onco.cc/targets/ptpn13/), [PTPN6](https://onco.cc/targets/ptpn6/), [PTPRB](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprb/), [PTPRC](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprc/), [PTPRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprk/), [QKI](https://onco.cc/targets/qki/), [RAC1](https://onco.cc/targets/rac1/), [RAD51C](https://onco.cc/targets/rad51c/), [RGPD3](https://onco.cc/targets/rgpd3/), [RGS7](https://onco.cc/targets/rgs7/), [RICTOR](https://onco.cc/targets/rictor/), [ROBO2](https://onco.cc/targets/robo2/), [RPL5](https://onco.cc/targets/rpl5/), [SALL4](https://onco.cc/targets/sall4/), [SLC45A2](https://onco.cc/targets/slc45a2/), [SMAD2](https://onco.cc/targets/smad2/), [SMAD3](https://onco.cc/targets/smad3/), [SOX10](https://onco.cc/targets/sox10/), [SPOP](https://onco.cc/targets/spop/), [STAG3](https://onco.cc/targets/stag3/), [STAT1](https://onco.cc/targets/stat1/), [STN1](https://onco.cc/targets/stn1/), [SUFU](https://onco.cc/targets/sufu/), [SYK](https://onco.cc/targets/syk/), [TBK1](https://onco.cc/targets/tbk1/), [TBX3](https://onco.cc/targets/tbx3/), [TCF19](https://onco.cc/targets/tcf19/), [TCL1A](https://onco.cc/targets/tcl1a/), [TF](https://onco.cc/targets/tf/), [TFE3](https://onco.cc/targets/tfe3/), [TFEB](https://onco.cc/targets/tfeb/), [TMEM127](https://onco.cc/targets/tmem127/), [TPT1](https://onco.cc/targets/tpt1/), [TRAF7](https://onco.cc/targets/traf7/), [TYR](https://onco.cc/targets/tyr/), [WAS](https://onco.cc/targets/was/), [ZBTB16](https://onco.cc/targets/zbtb16/), [ZNF331](https://onco.cc/targets/znf331/)
- drugs: [ADU-S100 (MIW815)](https://onco.cc/drugs/adu-s100/), [Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)](https://onco.cc/drugs/aldesleukin/), [AU-007](https://onco.cc/drugs/au-007/), [Autogene cevumeran](https://onco.cc/drugs/autogene-cevumeran/), [BA3071](https://onco.cc/drugs/ba3071/), [BCD-100](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcd-100/), [BCD-217](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcd-217/), [Bempegaldesleukin](https://onco.cc/drugs/bempegaldesleukin/), [Binimetinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/binimetinib/), [Brenetafusp](https://onco.cc/drugs/brenetafusp/), [Cemiplimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cemiplimab/), [Ceralasertib](https://onco.cc/drugs/ceralasertib/), [Cobimetinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobimetinib/), [Cobolimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cobolimab/), [Dabrafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib/), [Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [Dacarbazine](https://onco.cc/drugs/dacarbazine/), [Darovasertib](https://onco.cc/drugs/darovasertib/), [DOC1021](https://onco.cc/drugs/doc1021/), [EIK1001](https://onco.cc/drugs/eik1001/), [ENB003](https://onco.cc/drugs/enb003/), [Encorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/encorafenib/), [ENV-501](https://onco.cc/drugs/env-501/), [Epacadostat](https://onco.cc/drugs/epacadostat/), [Fianlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/fianlimab/), [GC101 TIL](https://onco.cc/drugs/gc101-til/), [Gotistobart](https://onco.cc/drugs/gotistobart/), [IBI363](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibi363/), [IMA203](https://onco.cc/drugs/ima203/), [Interferon alfa-2a/2b](https://onco.cc/drugs/interferon-alfa/), [Intismeran autogene](https://onco.cc/drugs/intismeran-autogene/), [IO102-IO103](https://onco.cc/drugs/io102-io103/), [Ipilimumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ipilimumab/), [JK08](https://onco.cc/drugs/jk08/), [Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/drugs/lifileucel/), [LNS8801](https://onco.cc/drugs/lns8801/), [MI Cancer Seek](https://onco.cc/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/), [Naporafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/naporafenib/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [OR502](https://onco.cc/drugs/or502/), [Peginterferon alfa-2b](https://onco.cc/drugs/peginterferon-alfa-2b/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [PRTX007](https://onco.cc/drugs/prtx007/), [Pucotenlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pucotenlimab/), [Relatlimab + nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/relatlimab-nivolumab/), [T3011](https://onco.cc/drugs/t3011/), [Tacquell (autologous melanoma-derived tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes)](https://onco.cc/drugs/tacquell/), [Talimogene laherparepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/talimogene-laherparepvec/), [Tasonermin](https://onco.cc/drugs/tasonermin/), [Tebentafusp](https://onco.cc/drugs/tebentafusp/), [Technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid](https://onco.cc/drugs/technetium-sulfur-colloid/), [Technetium-99m tilmanocept](https://onco.cc/drugs/tilmanocept-tc99m/), [Trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/trametinib/), [TRK-950](https://onco.cc/drugs/trk-950/), [Tunlametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/tunlametinib/), [Vemurafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vemurafenib/), [Vusolimogene oderparepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/vusolimogene-oderparepvec/)
- companies: [Alpha-9 Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/alpha-9-oncology/), [Arpeggio Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/arpeggio-bio/), [Asher Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/asher-bio/), [Aura Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/aura-biosciences/), [Biocad](https://onco.cc/companies/biocad/), [BioInvent International](https://onco.cc/companies/bioinvent-international/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/caliber-imaging-diagnostics/), [Canfield Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/canfield-scientific/), [CytomX Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/cytomx-therapeutics/), [DAMAE Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/damae-medical/), [Diakonos Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/diakonos-oncology/), [ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group](https://onco.cc/companies/ecog-acrin/), [Eikon Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/eikon-therapeutics/), [Evaxion](https://onco.cc/companies/evaxion/), [FotoFinder Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/fotofinder/), [Georgiamune](https://onco.cc/companies/georgiamune/), [GI Innovation](https://onco.cc/companies/gi-innovation/), [GV20 Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/gv20-therapeutics/), [Hangzhou Hanx Biopharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/hangzhou-hanx-biopharmaceuticals/), [HiberCell](https://onco.cc/companies/hibercell/), [HUYABIO International](https://onco.cc/companies/huyabio/), [IDEAYA Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/ideaya-biosciences/), [Idera Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/idera-pharmaceuticals/), [IGEA](https://onco.cc/companies/igea/), [Immatics](https://onco.cc/companies/immatics/), [Immuneering](https://onco.cc/companies/immuneering/), [Immunocore](https://onco.cc/companies/immunocore/), [IntraOp Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/intraop-medical/), [IO Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/io-biotech/), [iOnctura](https://onco.cc/companies/ionctura/), [Iovance Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/iovance/), [Krystal Biotech](https://onco.cc/companies/krystal-biotech/), [mAbxience Research S.L.](https://onco.cc/companies/mabxience-research-s-l/), [Mammotome (Danaher)](https://onco.cc/companies/mammotome/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Microbiotica](https://onco.cc/companies/microbiotica/), [Moderna](https://onco.cc/companies/moderna/), [Multitude Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/multitude-therapeutics/), [Navidea Biopharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/navidea/), [Nektar Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/nektar-therapeutics/), [Neonc Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/neonc-technologies/), [Novartis](https://onco.cc/companies/novartis/), [Obsidian Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/obsidian-therapeutics/), [OncoC4](https://onco.cc/companies/oncoc4/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Philogen S.p.A.](https://onco.cc/companies/philogen-s-p-a/), [Regeneron](https://onco.cc/companies/regeneron/), [Relay Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/relay-therapeutics/), [Replimune](https://onco.cc/companies/replimune/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [Salubris Biotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/salubris-biotherapeutics/), [Scancell](https://onco.cc/companies/scancell/), [Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/shanghai-juncell-therapeutics/), [Shanghai Kechow Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/shanghai-kechow-pharma/), [Stella Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/stella-pharma/), [Suzhou BlueHorse Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/suzhou-bluehorse-therapeutics/), [SWOG Cancer Research Network](https://onco.cc/companies/swog/), [Takara Bio](https://onco.cc/companies/takara-bio/), [Vyriad](https://onco.cc/companies/vyriad/)
- institutions: [A.C. Camargo Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ac-camargo/), [Aarhus University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/aarhus-university-hospital/), [Auckland City Hospital / Te Pūriri o Te Ora Cancer and Blood Service](https://onco.cc/institutions/auckland-city-hospital/), [Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra / CIMA](https://onco.cc/institutions/cun-navarra/), [Cancer Council Australia](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-council-australia/), [Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-manchester-institute/), [Centre Antoine Lacassagne](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-antoine-lacassagne/), [Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)](https://onco.cc/institutions/chum/), [Centre Léon Bérard](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-leon-berard/), [Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/cnio/), [Chris O'Brien Lifehouse](https://onco.cc/institutions/chris-obrien-lifehouse/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-tuebingen/), [Dartmouth Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dartmouth-cancer-center/), [Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hug-geneva/), [Ghent University Hospital / Cancer Research Institute Ghent](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-gent/), [Hadassah Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/hadassah/), [Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille](https://onco.cc/institutions/ap-hm-timone/), [Hospital de Amor (Barretos Cancer Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-de-amor-barretos/), [Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah](https://onco.cc/institutions/huntsman/), [Institut Curie](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-curie/), [Institute of Oncology Ljubljana](https://onco.cc/institutions/onkoloski-institut-ljubljana/), [IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/regina-elena-rome/), [Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale](https://onco.cc/institutions/pascale-naples/), [Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS](https://onco.cc/institutions/iov-veneto/), [IUCT Oncopole (Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse)](https://onco.cc/institutions/iuct-oncopole/), [Kyoto University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyoto-university-hospital/), [Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/nyu-perlmutter/), [Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) / Ludwig Institute Lausanne](https://onco.cc/institutions/chuv-lausanne/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Leiden University Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/lumc-leiden/), [Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/nio-warsaw/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/mdc-berlin/), [Melanoma Institute Australia](https://onco.cc/institutions/melanoma-institute-australia/), [Melanoma Research Alliance](https://onco.cc/institutions/mra/), [Moffitt Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/moffitt/), [National Institute of Oncology, Hungary](https://onco.cc/institutions/noi-budapest/), [NCI Center for Cancer Research (intramural programme)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-ccr/), [Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nki/), [Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/onj-cancer-centre/), [Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/oslo-radium-hospital/), [Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)](https://onco.cc/institutions/oxford-cancer/), [Peking University Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/), [QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/qimr-berghofer/), [Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/rigshospitalet/), [Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University](https://onco.cc/institutions/mcgill-goodman/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/weill-cornell-meyer-cancer-center/), [Sheba Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/sheba/), [Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/lund-skane/), [Society