# Bladder & urothelial cancer

Source: https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/  
OnCo record `urothelial` (Cancer). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Bladder cancer went from 40 years of cisplatin to an ADC-immunotherapy combination that nearly doubled survival, and in 2026 the first blood-test-guided drug approval.

## Summary

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and the most expensive to manage per patient, because three quarters present as non-muscle-invasive disease that recurs for years and demands lifelong cystoscopy. Smoking causes about half of cases. Muscle-invasive disease (25%) has required radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant cisplatin since the 2000s, and metastatic disease relied on platinum chemotherapy for four decades.

Between 2019 and 2026 the field was rebuilt. In metastatic disease, enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab nearly doubled survival over chemotherapy (EV-302, 2023). The same pair then moved around surgery: EV-303 in cisplatin-ineligible patients (EFS HR 0.40, approved November 2025) and EV-304 in cisplatin-eligible patients (positive December 2025), after NIAGARA had already established perioperative durvalumab (approved March 2025). Adjuvant nivolumab (CheckMate 274) and ctDNA-guided adjuvant atezolizumab (IMvigor011, the first ctDNA-based approval, 2026) cover the post-cystectomy space. In non-muscle-invasive disease, the BCG-unresponsive population gained four bladder-sparing options (pembrolizumab, nadofaragene firadenovec, N-803 + BCG, and the gemcitabine-eluting device TAR-200), with the oncolytic virus cretostimogene filing in 2026, and durvalumab + BCG became the first systemic immunotherapy in BCG-naive disease (POTOMAC, May 2026). Erdafitinib remains the only targeted drug, for FGFR3-altered tumours after immunotherapy.

What is next: bladder preservation for complete responders to perioperative EV + pembrolizumab; sequencing after EV + pembrolizumab (platinum, HER2 ADCs such as disitamab vedotin, TROP2 and bispecific ADCs, sac-TMT); urine tumour DNA to reduce cystoscopy; resolving BCG shortages with recombinant strains and alternatives; and understanding why some intravesical immunotherapies (durvalumab, sasanlimab) add to BCG while others (atezolizumab) did not.

## Fields

- Kind: Cancer
- Last checked: 2026-09-07
- Also known as: BLCA; TCGA-BLCA; bladder urothelial carcinoma (TCGA BLCA cohort); Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
- Tags: gu
- Group: genitourinary
- Burden: About 600,000 cases a year worldwide and the fourth most common cancer in men in the US. Three quarters are non-muscle-invasive and managed for years with bladder-sparing treatment, which is why it has the highest lifetime treatment cost per patient of any cancer; ~220,000 deaths a year.
- Subtypes: Non-muscle-invasive (Ta, T1, CIS; ~75%); Muscle-invasive (T2-T4; ~25%); Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (renal pelvis, ureter; ~5-10%); Molecular: luminal-papillary (FGFR3-altered), luminal-infiltrated, basal/squamous, neuroendocrine-like; Variant histologies (squamous, micropapillary, plasmacytoid, sarcomatoid, small-cell)
- Biomarkers: FGFR3; PD-L1 (limited utility now); HER2; Nectin-4 (not required); ctDNA (Signatera); Stage and grade (NMIBC risk group; MIBC); BCG-unresponsive status (FDA definition); FGFR3/FGFR2 alterations (erdafitinib); Nectin-4 (not required for enfortumab); HER2 (disitamab vedotin trials); PD-L1 (no longer decisive after EV-302); ctDNA (Signatera; IMvigor011 selection); Urine tumour DNA (surveillance, research); Cisplatin eligibility (renal function, hearing, neuropathy, performance status)

## Sections of this record

The page is a hub with ten sections in reading order; large sections have their own page. The same plan as JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/cancers/urothelial/sections.json

