# Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem

Source: https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-roadmap/  
OnCo record `tnbc-roadmap` (Roadmap). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Triple-negative breast cancer was named for what it lacks, the three receptors other breast cancers are treated through. This roadmap follows it from the receptor discoveries and the basal-like signature of 2000, through chemotherapy, platinum, PARP inhibitors, immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates, to the trials asking who can have less and who needs more, with registry dates to 2030.

## Summary

For most of its history triple-negative breast cancer was a remainder. Oestrogen receptor testing, then HER2 (Slamon 1987), sorted breast cancers into those with a target; the tumours negative for all three were left with chemotherapy alone. Gene expression profiling gave the remainder a biology (Perou 2000; Sørlie 2001, 2003), linked it to germline BRCA1 (Sørlie 2003; Foulkes 2003; Atchley 2008) and to the founder mutations that concentrate hereditary disease in particular populations (Struewing 1997; Górski 2000), and registry studies of 2006 to 2007 gave it a name, a natural history (relapse peaking at three years, then subsiding) and a demography: younger women, Black and Hispanic women, poorer women, worse survival at every stage. In the United Kingdom the POSH cohort found the same excess in young Black women within a health service with equal access.

Chemotherapy was the whole of treatment until 2017, and it worked: anthracycline and taxane regimens cut breast cancer deaths by a third (EBCTCG 2012), tumours disappeared before surgery twice as often as in other subtypes (Liedtke 2008), and those that disappeared were largely cured (Cortazar 2014). Residual disease was the problem, graded from 2007 by the residual cancer burden score. Platinum raised the response rate (GeparSixto and CALGB 40603, 2014 to 2015) and later relapse-free survival (BrighTNess, GeparSixto follow-up), and capecitabine after residual disease became the first post-neoadjuvant treatment (CREATE-X 2017). Molecular subtyping (Lehmann 2011, 2016; Burstein 2015) showed the disease was several diseases, but pathway-targeted small molecules failed, most recently the AKT inhibitor capivasertib (CAPItello-290, 2026).

Three classes then arrived in six years. PARP inhibitors for germline BRCA carriers (OlympiAD, EMBRACA 2017 to 2018; OlympiA 2021, with a survival benefit sustained at six years). Immunotherapy: atezolizumab first (IMpassion130, 2018, later withdrawn after IMpassion131 and an assay dispute), then pembrolizumab first line for PD-L1 combined positive score of 10 or more (KEYNOTE-355) and before and after surgery for stage II to III disease (KEYNOTE-522, with a 4.9-point overall survival gain at five years, 86.6 against 81.7 percent, reported in 2024). Antibody-drug conjugates: sacituzumab govitecan after two lines (ASCENT 2021), trastuzumab deruxtecan for the third of triple-negative tumours that are HER2-low (DESTINY-Breast04, 2022), then first line for all comers (ASCENT-03, ASCENT-04, TROPION-Breast02, 2025 to 2026), with median survival approaching two years against 13 months in 2008.

The open questions are now about selection and quantity. Who can have less: pembrolizumab omission after pathological complete response (OptimICE-pCR), anthracycline omission (SCARLET), chemotherapy omission in lymphocyte-rich stage I tumours. Who needs more: residual disease trials with antibody-drug conjugates (ASCENT-05, TROPION-Breast03) and the ctDNA-guided designs that c-TRAK TN showed must test earlier and more sensitively. And what the trials have not settled: PD-L1 assay concordance, the order of two topoisomerase-payload antibody-drug conjugates, brain metastases in half of metastatic patients, HER2-low scoring reproducibility, and a disparity in incidence and outcome that trial enrolment has not reflected. UK and NHS specifics are on the UK and NHS page for triple-negative breast cancer.