of Surgical Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/sso/), [The Wistar Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wistar/), [UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ucla-jonsson/), [University Cancer Center Mainz (UCT Mainz) / Universitätsmedizin Mainz](https://onco.cc/institutions/uct-mainz/), [University Hospital Zurich / Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich](https://onco.cc/institutions/usz-zurich/), [University of Arizona Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/arizona-cancer-center/), [UPMC Hillman Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/upmc-hillman/), [UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uva-cancer-center/), [UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-leuven/), [Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/vanderbilt-ingram/), [Weizmann Institute of Science](https://onco.cc/institutions/weizmann/), [Wellcome Sanger Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome-sanger/), [West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen](https://onco.cc/institutions/essen-wtz/)
- pathways: [Cancer neuroscience (nerve-tumour signalling)](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-neuroscience/), [Lineage plasticity & neuroendocrine transformation](https://onco.cc/pathways/lineage-plasticity-neuroendocrine/), [Melanoma (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/melanoma-signalling/), [Microbiome-tumour interactions](https://onco.cc/pathways/microbiome-tumour/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [RNA splicing](https://onco.cc/pathways/rna-splicing/), [The blood-brain barrier & brain metastasis](https://onco.cc/pathways/blood-brain-barrier-metastasis/), [Tumour dormancy](https://onco.cc/pathways/tumor-dormancy/)
- terms: [Bioelectric theory of cancer (Levin)](https://onco.cc/terms/bioelectric-theory-of-cancer/), [BRAF V600E mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/braf-v600-mutation/), [Brain metastases (intracranial disease)](https://onco.cc/terms/brain-metastases/), [Breslow thickness](https://onco.cc/terms/breslow-thickness/), [Cancer during pregnancy](https://onco.cc/terms/cancer-in-pregnancy/), [Cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses](https://onco.cc/terms/vaccines-and-oncolytic-viruses/), [Carcinoma in situ (CIS)](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoma-in-situ/), [Fixed-duration vs continuous therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/fixed-duration/), [HLA-A*02:01 restriction](https://onco.cc/terms/hla-a02-restriction/), [Immune surveillance and cancer immunoediting](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-surveillance-immunoediting/), [Immune-related adverse events (irAEs)](https://onco.cc/terms/irae/), [Interferon-gamma gene signature (T-cell-inflamed signature)](https://onco.cc/terms/interferon-gamma-signature/), [Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)](https://onco.cc/terms/liver-directed-therapy/), [Major pathological response (MPR)](https://onco.cc/terms/major-pathological-response/), [TERT promoter mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/tert-promoter/), [Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-markers/), [Ulceration (melanoma)](https://onco.cc/terms/ulceration-melanoma/), [Wide local excision](https://onco.cc/terms/wide-local-excision/)
- trials: [(Neo)Adjuvant IDE196 (Darovasertib) in Patients With Localized Ocular Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05907954/), [A Clinical Study of BCD-217 (Nurulimab + Prolgolimab) Followed by Anti-PD-1 Compared to Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy as First-Line Treatment in Subjects With Unresectable/Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05732805/), [A Clinical Study of Intismeran Autogene (V940) and Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in People With Melanoma (V940-012/INTerpath-012)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06961006/), [A Clinical Study of Intratumoral MVR-T3011 (T3011) Given as a Single Agent and in Combination With Intravenous Pembrolizumab in Participants With Adva](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04370587/), [A Clinical Trial of Three Study Medicines (Encorafenib, Binimetinib, and Pembrolizumab) in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04657991/), [A First-In Human (FIH) Study to Find Out How Well REGN10597 Medicine Given Alone or in Combination With Cemiplimab Works in Adult Participants Who Hav](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06413680/), [A Phase 1-2 Study of ST101 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04478279/), [A Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Efficacy of HMBD-501 in Patients With HER3-Expressing ](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06956690/), [A Phase 1/2 Study of BA3071 in Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05180799/), [A Phase 1/2a Study of IMM-1-104 in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05585320/), [A Phase Ib Study of PRJ1-3024 for Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06727630/), [A Phase II Study of Vemurafenib Combined With Acitretin in Patients With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02050321/), [A Phase II Trial of LM103 in Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07310784/), [A Randomized, Phase 2/3 Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of RP2 in Combination With Nivolumab in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Naïve Adult P](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06581406/), [A Single Arm Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of EVX-01 in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Adults With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05309421/), [A Study Assessing KB707 for the Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05970497/), [A Study of APG-115 in as a Monotherapy or Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Metastatic Melanomas or Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03611868/), [A Study of BMS-986340 as Monotherapy and as Combination Therapy in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04895709/), [A Study of Ceralasertib Monotherapy and Ceralasertib Plus Durvalumab in Patients With Melanoma and Resistance to PD-(L)1 Inhibition](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05061134/), [A Study of Cobolimab Plus Dostarlimab in