- Overview (on the hub): The TL;DR, the family this cancer belongs to, the organ, who gets it and what the state of the art is. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/#overview [2 subtypes, 8 state-of-the-art points]
- What it is (on the hub): Anatomy, the subtypes and how they differ, how it is staged, and where advanced disease spreads. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/#what-it-is [7 subtypes, 6 staging notes, 6 sites of spread]
- Finding it (on the hub): How it shows itself, how it is confirmed, what screening exists, and the biomarkers clinicians test for. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/#finding-it [4 symptoms, 14 biomarkers, 5 prevalence rows]
- Treating it (on the hub): The standard of care by setting, the medicines, surgery and radiotherapy named in it, and the regimens behind them. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/#treating-it [12 settings, 5 regimens, 12 decisions with options]
- Evidence (own page): Trials recruiting now, the landmark trials, the key papers and what they mean, the latest literature, and the milestones year by year. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/evidence/ [107 trials, 6 key papers, 18 milestones]
- The science (own page): The molecular landscape: the targets and how often each appears, the pathways, the mechanics stages and the preclinical models. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/science/ [102 targets, 6 pathways, 8 preclinical models]
- Where you are (own page): Cases by country, the UK and NHS pathway and other country lenses, and the expert centres with trials on record. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/where-you-are/ [12 centres]
- Living with it (own page): The decisions you may face, the aids that walk through them, the warnings on record, the first sixty days and the questions to ask. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/living-with-it/ [40 questions, 6 red cards]
- What is coming (own page): Everything in development, the open problems and what is being done about them, the roadmaps, and what changed on this record. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/coming/ [57 medicines, 107 trials, 19 ideas, 11 open problems]
- Data (own page): Every connected record, the notes, the JSON, Markdown and RDF twins, and where the record came from and when it was checked. https://onco.cc/cancers/urothelial/data/ [467 connected records]

