# Thyroid cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/  
OnCo record `thyroid` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors.

## Summary

Thyroid cancer is really several diseases. Differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary ~85%, follicular, oncocytic) arises from follicular cells, retains iodine uptake, and has a 10-year survival above 95%; its incidence has tripled in many countries because ultrasound finds tiny tumours that would never have caused harm. Medullary thyroid cancer comes from calcitonin-producing C cells, is driven by RET mutations (hereditary in MEN2), and does not take up iodine. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is rare, dedifferentiated, and historically progressed within months; BRAF/MEK inhibition and immunotherapy have started to change that.

Differentiated disease is treated by surgery, with radioactive iodine (the first theranostic, 1946) reserved for intermediate and high-risk patients after HiLo, ESTIMABL2, and IoN showed low-risk patients gain nothing from it; active surveillance is accepted for microcarcinomas, and lobectomy suffices for many. When cancer becomes radioiodine-refractory, lenvatinib (SELECT) and sorafenib (DECISION) extend progression-free survival, and genotype directs selective therapy: selpercatinib for RET fusions, larotrectinib for NTRK, dabrafenib-trametinib for BRAF. Medullary cancer moved from vandetanib and cabozantinib to RET-selective selpercatinib after LIBRETTO-531 (2023). Anaplastic cancer with BRAF V600E responds to dabrafenib-trametinib (ROAR), often enabling surgery, and triplets with pembrolizumab are producing multi-year survivors.

The field's biggest problems are the opposite of most cancers': over-detection and over-treatment of indolent disease, alongside the unsolved lethality of anaplastic and RAI-refractory disease, resistance to RET inhibitors (solvent-front mutations), and the toxicity of long-term multikinase therapy.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Tags: endocrine; spike
- Group: endocrine
- Burden: ~820,000 cases per year; most are indolent papillary cancers with >98% survival.
- Subtypes: Papillary (~85%; BRAF V600E ~50%, RET/PTC fusions, RAS); Follicular (RAS, PAX8-PPARG); Oncocytic (Hürthle cell); Poorly differentiated; Anaplastic (BRAF V600E ~40%, TP53, TERT); Medullary (RET germline in MEN2 ~25%; somatic RET M918T); Papillary microcarcinoma (≤1 cm; surveillance candidate); Paediatric differentiated thyroid cancer (fusion-driven, often nodal, excellent survival)
- Biomarkers: BRAF V600E; RET fusion/mutation; NTRK; RAS; TERT; Thyroglobulin and anti-Tg antibodies (surveillance of differentiated cancer); Calcitonin and CEA (medullary); Germline RET (MEN2 screening, prophylactic thyroidectomy); Somatic RET fusion/mutation (selpercatinib); BRAF V600E (prognosis; anaplastic targeted therapy; redifferentiation); TERT promoter (aggressiveness); NTRK, ALK fusions (tumour-agnostic drugs); Bethesda cytology category and molecular classifier result; Radioiodine avidity on diagnostic scan

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/thyroid/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#overview [4 subtypes, 6 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#what-it-is [12 subtypes, 5 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#finding-it [14 biomarkers, 4 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#treating-it [12 settings, 1 regimen, 4 decisions with options]
- Evidence (on the hub): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#evidence [22 trials, 1 key paper, 16 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/science/ [66 targets, 3 pathways, 6 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/where-you-are/ [11 centres]
- Living with it (on the hub): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/#living-with-it [32 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/coming/ [18 medicines, 22 trials, 11 ideas, 10 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/thyroid/data/ [212 connected records]

