# PD-1

Source: https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/  
OnCo record `pd1` (Target). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

PD-1 is a brake on T cells. Blocking it releases the immune system against the tumour and has cured some previously incurable cancers.

## Summary

PD-1 blockade (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab and a growing list of biosimilar-adjacent agents) is standard across melanoma, NSCLC, RCC, urothelial, head and neck, MSI-high tumours, TNBC (with chemotherapy), Hodgkin lymphoma, and more. PD-1×VEGF bispecifics (ivonescimab) and PD-1×CTLA-4 combinations are the next wave.

## Fields

- Kind: Target
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: checkpoint
- Symbol: PDCD1
- Class: checkpoint
- Biology: Inhibitory receptor on activated T cells; ligands PD-L1/PD-L2. Tumour PD-L1 expression, TMB, and MSI predict response imperfectly.
- Where found: Exhausted T cells in the tumour microenvironment

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1

## Connected records

- cancers: [Acral melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/acral-melanoma/), [Adrenocortical carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/adrenocortical/), [Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma/), [Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/), [Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/), [Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-melanoma/), [Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)](https://onco.cc/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/anal/), [Basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/basal-cell-carcinoma/), [Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/), [Bladder & urothelial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/), [BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/), [BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/), [Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cancer-of-unknown-primary/), [Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/cup-unfavourable/), [Cervical cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/cervical/), [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/cutaneous-scc/), [Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-onset-colorectal/), [Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)](https://onco.cc/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/endometrial/), [Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/extensive-stage-sclc/), [Gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gallbladder/), [Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/gastric/), [Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia](https://onco.cc/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/), [Glioma & glioblastoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/glioblastoma/), [Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/head-and-neck/), [Hepatocellular carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hcc/), [HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-mutant-nsclc/), [High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)](https://onco.cc/cancers/high-risk-gtn/), [Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/), [HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer/), [HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)](https://onco.cc/cancers/hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer/), [Immunomodulatory triple-negative breast cancer (IM)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc-immunomodulatory/), [Kaposi sarcoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/), [KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/kras-g12c-nsclc/), [Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/), [Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)](https://onco.cc/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/melanoma/), [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/), [Mesothelioma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mesothelioma/), [Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/), [Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/metastatic-pdac/), [Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/msi-high-pdac/), [Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/), [Mucosal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/mucosal-melanoma/), [Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/sinonasal/), [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/nasopharyngeal/), [Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/node-positive-penile-cancer/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Oesophageal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/esophageal/), [Ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/ovarian/), [PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation](https://onco.cc/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/), [Penile cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/penile/), [Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/), [Primary CNS lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/), [Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/), [Rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/rectal-cancer/), [Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/), [Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Renal cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/rcc/), [Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/resectable-nsclc/), [Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma/), [Skin cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/skin-cancer/), [Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/small-bowel/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Stage IIB and IIC melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/), [Stage III melanoma (after surgery)](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/), [Thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-carcinoma/), [Thymoma and thymic carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/thymic-epithelial/), [Thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/), [Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc/), [Urethral cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral/), [Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral-urothelial-carcinoma/), [Uveal melanoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/uveal-melanoma/), [Vaginal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal/), [Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/), [Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)](https://onco.cc/cancers/vascular-tumours/), [Vulvar cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/vulvar/)
- drugs: [AI-081](https://onco.cc/drugs/ai-081/), [AZD7789](https://onco.cc/drugs/azd7789/), [Balstilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/balstilimab/), [BCD-217](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcd-217/), [Cadonilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cadonilimab/), [Camrelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab/), [Camrelizumab + rivoceranib](https://onco.cc/drugs/camrelizumab-rivoceranib/), [Cemiplimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cemiplimab/), [Dostarlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/dostarlimab/), [GC101 TIL](https://onco.cc/drugs/gc101-til/), [IBI363](https://onco.cc/drugs/ibi363/), [Ivonescimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/ivonescimab/), [LB1410](https://onco.cc/drugs/lb1410/), [Lorigerlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/lorigerlimab/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Penpulimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/penpulimab/), [Pucotenlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pucotenlimab/), [Relatlimab + nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/relatlimab-nivolumab/), [Retifanlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/retifanlimab/), [Rilvegostomig](https://onco.cc/drugs/rilvegostomig/), [Sasanlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sasanlimab/), [Serplulimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/serplulimab/), [Sintilimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sintilimab/), [SSGJ-705](https://onco.cc/drugs/ssgj-705/), [SSGJ-706](https://onco.cc/drugs/ssgj-706/), [T3011](https://onco.cc/drugs/t3011/), [TAK-928](https://onco.cc/drugs/tak-928/), [Tislelizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/tislelizumab/), [Toripalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/toripalimab/), [TQB2450](https://onco.cc/drugs/tqb2450/), [Zimberelimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/zimberelimab/)
- companies: [Agenus](https://onco.cc/companies/agenus/), [Cofactor Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/cofactor-genomics/), [Compass Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/compass-therapeutics/), [Compugen](https://onco.cc/companies/compugen/), [Insight Molecular Diagnostics (formerly Oncocyte)](https://onco.cc/companies/insight-molecular-diagnostics/), [Onc.AI](https://onco.cc/companies/onc-ai/), [OncoHost](https://onco.cc/companies/oncohost/), [OSE Immunotherapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/ose-immunotherapeutics/), [Xilio Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/xilio-therapeutics/)
- pathways: [Antigen presentation & immune editing](https://onco.cc/pathways/antigen-presentation-immunoediting/), [cGAS-STING innate sensing](https://onco.cc/pathways/cgas-sting/), [Cold tumours: immune deserts and exclusion](https://onco.cc/pathways/immune-desert-exclusion/), [Colorectal cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/colorectal-cancer-signalling/), [Complement in cancer](https://onco.cc/pathways/complement-in-cancer/), [Extrinsic apoptosis (death receptors)](https://onco.cc/pathways/extrinsic-apoptosis-death-receptors/), [Fibroblast activation, desmoplasia & matrix stiffness](https://onco.cc/pathways/caf-activation-desmoplasia/), [Gastric cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/gastric-cancer-signalling/), [Glutamine addiction](https://onco.cc/pathways/glutamine-metabolism/), [Microbiome-tumour interactions](https://onco.cc/pathways/microbiome-tumour/), [Mismatch repair & microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/pathways/mismatch-repair-msi/), [Mutagenesis & mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/), [NK-cell recognition: missing self & stress ligands](https://onco.cc/pathways/nk-cell-recognition/), [Nutrient competition & metabolic immunosuppression](https://onco.cc/pathways/nutrient-competition-tme/), [Oncogenic viruses](https://onco.cc/pathways/oncogenic-viruses/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [T-cell exhaustion](https://onco.cc/pathways/t-cell-exhaustion/), [The angiogenic switch & tumour vessels](https://onco.cc/pathways/angiogenic-switch/), [The cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/), [Tumour microenvironment (TME)](https://onco.cc/pathways/tumor-microenvironment/), [VEGF angiogenesis](https://onco.cc/pathways/vegf-angiogenesis/)
