# Neuroendocrine tumours

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/  
OnCo record `neuroendocrine` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation.

## Summary

Neuroendocrine neoplasms range from indolent grade 1 tumours that patients live with for decades to poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas that behave like small-cell lung cancer. Most arise in the small bowel, pancreas, rectum or lung; many secrete hormones (serotonin, insulin, gastrin) that cause syndromes, and most well-differentiated tumours express somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), which is the hinge of both diagnosis and therapy. Incidence has risen six-fold over 40 years, largely from incidental detection on imaging and endoscopy.

Therapy is sequenced by grade, receptor status and tempo. Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) control symptoms and slow growth (PROMID, CLARINET). For progression, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTATATE (NETTER-1; NETTER-2 first line for grade 2-3) is standard, and 177Lu-edotreotide beat everolimus head-to-head in COMPETE (PFS 23.9 vs 14.1 months) with an FDA decision due August 2026. Targeted pills (everolimus, sunitinib, and since March 2025 cabozantinib after CABINET) and chemotherapy (CAPTEM for pancreatic NETs; platinum-etoposide for neuroendocrine carcinoma) fill in. Surgery and liver-directed therapy (resection, embolisation, ablation, transplant in rare cases) remain central because disease is often liver-dominant.

The frontier is alpha-emitting PRRT: 212Pb-DOTAMTATE (AlphaMedix) met all primary endpoints in phase 2 with a 54% response rate in PRRT-naive patients and Breakthrough designation, and 225Ac-DOTATATE (RYZ101) is in the phase 3 ACTION-1 trial after lutetium failure. SSTR antagonist ligands, dosimetry-personalised dosing, and combinations with CAPTEM or immunotherapy are being tested. Open problems include the lack of randomised evidence for sequencing, the absence of effective therapy for SSTR-negative and high-grade disease, a 2-3% risk of therapy-related leukaemia after PRRT, and isotope supply.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Also known as: Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors)
- Tags: endocrine; spike
- Group: endocrine
- Burden: About 7 per 100,000 people per year in the US, rising six-fold since the 1970s; prevalence is high because many patients live for years (>170,000 living with NETs in the US).
- Subtypes: Small-bowel (midgut) NET, often with carcinoid syndrome; Pancreatic NET (functioning: insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma; non-functioning); Lung NET (typical and atypical carcinoid); Rectal and appendiceal NET (often incidental, excellent prognosis); Grade 3 well-differentiated NET; Neuroendocrine carcinoma (small- and large-cell), treated like SCLC; Hereditary: MEN1, VHL, NF1, TSC; paraganglioma/phaeochromocytoma (SDHx)
- Biomarkers: Ki-67 grade; SSTR PET uptake; Chromogranin A; MEN1, DAXX/ATRX; Ki-67 index and mitotic count (WHO grade); SSTR2 expression by 68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE PET; FDG PET avidity (high-grade or dedifferentiated disease); Chromogranin A (monitoring); 24-hour urinary 5-HIAA (carcinoid syndrome); Germline MEN1, VHL, SDHx testing; MGMT status (CAPTEM response, investigational)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/neuroendocrine/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/#overview [5 subtypes, 6 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/#what-it-is [12 subtypes, 5 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/#finding-it [11 biomarkers, 2 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/#treating-it [11 settings, 5 regimens, 7 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/evidence/ [34 trials, 1 key paper, 17 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/science/ [81 targets]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/where-you-are/ [19 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/#living-with-it [31 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/coming/ [24 medicines, 34 trials, 11 ideas, 9 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/neuroendocrine/data/ [278 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Localised: Resection.
- Advanced: SSA → 177Lu-DOTATATE → everolimus/cabozantinib/chemotherapy; alpha therapy in trials. ([Lutetium-177 dotatate](https://onco.cc/drugs/lutathera/), [Actinium-225 DOTATATE](https://onco.cc/drugs/ryz101/))
- Diagnosis and staging: Histology with Ki-67 grading; 68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE PET/CT ± FDG PET; triple-phase CT or MRI of the liver; chromogranin A and syndrome-specific hormones; germline testing for pancreatic NETs and paragangliomas. ([Somatostatin receptor PET (68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sstr-pet/), [Neuroendocrine tumour grade (Ki-67) and WHO classification](https://onco.cc/terms/net-grade-ki67/), [Chromogranin A](https://onco.cc/terms/chromogranin-a/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes](https://onco.cc/terms/men1-hereditary-net/))
- Localised disease: Surgical resection (including primary tumour resection with liver metastases where feasible); endoscopic resection for small rectal/gastric NETs; surveillance for small incidental lesions. ([Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/))
- Advanced, grade 1-2, SSTR-positive, first line: Somatostatin analogue (octreotide LAR or lanreotide); 177Lu-DOTATATE first line for grade 2-3 (NETTER-2) with high burden. ([Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)](https://onco.cc/drugs/octreotide-lanreotide/), [PROMID](https://onco.cc/trials/promid/), [CLARINET](https://onco.cc/trials/clarinet/), [Lutetium-177 dotatate](https://onco.cc/drugs/lutathera/), [Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/prrt/))
- Advanced, progression on SSA: PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE (or 177Lu-edotreotide if approved); everolimus; sunitinib (pancreatic); cabozantinib (CABINET, all sites). ([Lutetium-177 dotatate](https://onco.cc/drugs/lutathera/), [177Lu-edotreotide](https://onco.cc/drugs/itm-11/), [COMPETE](https://onco.cc/trials/compete/), [Everolimus](https://onco.cc/drugs/everolimus/), [RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4](https://onco.cc/trials/radiant-3-4/), [Sunitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sunitinib/), [Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [CABINET (Alliance A021602)](https://onco.cc/trials/cabinet/))
- Advanced pancreatic NET needing tumour shrinkage: CAPTEM (E2211); PRRT; liver-directed therapy for hepatic-dominant disease. ([Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM)](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine-temozolomide/), [Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tace/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/))
- Carcinoid syndrome: SSA dose escalation; telotristat ethyl for refractory diarrhoea; octreotide infusion peri-procedurally; echocardiographic screening for carcinoid heart disease. ([Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)](https://onco.cc/drugs/octreotide-lanreotide/), [Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoid-syndrome/))
- Neuroendocrine carcinoma (poorly differentiated): Platinum-etoposide (as in SCLC) ± PD-L1 inhibitor by extrapolation; FOLFIRINOX or CAPTEM in later lines; DLL3-directed agents in trials. ([Carboplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/carboplatin/), [Tarlatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tarlatamab/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/))
- After PRRT failure: Everolimus or cabozantinib; alpha PRRT in trials (ACTION-1, AlphaMedix); PRRT retreatment in selected patients. ([Actinium-225 DOTATATE](https://onco.cc/drugs/ryz101/), [ACTION-1](https://onco.cc/trials/action-1/), [212Pb-DOTAMTATE](https://onco.cc/drugs/alphamedix/), [Beta PRRT → alpha PRRT](https://onco.cc/pairings/prrt-then-alpha-net/))
- VHL-associated pancreatic NET: Belzutifan (approved 2021) for non-metastatic tumours not requiring immediate surgery. ([Belzutifan](https://onco.cc/drugs/belzutifan/), [MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes](https://onco.cc/terms/men1-hereditary-net/))