## Standard of care

- Differentiated: Thyroidectomy ± radioactive iodine; TSH suppression. ([Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/))
- Advanced/refractory: Lenvatinib; selpercatinib (RET); BRAF/MEK (anaplastic). ([Selpercatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/selpercatinib/))
- Nodule work-up: Ultrasound with TI-RADS; FNA only for nodules meeting size/appearance thresholds; Bethesda reporting; molecular classifier (Afirma, ThyroSeq) for indeterminate results. ([Thyroid nodule FNA, Bethesda cytology & molecular classifiers](https://onco.cc/technologies/thyroid-fna-molecular/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/), [Bethesda category (thyroid cytology)](https://onco.cc/terms/bethesda-category/))
- Papillary microcarcinoma (≤1 cm, no spread): Active surveillance or lobectomy; total thyroidectomy and radioiodine not indicated. ([Active surveillance of papillary microcarcinoma](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance-thyroid/), [Ultrasound restraint and surveillance to reverse thyroid cancer overdiagnosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-thyroid-overdiagnosis-reversal/))
- Low-risk differentiated (pT1-T2 N0): Lobectomy or total thyroidectomy; no radioiodine ablation (ESTIMABL2, IoN); modest TSH suppression then normal-range TSH. ([ESTIMABL2](https://onco.cc/trials/estimabl2/), [IoN](https://onco.cc/trials/ion-trial/), [Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (ATA risk)](https://onco.cc/terms/low-risk-dtc/), [TSH suppression](https://onco.cc/terms/tsh-suppression/))
- Intermediate/high-risk differentiated: Total thyroidectomy with therapeutic node dissection; radioiodine (1.1-3.7 GBq adjuvant; higher for known metastases) after recombinant TSH; TSH suppression. ([Radioactive iodine (I-131)](https://onco.cc/drugs/radioactive-iodine/), [Radioiodine therapy and whole-body iodine scanning](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioiodine-therapy/), [HiLo](https://onco.cc/trials/hilo/))
- Radioiodine-refractory, progressive: Genotype first: selpercatinib (RET fusion), larotrectinib/entrectinib (NTRK), dabrafenib-trametinib (BRAF V600E); otherwise lenvatinib (or sorafenib); consider MAPK-inhibitor redifferentiation to restore iodine uptake. ([SELECT](https://onco.cc/trials/select-lenvatinib/), [DECISION](https://onco.cc/trials/decision-sorafenib/), [Selpercatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/selpercatinib/), [MAPK inhibitor redifferentiation → radioiodine](https://onco.cc/pairings/redifferentiation-rai/), [Radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/rai-refractory/))
- Medullary, localised: Total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection; prophylactic thyroidectomy in RET germline carriers by codon-based age; calcitonin surveillance. ([RET](https://onco.cc/targets/ret/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/))
- Medullary, advanced progressive RET-mutant: Selpercatinib first line (LIBRETTO-531); cabozantinib or vandetanib if RET-selective therapy unavailable or failed. ([LIBRETTO-531](https://onco.cc/trials/libretto-531/), [Selpercatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/selpercatinib/), [Vandetanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vandetanib/))
- Anaplastic, BRAF V600E: Rapid BRAF testing; dabrafenib-trametinib (ROAR), often with pembrolizumab, then surgery and radiation if rendered resectable. ([ROAR (anaplastic thyroid cancer cohort)](https://onco.cc/trials/roar-atc/), [Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [BRAF/MEK inhibition → surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-mek-neoadjuvant-atc/), [BRAF/MEK plus PD-1 blockade as standard for BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-atc-triplet-io/))
- Anaplastic, BRAF wild-type: Multimodal chemoradiation (paclitaxel-based) if feasible; lenvatinib; immunotherapy for PD-L1-high or TMB-high; NTRK/RET/ALK agents if fusion-positive; early palliative care. ([IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/))
- Survivorship: Lifelong levothyroxine with risk-adapted TSH targets; calcium/PTH monitoring after surgery; salivary care after radioiodine; low-risk patients can be discharged to primary care. ([TSH suppression](https://onco.cc/terms/tsh-suppression/), [Supportive Care & Survivorship](https://onco.cc/fronts/supportive-care/))

## State of the art

- Genotype-directed therapy for aggressive subtypes.
- De-escalation is the story: radioiodine omitted for low-risk disease (ESTIMABL2, IoN), low-dose ablation when needed (HiLo), lobectomy and active surveillance for small tumours.
- Genotype-directed therapy covers most aggressive disease: RET (selpercatinib beat multikinase inhibitors head to head), BRAF, NTRK, ALK.
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer with BRAF V600E has moved from a median survival under six months to 15 months with the doublet and longer with immunotherapy added, and neoadjuvant use enables surgery.
- Molecular classifiers on needle biopsies have halved diagnostic surgery for indeterminate nodules.
- Redifferentiation with MAPK inhibitors can restore radioiodine uptake in about half of refractory patients.