- trials: [A Clinical Study of 9MW2821 (and PD-1 Inhibitor) in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06492005/), [A Phase II Trial of LM103 for Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07444437/), [A Study of OTP-01, a Dual Paratopic PD-1/VEGFR2 Antibody, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07266428/), [ADMEC-O (adjuvant nivolumab in completely resected Merkel cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/admec-o/), [An Early Phase Trial of RPTR-1-201 in Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07293754/), [C-POST (cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/c-post/), [CAPTAIN-1st](https://onco.cc/trials/captain-1st/), [CAVE mCRC](https://onco.cc/trials/cave/), [Cemiplimab for kidney transplant recipients with advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc/), [Cemiplimab in basal cell carcinoma after a hedgehog inhibitor](https://onco.cc/trials/cemiplimab-advanced-bcc/), [CheckMate 017](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-017/), [CheckMate 026](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-026/), [CheckMate 057](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-057/), [CheckMate 141](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-141/), [CheckMate 142](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-142/), [CheckMate 143](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-143/), [CheckMate 204](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-204/), [CheckMate 238](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-238/), [CheckMate 498](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-498/), [CheckMate 548](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-548/), [CheckMate 577](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-577/), [CheckMate 648](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-648/), [CheckMate 649](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-649/), [CheckMate 8HW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-8hw/), [CheckMate 9DW](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-9dw/), [CheckMate 9LA](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-9la/), [COMPASSION-16 / AK104-303](https://onco.cc/trials/compassion-16/), [DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134)](https://onco.cc/trials/dreamseq/), [EA2197 ivonescimab: ivonescimab with gemcitabine and cisplatin versus standard chemo-immunotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/ea2197-ivonescimab/), [EMPOWER-Cervical 1 / GOG-3016 / ENGOT-cx9](https://onco.cc/trials/empower-cervical-1/), [EMPOWER-CSCC-1](https://onco.cc/trials/empower-cscc-1/), [EMPOWER-Lung 1](https://onco.cc/trials/empower-lung-1/), [ESCORT-1st](https://onco.cc/trials/escort-1st/), [Fianlimab + cemiplimab phase 3 (first-line melanoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/fianlimab-phase3-melanoma/), [HARMONi-2](https://onco.cc/trials/harmoni-2/), [HARMONi-A](https://onco.cc/trials/harmoni-a/), [HERIZON-GEA-01](https://onco.cc/trials/herizon-gea-01/), [Imaging Advanced NSCLC Patients Undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 Directed Therapy Using [18F]-FARAG](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06107374/), [IMblaze370](https://onco.cc/trials/imblaze370/), [JUPITER-02](https://onco.cc/trials/jupiter-02/), [KEYNOTE-006](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-006/), [KEYNOTE-010](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-010/), [KEYNOTE-017 (Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network 09)](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-017/), [KEYNOTE-024 & KEYNOTE-189](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-024-189/), [KEYNOTE-042](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-042/), [KEYNOTE-048](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-048/), [KEYNOTE-091 (PEARLS)](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-091/), [KEYNOTE-158](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-158/), [KEYNOTE-170](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-170/), [KEYNOTE-177](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-177/), [KEYNOTE-590](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-590/), [KEYNOTE-629](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-629/), [KEYNOTE-641](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-641/), [KEYNOTE-689](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-689/), [KEYNOTE-775 / Study 