## Fields

- Kind: Roadmap
- Last checked: 2026-09-24
- Also known as: TNBC evidence roadmap; Basal-like breast cancer roadmap; Triple-negative breast cancer history
- Tags: tnbc; breast; roadmap

## Notes

- How this stays current: scripts/roadmap-watch.ts (npm run roadmap:watch) checks each trial here against ClinicalTrials.gov and searches Europe PMC for new papers on the acronyms since asOf. Anything it prints that this page does not say is an edit to make; then move asOf forward.
- Dates in 'What to watch' are quoted from the registry as read on 2026-09-24 and are not predictions; estimated completion dates move.
- The primary papers of the pivotal trials (KEYNOTE-522, KEYNOTE-355, IMpassion130 and 131, ASCENT, DESTINY-Breast04, OlympiA, OlympiAD, EMBRACA, BrighTNess, GeparSixto) are linked from the steps to their existing records; this deep dive adds the guideline, discovery, disparity, residual disease and 2026 trial papers around them.
- UK and NHS specifics (referral routes, NICE positions, Cancer Drugs Fund status, germline testing criteria, trial access) are held on the UK and NHS page for triple-negative breast cancer and are not restated here.

## Sources

- Slamon et al.: HER-2/neu amplification and survival in breast cancer (Science 1987): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3798106
- Perou et al.: molecular portraits of human breast tumours (Nature 2000): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10963602
- Sorlie et al.: repeated observation of breast tumour subtypes; BRCA1 predisposes to the basal subtype (PNAS 2003): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12829800
- Struewing et al.: cancer risk of BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations among Ashkenazi Jews (NEJM 1997): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/9145676
- Dent et al.: triple-negative breast cancer, clinical features and patterns of recurrence (Clin Cancer Res 2007): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17671126
- Carey et al.: race, breast cancer subtypes and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (JAMA 2006): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16757721
- Copson et al.: ethnicity and outcome of young breast cancer patients in the UK, the POSH study (Br J Cancer 2014): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24149174
- Lehmann et al.: identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes (J Clin Invest 2011): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21633166
- EBCTCG: polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer, 100,000 women in 123 trials (Lancet 2012): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22152853
- Cortazar et al.: pathological complete response and long-term benefit, CTNeoBC pooled analysis (Lancet 2014): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24529560
- CREATE-X: adjuvant capecitabine after preoperative chemotherapy (NEJM 2017): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28564564
- OlympiA six-year update: sustained benefit of adjuvant olaparib (Ann Oncol 2026): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42636977
- Rugo et al.: PD-L1 assay comparison in IMpassion130 (J Natl Cancer Inst 2021): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34097070
- Leon-Ferre et al.: tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer treated without chemotherapy (JAMA 2024): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38563834
- c-TRAK TN: ctDNA surveillance and pembrolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer (Ann Oncol 2023): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36423745
- TROPION-Breast02: datopotamab deruxtecan first line (Ann Oncol 2026): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41937088
- CAPItello-290: capivasertib plus paclitaxel first line (Ann Oncol 2026): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41422862
- ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline: early breast cancer (Ann Oncol 2024): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38101773
- St Gallen 2025 consensus on early breast cancer (Ann Oncol 2025): https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41072918
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03036488: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03036488
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02032823: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02032823
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05374512: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05374512
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03997123: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03997123
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05812807: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05812807
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05929768: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05929768
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05633654: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05633654
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05629585: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05629585
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06103864: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06103864
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06926868: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06926868
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06382142: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06382142
- ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06419621: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06419621