## Open problems

- Overdiagnosis of microcarcinoma.
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer: BRAF V600E cases now respond to dabrafenib-trametinib, often enough to allow surgery; the 60% without the mutation still have few options.
- Overdiagnosis: incidence has tripled with no change in mortality; most detected cancers would never have caused harm, yet surveillance uptake outside Japan and Korea remains low.
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer without BRAF V600E (about 60%) still has a median survival of a few months.
- Resistance to RET-selective inhibitors via solvent-front (G810) mutations has no approved next-generation drug.
- Multikinase inhibitors for RAI-refractory disease cause hypertension, weight loss, and fatigue; most patients need dose reductions and quality of life suffers.
- No validated way to predict which low-risk patients will be the rare ones to recur, so follow-up intensity is uniform.
- Redifferentiation works in about half of refractory patients but predictors and optimal regimens are undefined.
- Paediatric and radiation-induced thyroid cancers (Chernobyl, Fukushima cohorts) have distinct fusion-driven biology that is under-studied.
- Hereditary MEN2 requires lifelong surveillance and prophylactic surgery in children; long-term outcomes of RET-selective therapy in this group are unknown.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cancer
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cancer

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [Radiopharmaceutical roadmap: iodine → lutetium → actinium](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/radiopharma-roadmap/)
- pairings: [BRAF/MEK inhibition → surgery in anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/pairings/braf-mek-neoadjuvant-atc/), [MAPK inhibitor redifferentiation → radioiodine](https://onco.cc/pairings/redifferentiation-rai/)
- terms: [Active surveillance and observation](https://onco.cc/terms/active-surveillance-term/), [Bethesda category (thyroid cytology)](https://onco.cc/terms/bethesda-category/), [BRAF V600E mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/braf-v600-mutation/), [Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (ATA risk)](https://onco.cc/terms/low-risk-dtc/), [Obesity-related cancers (IARC list of 13)](https://onco.cc/terms/obesity-related-cancers/), [Radioiodine therapy (I-131)](https://onco.cc/terms/radioiodine-term/), [Radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/rai-refractory/), [TERT promoter mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/tert-promoter/), [Theranostics](https://onco.cc/terms/theranostics/), [Thyroidectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/thyroidectomy/), [TSH suppression](https://onco.cc/terms/tsh-suppression/), [Tumour differentiation (well / moderately / poorly differentiated)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-differentiation/), [Tumour markers (CEA, LDH, chromogranin, thyroglobulin)](https://onco.cc/terms/tumour-markers/)
- technologies: [Active surveillance of papillary microcarcinoma](https://onco.cc/technologies/active-surveillance-thyroid/), [Circulating tumour HPV DNA (ctHPV-DNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/cthpv-dna/), [Dermoscopy, total-body photography & AI skin analysis](https://onco.cc/technologies/dermoscopy-ai/), [Elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound-elastography-ceus/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [Hand-held and point-of-care ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/hand-held-ultrasound/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Microwave and radiofrequency ablation systems](https://onco.cc/technologies/microwave-rf-ablation/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [Radioiodine therapy and whole-body iodine scanning](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioiodine-therapy/), [Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)](https://onco.cc/technologies/radioligand-therapy/), [Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse](https://onco.cc/technologies/serum-tumour-markers/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [SPECT/CT](https://onco.cc/technologies/spect-ct/), [Targeted alpha therapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/targeted-alpha-therapy/), [Thyroglobulin, calcitonin and CEA in thyroid cancer follow-up](https://onco.cc/technologies/thyroid-cancer-markers/), [Thyroid nodule FNA, Bethesda cytology & molecular classifiers](https://onco.cc/technologies/thyroid-fna-molecular/), [Ultrasound](https://onco.cc/technologies/ultrasound/)
