# NAPOLI-3: NALIRIFOX versus gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel as first treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023/  
OnCo record `paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023` (Key paper). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

NAPOLI-3 randomised 770 patients with untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer to NALIRIFOX, a four-drug regimen built on liposomal irinotecan, or to gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, the doublet most patients receive. NALIRIFOX lengthened life and delayed progression, the first positive first-line trial in a decade, though conventional FOLFIRINOX remains the usual choice where affordable.

## Summary

Open-label phase 3 trial of 770 patients with untreated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma randomised to NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, leucovorin) or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. Primary endpoint was overall survival.

Median OS was 11.1 vs 9.2 months (HR 0.83) and median PFS 7.4 vs 5.6 months (HR 0.69). It was the first randomised evidence that a FOLFIRINOX-type regimen beats gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, and led to FDA approval of NALIRIFOX in 2024, though conventional FOLFIRINOX remains the usual choice where it is affordable.

## Fields

- Kind: Key paper
- Last checked: 2026-09-08
- Journal: The Lancet
- Year: 2023
- DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01366-1
- Authors: Wainberg ZA, Melisi D, Macarulla T, et al.
- Findings: Median overall survival 11.1 vs 9.2 months; HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.70-0.99).; Median PFS 7.4 vs 5.6 months; HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.58-0.83).; Objective response 41.8% vs 36.2%.; Grade 3-4 diarrhoea 20% vs 5% and grade 3-4 neutropenia lower with NALIRIFOX (14% vs 25%); peripheral neuropathy less frequent with NALIRIFOX.; Benefit was consistent across age groups but the trial enrolled fit patients (ECOG 0-1).
- What it means: For fit patients with newly diagnosed metastatic pancreatic cancer, a FOLFIRINOX-type regimen is now proven to be better than gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, settling a long-standing debate. The absolute gain is about two months of median survival, and the regimen is more toxic for the gut. Whether liposomal irinotecan adds anything over conventional irinotecan (standard FOLFIRINOX) has never been tested head-to-head.
- Caveats: No direct comparison with standard FOLFIRINOX, which is much cheaper; the benefit of the liposomal formulation is inferred, not shown.; Absolute survival gain is modest and the population was fit and relatively young (median 65).; Open-label design.; Highlights how little progress systemic therapy has made in pancreatic cancer: median survival remains under a year.

## Sources

- PubMed search: NAPOLI-3 Lancet 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NAPOLI-3+NALIRIFOX+Wainberg+Lancet
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04083235: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04083235

## Connected records

- cancers: [Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-pdac/), [Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic/)
- technologies: [Cytotoxic chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytotoxic-chemotherapy/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/), [Topoisomerase-I inhibitors (and ADC payloads)](https://onco.cc/technologies/topoisomerase-inhibitors/)
- companies: [Servier](https://onco.cc/companies/servier/)
- terms: [Lines of therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/first-line/), [Overall survival (OS)](https://onco.cc/terms/os/), [Progression-free survival (PFS)](https://onco.cc/terms/pfs/), [Standard of care](https://onco.cc/terms/standard-of-care/)
- people: [Tanios Bekaii-Saab](https://onco.cc/people/tanios-bekaii-saab/), [Zev A. Wainberg](https://onco.cc/people/zev-wainberg/)
- bottlenecks: [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Prices and value](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-drug-pricing/), [The undruggable drivers](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-undruggable-targets/)
- journals: [The Lancet](https://onco.cc/journals/lancet/)
- key papers: [Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-napoli-1-nanoliposomal-irinotecan-lancet-2016/)
- roadmaps: [Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/)

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