## Standard of care

- NMIBC: Non-muscle-invasive: transurethral resection (TURBT) then intravesical BCG; novel intravesical agents for BCG-unresponsive disease; durvalumab + BCG for high-risk disease (2026). ([Non-muscle-invasive vs muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC / MIBC)](https://onco.cc/terms/nmibc-vs-mibc/), [Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)](https://onco.cc/terms/turbt/), [Intravesical therapy (BCG and bladder instillations)](https://onco.cc/terms/intravesical-therapy/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Oncolytic viruses](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncolytic-virus/), [Cytokines & engineered cytokines](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytokine-therapy/))
- MIBC: Muscle-invasive: neoadjuvant chemotherapy ± durvalumab → radical cystectomy → ctDNA-guided atezolizumab or nivolumab; perioperative enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab for cisplatin-ineligible patients (EV-303), with EV-304 positive in cisplatin-eligible patients. ([Non-muscle-invasive vs muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC / MIBC)](https://onco.cc/terms/nmibc-vs-mibc/), [Radical cystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/cystectomy/), [IMvigor011](https://onco.cc/trials/imvigor011/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/), [EV-303 / KEYNOTE-905](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-303/), [EV-304 / KEYNOTE-B15](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-304/))
- Metastatic: Enfortumab vedotin (an antibody-drug conjugate) + pembrolizumab (immunotherapy); erdafitinib for FGFR3 alterations; platinum chemotherapy + nivolumab. ([EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-302/), [Enfortumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/))
- Diagnosis and surveillance: Cystoscopy (white or blue light) and TURBT with muscle in the specimen; re-resection for T1; CT urography; urine cytology; surveillance cystoscopy every 3-12 months by risk. ([Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT](https://onco.cc/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/), [CT (computed tomography)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct/))
- Low / intermediate-risk NMIBC: TURBT with single immediate intravesical chemotherapy instillation; intermediate risk adds 1 year of intravesical chemotherapy (gemcitabine/mitomycin) or BCG. ([Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT](https://onco.cc/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/), [Intravesical therapy (BCG, chemotherapy, devices, gene and viral therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bcg-and-intravesical-therapy/))
- High-risk NMIBC, BCG-naive: TURBT then BCG induction and 1-3 years maintenance; durvalumab + BCG approved May 2026 (POTOMAC); radical cystectomy for very high-risk (T1 + CIS, variant histology). ([Intravesical BCG](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcg-intravesical/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [POTOMAC](https://onco.cc/trials/potomac/), [Durvalumab + BCG in BCG-naive high-risk NMIBC](https://onco.cc/pairings/durvalumab-plus-bcg/))
- BCG-unresponsive NMIBC (CIS ± papillary): Radical cystectomy remains the oncologic gold standard; bladder-sparing options: TAR-200 (Inlexzo, 2025), N-803 + BCG (Anktiva, 2024), nadofaragene firadenovec (2022), pembrolizumab (2020); cretostimogene in registration. ([Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200)](https://onco.cc/drugs/tar-200/), [Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept](https://onco.cc/drugs/nogapendekin-alfa/), [Nadofaragene firadenovec](https://onco.cc/drugs/nadofaragene-firadenovec/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/cretostimogene/), [SunRISe-1](https://onco.cc/trials/sunrise-1/), [BOND-003](https://onco.cc/trials/bond-003/), [QUILT 3.032](https://onco.cc/trials/quilt-3-032/))
- Muscle-invasive, cisplatin-eligible: Perioperative EV + pembrolizumab (EV-304, positive 2025; filing) or neoadjuvant durvalumab + gemcitabine-cisplatin with adjuvant durvalumab (NIAGARA, approved 2025), then radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection; trimodality bladder preservation (TURBT + chemoradiation) for selected patients. ([Enfortumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [EV-304 / KEYNOTE-B15](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-304/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [NIAGARA](https://onco.cc/trials/niagara/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab across the bladder cancer continuum](https://onco.cc/pairings/ev-pembro-continuum/))
- Muscle-invasive, cisplatin-ineligible: Perioperative EV + pembrolizumab with cystectomy (EV-303, approved Nov 2025); or cystectomy alone / chemoradiation. ([Enfortumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [EV-303 / KEYNOTE-905](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-303/))
- After cystectomy (no perioperative IO): Adjuvant nivolumab for high-risk pathology (CheckMate 274); or ctDNA-guided adjuvant atezolizumab (IMvigor011, approved 2026). ([Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [CheckMate 274](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-274/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [IMvigor011](https://onco.cc/trials/imvigor011/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/))
- Metastatic, first line: Enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab (EV-302); if contraindicated, platinum-gemcitabine followed by avelumab maintenance (JAVELIN Bladder 100) or nivolumab + gemcitabine-cisplatin (CheckMate 901). ([Enfortumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-302/), [Avelumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/avelumab/), [JAVELIN Bladder 100](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-bladder-100/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/))
- Metastatic, later lines: Erdafitinib if FGFR3-altered (THOR); platinum chemotherapy if not yet given; disitamab vedotin ± toripalimab (HER2, China); sacituzumab govitecan (US indication withdrawn 2024); trials of TROP2/HER2/bispecific ADCs and sac-TMT. ([Erdafitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/erdafitinib/), [THOR](https://onco.cc/trials/thor/), [Disitamab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/disitamab-vedotin/), [Sacituzumab tirumotecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/sacituzumab-tirumotecan/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/), [AK146D1](https://onco.cc/drugs/ak146d1/))

## State of the art

- Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) plus immunotherapy (IO) first line: enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab (EV-302).
- First circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)-guided adjuvant approval: atezolizumab after IMvigor011.
- EV + pembrolizumab across metastatic, cisplatin-ineligible perioperative (approved 2025), and cisplatin-eligible perioperative (positive 2025) settings.
- Perioperative durvalumab (NIAGARA) and adjuvant nivolumab (CheckMate 274) with overall survival benefit.
- First ctDNA-guided drug approval in any cancer: adjuvant atezolizumab for ctDNA-positive MIBC (IMvigor011, 2026).
- Five bladder-sparing options for BCG-unresponsive disease, including a drug-eluting device and an oncolytic virus in registration.
- Durvalumab + BCG: first systemic immunotherapy approved in BCG-naive NMIBC (May 2026).
- Erdafitinib: the only biomarker-directed targeted therapy, with a survival benefit after immunotherapy.

