# Radiation Therapy

Source: https://onco.cc/fronts/radiation/  
OnCo record `radiation` (Front). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Using focused beams or radioactive particles to kill tumour cells while sparing healthy tissue.

## Summary

External beam radiation has moved from 2D fields to intensity-modulated, image-guided, stereotactic, and particle (proton, carbon) therapy. Adaptive and MR-guided delivery, ultra-high dose rate FLASH, and combination with immunotherapy are the frontier. Radiopharmaceuticals deliver radiation systemically to a molecular target.

## Fields

- Kind: Front
- Last checked: 2026-09-04

## Sources

- NCI: Radiation therapy to treat cancer: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy

## Connected records

- journals: [Cancer radiothérapie](https://onco.cc/journals/cancer-radiotherapie/), [Clinical oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-oncology-rcr/), [Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-medical-imaging-and-radiation-oncology/), [Journal of radiation research](https://onco.cc/journals/journal-of-radiation-research/), [Practical radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/practical-radiation-oncology/), [Radiation and environmental biophysics](https://onco.cc/journals/radiation-and-environmental-biophysics/), [Radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/radiation-oncology/), [Radiology and oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/radiology-and-oncology/), [Seminars in radiation oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/seminars-in-radiation-oncology/), [Strahlentherapie und Onkologie](https://onco.cc/journals/strahlentherapie-und-onkologie/)
- companies: [Accuray](https://onco.cc/companies/accuray/), [Alpha Tau Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/alpha-tau-medical/), [Boston Scientific](https://onco.cc/companies/boston-scientific/), [Brainlab](https://onco.cc/companies/brainlab/), [Carl Zeiss Meditec](https://onco.cc/companies/carl-zeiss-meditec/), [Diffusion Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/diffusion-pharmaceuticals/), [Elekta](https://onco.cc/companies/elekta/), [Empyrean Medical Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/empyrean-medical-systems/), [Galera Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/galera-therapeutics/), [GT Medical Technologies](https://onco.cc/companies/gt-medical-technologies/), [Hitachi (particle therapy)](https://onco.cc/companies/hitachi/), [IBA (Ion Beam Applications)](https://onco.cc/companies/iba/), [International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group](https://onco.cc/companies/ielsg/), [IntraOp Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/intraop-medical/), [Leo Cancer Care](https://onco.cc/companies/leo-cancer-care/), [Limbus AI](https://onco.cc/companies/limbus-ai/), [Mevion Medical Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/mevion/), [MIM Software (GE HealthCare)](https://onco.cc/companies/mim-software/), [MVision AI](https://onco.cc/companies/mvision-ai/), [Neutron Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/neutron-therapeutics/), [P-Cure](https://onco.cc/companies/p-cure/), [ProTom International](https://onco.cc/companies/protom/), [Radformation](https://onco.cc/companies/radformation/), [RaySearch Laboratories](https://onco.cc/companies/raysearch/), [RefleXion Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/reflexion/), [Siemens Healthineers](https://onco.cc/companies/siemens-healthineers/), [Sirtex Medical](https://onco.cc/companies/sirtex/), [Soligenix](https://onco.cc/companies/soligenix/), [SonALAsense](https://onco.cc/companies/sonalasense/), [Sumitomo Heavy Industries](https://onco.cc/companies/sumitomo-heavy-industries/), [Sun Nuclear (Mirion)](https://onco.cc/companies/sun-nuclear/), [TAE Life Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/tae-life-sciences/), [TheraPanacea](https://onco.cc/companies/therapanacea/), [THERYQ](https://onco.cc/companies/theryq/), [Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions](https://onco.cc/companies/toshiba-energy-systems/), [TROG Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/companies/trog/), [Varian (Siemens Healthineers)](https://onco.cc/companies/varian/), [ViewRay (MRIdian)](https://onco.cc/companies/viewray/), [Xcision Medical Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/xcision-medical-systems/), [ZAP Surgical Systems](https://onco.cc/companies/zap-surgical-systems/)
- technologies: [Accelerator-based BNCT systems (NeuCure, nuBeam, NeuPex)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bnct-accelerator-systems/), [Acupuncture for dry mouth after head and neck radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/acupuncture-xerostomia/), [Adaptive radiotherapy (online replanning)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adaptive-radiotherapy/), [AI auto-contouring and adaptive planning](https://onco.cc/technologies/auto-contouring-ai/), [Biology-guided radiotherapy (RefleXion X1, SCINTIX)](https://onco.cc/technologies/biology-guided-radiotherapy/), [Boron neutron capture therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/bnct/), [Bowel function after pelvic radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/bowel-after-pelvic-radiotherapy/), [Brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy/), [C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)](https://onco.cc/technologies/c-arm-linac/), [Carbon-ion synchrotrons and facilities](https://onco.cc/technologies/carbon-ion-synchrotrons/), [Carbon-ion therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/carbon-ion/), [Cobalt-60 teletherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/cobalt-60-teletherapy/), [CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/cyberknife/), [Dose painting and biologically guided radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/dose-painting/), [Dry mouth, teeth and taste after head and neck radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/dry-mouth-teeth-after-head-neck-radiotherapy/), [Electron beam therapy systems (linac electrons, total skin electron units, mobile