## State of the art

- Theranostic paradigm; first-line PRRT in higher-grade disease.
- Theranostic paradigm is routine: SSTR PET selects, 177Lu-DOTATATE treats, including first line for grade 2-3 disease.
- First head-to-head radioligand-versus-drug trial (COMPETE) won on PFS; FDA decision on 177Lu-edotreotide due 28 August 2026.
- Cabozantinib approved (2025) across pancreatic and extra-pancreatic NETs after prior therapy, with an 81% reduction in progression risk in lung/thymic NETs.
- Alpha PRRT (212Pb-DOTAMTATE) met all phase 2 endpoints with Breakthrough designation; 225Ac-DOTATATE in phase 3.
- Germline testing and syndrome-directed care (belzutifan for VHL) are standard for pancreatic NETs.

## Open problems

- Neuroendocrine carcinoma (high grade) behaves like SCLC.
- Sequencing of PRRT vs targeted therapy.
- Sequencing is unproven: no randomised trial orders SSA, PRRT, everolimus, cabozantinib and chemotherapy.
- SSTR-negative, FDG-avid and high-grade disease has few options; neuroendocrine carcinoma outcomes remain poor.
- Therapy-related MDS/AML (~2-3%) and renal toxicity after PRRT; long-term data on retreatment are thin.
- Overall survival benefits are hard to demonstrate because patients live for years and cross over.
- Isotope supply (177Lu, 212Pb, 225Ac) and nuclear-medicine capacity limit access outside major centres.
- Chromogranin A is an unreliable marker; better blood tests (NETest, ctDNA) are not validated for decisions.
- Rare syndromic and paediatric NETs lack trials; hereditary carriers need lifelong surveillance protocols.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor

## Connected records

- pairings: [Beta PRRT → alpha PRRT](https://onco.cc/pairings/prrt-then-alpha-net/), [Beta radioligand → alpha radioligand](https://onco.cc/pairings/beta-then-alpha/), [SSTR PET → PRRT](https://onco.cc/pairings/sstr-pet-to-prrt/)
- roadmaps: [Radiopharmaceutical roadmap: iodine → lutetium → actinium](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/radiopharma-roadmap/)
- technologies: [Actinium-225 supply: thorium stocks, accelerators and radium targets](https://onco.cc/technologies/actinium-225-supply/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [Histopathology & immunohistochemistry](https://onco.cc/technologies/histopathology-ihc/), [Lutetium-177 radioligand therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/lu177-radioligand-therapy/), [MIBG imaging and 131I-MIBG therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/mibg-theranostics/), [Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/prrt/), [Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (chemosaturation)](https://onco.cc/technologies/percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion/), [PET (positron emission tomography)](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet/), [PET/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/pet-ct/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [Radioligand plus DNA-repair inhibitor combinations](https://onco.cc/technologies/radionuclide-parp-combination/), [Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/), [Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release/), [Research reactors for medical isotopes (Mo-99, Lu-177, I-131)](https://onco.cc/technologies/research-reactor-isotope-production/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [Somatostatin receptor PET (68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sstr-pet/), [SPECT/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/spect-ct/), [Targeted alpha therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/targeted-alpha-therapy/), [Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo)](https://onco.cc/technologies/thermal-ablation/), [Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tace/)
- targets: [ADRA1A](https://onco.cc/targets/adra1a/), [ADRA1B](https://onco.cc/targets/adra1b/), [ADRA1D](https://onco.cc/targets/adra1d/), [ADRA2A](https://onco.cc/targets/adra2a/), [AKT](https://onco.cc/targets/akt/), [APC](https://onco.cc/targets/apc/), [ATRX](https://onco.cc/targets/atrx/), [AXIN2](https://onco.cc/targets/axin2/), [CCDC6](https://onco.cc/targets/ccdc6/), [CD3D](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3d/), [CD3G](https://onco.cc/targets/cd3g/), [CDKN1B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1b/), [CREBBP](https://onco.cc/targets/crebbp/), [DAXX](https://onco.cc/targets/daxx/), [DLL3](https://onco.cc/targets/dll3/), [DLST](https://onco.cc/targets/dlst/), [Dopamine D2 receptor](https://onco.cc/targets/drd2/), [EBF1](https://onco.cc/targets/ebf1/), [EP300](https://onco.cc/targets/ep300/), [EPHA1](https://onco.cc/targets/epha1/), [EPHA10](https://onco.cc/targets/epha10/), [EPHA3](https://onco.cc/targets/epha3/), [EPHA4](https://onco.cc/targets/epha4/), [EPHA5](https://onco.cc/targets/epha5/), [EPHA6](https://onco.cc/targets/epha6/), [EPHA7](https://onco.cc/targets/epha7/), [EPHA8](https://onco.cc/targets/epha8/), [EPHB1](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb1/), [EPHB2](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb2/), [EPHB3](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb3/), [EPHB4](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb4/), [ERCC5](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc5/), [ERG](https://onco.cc/targets/erg/), [ETV5](https://onco.cc/targets/etv5/), [FAT3](https://onco.cc/targets/fat3/), [FH](https://onco.cc/targets/fh/), [FOXA1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxa1/), [FOXP1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxp1/), [HIF-2α](https://onco.cc/targets/hif2a/), [HRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/hras/), [KEAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/keap1/), [Ki-67 (MKI67)](https://onco.cc/targets/mki67/), [KIF5B](https://onco.cc/targets/kif5b/), [KMT2D](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2d/), [LPP](https://onco.cc/targets/lpp/), [MAX](https://onco.cc/targets/max/), [Menin](https://onco.cc/targets/menin/), [MET](https://onco.cc/targets/met/), [mTOR](https://onco.cc/targets/mtor/), [PRDM16](https://onco.cc/targets/prdm16/), [RB1](https://onco.cc/targets/rb1/), [SDHA](https://onco.cc/targets/sdha/), [SDHAF2](https://onco.cc/targets/sdhaf2/), [SDHB](https://onco.cc/targets/sdhb/), [SDHC](https://onco.cc/targets/sdhc/), [SDHD](https://onco.cc/targets/sdhd/), [SETBP1](https://onco.cc/targets/setbp1/), [SLC25A11](https://onco.cc/targets/slc25a11/), [SLC6A2](https://onco.cc/targets/slc6a2/), [SMARCA4](https://onco.cc/targets/smarca4/), [SMARCB1](https://onco.cc/targets/smarcb1/), [Somatostatin receptor 2](https://onco.cc/targets/sstr2/), [SSTR1](https://onco.cc/targets/sstr1/), [SSTR3](https://onco.cc/targets/sstr3/), [SSTR4](https://onco.cc/targets/sstr4/), [SSTR5](https://onco.cc/targets/sstr5/), [TMEM127](https://onco.cc/targets/tmem127/), [TOP2B](https://onco.cc/targets/top2b/), [TPH2](https://onco.cc/targets/tph2/), [Tryptophan hydroxylase 1](https://onco.cc/targets/tph1/), [TSC2](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc2/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [VHL](https://onco.cc/targets/vhl/)