Pediatric and Young Adult Participants With Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06521567/), [A Study of GC101 TIL in Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06703398/), [A Study of GV20-0251 Monotherapy and GV20-0251 in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Participants With Solid Tumor Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05669430/), [A Study of HER3-DXd in Subjects With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06172478/), [A Study of IBI363 in Subjects With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06081920/), [A Study of IBI363 in Subjects with Advanced Solid Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06281678/), [A Study of Lifileucel (Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes) in Adults With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07288203/), [A Study of Neoadjuvant Therapy With BCD-217 (Nurulimab + Prolgolimab) in Patients With Resectable Stage III Skin Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05751928/), [A Study of NKTR-214 Combined With Nivolumab vs Nivolumab Alone in Participants With Previously Untreated Inoperable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03635983/), [A Study of OR502, a Monoclonal Antibody Targeting LILRB2, Alone and in Combination With Anticancer Agents](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06090266/), [A Study of Oral 7HP349 (Alintegimod) in Combination With Ipilimumab Followed by Nivolumab Monotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06362369/), [A Study of Participant Reported Preference for Subcutaneous Pembrolizumab Coformulated With Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-3475A) Over Intravenous Pembrol](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06099782/), [A Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Pediatric Participants With an Advanced Solid Tumor or Lymphoma (MK-3475-051/KEYNOTE-051)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02332668/), [A Study of ST-1898 for Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06359860/), [A Study of Subcutaneous Nivolumab + Relatlimab Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) in Previously Untreated Metastatic or Unresectable Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05625399/), [A Study of T-DXd for the Treatment of Solid Tumors Harboring HER2 Activating Mutations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04639219/), [A Study of TRK-950 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05423262/), [A Study to Assess IPN01194 When Administered Alone in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06305247/), [A Study to Assess Naporafenib (ERAS-254) Administered With Trametinib in Patients With NRAS-mutant Melanoma (SEACRAFT-2)](https://onco.cc/trials/seacraft-2/), [A Study to Evaluate ABP 206 Compared With OPDIVO® (Nivolumab) in Subjects With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06054555/), [A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of IBI363 Monotherapy Compared to Pembrolizumab in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastat](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06797297/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Therapeutic Activity of GI-102 As a Single Agent and in Combination with Conventional Anti-cancer Drugs, Pembrolizu](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05824975/), [A Study to Evaluate Whether Participants With Melanoma Prefer Subcutaneous vs Intravenous Administration of Nivolumab and Nivolumab + Relatlimab Fixed](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06101134/), [A Study to Investigate Safety and Tolerability of TransCon IL-2 β/γ Alone or in Combination With Pembrolizumab and/or TransCon TLR7/8 Agonist or Other](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05081609/), [A Study to Investigate Safety of AZD6750 in Adult Participants With Select Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07115043/), [A Study to Investigate the Antitumor Activity, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of BGB-A445 in Combination With Tislelizumab in Participants](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05661955/), [A Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of an Infusion of IOV-4001 in Adult Participants With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma or Stage III or IV Non-small-cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05361174/), [A Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of IOV-3001 in Adults With Advanced Melanoma Who Will Receive Lifileucel](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06940739/), [A Study With Combinations of Anti-LAG-3 and Anti-PD-1 Antibodies in Adult Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Melanoma (Harmony Head-to-Head)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06246916/), [A Trial of LNS8801 With or Without Pembrolizumab in Patients With Refractory Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06624644/), [A Trial to Learn if Fianlimab and Cemiplimab Are Safe and Work Better Than Anti-PD1 Alone in Adult Participants With Resectable Stage 3 or 4 Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06190951/), [A Trial to See if the Combination of Fianlimab With Cemiplimab Works Better Than Pembrolizumab for Preventing or Delaying Melanoma From Coming Back Af](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05608291/), [Adjuvant Encorafenib and Binimetinib in High-risk Stage II Melanoma With a BRAF Mutation.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05270044/), [AMT-253 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06209580/), [An Efficacy Study of Adjuvant Treatment With the Personalized Cancer Vaccine mRNA-4157 and Pembrolizumab in Participants With High-Risk Melanoma (KEYN](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03897881/), [An Extended Use Study of Safety and Efficacy of Talimogene Laherparepvec in Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01368276/), [An Open-Label Expanded Access Study of the Melphalan/Hepatic Delivery System (HDS) in Patients With Hepatic Dominant Ocular Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05022901/), [An Phase Ib/II Clinical Trial of TCC1727 Combination Therapy in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07371663/), [Basket Study of Entrectinib (RXDX-101) for the Treatment of Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring NTRK 1/2/3 (Trk A/B/C), ROS1, or ALK Gene Rearrangeme](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02568267/), [Belvarafenib in Combination With Cobimetinib in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic NRAS-Mutant Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07449754/), [BI-1808 as a Single Agent and With Pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA® ) in Treatment of Advanced Malignancies(Keynote-D20)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04752826/), [Breast and Melanoma Trial With Lymphoseek to Identify Lymph Nodes](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01106040/), [C-144-01](https://onco.cc/trials/c-144-01/), [CheckMate 067](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-067/), [CheckMate 204](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-204/), [CheckMate 238](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-238/), [CheckMate 915](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-915/), [Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of BCD-263 and Opdivo® as Monotherapy in Subjects With Advanced Melanoma of the Skin](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06640530/), [coBRIM](https://onco.cc/trials/cobrim/), [COLUMBUS](https://onco.cc/trials/columbus/), [COMBI-AD](https://onco.cc/trials/combi-ad/), [COMBI-d](https://onco.cc/trials/combi-d/), [Comparing Tunlametinib Capsules and Combination Chemotherapy in Advanced NRAS-mutant Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06008106/), [Different Doses of BI-1607 in Combination With Pembrolizumab and Ipilimumab, in Participants With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06784648/), [DOC1021 Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy for Refractory Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07288112/), [Dose Escalation Study of a PD1-LAG3 Bispecific Antibody in Patients With Advanced and/or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04140500/), [DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134)](https://onco.cc/trials/dreamseq/), [Dual-Target CSPG4/GD2 CAR-NK Cells for Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07627698/), [Effectiveness Study of Nivolumab Compared to Placebo in Prevention of Recurrent Melanoma After Complete Resection of Stage IIB/C Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04099251/), [Efficacy and Safety Study of Talimogene Laherparepvec Compared to Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00769704/), [Efficacy of Daromun Neoadjuvant Intratumoral Treatment in Clinical Stage IIIB/C/D Melanoma Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03567889/), [ENB003 Plus Pembrolizumab Phase 1b/2a in Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04205227/), [Fianlimab + cemiplimab phase 3 (first-line melanoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/fianlimab-phase3-melanoma/), [FMT plus pembrolizumab in anti-PD-1-refractory melanoma (Pittsburgh)](https://onco.cc/trials/fmt-pd1-refractory-melanoma-pitt/), [GEN1042 Safety Trial and Anti-tumor Activity in Participants With Malignant Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04083599/), [GM103 Intratumoral Injection in Patients With Locally Advanced, Unresectable, Refractory and/or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06265025/), [HX009+ IN10018 With or Without Standard Chemotherapy for Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06708663/), [IDE196 (Darovasertib) in Combination With Crizotinib as First-line Therapy in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05987332/), [IMCgp100-202](https://onco.cc/trials/imcgp100-202/), [IMspire150](https://onco.cc/trials/imspire150/), [INTerpath-001 (V940-001)](https://onco.cc/trials/interpath-001/), [Intratumoral N17350 in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07339176/), [IO102-IO103 in Combination With Pembrolizumab Versus Pembrolizumab Alone in Advanced Melanoma (IOB-013 / KN-D18)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05155254/), [KEYNOTE-006](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-006/), [KEYNOTE-716](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-716/), [LGX818 and MEK162 in Combination With a Third Agent (BKM120, LEE011, BGJ398 or INC280) in Advanced BRAF Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02159066/), [MC1R-targeted Alpha-particle Monotherapy and Combination Therapy Trial With Nivolumab in Adults With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05655312/), [MIMic-01: healthy-donor FMT plus anti-PD-1, first-line melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/mimic-01/), [MSLT-II](https://onco.cc/trials/mslt-ii/), [NADINA](https://onco.cc/trials/nadina/), [Neoadjuvant L19IL2/L19TNF- Pivotal Study](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02938299/), [OH2 Injection in Combination With HX008 for Melanoma.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04616443/), [OH2 Injection in Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05868707/), [Pembrolizumab With Talimogene Laherparepvec or Placebo in Unresected Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02263508/), [Phase 1a and Phase 2 Study for Safety, Preliminary Efficacy, PK and PD of ST-067](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04787042/), [Phase 2 Trial of Voyager V1 in Combination With Cemiplimab in Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04291105/), [Phase I/II Clinical Study of JMT108 Injection for the Treatment of Advanced Malignant Melanoma and Urinary Tract Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07280832/), [Phase II Study Incorporating Pegylated Interferon In the Treatment For Children With High-Risk Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00539591/), [Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant IO102-IO103 and Pembrolizumab KEYTRUDA® in Patients With Resectable Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05280314/), [Phase II Trial of Ontak With Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00299689/), [PHOENIX-ECP- Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Immune-related Colitis and/or Hepatitis in Advanced Melanoma With Inadequate Response to Steroid Exposure](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07619898/), [PRISM-MEL-301](https://onco.cc/trials/prism-mel-301/), [Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy in Cancer Patients With Adjustment Disorder](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07072728/), [QUILT-3.055: A Study of Combination Immunotherapies in Patients Who Have Previously Received Treatment With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03228667/), [RAPA-201 Therapy of Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05144698/), [RELATIVITY-047](https://onco.cc/trials/relativity-047/), [RELATIVITY-098](https://onco.cc/trials/relativity-098/), [Safety