# Neuroblastoma (paediatric)

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/  
OnCo record `neuroblastoma` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease.

## Summary

Neuroblastoma arises from developing sympathetic nerve cells, usually in the adrenal gland or along the spine, and is the most common cancer of infants and the most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood. It spans the widest clinical range in oncology: some infant tumours (stage MS) regress without treatment, while high-risk disease (about half of patients, defined by INRG stage, age over 18 months, MYCN amplification and other genomic features) is cured in only 50-60% despite the most intensive therapy given to children, which is where anti-GD2 antibodies and CAR-T have made their gains. ALK mutations (~10%) are the main druggable driver; MYCN, though not directly druggable, points to polyamine and ALK biology.

High-risk therapy is a year-long sequence: five to six cycles of induction chemotherapy, surgery, myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue (tandem transplant in North America after ANBL0532; busulfan-melphalan single transplant in Europe after HR-NBL1), radiotherapy to the primary site, then anti-GD2 immunotherapy (dinutuximab or dinutuximab beta with GM-CSF; IL-2 abandoned after HR-NBL1) and isotretinoin. Anti-GD2 antibody raised survival by about 20 points (ANBL0032). Since December 2023, two years of oral eflornithine (DFMO) is approved as maintenance on the strength of an externally controlled study; naxitamab and irinotecan-temozolomide-dinutuximab treat relapse; lorlatinib is being added for ALK-aberrant tumours and 131I-MIBG tested in induction (ANBL1531).

Neuroblastoma is also where CAR-T first produced lasting cures in a solid tumour: GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù, NEJM 2023) achieved 63% responses and 33% complete remissions in relapsed disease, with some remissions lasting more than a decade. The open questions are whether cell therapy can consolidate first-line remission, how to reduce the lifelong burden of hearing loss, infertility and second cancers in survivors, how to treat MYCN-amplified relapse, and how to bring anti-GD2 therapy to the majority of children in the world who cannot access it.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-07
- Tags: paediatric; spike
- Group: paediatric
- Burden: ~7-8% of childhood cancers; ~800 US cases a year; median age at diagnosis ~18 months; 5-year survival >90% for low/intermediate risk and ~50-60% for high risk.
- Subtypes: Very-low and low risk (L1, MS in infants; often observation or surgery alone); Intermediate risk (L2, M in infants; moderate chemotherapy); High risk (stage M >18 months, or MYCN-amplified at any age); ALK-mutated or amplified (~10%; lorlatinib-responsive); MYCN-amplified (~20%); Relapsed/refractory (MIBG-avid vs non-avid; marrow vs soft-tissue); Ganglioneuroblastoma / ganglioneuroma (differentiated spectrum); Opsoclonus-myoclonus-associated (paraneoplastic)
- Biomarkers: MYCN amplification; ALK mutation; Age, stage, ploidy; Segmental chromosome aberrations; INRG stage and image-defined risk factors; Age (<18 months); MYCN amplification (FISH); ALK mutation/amplification; 11q aberration, 1p deletion, ploidy, segmental chromosomal aberrations; INPC histology; Urinary catecholamines (VMA/HVA); 123I-MIBG Curie score / 18F-MFBG PET; Bone marrow minimal residual disease (PHOX2B, TH qPCR); GD2 expression (near-universal)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/neuroblastoma/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#overview [3 subtypes, 8 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#what-it-is [11 subtypes, 5 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#finding-it [14 biomarkers, 1 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#treating-it [9 settings, 2 regimens, 7 decisions with options]
- Evidence (on the hub): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#evidence [16 trials, 2 key papers, 17 milestones]
- The science (on the hub): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#science [19 targets, 1 pathway, 7 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/where-you-are/ [25 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/#living-with-it [27 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/coming/ [12 medicines, 16 trials, 17 ideas, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma/data/ [164 connected records]