- drugs: [131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy](https://onco.cc/drugs/i131-mibg/), [177Lu-edotreotide](https://onco.cc/drugs/itm-11/), [212Pb-DOTAMTATE](https://onco.cc/drugs/alphamedix/), [Actinium-225 DOTATATE](https://onco.cc/drugs/ryz101/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Belzutifan](https://onco.cc/drugs/belzutifan/), [Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [CAM2029 (octreotide subcutaneous depot)](https://onco.cc/drugs/cam2029/), [Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM)](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine-temozolomide/), [Carboplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/carboplatin/), [Etoposide](https://onco.cc/drugs/etoposide/), [Everolimus](https://onco.cc/drugs/everolimus/), [Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE)](https://onco.cc/drugs/ga68-dotatate/), [Lutetium-177 dotatate](https://onco.cc/drugs/lutathera/), [Peluntamig](https://onco.cc/drugs/peluntamig/), [PM8002](https://onco.cc/drugs/pm8002/), [Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)](https://onco.cc/drugs/octreotide-lanreotide/), [Streptozocin](https://onco.cc/drugs/streptozocin/), [Sunitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sunitinib/), [Surufatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/surufatinib/), [Tarlatamab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tarlatamab/), [Telotristat ethyl](https://onco.cc/drugs/telotristat-ethyl/), [Zanzalintinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/zanzalintinib/), [ZG006](https://onco.cc/drugs/zg006/)
- companies: [Advanced Accelerator Applications (Novartis)](https://onco.cc/companies/advanced-accelerator-applications/), [Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/alliance-oncology/), [Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group](https://onco.cc/companies/agitg/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Captor Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/captor-therapeutics/), [Crinetics Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/crinetics-pharmaceuticals/), [ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group](https://onco.cc/companies/ecog-acrin/), [Evergreen Theragnostics](https://onco.cc/companies/evergreen-theragnostics/), [Exelixis](https://onco.cc/companies/exelixis/), [Harpoon Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/harpoon-therapeutics/), [Ipsen](https://onco.cc/companies/ipsen/), [ITM Isotope Technologies Munich](https://onco.cc/companies/itm/), [Molecular Partners](https://onco.cc/companies/molecular-partners/), [Nobelpharma](https://onco.cc/companies/nobelpharma/), [Novartis](https://onco.cc/companies/novartis/), [Orano Med](https://onco.cc/companies/orano-med/), [Perspective Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/perspective-therapeutics/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [POINT Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/point-biopharma/), [RadioMedix](https://onco.cc/companies/radiomedix/), [RayzeBio (BMS)](https://onco.cc/companies/rayzebio/), [Sanofi](https://onco.cc/companies/sanofi/), [Sinotau Pharmaceutical](https://onco.cc/companies/sinotau-pharmaceutical/), [TaiRx](https://onco.cc/companies/tairx/), [Teclison](https://onco.cc/companies/teclison/), [Vyriad](https://onco.cc/companies/vyriad/)
- institutions: [Chulabhorn Hospital / Chulabhorn Royal Academy](https://onco.cc/institutions/chulabhorn-hospital/), [Erasmus MC Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/erasmus-mc/), [Heidelberg University Hospital / NCT / DKFZ](https://onco.cc/institutions/heidelberg-nct/), [Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa](https://onco.cc/institutions/iowa-holden/), [Inselspital, Bern University Hospital / University Cancer Center Inselspital](https://onco.cc/institutions/inselspital-bern/), [IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori 'Dino Amadori' (IRST)](https://onco.cc/institutions/irst-meldola/), [IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele](https://onco.cc/institutions/san-raffaele/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [Peking Union Medical College Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pumch/), [Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh](https://onco.cc/institutions/pgimer-chandigarh/), [Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-free-hospital/), [Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey](https://onco.cc/institutions/rutgers-cinj/), [The Royal Marsden](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-marsden/), [TUM Klinikum rechts der Isar / CCC München](https://onco.cc/institutions/tum-munich/), [Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf](https://onco.cc/institutions/uke-hamburg/), [University Hospital Basel / Tumour Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/usb-basel/), [University Hospital Düsseldorf / CIO Düsseldorf](https://onco.cc/institutions/uk-duesseldorf/), [Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University](https://onco.cc/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/), [West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen](https://onco.cc/institutions/essen-wtz/)