electron IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/electron-beam-therapy-systems/), [FLASH radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/flash-rt/), [FLASH research accelerators (Oriatron, Mobetron FLASH, ProBeam FLASH)](https://onco.cc/technologies/flash-research-accelerators/), [Gamma Knife](https://onco.cc/technologies/gamma-knife/), [Glutamine for mucositis and neuropathy](https://onco.cc/technologies/glutamine-mucositis-neuropathy/), [High-dose-rate brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hdr-brachytherapy/), [Honey for radiation mucositis](https://onco.cc/technologies/honey-radiation-mucositis/), [Hyperbaric oxygen for late radiation injury](https://onco.cc/technologies/hyperbaric-oxygen-radiation-injury/), [Hyperthermia](https://onco.cc/technologies/hyperthermia/), [Hyperthermia systems (BSD-2000, EHY-2000, superficial and interstitial applicators)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hyperthermia-systems/), [Hypofractionated radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/hypofractionated-radiotherapy/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [In vivo dosimetry and patient-specific quality assurance](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-vivo-dosimetry/), [In-room imaging for radiotherapy (cone-beam CT, ExacTrac, CT-on-rails, HyperSight)](https://onco.cc/technologies/in-room-imaging-systems/), [Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/intraoperative-radiotherapy/), [Knowledge-based and automated treatment planning](https://onco.cc/technologies/knowledge-based-planning/), [Lattice and GRID radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/lattice-radiotherapy/), [Linac, proton system and brachytherapy machine manufacturing](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiotherapy-equipment-manufacturing/), [Low-dose-rate seed brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/ldr-seed-brachytherapy/), [Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia](https://onco.cc/technologies/magnetic-nanoparticle-hyperthermia/), [MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/mr-linac/), [Oncology information and record-and-verify systems (ARIA, MOSAIQ)](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncology-information-systems/), [Palliative radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/palliative-radiotherapy/), [Patient positioning and surface guidance systems (AlignRT, Catalyst, ExacTrac Dynamic)](https://onco.cc/technologies/patient-positioning-surface-guidance-systems/), [Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/intensity-modulated-proton-therapy/), [Photobiomodulation (low-level laser) for oral mucositis](https://onco.cc/technologies/photobiomodulation-mucositis/), [Probiotics for chemotherapy and radiotherapy diarrhoea](https://onco.cc/technologies/probiotics-treatment-diarrhoea/), [Prophylactic cranial irradiation vs MRI surveillance](https://onco.cc/technologies/prophylactic-cranial-irradiation/), [Proton arc therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-arc-therapy/), [Proton therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy/), [Proton therapy machines: cyclotrons, synchrotrons and single-room systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/proton-therapy-systems/), [Radiodynamic therapy and radiosensitising nanoparticles](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiodynamic-therapy/), [Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioembolisation-tare/), [Radiogenomics: predicting radiation sensitivity from genes](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiogenomics/), [Radioiodine therapy and whole-body iodine scanning](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioiodine-therapy/), [Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/), [Radioprotectors and normal-tissue sparing drugs](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioprotectors/), [Radiosensitisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiosensitisers/), [Radiotherapy access and the global machine gap](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiotherapy-access-gap/), [Radiotherapy QA phantoms and dosimeters (Sun Nuclear, IBA Dosimetry, PTW)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiotherapy-qa-phantoms-dosimeters/), [Radiotherapy treatment planning and QA software](https://onco.cc/technologies/treatment-planning-systems/), [Remote afterloaders for HDR brachytherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/brachytherapy-afterloaders/), [Respiratory gating and tumour tracking systems (RPM, ABC, Calypso, Synchrony)](https://onco.cc/technologies/respiratory-gating-tumour-tracking-systems/), [Respiratory motion management (4D-CT, gating, breath-hold, tracking)](https://onco.cc/technologies/respiratory-motion-management/), [Ring-gantry linacs (Halcyon, Ethos)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ring-gantry-linac/), [SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sbrt/), [Scalp care during and after cancer treatment](https://onco.cc/technologies/scalp-care-cancer-treatment/), [Skin during and after radiotherapy: dressings, steroids and what lasts](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiation-skin-recovery/), [Sonodynamic therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/sonodynamic-therapy/), [Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic disease](https://onco.cc/technologies/sabr-oligometastases/), [Stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, linac SRS)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radiosurgery-srs/), [Superficial and orthovoltage radiotherapy for skin cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/superficial-radiotherapy/), [Surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/surface-guided-radiotherapy/), [Swallowing therapy around head and neck radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/rejuv-rehab-swallowing/), [The linear-quadratic model and fractionation](https://onco.cc/technologies/linear-quadratic-model/), [TomoTherapy and Radixact (helical radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/tomotherapy/), [Total body and total marrow irradiation](https://onco.cc/technologies/total-body-irradiation/), [Total skin electron beam therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/total-skin-electron-therapy/), [Tumour hypoxia: imaging and modification](https://onco.cc/technologies/tumour-hypoxia-modification/), [Very-high-energy electron therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/vhee-radiotherapy/), [Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)](https://onco.cc/technologies/vmat/), [ZAP-X gyroscopic radiosurgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/zap-x/)