## Connected records

- roadmaps: [ADC roadmap: from Mylotarg to bispecific and dual-payload ADCs](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/adc-generations/), [Chemotherapy roadmap: mustard gas → curative combinations → the warhead inside smarter drugs](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/chemotherapy-roadmap/), [ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/), [Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/), [Targeted therapy roadmap: imatinib → designed for resistance → the undruggable drivers fall](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/targeted-therapy-roadmap/), [TNBC roadmap: from 'nothing to target' to ADC + immunotherapy first line](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/tnbc-history/), [TROP2 ADC roadmap: sacituzumab govitecan → Dato-DXd → sac-TMT → bispecifics and PET](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/trop2-adc-roadmap/)
- pairings: [Caution: TOP1 ADC immediately after TOP1 ADC](https://onco.cc/pairings/adc-after-adc-caution/), [Germline BRCA test → adjuvant PARP inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/germline-to-parp/), [Platinum chemotherapy in HRD tumours](https://onco.cc/pairings/platinum-plus-hrd/)
- ideas: [A randomised trial of antibody-drug conjugate sequence in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-adc-sequencing-trial/), [A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-uk-trial-access-and-germline-testing-audit/), [Close the gap between who gets triple-negative breast cancer and who is in its trials](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-disparities-in-access-and-outcomes/), [ctDNA-guided adjuvant decisions after residual disease: escalate the positive, spare the negative](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-decisions/), [Ethnicity-stratified outcome reporting for triple-negative breast cancer in NHS cancer statistics](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-uk-ethnicity-stratified-outcome-reporting/), [Give exceptional responders less: pembrolizumab omission after complete response, anthracycline-free regimens and chemotherapy omission in lymphocyte-rich stage I disease](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-de-escalation-for-exceptional-responders/), [Harmonise PD-L1 testing for triple-negative breast cancer around one scored assay, with external quality assurance](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation/), [Reflex re-scoring of HER2 0 versus 1+ with digital assistance so every eligible triple-negative patient reaches trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-her2-ultralow-testing-uptake/), [Trials that include, and report, brain metastases in triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tnbc-brain-metastasis-trials/)
- cancers: [HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer/), [HER2-positive breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-her2-positive/), [HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/breast-hr-positive/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/)
- fronts: [Antibody-Drug Conjugates](https://onco.cc/fronts/adcs/), [Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/chemotherapy/), [Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/immunotherapy/), [Targeted Therapy](https://onco.cc/fronts/targeted-therapy/)
- technologies: [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [Bispecific ADC](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-adc/), [Digital pathology & AI](https://onco.cc/technologies/digital-pathology-ai/), [Germline (hereditary) testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/germline-testing/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/technologies/liquid-biopsy/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [PARP inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/parp-inhibitor/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/), [RNA sequencing & expression profiling](https://onco.cc/technologies/rna-seq/), [TROP2 PET](https://onco.cc/technologies/trop2-pet/)
- targets: [AKT](https://onco.cc/targets/akt/), [Androgen receptor](https://onco.cc/targets/androgen-receptor/), [BRCA1 / BRCA2 (HRD)](https://onco.cc/targets/brca/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [TROP2](https://onco.cc/targets/trop2/)
- drugs: [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Capecitabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/capecitabine/), [Capivasertib](https://onco.cc/drugs/capivasertib/), [Carboplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/carboplatin/), [Cyclophosphamide](https://onco.cc/drugs/cyclophosphamide/), [Datopotamab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/datopotamab-deruxtecan/), [Doxorubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/doxorubicin/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/), [Nab-paclitaxel](https://onco.cc/drugs/nab-paclitaxel/), [Olaparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/olaparib/), [Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel](https://onco.cc/drugs/paclitaxel/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Sacituzumab govitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/sacituzumab-govitecan/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/), [Talazoparib](https://onco.cc/drugs/talazoparib/), [Trastuzumab deruxtecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/trastuzumab-deruxtecan/), [VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp142/)