- terms: [Alpha vs beta emitters](https://onco.cc/terms/alpha-vs-beta/), [Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoid-syndrome/), [Chromogranin A](https://onco.cc/terms/chromogranin-a/), [Dosimetry](https://onco.cc/terms/dosimetry/), [Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation)](https://onco.cc/terms/liver-directed-therapy/), [MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes](https://onco.cc/terms/men1-hereditary-net/), [Neuroendocrine tumour grade (Ki-67) and WHO classification](https://onco.cc/terms/net-grade-ki67/), [PRRT (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/prrt-term/), [TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation)](https://onco.cc/terms/tace-term/), [TARE / SIRT (radioembolisation with yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/terms/tare/), [Theranostics](https://onco.cc/terms/theranostics/), [Tumour differentiation (well / moderately / poorly differentiated)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-differentiation/), [Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-markers/), [Von Hippel-Lindau disease](https://onco.cc/terms/vhl-disease/)
- trials: [68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT Imaging in NETs](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04847505/), [A Clinical Study of Lutetium[177Lu] Oxodotreotide Injection in Patients With Advanced Neuroendocrine Neoplasms](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06398444/), [A Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate CHM-2101, an Autologous Cadherin 17 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06055439/), [A Phase 1/2a Study of 23ME-00610 in Patients With Advanced Solid Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05199272/), [A Study Comparing Treatment With Lutetium[177Lu] Oxodotreotide Injection to Octreotide LAR in Patients With GEP-NETs](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05459844/), [A Study of PM8002 in Combination With Chemotherapy in Patients With NEN](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05879055/), [A Study to Investigate Safety and Effectiveness of CRN09682 in Participants With SST2-Expressing NENs and Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07129252/), [A Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Octreotide Subcutaneous Depot in Patients With GEP-NET](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05050942/), [ACTION-1](https://onco.cc/trials/action-1/), [ALPHAMEDIX-02](https://onco.cc/trials/alphamedix-02/), [CABINET (Alliance A021602)](https://onco.cc/trials/cabinet/), [Carcinoid Syndrome Efficacy Study Featuring an Oral Daily Paltusotine Regimen](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07087054/), [CLARINET](https://onco.cc/trials/clarinet/), [COMPETE](https://onco.cc/trials/compete/), [DAREON®-NEC-1: A Study in People With Advanced Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Cancer (epNEC) to Compare Obrixtamig Plus Carboplatin and Etoposide Treatment With Standard Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07544654/), [DAREON™-5: A Study to Test Whether Different Doses of BI 764532 Help People With Small Cell Lung Cancer or Other Neuroendocrine Cancers](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05882058/), [DART (SWOG S1609): nivolumab plus ipilimumab in rare tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/dart-s1609/), [Dose Escalation Study of ZG006 in Participants With Advanced Small Cell Lung Cancer or Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Followed by Dose Expansion Study in Participants With Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06440057/), [Dose-defining Study of Tirapazamine Combined With Embolization in Liver Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02174549/), [Dual 64Cu-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Patients With Neuroendocrine Neoplasms](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05709171/), [Imaging of Patients With Known or Suspected Somatostatin Receptor Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Cu64-DOTATATE](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03673943/), [Lutetium 177Lu-Edotreotide Versus Best Standard of Care in Well-differentiated Aggressive Grade-2 and Grade-3 GastroEnteroPancreatic NeuroEndocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) - COMPOSE](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04919226/), [NETTER-1](https://onco.cc/trials/netter-1/), [PROMID](https://onco.cc/trials/promid/), [RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4](https://onco.cc/trials/radiant-3-4/), [SANET-ep and