- key papers: [A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-espac-1-chemoradiotherapy-chemotherapy-resected-pancreatic-nejm-2004/), [ADRIATIC: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-adriatic-nejm-2024/), [Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003/), [Cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: 40-year disease risk](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015/), [Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017/), [Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022/), [Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer (Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997/), [Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-habr-gama-nonoperative-stage-0-rectal-ann-surg-2004/), [Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy (OPRA)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-garcia-aguilar-opra-organ-preservation-jco-2022/), [Osimertinib after chemoradiotherapy in stage III EGFR-mutated NSCLC](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024/), [Paganetti 2014: proton RBE is not a fixed 1.1](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-paganetti-proton-rbe-ijrobp-2014/), [Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019/), [Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Versus Immediate Surgery for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Results of the Dutch Randomized Phase III PREOPANC Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020/), [Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer (Dutch TME trial)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001/), [Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009/), [Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-auperin-prophylactic-cranial-irradiation-sclc-nejm-1999/), [Randomized trial of systemic therapy after involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early-stage follicular lymphoma: TROG 99.03](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018/), [Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015/), [Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021/), [Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999/)
- people: [David Sebag-Montefiore](https://onco.cc/people/david-sebag-montefiore/), [Jenny Donovan](https://onco.cc/people/jenny-donovan/), [Nicholas van As](https://onco.cc/people/nicholas-van-as/)
- trials: [CHART](https://onco.cc/trials/chart-lung/), [EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10](https://onco.cc/trials/eortc-h10/), [FORTplus](https://onco.cc/trials/fortplus/), [GHSG HD10](https://onco.cc/trials/hd10/), [GHSG HD16](https://onco.cc/trials/hd16/), [MRC CR07](https://onco.cc/trials/cr07/), [RADAR](https://onco.cc/trials/radar-hodgkin/), [STAR-TREC](https://onco.cc/trials/star-trec/), [TROG 99.03](https://onco.cc/trials/trog-99-03/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Lung cancer roadmap: from Doll and Hill and the naming of tobacco, through the cytotoxic plateau, computed tomography screening, EGFR and ALK, immunotherapy by PD-L1, the perioperative trials and PACIFIC, to DLL3 in small-cell disease and a 2032 registry watch](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/), [Radical oncology: what could change the war by 2035](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/frontier-2035/), [Radiotherapy roadmap: X-rays → shaped beams → fewer fractions, particles and FLASH](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/radiation-roadmap/)
- ideas: [A Gavi-style pooled purchaser for radiotherapy equipment and service](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-pooled-procurement-radiotherapy/), [A national repository of radiotherapy dose plans linked to outcomes](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-radiotherapy-dose-repository/), [A radiotherapy-free cure for early Hodgkin lymphoma that actually holds](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin/), [A standing platform for testing new drugs with radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-rt-drug-platform/), [Advanced-practice radiation therapists doing contouring and on-treatment reviews](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-advanced-practice-radiation-therapists/), [An open-hardware radiotherapy machine built for unreliable power and dust](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-open-hardware-linac/), [Low-cost cobalt-60 brachytherapy for cervical cancer in every regional centre](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-frugal-hdr-brachytherapy/), [Make one-week radiotherapy the default in overloaded systems](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-hypofractionation-default-lmic/), [Make skipping radiotherapy the default for very low-risk breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-omit-radiotherapy-low-risk-breast-default/), [Measure brain metastasis prevention as a primary endpoint, not as a secondary one](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-brain-metastasis-prevention-as-a-primary-endpoint/), [Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/), [Modernised cobalt-60 machines as a deliberate bridge where linacs cannot be kept running](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-modern-cobalt-bridge/), [One medical physicist covering many radiotherapy machines through remote quality assurance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-remote-medical-physics-qa/), [Pay for a course of radiotherapy, not for each