- targets: [AFF3](https://onco.cc/targets/aff3/), [ARHGAP5](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgap5/), [ATXN7](https://onco.cc/targets/atxn7/), [AXL](https://onco.cc/targets/axl/), [BRAF](https://onco.cc/targets/braf/), [CCDC6](https://onco.cc/targets/ccdc6/), [CDKN1B](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1b/), [CHEK2](https://onco.cc/targets/chek2/), [COL2A1](https://onco.cc/targets/col2a1/), [CUX1](https://onco.cc/targets/cux1/), [DGCR8](https://onco.cc/targets/dgcr8/), [EIF1AX](https://onco.cc/targets/eif1ax/), [EML4](https://onco.cc/targets/eml4/), [EPHA1](https://onco.cc/targets/epha1/), [EPHA10](https://onco.cc/targets/epha10/), [EPHA3](https://onco.cc/targets/epha3/), [EPHA4](https://onco.cc/targets/epha4/), [EPHA5](https://onco.cc/targets/epha5/), [EPHA6](https://onco.cc/targets/epha6/), [EPHA7](https://onco.cc/targets/epha7/), [EPHA8](https://onco.cc/targets/epha8/), [EPHB1](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb1/), [EPHB2](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb2/), [EPHB3](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb3/), [EPHB4](https://onco.cc/targets/ephb4/), [FAM135B](https://onco.cc/targets/fam135b/), [FOXE1](https://onco.cc/targets/foxe1/), [HABP2](https://onco.cc/targets/habp2/), [HRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/hras/), [KIF5B](https://onco.cc/targets/kif5b/), [MEK1/2](https://onco.cc/targets/mek/), [MINPP1](https://onco.cc/targets/minpp1/), [NCOA4](https://onco.cc/targets/ncoa4/), [NF2](https://onco.cc/targets/nf2/), [NKX2-1](https://onco.cc/targets/nkx2-1/), [NRG1](https://onco.cc/targets/nrg1/), [NTRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ntrk/), [PABPC1](https://onco.cc/targets/pabpc1/), [PAX8](https://onco.cc/targets/pax8/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PDCD1LG2](https://onco.cc/targets/pdcd1lg2/), [PICALM](https://onco.cc/targets/picalm/), [PML](https://onco.cc/targets/pml/), [PPARG](https://onco.cc/targets/pparg/), [PPP2R1A](https://onco.cc/targets/ppp2r1a/), [PRKAR1A](https://onco.cc/targets/prkar1a/), [RET](https://onco.cc/targets/ret/), [SDCCAG8](https://onco.cc/targets/sdccag8/), [SMAD3](https://onco.cc/targets/smad3/), [SRGAP1](https://onco.cc/targets/srgap1/), [STAG2](https://onco.cc/targets/stag2/), [STK11](https://onco.cc/targets/stk11/), [STRN](https://onco.cc/targets/strn/), [TG](https://onco.cc/targets/tg/), [THRA](https://onco.cc/targets/thra/), [THRB](https://onco.cc/targets/thrb/), [TSC2](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc2/), [TSH receptor (TSHR)](https://onco.cc/targets/tshr/), [USP9X](https://onco.cc/targets/usp9x/), [VEGF / VEGFR](https://onco.cc/targets/vegf/), [ZFHX3](https://onco.cc/targets/zfhx3/)
- drugs: [Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier](https://onco.cc/drugs/afirma/), [AL2846](https://onco.cc/drugs/al2846/), [Anlotinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/anlotinib/), [Cabozantinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/cabozantinib/), [Dabrafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib/), [Dabrafenib + trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/dabrafenib-trametinib/), [Donafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/donafenib/), [JK08](https://onco.cc/drugs/jk08/), [Larotrectinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/larotrectinib/), [Lenvatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/lenvatinib/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Pralsetinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/pralsetinib/), [Radioactive iodine (I-131)](https://onco.cc/drugs/radioactive-iodine/), [Selpercatinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/selpercatinib/), [Sorafenib](https://onco.cc/drugs/sorafenib/), [Thyrotropin alfa](https://onco.cc/drugs/thyrotropin-alfa/), [Trametinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/trametinib/), [Vandetanib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vandetanib/)
- companies: [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Bayer](https://onco.cc/companies/bayer/), [Butterfly Network](https://onco.cc/companies/butterfly-network/), [Carrum Health](https://onco.cc/companies/carrum-health/), [Eisai](https://onco.cc/companies/eisai/), [Eli Lilly (incl. Loxo)](https://onco.cc/companies/eli-lilly/), [Exelixis](https://onco.cc/companies/exelixis/), [Novartis](https://onco.cc/companies/novartis/), [Sanofi](https://onco.cc/companies/sanofi/), [Veracyte (Decipher)](https://onco.cc/companies/veracyte/)