## Open problems

- BCG supply.
- Bladder preservation strategies.
- Nectin-4 ADC resistance.
- BCG supply remains inadequate a decade after shortages began; alternatives are unproven for BCG-naive high-risk disease.
- What to give after EV + pembrolizumab fails: platinum rechallenge, HER2 or TROP2 ADCs, and bispecific ADCs are untested in sequence.
- Whether perioperative therapy's high complete response rates permit bladder preservation in MIBC.
- Cystoscopic surveillance burden and cost; urine biomarkers not yet guideline-endorsed to replace cystoscopy.
- Overtreatment risk with systemic immunotherapy (durvalumab + BCG) in a disease many patients survive with BCG alone.
- Peripheral neuropathy and skin toxicity of enfortumab vedotin limit duration; safer Nectin-4 conjugates stalled in 2026.
- Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma and variant histologies are under-represented in trials.
- Only one biomarker (FGFR3) is actionable; HER2 and Nectin-4 selection remain unresolved.

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer
- NCI PDQ: bladder cancer treatment: https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/hp/bladder-treatment-pdq
- FDA: durvalumab + BCG approval (May 2026): https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-durvalumab-combination-bacillus-calmette-guerin-high-risk-non-muscle-invasive-bladder

## Connected records

- cancers: [Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney](https://onco.cc/cancers/collecting-duct-carcinoma/), [Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/), [Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/), [Urethral cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral/), [Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra](https://onco.cc/cancers/urethral-urothelial-carcinoma/)
- collections: [UroToday](https://onco.cc/collections/src-urotoday/)
- technologies: [ADC payload neutralisers](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc-payload-neutralizer/), [Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)](https://onco.cc/technologies/adc/), [BCG manufacturing and the bladder cancer BCG shortage](https://onco.cc/technologies/bcg-vaccine-manufacturing/), [Bispecific ADC](https://onco.cc/technologies/bispecific-adc/), [Bladder EpiCheck urine methylation test](https://onco.cc/technologies/bladder-epicheck/), [CT (computed tomography)](https://onco.cc/technologies/ct/), [Cystoscopy, blue-light imaging & TURBT](https://onco.cc/technologies/cystoscopy-turbt/), [Cytokines & engineered cytokines](https://onco.cc/technologies/cytokine-therapy/), [Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition](https://onco.cc/technologies/eras-perioperative-nutrition/), [G8 geriatric screening tool](https://onco.cc/technologies/g8-geriatric-screening/), [Generic sterile injectables (the 2023 platinum shortage)](https://onco.cc/technologies/sterile-injectable-generics-manufacturing/), [Immune checkpoint inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/), [IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam)](https://onco.cc/technologies/imrt-igrt/), [Intravesical therapy (BCG, chemotherapy, devices, gene and viral therapy)](https://onco.cc/technologies/bcg-and-intravesical-therapy/), [MRD / molecular residual disease testing](https://onco.cc/technologies/mrd-testing/), [Oncolytic viruses](https://onco.cc/technologies/oncolytic-virus/), [Peptide-drug & small-molecule-drug conjugates](https://onco.cc/technologies/peptide-drug-conjugate/), [Platinum agents](https://onco.cc/technologies/platinum/), [Probiotics, antibiotics and stewardship around immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/technologies/probiotics-antibiotic-stewardship-io/), [Robotic & minimally invasive surgery](https://onco.cc/technologies/robotic-surgery/), [Small-molecule kinase inhibitors](https://onco.cc/technologies/kinase-inhibitors/), [Smoking cessation in cancer patients](https://onco.cc/technologies/smoking-cessation-after-diagnosis/), [Trained innate immunity](https://onco.cc/technologies/trained-innate-immunity/), [UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan](https://onco.cc/technologies/ugt1a1-genotyping/), [Urine tests for bladder cancer (cytology, FISH, RNA and methylation)](https://onco.cc/technologies/urine-bladder-cancer-tests/)
- targets: [AKAP9](https://onco.cc/targets/akap9/), [ARHGAP35](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgap35/), [ARHGAP5](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgap5/), [ARHGEF10](https://onco.cc/targets/arhgef10/), [ARID1A](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1a/), [ARID1B](https://onco.cc/targets/arid1b/), [ASXL1](https://onco.cc/targets/asxl1/), [ASXL2](https://onco.cc/targets/asxl2/), [ATM](https://onco.cc/targets/atm/), [BIRC6](https://onco.cc/targets/birc6/), [C11orf65](https://onco.cc/targets/c11orf65/), [CASP8](https://onco.cc/targets/casp8/), [CCNE1](https://onco.cc/targets/ccne1/), [CD44](https://onco.cc/targets/cd44/), [CDH1](https://onco.cc/targets/cdh1/), [CDK12](https://onco.cc/targets/cdk12/), [CDKN1A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn1a/), [CDKN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/cdkn2a/), [CHD2](https://onco.cc/targets/chd2/), [CLTC](https://onco.cc/targets/cltc/), [CREBBP](https://onco.cc/targets/crebbp/), [CSMD3](https://onco.cc/targets/csmd3/), [CYLD](https://onco.cc/targets/cyld/), [DDB2](https://onco.cc/targets/ddb2/), [ELF3](https://onco.cc/targets/elf3/), [EP300](https://onco.cc/targets/ep300/), [EpCAM](https://onco.cc/targets/epcam/), [ERCC1](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc1/), [ERCC2](https://onco.cc/targets/ercc2/), [ETV6](https://onco.cc/targets/etv6/), [FAT1](https://onco.cc/targets/fat1/), [FBLN2](https://onco.cc/targets/fbln2/), [FGFR2](https://onco.cc/targets/fgfr2/), [FGFR3](https://onco.cc/targets/fgfr3-receptor/), [GNA13](https://onco.cc/targets/gna13/), [GNAS](https://onco.cc/targets/gnas/), [GPAA1](https://onco.cc/targets/gpaa1/), [GRIN2A](https://onco.cc/targets/grin2a/), [H3C2](https://onco.cc/targets/h3c2/), [HER2](https://onco.cc/targets/her2/), [HIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/hip1/), [HRAS](https://onco.cc/targets/hras/), [HSPG2](https://onco.cc/targets/hspg2/), [IRS4](https://onco.cc/targets/irs4/), [KAT7](https://onco.cc/targets/kat7/), [KDM6A](https://onco.cc/targets/kdm6a/), [KLF5](https://onco.cc/targets/klf5/), [KMT2C](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2c/), [KMT2D](https://onco.cc/targets/kmt2d/), [LRIG3](https://onco.cc/targets/lrig3/), [MB21D2](https://onco.cc/targets/mb21d2/), [MLLT6](https://onco.cc/targets/mllt6/), [MYC](https://onco.cc/targets/myc-gene/), [MYH9](https://onco.cc/targets/myh9/), [N4BP2](https://onco.cc/targets/n4bp2/), [NACA](https://onco.cc/targets/naca/), [NCOR1](https://onco.cc/targets/ncor1/), [Nectin-4](https://onco.cc/targets/nectin4/), [NFE2L2](https://onco.cc/targets/nfe2l2/), [NOTCH2](https://onco.cc/targets/notch2/), [NSD1](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd1/), [NSD2](https://onco.cc/targets/nsd2/), [PABPC1](https://onco.cc/targets/pabpc1/), [PD-1](https://onco.cc/targets/pd1/), [PD-L1](https://onco.cc/targets/pdl1/), [PIK3CB](https://onco.cc/targets/pik3cb/), [PREX2](https://onco.cc/targets/prex2/), [PRMT5 (MTAP-deleted