## Standard of care

- High-risk: Induction chemo → surgery → tandem transplant → RT → anti-GD2 + isotretinoin; lorlatinib if ALK-mutant. ([Lorlatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lorlatinib/), [Monoclonal antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/))
- Very-low / low risk (L1, MS): Observation with serial imaging for asymptomatic L1/MS (many regress); surgery alone for resectable L1; short chemotherapy only for symptoms or progression. ([INRG staging and risk groups](https://onco.cc/terms/inrg-staging/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/))
- Intermediate risk: 2-8 cycles of moderate chemotherapy (carboplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin) guided by response and biology; surgery; isotretinoin in some protocols. ([Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [INRG staging and risk groups](https://onco.cc/terms/inrg-staging/))
- High risk: induction: 5-6 cycles (COG: topotecan-cyclophosphamide × 2 then cisplatin-etoposide, cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-vincristine; SIOPEN: rapid COJEC); stem-cell harvest; ANBL1531 adds 131I-MIBG (randomised) or lorlatinib (ALK); ANBL17P1 adds dinutuximab to induction. ([COG ANBL1531](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl1531/), [131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy](https://onco.cc/drugs/i131-mibg/), [Lorlatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lorlatinib/), [Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta](https://onco.cc/drugs/dinutuximab/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [ANBL17P1](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl17p1/))
- High risk: local control: Surgical resection of primary after induction (gross total where safe); external-beam radiotherapy 21.6 Gy to primary site (boost to residual) and MIBG-avid metastatic sites; proton therapy where available. ([IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/))
- High risk: consolidation: Tandem autologous transplant (thiotepa-cyclophosphamide, then CEM) in North America (ANBL0532); single busulfan-melphalan transplant in Europe (HR-NBL1). ([Tandem autologous transplant](https://onco.cc/technologies/tandem-transplant/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), [COG ANBL0532](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl0532/), [SIOPEN HR-NBL1](https://onco.cc/trials/hr-nbl1/))
- High risk: post-consolidation: Anti-GD2 antibody (dinutuximab + GM-CSF + isotretinoin; dinutuximab beta in Europe, no IL-2) × 5-6 cycles; then eflornithine maintenance 2 years (US, 2023). ([Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta](https://onco.cc/drugs/dinutuximab/), [COG ANBL0032](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl0032/), [Eflornithine (DFMO)](https://onco.cc/drugs/eflornithine/), [NMTRC003/003B (DFMO maintenance)](https://onco.cc/trials/nmtrc003/), [Caution: IL-2 added to anti-GD2 therapy](https://onco.cc/pairings/il2-anti-gd2-caution/))
- Relapsed / refractory: Irinotecan-temozolomide + dinutuximab or naxitamab (ANBL1221); naxitamab + GM-CSF for marrow/bone disease; 131I-MIBG for MIBG-avid disease; lorlatinib for ALK; GD2 CAR-T (Italy, trials); DFMO-based maintenance; palliative radiotherapy. ([Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta](https://onco.cc/drugs/dinutuximab/), [Naxitamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/naxitamab/), [Naxitamab Study 201](https://onco.cc/trials/naxitamab-201/), [131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy](https://onco.cc/drugs/i131-mibg/), [Lorlatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lorlatinib/), [GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù phase 1/2)](https://onco.cc/trials/gd2-cart01/), [Anti-GD2 antibody + irinotecan-temozolomide (chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/pairings/anti-gd2-plus-chemo-relapse/), [ANBL1221](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl1221/))
- Survivorship: Audiology (platinum, DFMO), endocrine and fertility follow-up, cardiac surveillance (anthracycline), second-malignancy screening, neurocognitive support; lifelong late-effects clinic. ([Cardio-oncology](https://onco.cc/technologies/cardio-oncology/))

## State of the art

- Anti-GD2 raised high-risk survival to ~60%.
- GD2 CAR-T responses.
- Anti-GD2 immunotherapy after transplant is standard worldwide (ANBL0032), with IL-2 removed after HR-NBL1 showed no benefit.
- Tandem transplant (North America) and busulfan-melphalan (Europe) are the two evidence-based consolidation standards.
- Eflornithine is the first oral maintenance therapy approved (December 2023), on an externally controlled study.
- GD2 CAR-T produced durable complete remissions in relapsed neuroblastoma, the first such result in a childhood solid tumour.
- ALK inhibition with lorlatinib for ALK-aberrant tumours and 131I-MIBG during induction are being tested in ANBL1531.
- Risk-adapted de-escalation: many infants and low-risk patients are observed or cured with surgery alone.

