# Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry

Source: https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007/  
OnCo record `paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007` (Key paper). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

The 2007 population study of 6,370 Californian women that fixed the demographics of triple-negative breast cancer: younger, more often Black or Hispanic, poorer, diagnosed later and with worse survival at every stage; Black women with late-stage disease had 14 percent five-year survival.

## Summary

Bauer, Brown, Cress, Parise and colleagues used California Cancer Registry data to identify women diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer between 1999 and 2003 and compared 6,370 triple-negative cases with 44,704 other breast cancers by age, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, stage, grade and relative survival. Women with triple-negative cancers were more likely to be under 40 (odds ratio 1.53), non-Hispanic Black (1.77) or Hispanic (1.23). Regardless of stage, they had poorer survival than women with other breast cancers, and non-Hispanic Black women with late-stage triple-negative disease had the poorest survival of any group, a five-year relative survival of 14 percent.

## Fields

- Kind: Key paper
- Last checked: 2026-09-24
- Tags: tnbc-evidence
- Journal: Cancer
- Year: 2007
- DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22618
- Authors: Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, et al.
- Findings: 6,370 triple-negative vs 44,704 other breast cancers, California 1999 to 2003.; Odds ratios: age under 40 1.53; non-Hispanic Black 1.77; Hispanic 1.23.; Poorer survival regardless of stage; five-year relative survival 14 percent for non-Hispanic Black women with late-stage disease.
- What it means: The first registry-scale description of the disparity that every later triple-negative disparity paper confirms; the phrase so-called triple-negative phenotype in the title marks the moment the term entered population science.
- Caveats: HER2 status recorded by registries in 1999 to 2003 was incomplete and methods varied.; Socioeconomic status measured at area level.

## Sources

- Cancer 2007: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22618
- PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17387718/

## Connected records

- key papers: [Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006/), [Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dent-tnbc-clinical-features-recurrence-ccr-2007/), [Update on triple-negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population-based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scott-tnbc-disparities-uscs-cancer-2019/)
- cancers: [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/)
- bottlenecks: [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Trials do not represent the people who get cancer](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-trial-diversity/)
- roadmaps: [Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/)
- ideas: [Close the gap between who gets triple-negative breast cancer and who is in its trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-disparities-in-access-and-outcomes/)

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