cancers)](https://onco.cc/targets/prmt5-mtap/), [PSIP1](https://onco.cc/targets/psip1/), [PTPN13](https://onco.cc/targets/ptpn13/), [PTPRK](https://onco.cc/targets/ptprk/), [RAP1B](https://onco.cc/targets/rap1b/), [RB1](https://onco.cc/targets/rb1/), [RBM10](https://onco.cc/targets/rbm10/), [RHOA](https://onco.cc/targets/rhoa/), [Ribonucleotide reductase (RRM1)](https://onco.cc/targets/rrm1/), [RNF213](https://onco.cc/targets/rnf213/), [SETD1B](https://onco.cc/targets/setd1b/), [SF3B1](https://onco.cc/targets/sf3b1/), [SMARCA4](https://onco.cc/targets/smarca4/), [SNX29](https://onco.cc/targets/snx29/), [STAG2](https://onco.cc/targets/stag2/), [TAF15](https://onco.cc/targets/taf15/), [TERT](https://onco.cc/targets/tert/), [TNC](https://onco.cc/targets/tnc/), [TP63](https://onco.cc/targets/tp63/), [TRIP11](https://onco.cc/targets/trip11/), [TROP2](https://onco.cc/targets/trop2/), [TRRAP](https://onco.cc/targets/trrap/), [TSC1](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc1/), [TSC2](https://onco.cc/targets/tsc2/), [ZFHX3](https://onco.cc/targets/zfhx3/), [ZFP36L1](https://onco.cc/targets/zfp36l1/), [ZNF429](https://onco.cc/targets/znf429/)
- drugs: [ABSK061](https://onco.cc/drugs/absk061/), [AK146D1](https://onco.cc/drugs/ak146d1/), [Atezolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/atezolizumab/), [Avelumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/avelumab/), [Bempegaldesleukin](https://onco.cc/drugs/bempegaldesleukin/), [Budigalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/budigalimab/), [Cetrelimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/cetrelimab/), [Cisplatin](https://onco.cc/drugs/cisplatin/), [Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec](https://onco.cc/drugs/cretostimogene/), [Cxbladder](https://onco.cc/drugs/cxbladder/), [Disitamab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/disitamab-vedotin/), [Domvanalimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/domvanalimab/), [Durvalumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/durvalumab/), [Enfortumab vedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/enfortumab-vedotin/), [Erdafitinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/erdafitinib/), [Gemcitabine](https://onco.cc/drugs/gemcitabine/), [Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200)](https://onco.cc/drugs/tar-200/), [Gotistobart](https://onco.cc/drugs/gotistobart/), [Hexaminolevulinate](https://onco.cc/drugs/hexaminolevulinate/), [Intismeran autogene](https://onco.cc/drugs/intismeran-autogene/), [Intravesical BCG](https://onco.cc/drugs/bcg-intravesical/), [Izalontamab brengitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/izalontamab-brengitecan/), [JK08](https://onco.cc/drugs/jk08/), [Livmoniplimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/livmoniplimab/), [Methotrexate](https://onco.cc/drugs/methotrexate/), [Mitomycin C](https://onco.cc/drugs/mitomycin/), [MRG002](https://onco.cc/drugs/mrg002/), [Nadofaragene firadenovec](https://onco.cc/drugs/nadofaragene-firadenovec/), [Nivolumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/nivolumab/), [Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept](https://onco.cc/drugs/nogapendekin-alfa/), [Pembrolizumab](https://onco.cc/drugs/pembrolizumab/), [PF-08634404](https://onco.cc/drugs/pf-08634404/), [Pirarubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/pirarubicin/), [Sacituzumab govitecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/sacituzumab-govitecan/), [Sacituzumab