## Open problems

- Relapsed high-risk disease.
- Long-term toxicity of intensive therapy.
- Relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma is rarely curable; MYCN-amplified relapse worst of all.
- Anti-GD2 therapy causes severe neuropathic pain; less painful antibody formats (e.g., humanised, Fc-engineered) and CAR-T are needed.
- Long-term toxicity of tandem transplant, cisplatin (hearing loss), and radiation in children who will live 70 years.
- Eflornithine's approval rests on an external control; a randomised trial is unlikely, so uncertainty persists.
- Access: anti-GD2 antibodies are expensive and unavailable in most low- and middle-income countries where most children with cancer live.
- MYCN remains undruggable directly; polyamine and Aurora/BET strategies are indirect.
- GD2 CAR-T needs randomised evidence and manufacturing at scale; only a few centres can deliver it.
- Imaging burden: repeated MIBG scans with sedation; MFBG PET adoption is slow.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Paediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/paediatric-oncology-roadmap/)
- cancers: [Childhood cancers (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/childhood-cancers/), [Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/esthesioneuroblastoma/), [Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/paediatric-germ-cell-tumours/), [Hepatoblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hepatoblastoma/), [High-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/), [Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk/), [Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)](https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroblastoma-low-risk/), [Retinoblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/retinoblastoma/), [Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/wilms-tumor/)
- pairings: [Anti-GD2 antibody + irinotecan-temozolomide (chemoimmunotherapy)](https://onco.cc/pairings/anti-gd2-plus-chemo-relapse/), [Caution: IL-2 added to anti-GD2 therapy](https://onco.cc/pairings/il2-anti-gd2-caution/)
- technologies: [Armoured, logic-gated & next-gen CARs](https://onco.cc/technologies/armored-car/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/autologous-stem-cell-transplant/), [CAR-T cell therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/car-t/), [CAR-T for glioma (IL13Rα2, GD2, EGFRvIII, multi-target)](https://onco.cc/technologies/glioma-car-t/), [Cardio-oncology](https://onco.cc/technologies/cardio-oncology/), [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [MIBG imaging and 131I-MIBG therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/mibg-theranostics/), [Monoclonal antibodies](https://onco.cc/technologies/monoclonal-antibody/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/), [Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/), [SPECT/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/spect-ct/), [Tandem autologous transplant](https://onco.cc/technologies/tandem-transplant/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/)
- targets: [ALK](https://onco.cc/targets/alk/), [BCORL1](https://onco.cc/targets/bcorl1/), [CDK9](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk9/), [DOT1L](https://onco.cc/targets/dot1l/), [ETV4](https://onco.cc/targets/etv4/), [FBLN2](https://onco.cc/targets/fbln2/), [FBN2](https://onco.cc/targets/fbn2/), [GD2 (disialoganglioside)](https://onco.cc/targets/gd2/), [MSI2](https://onco.cc/targets/msi2/), [MYCN (N-myc)](https://onco.cc/targets/mycn/), [MYO5A](https://onco.cc/targets/myo5a/), [PCNA](https://onco.cc/targets/pcna/), [PHOX2B](https://onco.cc/targets/phox2b/), [PRDM2](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm2/), [PRUNE2](https://onco.cc/targets/prune2/), [TNC](https://onco.cc/targets/tnc/)
- drugs: [131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy](https://onco.cc/drugs/i131-mibg/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta](https://onco.cc/drugs/dinutuximab/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Eflornithine (DFMO)](https://onco.cc/drugs/eflornithine/), [Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan)](https://onco.cc/drugs/irinotecan/), [Isotretinoin](https://onco.cc/drugs/isotretinoin/), [Lorlatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lorlatinib/), [Naxitamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/naxitamab/), [Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant)](https://onco.cc/drugs/sodium-thiosulfate/), [Teniposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/teniposide/), [Vincristine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vincristine/)