fraction](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-cost-hypofractionation-payment/), [Pay for radiotherapy machine uptime, not for the machine](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-linac-uptime-contracts/), [Randomise organ preservation against surgery in mismatch repair-proficient rectal cancer, with bowel function as a co-primary endpoint](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal/), [Round-the-clock remote treatment-planning hubs for clinics without physicists](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-remote-planning-hubs/), [Single-fraction radiotherapy as the default for painful bone metastases](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-single-fraction-palliative-radiotherapy-default/), [Solar microgrids so radiotherapy, pathology and drug fridges never lose power](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-acc-solar-microgrids-for-cancer-units/), [Use LET, RBE and alpha/beta to decide when protons beat IMRT](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-let-rbe-ab-selects-protons/)
- terms: [Brachytherapy (internal radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/brachytherapy-term/), [Bragg peak](https://onco.cc/terms/bragg-peak/), [Brain metastases (intracranial disease)](https://onco.cc/terms/brain-metastases/), [Chemoradiation (chemoradiotherapy, CRT)](https://onco.cc/terms/chemoradiation/), [Drugs before or after the operation](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-versus-adjuvant-breast/), [Gray unit (Gy)](https://onco.cc/terms/gray-unit/), [Head and neck subsites (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx)](https://onco.cc/terms/head-neck-subsites/), [Hypofractionation (fewer, larger radiotherapy doses)](https://onco.cc/terms/hypofractionation/), [IMRT / IGRT / VMAT (modern external beam radiotherapy)](https://onco.cc/terms/imrt-term/), [Leaving radiotherapy out](https://onco.cc/terms/radiotherapy-omission-early-breast-cancer/), [Leptomeningeal disease](https://onco.cc/terms/leptomeningeal-disease/), [Limited-stage vs extensive-stage (small-cell lung cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/limited-extensive-stage/), [Linear energy transfer (LET)](https://onco.cc/terms/linear-energy-transfer/), [Locally advanced and locoregional disease](https://onco.cc/terms/locally-advanced/), [Lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery)](https://onco.cc/terms/lumpectomy/), [Organ preservation (watch-and-wait, bladder-sparing, larynx preservation)](https://onco.cc/terms/organ-preservation/), [Partial-breast irradiation](https://onco.cc/terms/partial-breast-irradiation/), [Persistent radiation-induced alopecia](https://onco.cc/terms/alopecia-radiotherapy-persistent/), [Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)](https://onco.cc/terms/pci-term/), [Radiotherapy after mastectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/post-mastectomy-radiotherapy/), [Re-irradiation](https://onco.cc/terms/re-irradiation/), [Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)](https://onco.cc/terms/relative-biological-effectiveness/), [Second cancers after radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/terms/second-cancers-after-radiotherapy/), [Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT / SABR)](https://onco.cc/terms/sbrt-term/), [Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)](https://onco.cc/terms/stereotactic-radiosurgery/), [Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT, rectal cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/total-neoadjuvant-therapy/), [Tumour bed boost](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-bed-boost/), [Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT)](https://onco.cc/terms/wbrt/)
- pairings: [Caution: proton therapy vs IMRT](https://onco.cc/pairings/proton-vs-imrt/)
- bottlenecks: [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [Most of the world has almost no cancer care](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-global-access/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/)
- institutions: [Aarhus University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/aarhus-university-hospital/), [All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi](https://onco.cc/institutions/aiims-delhi/), [American Society for Radiation Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/astro/), [Apollo Hospitals (Apollo Cancer Centres)](https://onco.cc/institutions/apollo-hospitals/), [Cancer Care Alberta (Alberta Health Services)](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-care-alberta/), [Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra / CIMA](https://onco.cc/institutions/cun-navarra/), [Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar](https://onco.cc/institutions/cancer-institute-adyar/), [Centre Antoine Lacassagne](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-antoine-lacassagne/), [Centre Oscar Lambret](https://onco.cc/institutions/centre-oscar-lambret/), [Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Clinical Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/champalimaud/), [Chang Gung Memorial Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/chang-gung-memorial-hospital/), [Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital / University of the Witwatersrand](https://onco.cc/institutions/wits-charlotte-maxeke/), [Chris O'Brien Lifehouse](https://onco.cc/institutions/chris-obrien-lifehouse/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF)](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-freiburg/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-wuerzburg/), [Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH](https://onco.cc/institutions/ccc-vienna/), [Dharmais National Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dharmais-cancer-hospital/), [European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/estro/), [European Society of Gynaecological Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/esgo/), [Fundación Arturo López Pérez](https://onco.cc/institutions/falp-chile/), [Groote Schuur Hospital / University of Cape