and Efficacy of EIK1001 in Combo With Pembro Versus Placebo and Pembro as First-Line Therapy in Patients With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06697301/), [Safety and Efficacy of NEO212 in Patients With Astrocytoma IDH-mutant, Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype or Brain Metastasis](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06047379/), [Safety and Efficacy of OBX-115 in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06060613/), [Safety and Tolerability Study of GIM-531 in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06425926/), [Safety, PK and Efficacy of ONC-392 in Monotherapy and in Combination of Anti-PD-1 in Advanced Solid Tumors and NSCLC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04140526/), [Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of CJRB-101 With Pembrolizumab in Subjects With Selected Types of Advanced or Metastatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05877430/), [SCIB1 and iSCIB1+ in Melanoma Patients Receiving Nivolumab With Ipilimumab or SCIB1 With Pembrolizumab (The SCOPE Study)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04079166/), [Study Comparing Investigational Drug HBI-8000 + Nivolumab vs. Placebo + Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04674683/), [Study of AMXT 1501 and DFMO in Combination With Standard Therapies in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07287917/), [Study of AU-007, A Monoclonal Antibody That Binds to IL-2 and Inhibits IL-2Rα Binding, in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Ca](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05267626/), [Study of Denileukin Diftitox in Participants With Stage IIIC and Stage IV Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct01127451/), [Study of Efficacy and Safety of LXH254 Combinations in Patients With Previously Treated Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04417621/), [Study of GV20-0251 in Participants With Solid Tumor Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07070518/), [Study of IDE196 in Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring GNAQ/11 Mutations or PRKC Fusions](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03947385/), [Study of INBRX-106 and INBRX-106 in Combination With Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) in Subjects With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors (Hexavalen](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04198766/), [Study of JK08 in Patients with Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05620134/), [Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Placebo After Complete Resection of High-Risk Stage III Melanoma (MK-3475-054/1325-MG/KEYNOTE-054)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02362594/), [Study of RP1 Monotherapy and RP1 in Combination With Nivolumab (IGNYTE)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03767348/), [Study of the Efficacy of Intratumoral L19IL2 or L19TNF or L19IL2/L19TNF, in Combination With Pembrolizumab, in Unresectable Melanoma Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06284590/), [Study to Compare Adjuvant Immunotherapy of Bempegaldesleukin Combined With Nivolumab Versus Nivolumab After Complete Resection of Melanoma in Patients at High Risk for Recurrence](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04410445/), [Study to Compare Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of MB11 Versus EU-/US-Opdivo® in Subjects With Previously Untreated Advanced [Unresectable or Metastatic] Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07221734/), [Study to Investigate Lifileucel Regimen Plus Pembrolizumab Compared With Pembrolizumab Alone in Participants With Untreated Advanced Melanoma.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05727904/), [SUPRAME-ACTengine® IMA203 vs. Investigator's Choice of Treatment in Previously Treated, Unresectable or Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06743126/), [SWOG S1801](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1801/), [Tebentafusp Regimen Versus Investigator's Choice in Previously Treated Advanced Melanoma (TEBE-AM)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05549297/), [The Efficacy and Safety of PRTX007-003 Combined With Pembrolizumab in Resectable Stage III Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07565285/), [Trial of Lymphoseek in Intraoperative Localization of Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer and Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00671918/), [X4P-001 and Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Melanoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02823405/)
- key papers: [ASCO 2021 guideline: how to recognise and manage the immune-related side effects of checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-irae-guideline-jco-2021/), [C-144-01: lifileucel, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes grown from a patient's own tumour, in melanoma after checkpoint inhibitors have failed](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-c-144-01-lifileucel-melanoma-jco-2021/), [CheckMate 067 at ten years: half of melanoma patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab were alive a decade later](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-067-ten-year-nejm-2025/), [CheckMate 067 at ten years: nivolumab plus ipilimumab produces long-term survival in half of patients with advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-067-10-year-nejm-2025/), [Esteva 2017: a deep neural network classifies skin cancer at dermatologist level](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esteva-skin-cancer-deep-learning-nature-2017/), [Hodi 2010: ipilimumab, the first checkpoint inhibitor, extends survival in metastatic melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-hodi-ipilimumab-melanoma-nejm-2010/), [KEYNOTE-006 (Robert 2015): pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-006-pembrolizumab-ipilimumab-melanoma-nejm-2015/), [KEYNOTE-942: a personalised mRNA cancer vaccine plus pembrolizumab after melanoma surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024/), [Leach, Krummel and Allison: releasing the CTLA-4 brake makes mice reject tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-leach-allison-ctla4-blockade-science-1996/), [Metastatic melanoma with initial ctDNA decline and radiographic response during self-directed antiparasitic use: treatment effect or spontaneous regression?](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cheng-melanoma-ctdna-antiparasitic-front-oncol-2026/), [NADINA: two doses of ipilimumab plus nivolumab before surgery beat