- companies: [Captor Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/captor-therapeutics/), [Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group](https://onco.cc/companies/cclg/), [Children's Oncology Group (COG)](https://onco.cc/companies/childrens-oncology-group/), [Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC)](https://onco.cc/companies/itcc/), [Partner Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/partner-therapeutics/), [United Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/united-therapeutics/), [US WorldMeds](https://onco.cc/companies/us-worldmeds/), [Y-mAbs Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/y-mabs/)
- institutions: [ACCELERATE](https://onco.cc/institutions/accelerate-platform/), [Centre Oscar Lambret](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-oscar-lambret/), [Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357](https://onco.cc/institutions/cche-57357/), [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](https://onco.cc/institutions/chop/), [City of Hope](https://onco.cc/institutions/city-of-hope/), [Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/baylor-duncan/), [Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dana-farber/), [Ghent University Hospital / Cancer Research Institute Ghent](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-gent/), [Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children](https://onco.cc/institutions/great-ormond-street/), [Hacettepe University Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/hacettepe-cancer-institute/), [Istanbul University Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/istanbul-oncology-institute/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [Newcastle Cancer Centre / Northern Centre for Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/institutions/newcastle-cancer-centre/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/sahlgrenska/), [SIOP Europe (European Society for Paediatric Oncology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/siop-europe/), [St. Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI)](https://onco.cc/institutions/st-anna-ccri-vienna/), [St. Jude Children's Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/st-jude/), [Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/stanford/), [Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/), [Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/texas-childrens/), [The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)](https://onco.cc/institutions/sickkids/), [UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/ucsd-moores/), [University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uchicago-cancer/), [University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uw-carbone/)
- terms: [ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)](https://onco.cc/terms/adcc/), [Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)](https://onco.cc/terms/autologous-transplant/), [Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/crs/), [Event-free / disease-free survival (EFS, DFS, iDFS, RFS)](https://onco.cc/terms/efs/), [INRG staging and risk groups](https://onco.cc/terms/inrg-staging/), [MIBG Curie and SIOPEN scores](https://onco.cc/terms/curie-siopen-score/), [MYCN amplification](https://onco.cc/terms/mycn-amplification/), [RACE for Children Act](https://onco.cc/terms/race-for-children-act/), [Segmental chromosomal aberrations and ploidy (neuroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/terms/segmental-chromosomal-aberrations/), [Urinary catecholamine metabolites (VMA and HVA)](https://onco.cc/terms/urinary-catecholamines/)
- trials: [ANBL0531](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl0531/), [ANBL1221](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl1221/), [ANBL17P1](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl17p1/), [APG-115 Alone or in Combination With APG-2575 in Recurrent or Refractory Neuroblastoma or Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05701306/), [Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS)](https://onco.cc/trials/ccss/), [COG ANBL0032](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl0032/), [COG ANBL0532](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl0532/), [COG ANBL1531](https://onco.cc/trials/anbl1531/), [Dual-Target GD2/B7-H3 CAR-NK Cells for Pediatric Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07502287/), [GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù phase 1/2)](https://onco.cc/trials/gd2-cart01/), [Interleukin-11 Plus Filgrastim Prior to Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Breast Cancer, or Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00004157/), [Naxitamab Study 201](https://onco.cc/trials/naxitamab-201/), [NMTRC003/003B (DFMO maintenance)](https://onco.cc/trials/nmtrc003/), [Open-Label Study of 18F-mFBG for Imaging Neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04724369/), [SIOPEN HR-NBL1](https://onco.cc/trials/hr-nbl1/), [Sodium Thiosulfate in Preventing Hearing Loss in Young Patients Receiving Cisplatin for Newly Diagnosed Germ Cell Tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Osteosarcoma, or Other Malignancy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00716976/)