SANET-p](https://onco.cc/trials/sanet/), [SPINET](https://onco.cc/trials/spinet/), [Study of [212Pb]Pb-DOTAM-MAM279 ([212Pb]Pb-MP0712) in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other DLL3 Expressing Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07278479/), [Study of CVM-1118 for Patients With Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03600233/), [Study of Oral MRT-2359 in Selected Cancer Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05546268/), [Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lutathera in Patients With Grade 2 and Grade 3 Advanced GEP-NET](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03972488/), [Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy for Advanced Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 (SSTR2) Positive Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05636618/), [Telotristat With Lutathera in Neuroendocrine Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04543955/), [Zanzalintinib Versus Everolimus in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06943755/)
- people: [Angela Lamarca](https://onco.cc/people/angela-lamarca/), [Emily K. Bergsland](https://onco.cc/people/emily-bergsland/), [James C. Yao](https://onco.cc/people/james-yao/), [Jennifer A. Chan](https://onco.cc/people/jennifer-chan/), [Jonathan R. Strosberg](https://onco.cc/people/jonathan-strosberg/), [Ken Herrmann](https://onco.cc/people/ken-herrmann/), [Mairéad McNamara](https://onco.cc/people/mairead-mcnamara/), [Martyn E. Caplin](https://onco.cc/people/martyn-caplin/), [Paola Anna Erba](https://onco.cc/people/paola-anna-erba/), [Richard P. Baum](https://onco.cc/people/richard-baum/), [Simron Singh](https://onco.cc/people/simron-singh/), [Steve Jobs](https://onco.cc/people/steve-jobs/), [Steven K. Libutti](https://onco.cc/people/steven-k-libutti/)
- journals: [Endocrine-related cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/endocrine-related-cancer/)
- ideas: [A funded expert second opinion for every new high-stakes or rare cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-funded-second-opinion/), [A same-week expert second opinion for every rare cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-telepathology-network/), [An open model bank for the rare tumours nobody has models for](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-tumour-model-bank/), [Dosimetry-personalised PRRT instead of four fixed cycles](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-net-dosimetry-prrt/), [Mandatory national virtual tumour boards for rare and complex cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-national-virtual-mdt-rare-complex/), [One global rare cancer network with n-of-1 and Bayesian trial frameworks](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-rare-cancer-global-network/), [One standing umbrella trial for all rare cancers in a country](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-umbrella-platform/), [Randomise inside the registry that already follows every patient](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-registry-embedded-randomisation/), [SSTR antagonist radioligands to increase tumour dose](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-net-antagonist-ligands/), [The pathology lab triggers a trial referral the day a rare cancer is diagnosed](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-pathology-triggered-referral/), [Trial-in-a-box: a preconfigured protocol kit any hospital can open for a rare cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-rare-cancer-trial-in-a-box/)
- cancers: [Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/extrapulmonary-nec/), [Glucagonoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glucagonoma/), [Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour](https://onco.cc/cancers/grade-3-net/), [Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-net/), [Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)](https://onco.cc/cancers/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/), [Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/), [Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic-net/), [Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours](https://onco.cc/cancers/small-intestinal-net/), [Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/small-bowel/), [VIPoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/vipoma/)
- bottlenecks: [Manufacturing cost and time for living and radioactive medicines](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-manufacturing-cell-therapy/), [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [Wrong doses](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dose-optimisation/)
- key papers: [NETTER-2: lutetium-177 dotatate as first treatment for higher-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-netter-2-lancet-2024/)
- biomarkers: [Ki-67 index (proliferation by IHC)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ki-67-index/), [Somatostatin receptor expression by PET (SSTR-positive)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/sstr-pet-expression/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/neuroendocrine.json