309](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-775/), [KEYNOTE-826](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-826/), [KEYNOTE-859](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-859/), [KEYNOTE-921](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-921/), [KEYNOTE-991](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-991/), [KEYNOTE-A18 / ENGOT-cx11 / GOG-3047](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-a18/), [KEYNOTE-B96 / ENGOT-ov65](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-b96/), [Low-dose nivolumab plus metronomic chemotherapy (Tata Memorial)](https://onco.cc/trials/low-dose-nivolumab-tmh/), [NADINA](https://onco.cc/trials/nadina/), [Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable stage II to IV skin squamous cell carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc/), [Neotorch](https://onco.cc/trials/neotorch/), [NIVOPOSTOP (GORTEC 2018-01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nivopostop/), [NP-G2-044 as Monotherapy and Combination Therapy in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumor Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05023486/), [NRG-GY018 / KEYNOTE-868](https://onco.cc/trials/nrg-gy018-keynote-868/), [Personalised Neoantigen-targeting Cancer Vaccine NECVAX-NEO1 in Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy in Patients With Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06631079/), [Personalised Neoantigen-targeting Cancer Vaccine NECVAX-NEO1 in Neoadjuvant Triple-negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06631092/), [Phase I/II Clinical Study of GT201 Injection as Monotherapy or in Combination With PD-1 Inhibitor for Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06144671/), [POD1UM-201 (retifanlimab in advanced Merkel cell carcinoma)](https://onco.cc/trials/pod1um-201/), [PTT-936 Alone or in Combination in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06244992/), [RATIONALE-306](https://onco.cc/trials/rationale-306/), [RELATIVITY-047](https://onco.cc/trials/relativity-047/), [RUBY / ENGOT-EN6 / GOG-3031](https://onco.cc/trials/ruby/), [SEVILLA](https://onco.cc/trials/sevilla/), [Study of RiMO-301 and Radiotherapy With PD-1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Head-Neck Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05838729/), [SWOG S1801](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1801/), [SWOG S1826](https://onco.cc/trials/swog-s1826/), [TRAP-BTC](https://onco.cc/trials/trap-btc/)
- pairings: [Caution: checkpoint inhibitors in first-line ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/caution-pd1-first-line-ovarian/), [EGFR-directed bispecific + PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/pairings/egfr-bispecific-plus-pd1-hnscc/), [Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab (pMMR endometrial cancer after platinum)](https://onco.cc/pairings/lenvatinib-plus-pembrolizumab/)
- ideas: [An abbreviated approval path for follow-on antibodies within a validated class](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-abbreviated-pathway-me-too-biologics/), [An advance market commitment for PD-1 biosimilars for lower-income countries](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-reg-pd1-biosimilar-advance-commitment/), [Biomarker-directed first-line quadruplets in gastric cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-biomarker-quadruplet-gastric/), [BRAF/MEK plus PD-1 blockade as standard for BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-atc-triplet-io/), [CD8 PET to stop or switch immunotherapy early](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cd8-pet-io/), [Confirm ultra-low-dose immunotherapy so it can be afforded where most patients live](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-low-dose-immunotherapy-for-lmic/), [Extended-interval immunotherapy: give checkpoint inhibitors every 8-12 weeks once stable](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-extended-interval-checkpoint-dosing/), [Give immunotherapy in the morning](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy/), [Making microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer immunotherapy-responsive](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-immunotherapy-mss-crc/), [Microbiome transplant as a routine immunotherapy adjunct](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-microbiome-io-fmt/), [Randomised trials of stopping immunotherapy after one year versus continuing](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-immunotherapy-stop-trials/), [Regionally delivered mesothelin CAR-T with PD-1 blockade](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-mesothelin-car-t-regional/), [Select microsatellite stable patients for immunotherapy by a measured immune biomarker, not by how many treatments they have already failed](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-mss-immunotherapy-by-biomarker-not-by-line/), [Shorter exclusivity for later-in-class drugs without added benefit](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-benefit-indexed-exclusivity/), [What actually holds T cells at the tumour border?](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-immune-exclusion-drivers/)