- journals: [Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology/), [Pediatric hematology and oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/pediatric-hematology-and-oncology/)
- ideas: [18F-MFBG PET replacing 123I-MIBG scintigraphy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-mfbg-pet-replaces-mibg/), [A non-profit pharmaceutical company for the cancers markets ignore](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-nonprofit-pharma/), [A paediatric palliative care team in every childhood cancer unit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-paediatric-palliative-in-every-childhood-unit/), [Advance market commitments for paediatric and rare cancer drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-amc-paediatric-rare/), [An international consortium pooling the outcome of every treated child with cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-paediatric-rwe-consortium/), [An open organoid bank for cancers too rare to have models](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-rare-cancer-organoid-bank/), [Can MYC be drugged directly, and will patients tolerate it?](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-drugging-myc/), [Develop drugs in children first when the target is a children's target](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-paediatric-first-development/), [Escrow a share of adult revenue until the paediatric study is done](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-paediatric-deferral-escrow/), [GD2 CAR-T as consolidation in high-risk neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-gd2-car-t-frontline-consolidation/), [Guaranteed-quality childhood cancer medicines free of charge in 50 countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-childhood-medicines-platform-scale/), [Make paediatric combination studies part of every relevant adult cancer drug approval](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-paediatric-combo-prea/), [Milestone-based venture philanthropy with royalties recycled into the pipeline](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-milestone-venture-philanthropy/), [One global paediatric cancer development plan instead of separate FDA and EMA plans](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-single-paediatric-plan/), [Open-source drug discovery to clinical proof of concept for neglected cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-open-source-oncology-drug-discovery/), [Pay a prize for rare cancer drugs instead of hoping for a market](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-prize-fund/), [Switch off an undruggable oncogene permanently with epigenetic editing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-epigenetic-silencing-in-vivo/)
- people: [Alexandra "Alex" Scott](https://onco.cc/people/alex-scott/), [Alice L. Yu](https://onco.cc/people/alice-yu/), [Angelika Eggert](https://onco.cc/people/angelika-eggert/), [Brigitte C. Widemann](https://onco.cc/people/brigitte-widemann/), [Crystal L. Mackall](https://onco.cc/people/crystal-mackall/), [John M. Maris](https://onco.cc/people/john-maris/), [Julie R. Park](https://onco.cc/people/julie-park/), [Katherine K. Matthay](https://onco.cc/people/katherine-matthay/), [Louis Chesler](https://onco.cc/people/louis-chesler/), [Meredith Irwin](https://onco.cc/people/meredith-irwin/), [Nai-Kong V. Cheung](https://onco.cc/people/nai-kong-cheung/), [Nikolaus Rajewsky](https://onco.cc/people/nikolaus-rajewsky/), [Robbie G. Majzner](https://onco.cc/people/robbie-majzner/), [Ruth Ladenstein](https://onco.cc/people/ruth-ladenstein/), [Susan L. Cohn](https://onco.cc/people/susan-cohn/), [Trevor J. Pugh](https://onco.cc/people/trevor-pugh/), [Yael P. Mossé](https://onco.cc/people/yael-mosse/)
- bottlenecks: [No incentive to repurpose cheap drugs](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-generic-repurposing/), [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [Survivorship and late effects are neglected](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-survivorship/)
- pathways: [MYC](https://onco.cc/pathways/myc/)
- collections: [Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation (ALSF)](https://onco.cc/collections/alexs-lemonade-stand/), [St. Baldrick's Foundation](https://onco.cc/collections/st-baldricks/)
- biomarkers: [MYCN amplification](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/mycn-amp/)
- key papers: [ANBL1221 expansion: irinotecan, temozolomide and dinutuximab with GM-CSF in refractory or relapsed neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-anbl1221-expansion-dinutuximab-gm-csf-mody-jco-2020/), [ANBL1221: irinotecan-temozolomide with temsirolimus or dinutuximab in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-anbl1221-irinotecan-temozolomide-dinutuximab-mody-lancet-oncol-2017/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/neuroblastoma.json