- companies: [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [Daiichi Sankyo](https://onco.cc/companies/daiichi-sankyo/), [Gilead Sciences (incl. Kite)](https://onco.cc/companies/gilead/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [SystImmune / Sichuan Biokin](https://onco.cc/companies/systimmune/)
- institutions: [American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/asco/), [Cancer Research UK](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk/), [Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dana-farber/), [European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)](https://onco.cc/institutions/esmo/), [German Breast Group (GBG)](https://onco.cc/institutions/gbg/), [Mayo Clinic](https://onco.cc/institutions/mayo-clinic/), [MD Anderson Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/md-anderson/), [National Cancer Institute (NIH)](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci/), [The Royal Marsden](https://onco.cc/institutions/royal-marsden/), [UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/unc-lineberger/)
- pathways: [DNA damage response & homologous recombination](https://onco.cc/pathways/ddr/), [Epithelial-mesenchymal transition & drug efflux](https://onco.cc/pathways/emt/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [PI3K / AKT / mTOR](https://onco.cc/pathways/pi3k-akt-mtor/)
- terms: [ADC sequencing](https://onco.cc/terms/adc-sequencing/), [Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin)](https://onco.cc/terms/anthracycline/), [Brain metastases (intracranial disease)](https://onco.cc/terms/brain-metastases/), [Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/ctdna/), [Combined positive score (CPS)](https://onco.cc/terms/cps/), [De-escalation, escalation and response-adapted therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/de-escalation/), [Event-free / disease-free survival (EFS, DFS, iDFS, RFS)](https://onco.cc/terms/efs/), [HER2-low and HER2-ultralow](https://onco.cc/terms/her2-low/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/hrd/), [Immunohistochemistry (IHC)](https://onco.cc/terms/ihc/), [Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd/), [Neoadjuvant / adjuvant / perioperative](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-adjuvant/), [Overall survival (OS)](https://onco.cc/terms/os/), [PAM50 / intrinsic subtypes](https://onco.cc/terms/pam50/), [Pathologic complete response (pCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/pcr/), [Progression-free survival (PFS)](https://onco.cc/terms/pfs/), [Residual cancer burden (RCB)](https://onco.cc/terms/rcb/), [Taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, nab-paclitaxel)](https://onco.cc/terms/taxane/), [Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)](https://onco.cc/terms/tils/)
- biomarkers: [HER2-ultralow (IHC 0 with membrane staining)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/her2-ultralow/)
- trials: [ASCENT](https://onco.cc/trials/ascent/), [ASCENT-03](https://onco.cc/trials/ascent-03/), [ASCENT-04 / KEYNOTE-D19](https://onco.cc/trials/ascent-04/), [ASCENT-05 / OptimICE-RD (AFT-65, GBG 119, NSABP B-63)](https://onco.cc/trials/ascent-05/), [BL-B01D1-307](https://onco.cc/trials/bl-b01d1-307/), [BrighTNess](https://onco.cc/trials/brightness/), [Capivasertib+Paclitaxel as First Line Treatment for Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic TNBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03997123/), [DESTINY-Breast04](https://onco.cc/trials/destiny-breast04/), [EMBRACA](https://onco.cc/trials/embraca/), [GeparSixto](https://onco.cc/trials/geparsixto/), [IMpassion031](https://onco.cc/trials/impassion031/), [IMpassion130](https://onco.cc/trials/impassion130/), [IMpassion131](https://onco.cc/trials/impassion131/), [IZABRIGHT-Breast01](https://onco.cc/trials/izabright-breast01/), [KEYNOTE-355](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-355/), [KEYNOTE-522](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-522/), [OlympiA](https://onco.cc/trials/olympia/), [OlympiAD](https://onco.cc/trials/olympiad/), [OptimICE-pCR (A012103)](https://onco.cc/trials/optimice-pcr/), [PM8002 or Placebo Plus Nab-Paclitaxel as First-line Treatment in Inoperable Locally Advanced/Metastatic TNBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06419621/), [SCARLET (SWOG S2212)](https://onco.cc/trials/scarlet-s2212/), [TROPION-Breast01](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-breast01/), [TROPION-Breast02](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-breast02/), [TROPION-Breast03](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-breast03/), [TROPION-Breast05](https://onco.cc/trials/tropion-breast05/)
- people: [Aditya Bardia](https://onco.cc/people/aditya-bardia/), [Andrew Tutt](https://onco.cc/people/andrew-tutt/), [Charles E. Geyer Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/charles-geyer/), [Charles M. Perou](https://onco.cc/people/charles-perou/), [Giuseppe Curigliano](https://onco.cc/people/giuseppe-curigliano/), [Gunter von Minckwitz](https://onco.cc/people/gunter-von-minckwitz/), [Hope S. Rugo](https://onco.cc/people/hope-rugo/), [Javier Cortés](https://onco.cc/people/javier-cortes/), [Jennifer K. Litton](https://onco.cc/people/jennifer-litton/), [Judy E. Garber](https://onco.cc/people/judy-garber/), [Lajos Pusztai](https://onco.cc/people/lajos-pusztai/), [Mark E. Robson](https://onco.cc/people/mark-robson/), [Mary-Claire King](https://onco.cc/people/mary-claire-king/), [Nancy U. Lin](https://onco.cc/people/nancy-lin/), [Nicholas Turner](https://onco.cc/people/nicholas-turner/), [Peter Schmid](https://onco.cc/people/peter-schmid/), [Rebecca Dent](https://onco.cc/people/rebecca-dent/), [Sara M. Tolaney](https://onco.cc/people/sara-tolaney/), [Sibylle Loibl](https://onco.cc/people/sibylle-loibl/), [Sir Richard Peto](https://onco.cc/people/richard-peto/)