- terms: [Checkpoint (two meanings)](https://onco.cc/terms/checkpoint/), [Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction](https://onco.cc/terms/avoiding-immune-destruction/), [Immune checkpoint](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-checkpoint/), [Immune surveillance and cancer immunoediting](https://onco.cc/terms/immune-surveillance-immunoediting/), [PD-L1 combined positive score 10 in triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/pd-l1-cps-10-tnbc/), [T cell](https://onco.cc/terms/t-cell/)
- key papers: [Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021/), [ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adriatic-nejm-2024/), [ASCO 2021 guideline: how to recognise and manage the immune-related side effects of checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-irae-guideline-jco-2021/), [Association of high tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancers with increased immune infiltration and improved clinical outcomes of PD-L1 blockade across PD-L1 expression levels](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-tmb-pd-l1-levels-jama-oncol-2022/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes in KEYNOTE-042](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023/), [Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-herbst-impower110-atezolizumab-pd-l1-nejm-2020/), [Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eng-imblaze370-atezolizumab-cobimetinib-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2019/), [Autophagy promotes immune evasion of pancreatic cancer by degrading MHC-I](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yamamoto-nature/), [Botensilimab plus balstilimab in relapsed/refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 1 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bullock-botensilimab-balstilimab-mss-colorectal-nat-med-2024/), [Cercek 2022: six months of dostarlimab alone made rectal cancer disappear in every patient with mismatch-repair deficiency](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cercek-dostarlimab-rectal-nejm-2022/), [CheckMate 017: nivolumab beats docetaxel in squamous lung cancer after chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-017-nejm-2015/), [CheckMate 026: first-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-026-first-line-nivolumab-nejm-2017/), [CheckMate 057: nivolumab beats docetaxel after chemotherapy in non-squamous lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-057-nejm-2015/), [CheckMate 067 at ten years: nivolumab plus ipilimumab produces long-term survival in half of patients with advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-067-10-year-nejm-2025/), [CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction and oesophageal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-649-lancet-2021/), [CheckMate 816: three cycles of nivolumab plus chemotherapy before lung cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-816-nejm-2022/), [Chen and Mellman 2013: the cancer-immunity cycle](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-mellman-cancer-immunity-cycle-immunity-2013/), [CLEAR: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus sunitinib as first treatment for advanced kidney cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-clear-nejm-2021/), [Diminished efficacy of programmed death-(ligand)1 inhibition in STK11- and KEAP1-mutant lung adenocarcinoma is affected by KRAS mutation status](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ricciuti-stk11-keap1-kras-immunotherapy-jto-2022/), [Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paz-ares-caspian-durvalumab-es-sclc-lancet-2019/), [EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab replaces chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ev-302-nejm-2024/), [Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022/), [HARMONi-2: ivonescimab, a PD-1 x VEGF bispecific, beats pembrolizumab head-to-head in PD-L1-positive lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-harmoni-2-lancet-2025/), [Immune microenvironment in gallbladder adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021/), [Integrative analyses of colorectal cancer show Immunoscore is a stronger predictor of patient survival than microsatellite instability](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mlecnik-immunoscore-msi-colorectal-immunity-2016/), [Iwai and Honjo: tumours use PD-L1 to escape T cells, and blocking it restores attack](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-iwai-pdl1-tumour-escape-pnas-2002/), [KEYNOTE-001 (Garon 2015): pembrolizumab in non-small-cell lung cancer and the 50% PD-L1 cut-off](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-001-pembrolizumab-nsclc-nejm-2015/), [KEYNOTE-006 (Robert 2015): pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-006-pembrolizumab-ipilimumab-melanoma-nejm-2015/), [KEYNOTE-010 (Herbst 2016): pembrolizumab versus docetaxel in previously treated PD-L1-positive lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-010-lancet-2016/), [KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab alone beats chemotherapy in PD-L1-high lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016/), [KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, as first treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-048-lancet-2019/), [KEYNOTE-158: pembrolizumab in non-colorectal high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair-deficient cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-158-pembrolizumab-msi-high-noncolorectal-jco-2020/), [KEYNOTE-177: pembrolizumab instead of chemotherapy as first treatment for mismatch-repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-177-nejm-2020/), [KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as first treatment for non-squamous lung cancer without a driver mutation](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-nejm-2018/), [KEYNOTE-522: adding pembrolizumab before and after surgery in early triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-nejm-2022/), [KEYNOTE-564: a year of pembrolizumab after kidney cancer surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-564-nejm-2021/), [KEYNOTE-942: a personalised mRNA cancer vaccine plus pembrolizumab after melanoma surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (overall survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-os-lancet-2024/), [KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (progression-free survival)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-a18-pfs-lancet-2024/), [Le 2015: PD-1 blockade works in tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency, whatever the organ](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015/), [Le 2017: mismatch-repair deficiency predicts response to PD-1 blockade across twelve tumour types, leading to the first tissue-agnostic drug approval](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-science-2017/), [Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/), [NADINA: two doses of ipilimumab plus nivolumab before surgery beat a year of nivolumab after surgery in stage III melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nadina-nejm-2024/), [NICHE-2: a month of nivolumab and ipilimumab before surgery clears mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancer in most patients](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-niche-2-nejm-2024/), [Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-overman-checkmate-142-nivolumab-dmmr-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2017/), [Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-checkmate-227-n-engl-j-med-2018/), [Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in microsatellite-instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-andre-checkmate-8hw-nivolumab-ipilimumab-nejm-2024/), [Nonoperative management of mismatch repair-deficient tumors](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cercek-nonoperative-management-mismatch-repair-deficient-tumours-nejm-2025/), [Pardoll 2012: the blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pardoll-immune-checkpoint-blockade-nrc-2012/), [Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023/), [Perioperative nivolumab and chemotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-provencio-nadim-ii-perioperative-nivolumab-stage-iii-nejm-2023/), [Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/), [Prevalence of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer and response to immune checkpoint blockade](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-msi-prostate-checkpoint-blockade-jama-oncol-2019/), [Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an independent negative prognosticator in Western-world gallbladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-albrecht-pdl1-western-gallbladder-cancers-2021/), [RELATIVITY-047: relatlimab plus nivolumab, the first LAG-3 checkpoint combination, in untreated advanced melanoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-relativity-047-nejm-2022/), [Ribas and Wolchok 2018: cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ribas-wolchok-checkpoint-blockade-science-2018/), [Rizvi 2015: the mutational landscape determines who responds to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015/), [Rojas 2023: a personalised mRNA vaccine trained T cells against each patient's pancreatic cancer, and those who responded stayed cancer-free longer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rojas-mrna-neoantigen-vaccine-pancreatic-nature-2023/), [RUBY: dostarlimab with chemotherapy for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ruby-nejm-2023/), [STK11/LKB1 Mutations and PD-1 Inhibitor Resistance in KRAS -Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kras-nsclc-cancer-discov-2018/), [SWOG S1826: nivolumab plus AVD chemotherapy versus brentuximab-AVD for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma in adolescents and adults](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swog-s1826-nivolumab-avd-nejm-2024/), [TGF-beta drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tauriello-tgfbeta-immune-evasion-colorectal-nature-2018/), [Topalian 2012: the first large trial of a PD-1 antibody shows durable responses across melanoma, lung and kidney cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-topalian-anti-pd1-nejm-2012/), [Tumeh 2014: PD-1 blockade works by releasing T cells already present at the tumour edge](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tumeh-pd1-adaptive-immune-resistance-nature-2014/), [Tumor mutational burden and PTEN alterations as molecular correlates of response to PD-1/L1 blockade in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-barroso-sousa-tmb-pten-ici-mtnbc-ccr-2020/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/)