- institutions: [ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia](https://onco.cc/institutions/spedali-civili-brescia/), [Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk/), [First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University](https://onco.cc/institutions/sysu-first-affiliated-hospital/), [Gustave Roussy](https://onco.cc/institutions/gustave-roussy/), [King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/kfshrc/), [MD Anderson Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/md-anderson/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [National Cancer Center Korea](https://onco.cc/institutions/ncc-korea/), [Peking Union Medical College Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/pumch/), [Tawam Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tawam-hospital/), [University of Pisa / Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana](https://onco.cc/institutions/university-of-pisa/)
- pathways: [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/), [Receptor tyrosine kinase activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/rtk-activation/), [Thyroid cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/thyroid-cancer-signalling/)
- trials: [A New Study to Follow-up Thyroid Cancer Patients Who Participated in a Previous Study, Which Compared the Success of Destruction of the Thyroid Remnant Using Standard Treatment or Thyrogen](https://onco.cc/trials/nct00295763/), [A Study of AL2846 Capsule Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Advanced Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06860971/), [A Study of Cabozantinib Compared With Placebo in Subjects With Radioiodine-refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Who Have Progressed After Prior Va](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03690388/), [A Study of Oral LOXO-292 (Selpercatinib) in Pediatric Participants With Advanced Solid or Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03899792/), [A Study of Selpercatinib (LOXO-292) in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors, RET Fusion-Positive Solid Tumors, and Medullary Thyroid Cancer (LIBRET](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03157128/), [A Study of Selpercatinib (LY3527723) in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors Including RET Fusion-positive Solid Tumors, Medullary Thyroid Cancer a](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04280081/), [APL-101 Study of Subjects With NSCLC With c-Met EXON 14 Skip Mutations and c-Met Dysregulation Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03175224/), [ARROW (thyroid cohorts)](https://onco.cc/trials/arrow-thyroid/), [ASTRA](https://onco.cc/trials/astra/), [Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of rhTSH as An Adjunctive Diagnostic Tool in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients Who Had Been Thyroidectomized Vs. Patients Who After Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04971473/), [DECISION](https://onco.cc/trials/decision-sorafenib/), [ESTIMABL2](https://onco.cc/trials/estimabl2/), [EXAM](https://onco.cc/trials/exam/), [HiLo](https://onco.cc/trials/hilo/), [IoN](https://onco.cc/trials/ion-trial/), [LIBRETTO-531](https://onco.cc/trials/libretto-531/), [rhTSH for Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation in Participants With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04964284/), [ROAR (anaplastic thyroid cancer cohort)](https://onco.cc/trials/roar-atc/), [SELECT](https://onco.cc/trials/select-lenvatinib/), [Study of Efficacy and Safety of Dabrafenib in Combination With Trametinib in Previously Treated Patients With Metastatic, Radio-active Iodine Refracto](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04940052/), [Study of ST-1898 in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06359847/), [ZETA](https://onco.cc/trials/zeta/)
- journals: [Endocrine-related cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/endocrine-related-cancer/), [European thyroid journal](https://onco.cc/journals/european-thyroid-journal/)