a year of nivolumab after surgery in stage III melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nadina-nejm-2024/), [RELATIVITY-047: relatlimab plus nivolumab, the first LAG-3 checkpoint combination, in untreated advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-relativity-047-nejm-2022/), [Rohaas 2022: the first randomised trial of TIL therapy, against ipilimumab, in advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rohaas-til-vs-ipilimumab-nejm-2022/), [Rojas 2023: a personalised mRNA vaccine trained T cells against each patient's pancreatic cancer, and those who responded stayed cancer-free longer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rojas-mrna-neoantigen-vaccine-pancreatic-nature-2023/), [Siegel 2024: Cancer statistics, 2024, the American Cancer Society's annual US report](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-siegel-cancer-statistics-2024-cacancer-2024/), [Topalian 2012: the first large trial of a PD-1 antibody shows durable responses across melanoma, lung and kidney cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-topalian-anti-pd1-nejm-2012/), [Tumeh 2014: PD-1 blockade works by releasing T cells already present at the tumour edge](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tumeh-pd1-adaptive-immune-resistance-nature-2014/)
- journals: [Melanoma research](https://onco.cc/journals/melanoma-research/), [Pigment cell & melanoma research](https://onco.cc/journals/pigment-cell-and-melanoma-research/)
- ideas: [A multi-cancer platform trial of adaptive (dose-holiday) therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-adaptive-therapy-platform/), [A ring-fenced metastasis programme with metastasis-specific endpoints](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-metastasis-moonshot/), [A standard platform to get drugs into the brain: focused ultrasound plus shuttle-engineered therapeutics](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-brain-delivery-platform/), [An organotropism atlas that predicts where a cancer will spread](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-organotropism-atlas/), [Ban commercial sunbeds](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-commercial-sunbed-ban/), [Biopsy the one lesion that is growing while the others shrink](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-outlier-lesion-biopsy/), [Brain metastases included by default in every solid-tumour trial](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-brain-mets-default-included/), [Build a human model of the barrier that guards the brain fluid](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-blood-csf-barrier-model/), [Capture diet, fibre and antibiotic exposure in every immunotherapy pivotal trial](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-nl-diet-covariates-io-trials/), [CD8 PET to stop or switch immunotherapy early](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cd8-pet-io/), [ctDNA-guided adjuvant therapy in stage II-III melanoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-melanoma/), [De-acidify the tumour so T cells can work in it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-lactate-acid-axis/), [Eradicate dormant cancer cells: a programme to wake and kill or lock asleep disseminated cells](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-dormancy-eradication-programme/), [Evolution-guided 'adaptive therapy' dosing tested in randomised phase 2 trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-adaptive-therapy-randomised-phase-2/), [Extended-interval immunotherapy: give checkpoint inhibitors every 8-12 weeks once stable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing/), [Give immunotherapy in the morning](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy/), [Grow immune command posts inside tumours](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-tertiary-lymphoid-induction/), [Judge skin cancer AI by the thick melanomas it prevents, not the thin ones it finds](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-melanoma-ai-thick-melanoma-metric/), [Kill drug-tolerant persisters through ferroptosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ferroptosis-persisters/), [Let adolescents from age 12 into adult trials when the cancer biology is the same](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-age-floor-twelve-for-adult-trials/), [Microbiome transplant as a routine immunotherapy adjunct](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-microbiome-io-fmt/), [Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12/), [Pause a failed drug so the tumour becomes sensitive to it again](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-drug-holiday-resensitisation/), [Personalised cancer vaccines at commodity cost through fully automated manufacturing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-neoantigen-vaccines-at-scale/), [Personalised vaccines given only when the blood test turns positive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-mrd-triggered-neoantigen-vaccine/), [Pre-surgery platform trials that test combinations on pathological response in months](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-neoadjuvant-combo-platform/), [Protect the gut flora of patients about to start immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-antibiotic-stewardship-io/), [Randomise a cheap antihistamine alongside immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-antihistamine-plus-io-trial/), [Randomised trials of stopping immunotherapy after one year versus continuing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials/), [Select patients for cell therapy by whether their tumour holds reactive T cells](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-til-reactivity-selection/), [Shared splice-derived neoantigens as off-the-shelf vaccine targets](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-splice-neoantigens/), [Starve the survivors: target the energy pathway drug-tolerant cells switch to](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-persister-metabolic-vulnerability/), [Switch drugs at maximum response, not at relapse](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-first-strike-second-strike/), [Take faecal transplant plus immunotherapy to a definitive trial](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-fmt-plus-checkpoint-phase3/), [TCR therapeutics for non-HLA-A*02 patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prame-tcr-beyond-a02/), [Test a high-fibre diet as an immunotherapy adjunct](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-fibre-diet-io-trial/), [Test intermittent dosing of targeted drugs to delay