Town](https://onco.cc/institutions/groote-schuur-uct/), [Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/gunma-heavy-ion-medical-center/), [Hacettepe University Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/hacettepe-cancer-institute/), [Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern](https://onco.cc/institutions/utsw-simmons/), [HealthCare Global Enterprises](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcg/), [Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hcmc-oncology-hospital/), [Hokkaido University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hokkaido-university-hospital/), [Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Cancer Centre, Varanasi](https://onco.cc/institutions/homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-varanasi/), [Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe](https://onco.cc/institutions/la-fe-valencia/), [Hunan Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/hunan-cancer-hospital/), [Institut National d'Oncologie, Rabat](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-national-oncologie-rabat/), [Institut Salah Azaïez](https://onco.cc/institutions/institut-salah-azaiez/), [Institute of Oncology Ljubljana](https://onco.cc/institutions/onkoloski-institut-ljubljana/), [Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (Mexico)](https://onco.cc/institutions/incan-mexico/), [Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas](https://onco.cc/institutions/inen-peru/), [Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil](https://onco.cc/institutions/ipo-porto/), [International Atomic Energy Agency: Rays of Hope](https://onco.cc/institutions/iaea/), [IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/humanitas/), [Israel Society of Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy](https://onco.cc/institutions/iscort/), [Istanbul University Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/istanbul-oncology-institute/), [Juravinski Cancer Centre / Escarpment Cancer Research Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/juravinski/), [Kenyatta National Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/kenyatta-national-hospital/), [Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/kidwai-memorial-institute-of-oncology/), [King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/kfshrc/), [Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/koo-foundation-sun-yat-sen-cancer-center/), [Korle Bu Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/korle-bu-teaching-hospital/), [Lagos University Teaching Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/luth-lagos/), [Leeds Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/leeds-cancer-centre/), [Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/nio-warsaw/), [Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mou-brno/), [Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Florida](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic-florida/), [National Cancer Center Hospital East](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-hospital-east/), [National Cancer Center Korea](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-korea/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National Cancer Institute, Cairo University](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-cairo/), [National Institute of Oncology, Hungary](https://onco.cc/institutions/noi-budapest/), [National Taiwan University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/ntuh/), [NCT/UCC Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus](https://onco.cc/institutions/nct-dresden/), [O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB](https://onco.cc/institutions/oneal-uab/), [Ocean Road Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/ocean-road-cancer-institute/), [Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)](https://onco.cc/institutions/oxford-cancer/), [Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh](https://onco.cc/institutions/pgimer-chandigarh/), [QST Hospital (National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology)](https://onco.cc/institutions/qst-hospital/), [Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/rgci/), [Royal Adelaide Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-adelaide-hospital/), [Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/shandong-cancer-hospital/), [Shizuoka Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/), [Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Jefferson Health](https://onco.cc/institutions/jefferson-kimmel/), [Taipei Veterans General Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/taipei-veterans-general-hospital/), [Tata Medical Center, Kolkata](https://onco.cc/institutions/tata-medical-center-kolkata/), [Tawam Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tawam-hospital/), [Tel Aviv University](https://onco.cc/institutions/tel-aviv-university/), [The new AIIMS network (PMSSY)](https://onco.cc/institutions/aiims-network/), [Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tmucih/), [UMC Utrecht Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/umc-utrecht/), [Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College](https://onco.cc/institutions/union-hospital-wuhan/), [University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uclh/), [University of Florida Health Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uf-health-cancer-center/), [University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/maryland-greenebaum/), [Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University](https://onco.cc/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/), [UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uz-leuven/), [Velindre Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/velindre-cardiff/), [Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (K Hospital)](https://onco.cc/institutions/k-hospital-hanoi/), [West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen](https://onco.cc/institutions/essen-wtz/), [Zhejiang Cancer Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/zhejiang-cancer-hospital/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/radiation.json