- technologies: [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Immuno-PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/immuno-pet/)
- people: [Andrea Cercek](https://onco.cc/people/andrea-cercek/), [Andrea Necchi](https://onco.cc/people/andrea-necchi/), [Antoni Ribas](https://onco.cc/people/antoni-ribas/), [Arjun V. Balar](https://onco.cc/people/arjun-balar/), [Aurélien Marabelle](https://onco.cc/people/aurelien-marabelle/), [Barbara Burtness](https://onco.cc/people/barbara-burtness/), [Bradley J. Monk](https://onco.cc/people/bradley-monk/), [Brian I. Rini](https://onco.cc/people/brian-rini/), [Caicun Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/zhou-caicun/), [Caroline Robert](https://onco.cc/people/caroline-robert/), [Dean A. Fennell](https://onco.cc/people/dean-fennell/), [Dean F. Bajorin](https://onco.cc/people/dean-bajorin/), [Domenica Lorusso](https://onco.cc/people/domenica-lorusso/), [Drew M. Pardoll](https://onco.cc/people/drew-pardoll/), [Dung T. Le](https://onco.cc/people/dung-le/), [Ezra E. W. Cohen](https://onco.cc/people/ezra-cohen/), [F. Stephen Hodi](https://onco.cc/people/f-stephen-hodi/), [Georgina V. Long](https://onco.cc/people/georgina-long/), [Gordon J. Freeman](https://onco.cc/people/gordon-freeman/), [Heinz-Josef Lenz](https://onco.cc/people/heinz-josef-lenz/), [Hussein A. Tawbi](https://onco.cc/people/hussein-tawbi/), [Jaffer A. Ajani](https://onco.cc/people/jaffer-ajani/), [James P. Allison](https://onco.cc/people/james-allison/), [Jason J. Luke](https://onco.cc/people/jason-luke/), [Jedd D. Wolchok](https://onco.cc/people/jedd-wolchok/), [Jeffrey S. Weber](https://onco.cc/people/jeffrey-weber/), [Joaquim Bellmunt](https://onco.cc/people/joaquim-bellmunt/), [Julie R. Brahmer](https://onco.cc/people/julie-brahmer/), [Ken Kato](https://onco.cc/people/ken-kato/), [Laurence Albiges](https://onco.cc/people/laurence-albiges/), [Lieping Chen](https://onco.cc/people/lieping-chen/), [Luis A. Diaz Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/luis-diaz/), [Mansoor Raza Mirza](https://onco.cc/people/mansoor-raza-mirza/), [Martin Reck](https://onco.cc/people/martin-reck/), [Michael A. Postow](https://onco.cc/people/michael-postow/), [Nicoletta Colombo](https://onco.cc/people/nicoletta-colombo/), [Padmanee Sharma](https://onco.cc/people/padmanee-sharma/), [Paolo A. Ascierto](https://onco.cc/people/paolo-ascierto/), [Patrick M. Forde](https://onco.cc/people/patrick-forde/), [Paul Baas](https://onco.cc/people/paul-baas/), [Peter Schmid](https://onco.cc/people/peter-schmid/), [Qing Zhou](https://onco.cc/people/qing-zhou/), [Ramez N. Eskander](https://onco.cc/people/ramez-eskander/), [Ravindra Uppaluri](https://onco.cc/people/ravindra-uppaluri/), [Robert J. Motzer](https://onco.cc/people/robert-motzer/), [Ronan J. Kelly](https://onco.cc/people/ronan-kelly/), [Roy S. Herbst](https://onco.cc/people/roy-herbst/), [Sapna P. Patel](https://onco.cc/people/sapna-patel/), [Shun Lu](https://onco.cc/people/lu-shun/), [Suzanne L. Topalian](https://onco.cc/people/suzanne-topalian/), [Tasuku Honjo](https://onco.cc/people/tasuku-honjo/), [Thierry André](https://onco.cc/people/thierry-andre/), [Thomas Powles](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-powles/), [Timothy F. Cloughesy](https://onco.cc/people/timothy-cloughesy/), [Tina Cascone](https://onco.cc/people/tina-cascone/), [Toni K. Choueiri](https://onco.cc/people/toni-choueiri/), [Wenfeng Fang](https://onco.cc/people/fang-wenfeng/), [Yelena Y. Janjigian](https://onco.cc/people/yelena-janjigian/), [Yoon-Koo Kang](https://onco.cc/people/kang-yoon-koo/), [You Lu](https://onco.cc/people/lu-you/), [Yung-Jue Bang](https://onco.cc/people/bang-yung-jue/)
- bottlenecks: [Cold tumours and the immunosuppressive microenvironment](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tme-immunosuppression/), [Incentives reward me-too drugs and marginal gains](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-incentive-misalignment/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/)
- targets: [BTLA](https://onco.cc/targets/btla/), [TIM-3](https://onco.cc/targets/tim3/), [VISTA](https://onco.cc/targets/vista/)
- collections: [Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA)](https://onco.cc/collections/melanoma-research-alliance/)
- institutions: [Dartmouth Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dartmouth-cancer-center/), [Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/guangdong-provincial-peoples-hospital/), [Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale](https://onco.cc/institutions/pascale-naples/), [Kyoto University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kyoto-university-hospital/), [Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/nyu-perlmutter/), [Peking University Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pku-cancer-hospital/), [Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/shanghai-pulmonary-hospital/), [Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhongshan-hospital-fudan/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/pd1.json