- bottlenecks: [Acquired resistance to every therapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-resistance/), [Biomarkers are not validated or standardised](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/), [Dormant cells and minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/), [Failures are hidden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-negative-results/), [Inherited risk is mostly unidentified](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-hereditary-risk/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/), [The brain: barrier and sanctuary](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/), [Toxicity and quality of life are undervalued](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-toxicity-qol/), [Trials do not represent the people who get cancer](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-trial-diversity/), [Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/)
- key papers: [Addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib plus carboplatin or carboplatin alone to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BrighTNess): a randomised, phase 3 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-brightness-lancet-oncol-2018/), [Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017/), [American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-cap-er-pr-testing-guideline-jco-2010/), [ASCENT: sacituzumab govitecan doubles survival in heavily pretreated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ascent-nejm-2021/), [Association of Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Disease Recurrence in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Preplanned Secondary Analysis of the BRE12-158 Randomized Clinical Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-radovich-ctdna-ctc-bre12-158-jama-oncol-2020/), [Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018/), [Breast Cancer, Version 4.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nccn-breast-cancer-v4-2026-jnccn-2026/), [Capivasertib plus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: results from the randomised, global phase III CAPItello-290 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-capitello-290-capivasertib-paclitaxel-ann-oncol-2026/), [Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tutt-nat-med/), [Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008/), [Clinical, pathological, and PAM50 gene expression features of HER2-low breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schettini-her2-low-features-npj-breast-cancer-2021/), [Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ebctcg-polychemotherapy-regimens-meta-analysis-lancet-2012/), [Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-burstein-tnbc-genomic-subtypes-ccr-2015/), [Datopotamab deruxtecan in patients with untreated, advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TROPION-Breast02): a randomised, open-label, international, phase III trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tropion-breast02-ann-oncol-2026/), [Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007/), [DESTINY-Breast04: trastuzumab deruxtecan works in HER2-low breast cancer, creating a new treatable group](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-destiny-breast04-nejm-2022/), [Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-esmo-early-breast-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2024/), [Ethnicity and outcome of young breast cancer patients in the United Kingdom: the POSH study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-copson-posh-ethnicity-young-breast-cancer-uk-bjc-2014/), [Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000/), [Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sorlie-breast-carcinoma-subclasses-pnas-2001/), [Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003/), [Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbc-subtypes-jci-2011/), [Impact of the addition of carboplatin and/or bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer: CALGB 40603 (Alliance)](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sikov-calgb-40603-carboplatin-bevacizumab-jco-2015/), [KEYNOTE-355: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive advanced triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-355-nejm-2022/), [KEYNOTE-522: adding pembrolizumab before and after surgery in early triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-nejm-2022/), [Long-term efficacy and safety of addition of carboplatin with or without veliparib to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: 4-year follow-up data from BrighTNess, a randomized phase III trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-geyer-brightness-4-year-follow-up-ann-oncol-2022/), [Long-Term Prognostic Risk After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Associated With Residual Cancer Burden and Breast Cancer Subtype](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-symmans-rcb-long-term-prognosis-subtype-jco-2017/), [Management