resistance, with honest priors](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-intermittent-dosing-to-delay-resistance/), [Test protein and resistance training during immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-protein-plus-training-during-io/), [Time immunotherapy to the moment targeted drugs make tumours visible](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-immunopeptidome-timing/), [Treat brain metastases as a disease with its own trials programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-brain-metastases-programme/), [Treat immunotherapy side-effects without wiping out the response](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-steroid-sparing-irae/), [Treat the draining lymph node before removing it](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-lymph-node-immune-priming/), [Use a blood test at six weeks to decide whether to keep going](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-ctdna-six-week-io-switch/), [Use pre-surgery immunotherapy windows as the field's biomarker engine](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-neoadjuvant-biomarker-engine/), [Watch the immune system's response in the blood three weeks in](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-tcr-repertoire-early-readout/)
- people: [Alexander Eggermont](https://onco.cc/people/alexander-eggermont/), [Amod A. Sarnaik](https://onco.cc/people/amod-sarnaik/), [Antoni Ribas](https://onco.cc/people/antoni-ribas/), [Antonio Rosato](https://onco.cc/people/antonio-rosato/), [Billy Starr](https://onco.cc/people/billy-starr/), [Caroline Robert](https://onco.cc/people/caroline-robert/), [Catherine J. Wu](https://onco.cc/people/catherine-wu/), [Christian Blank](https://onco.cc/people/christian-blank/), [Debra Black](https://onco.cc/people/debra-black/), [Dirk Schadendorf](https://onco.cc/people/dirk-schadendorf/), [Eliezer M. Van Allen](https://onco.cc/people/eliezer-van-allen/), [Enrique Espinosa](https://onco.cc/people/enrique-espinosa/), [F. Stephen Hodi](https://onco.cc/people/f-stephen-hodi/), [Georgina V. Long](https://onco.cc/people/georgina-long/), [Grant McArthur](https://onco.cc/people/mcarthur-grant/), [Hagen F. Kennecke](https://onco.cc/people/hagen-kennecke/), [Howard L. Kaufman](https://onco.cc/people/howard-kaufman/), [Hussein A. Tawbi](https://onco.cc/people/hussein-tawbi/), [Igor Puzanov](https://onco.cc/people/igor-puzanov/), [Inge Marie Svane](https://onco.cc/people/inge-marie-svane/), [James Larkin](https://onco.cc/people/james-larkin/), [James P. Allison](https://onco.cc/people/james-allison/), [Janja Ocvirk](https://onco.cc/people/janja-ocvirk/), [Jason J. Luke](https://onco.cc/people/jason-luke/), [Jean-Jacques Grob](https://onco.cc/people/jean-jacques-grob/), [Jedd D. Wolchok](https://onco.cc/people/jedd-wolchok/), [Jeffrey E. Gershenwald](https://onco.cc/people/jeffrey-gershenwald/), [Jeffrey S. Weber](https://onco.cc/people/jeffrey-weber/), [Jennifer A. Wargo](https://onco.cc/people/jennifer-wargo/), [John Haanen](https://onco.cc/people/john-haanen/), [John M. Kirkwood](https://onco.cc/people/john-kirkwood/), [Jun Guo](https://onco.cc/people/guo-jun/), [Keith T. Flaherty](https://onco.cc/people/keith-flaherty/), [Kenneth K. Tanabe](https://onco.cc/people/kenneth-tanabe/), [Kevin Harrington](https://onco.cc/people/kevin-harrington/), [Leon Black](https://onco.cc/people/leon-black/), [Lynn M. Schuchter](https://onco.cc/people/lynn-schuchter/), [Mark B. Faries](https://onco.cc/people/mark-faries/), [Mark Middleton](https://onco.cc/people/mark-middleton/), [Michael A. Postow](https://onco.cc/people/michael-postow/), [Michael B. Atkins](https://onco.cc/people/michael-atkins/), [Pamela S. Ohashi](https://onco.cc/people/pamela-ohashi/), [Paolo A. Ascierto](https://onco.cc/people/paolo-ascierto/), [Patrick Hwu](https://onco.cc/people/patrick-hwu/), [Paul B. Chapman](https://onco.cc/people/paul-chapman/), [Paul Nathan](https://onco.cc/people/paul-nathan/), [Piotr Rutkowski](https://onco.cc/people/piotr-rutkowski/), [Ralf Gutzmer](https://onco.cc/people/ralf-gutzmer/), [Reinhard Dummer](https://onco.cc/people/reinhard-dummer/), [Richard D. Carvajal](https://onco.cc/people/richard-carvajal/), [Ryan J. Sullivan](https://onco.cc/people/ryan-sullivan/), [Samra Turajlić](https://onco.cc/people/samra-turajlic/), [Sang Joon Shin](https://onco.cc/people/shin-sang-joon/), [Sapna P. Patel](https://onco.cc/people/sapna-patel/), [Sergio Roman-Roman](https://onco.cc/people/sergio-roman-roman/), [Shahneen Sandhu](https://onco.cc/people/sandhu-shahneen/), [Shailender Bhatia](https://onco.cc/people/shailender-bhatia/), [Shari Pilon-Thomas](https://onco.cc/people/shari-pilon-thomas/), [Sharon Belvin](https://onco.cc/people/sharon-belvin/), [Steven A. Rosenberg](https://onco.cc/people/steven-rosenberg/), [Susana Puig](https://onco.cc/people/susana-puig/), [Suzanne L. Topalian](https://onco.cc/people/suzanne-topalian/), [Tasuku Honjo](https://onco.cc/people/tasuku-honjo/), [Timothy A. Chan](https://onco.cc/people/timothy-chan/), [Uğur Şahin](https://onco.cc/people/ugur-sahin/), [Ulrich Keilholz](https://onco.cc/people/ulrich-keilholz/)
- bottlenecks: [Acquired resistance to every therapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-resistance/), [AI that is built but not validated or deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-ai-validation/), [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/), [Metastasis is understood least and studied last](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-metastasis-biology/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/), [Prevention we already have is not deployed](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-prevention-adoption/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/), [The brain: barrier and sanctuary](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/), [Too many combinations to test](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-combination-space/)
- collections: [Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA)](https://onco.cc/collections/melanoma-research-alliance/)
- biomarkers: [BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-class-ii-iii/), [BRAF fusion or rearrangement](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-fusion/), [BRAF V600E (and V600K)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-v600e/), [HLA-A*02:01 (HLA typing for TCR therapies)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/hla-a-02-01/), [TMB-high (tumour mutational burden >= 10 mutations per megabase)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/tmb-high/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/melanoma.json