- ideas: [A same-week expert second opinion for every rare cancer diagnosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rare-cancer-telepathology-network/), [Active surveillance as the default for tiny papillary thyroid cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-ptmc-active-surveillance-default/), [An international body to rename indolent lesions so 'cancer' means something](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-indolent-lesion-nomenclature-body/), [BRAF/MEK plus PD-1 blockade as standard for BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-atc-triplet-io/), [Device-agnostic public trials of ablation technologies against surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-ablation-versus-surgery-trials/), [Modern autopsy studies to measure how much silent cancer people carry](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-modern-autopsy-reservoir-studies/), [Molecular indolence classifiers bundled with every screening programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-indolence-classifiers-with-screening/), [Payer-funded trials that omit surgery or radiotherapy in low-risk patients](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-omission-deescalation-trials/), [Randomise inside the registry that already follows every patient](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-registry-embedded-randomisation/), [Stop biopsying small thyroid nodules and never screen the thyroid](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-thyroid-no-screening-no-small-biopsy/), [Ultrasound restraint and surveillance to reverse thyroid cancer overdiagnosis](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-thyroid-overdiagnosis-reversal/)
- fronts: [Supportive Care & Survivorship](https://onco.cc/fronts/supportive-care/)
- people: [Alexander Drilon](https://onco.cc/people/alexander-drilon/), [Bryan R. Haugen](https://onco.cc/people/bryan-haugen/), [Ezra E. W. Cohen](https://onco.cc/people/ezra-cohen/), [Julien Hadoux](https://onco.cc/people/julien-hadoux/), [Keith C. Bible](https://onco.cc/people/keith-bible/), [Lê Văn Quảng](https://onco.cc/people/le-van-quang/), [Lori J. Wirth](https://onco.cc/people/lori-wirth/), [Marcia S. Brose](https://onco.cc/people/marcia-brose/), [Maria E. Cabanillas](https://onco.cc/people/maria-cabanillas/), [Martin Schlumberger](https://onco.cc/people/martin-schlumberger/), [Monika Krzyzanowska](https://onco.cc/people/monika-krzyzanowska/), [Nikhil Tandon](https://onco.cc/people/nikhil-tandon/), [Rossella Elisei](https://onco.cc/people/rossella-elisei/), [Samuel A. Wells Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/samuel-wells/), [Vivek Subbiah](https://onco.cc/people/vivek-subbiah/)
- bottlenecks: [Overdiagnosis and false alarms](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-overdiagnosis/), [Rare and paediatric cancers without markets](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/), [Survivorship and late effects are neglected](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-survivorship/)
- key papers: [IARC verdict: excess body fat causes 13 cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-body-fatness-iarc-nejm-2016/)
- cancers: [Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)](https://onco.cc/cancers/aya-cancers/), [Anaplastic thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer/), [Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours)](https://onco.cc/cancers/pleuropulmonary-blastoma/), [Follicular thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/follicular-thyroid-cancer/), [Medullary thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/), [Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)](https://onco.cc/cancers/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/), [Papillary thyroid cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/papillary-thyroid-cancer/), [Parathyroid carcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/parathyroid-carcinoma/), [Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella)](https://onco.cc/cancers/rare-childhood-cancers/), [Thyrotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (TSH-secreting)](https://onco.cc/cancers/thyrotroph-pitnet/)
- biomarkers: [BRAF class II and class III mutations (non-V600)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-class-ii-iii/), [BRAF V600E (and V600K)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/braf-v600e/), [NTRK1/2/3 gene fusion](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ntrk-fusion/), [RET fusion and RET mutation](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ret-fusion/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/thyroid.json