of Hereditary Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Guideline](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-hereditary-breast-cancer-guideline-jco-2020/), [Measurement of residual breast cancer burden to predict survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-symmans-j-clin-oncol/), [Molecular portraits of human breast tumours](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-perou-molecular-portraits-breast-tumours-nature-2000/), [Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-geparsixto-lancet-oncol-2014/), [Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Endocrine Therapy, and Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-neoadjuvant-therapy-breast-guideline-jco-2021/), [OlympiA: a year of olaparib after surgery for BRCA-mutated, high-risk early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-nejm-2021/), [OlympiAD: olaparib versus chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer with a germline BRCA mutation](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympiad-nejm-2017/), [Overall survival in the OlympiA phase III trial of adjuvant olaparib in patients with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and high-risk, early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-overall-survival-ann-oncol-2022/), [Overall Survival with Pembrolizumab in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2024-update/), [Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: the CTNeoBC pooled analysis](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-cortazar-ctneobc-pcr-pooled-analysis-lancet-2014/), [PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Assay Comparison in Atezolizumab Plus nab-Paclitaxel-Treated Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021/), [Pembrolizumab for Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-522-n-engl-j-med-2020/), [Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-impassion131-ann-oncol-2021/), [Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006/), [Refinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Implications for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Selection](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lehmann-tnbctype-4-refinement-plos-one-2016/), [Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sorlie-repeated-observation-subtypes-brca1-basal-pnas-2003/), [Residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and long-term survival outcomes in breast cancer: a multicentre pooled analysis of 5161 patients](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yau-rcb-pooled-analysis-5161-lancet-oncol-2022/), [Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-liedtke-neoadjuvant-response-survival-tnbc-jco-2008/), [Results of the c-TRAK TN trial: a clinical trial utilising ctDNA mutation tracking to detect molecular residual disease and trigger intervention in patients with moderate- and high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-turner-c-trak-tn-ctdna-pembrolizumab-ann-oncol-2023/), [Sacituzumab Govitecan in Untreated, Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ascent-03-n-engl-j-med-2025/), [Sacituzumab Govitecan plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ascent-04-n-engl-j-med-2026/), [Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lin-tnbc-cns-metastases-dfci-cancer-2008/), [Slamon 1987: HER2 gene amplification marks an aggressive form of breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-slamon-her2-amplification-science-1987/), [Survival analysis of carboplatin added to an anthracycline/taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and HRD score as predictor of response-final results from GeparSixto](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-loibl-geparsixto-survival-hrd-ann-oncol-2018/), [Sustained benefit of adjuvant olaparib in women with germline BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer: updated results from the OlympiA phase III trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026/), [Tailoring treatment to cancer risk and patient preference: the 2025 St Gallen International Breast Cancer Consensus Statement on individualizing therapy for patients with early breast cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-st-gallen-2025-consensus-ann-oncol-2025/), [Talazoparib in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer and a Germline BRCA Mutation](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-embraca-n-engl-j-med-2018/), [The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997/), [Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-dent-tnbc-clinical-features-recurrence-ccr-2007/), [Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-leon-ferre-tils-tnbc-no-chemotherapy-jama-2024/), [Update on triple-negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population-based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scott-tnbc-disparities-uscs-cancer-2019/), [US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-howlader-us-incidence-breast-subtypes-jnci-2014/), [Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Pembrolizumab in the Treatment of High-Risk, Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: ASCO Guideline Rapid Recommendation Update](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-asco-pembrolizumab-early-tnbc-rapid-update-jco-2022/)

---
JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/tnbc-roadmap.json