tirumotecan](https://onco.cc/drugs/sacituzumab-tirumotecan/), [Sasanlimab](https://onco.cc/drugs/sasanlimab/), [SHR-1501](https://onco.cc/drugs/shr-1501/), [SHR-8068](https://onco.cc/drugs/shr-8068/), [SHR-A2102](https://onco.cc/drugs/shr-a2102/), [Signatera](https://onco.cc/drugs/signatera/), [T3011](https://onco.cc/drugs/t3011/), [TAR-210](https://onco.cc/drugs/tar-210/), [TARA-002](https://onco.cc/drugs/tara-002/), [therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF)](https://onco.cc/drugs/therascreen-cdx/), [Thiotepa](https://onco.cc/drugs/thiotepa/), [Tovecimig](https://onco.cc/drugs/tovecimig/), [TYRA-300](https://onco.cc/drugs/tyra-300/), [UGN-103](https://onco.cc/drugs/ugn-103/), [UGN-104](https://onco.cc/drugs/ugn-104/), [UroVysion Bladder Cancer Kit](https://onco.cc/drugs/urovysion/), [Valrubicin](https://onco.cc/drugs/valrubicin/), [VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp142/), [VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay](https://onco.cc/drugs/ventana-pd-l1-sp263/), [Vepugratinib](https://onco.cc/drugs/vepugratinib/), [Vinblastine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vinblastine/), [Vinflunine](https://onco.cc/drugs/vinflunine/), [Zelenectide pevedotin](https://onco.cc/drugs/zelenectide-pevedotin/)
- companies: [Abbott Laboratories](https://onco.cc/companies/abbott/), [Aktis Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/aktis-oncology/), [ANZUP Cancer Trials Group](https://onco.cc/companies/anzup/), [Astellas](https://onco.cc/companies/astellas/), [AstraZeneca](https://onco.cc/companies/astrazeneca/), [Basilea Pharmaceutica](https://onco.cc/companies/basilea/), [Bicycle Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/bicycle-therapeutics/), [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://onco.cc/companies/bms/), [C2i Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/c2i-genomics/), [CG Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/cg-oncology/), [Emergence Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/emergence-therapeutics/), [Endo (now Keenova Therapeutics and Par Health)](https://onco.cc/companies/endo/), [Ferring Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/ferring/), [Generate:Biomedicines](https://onco.cc/companies/generate-biomedicines/), [ImmunityBio](https://onco.cc/companies/immunitybio/), [Johnson & Johnson](https://onco.cc/companies/johnson-johnson/), [Lepu Biopharma](https://onco.cc/companies/lepu-biopharma/), [Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience](https://onco.cc/companies/mabwell-shanghai-bioscience/), [Marengo Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/marengo-therapeutics/), [Merck & Co. (MSD)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck/), [Merck KGaA (EMD Serono)](https://onco.cc/companies/merck-kgaa/), [Molecular Partners](https://onco.cc/companies/molecular-partners/), [Nektar Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/nektar-therapeutics/), [Nonagen Bioscience](https://onco.cc/companies/nonagen-bioscience/), [Nucleix](https://onco.cc/companies/nucleix/), [Outcomes4Me](https://onco.cc/companies/outcomes4me/), [Pacific Edge](https://onco.cc/companies/pacific-edge/), [Pfizer (incl. Seagen)](https://onco.cc/companies/pfizer/), [Photocure](https://onco.cc/companies/photocure/), [Protara Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/protara-therapeutics/), [Proxygen](https://onco.cc/companies/proxygen/), [Roche / Genentech](https://onco.cc/companies/roche-genentech/), [SBI Pharmaceuticals](https://onco.cc/companies/sbi-pharmaceuticals/), [Suzhou Forlong Biotechnology](https://onco.cc/companies/suzhou-forlong-biotechnology/), [Tyra Biosciences](https://onco.cc/companies/tyra-biosciences/), [UroGen Pharma](https://onco.cc/companies/urogen-pharma/), [Valar Labs](https://onco.cc/companies/valar-labs/), [VasGene Therapeutics](https://onco.cc/companies/vasgene-therapeutics/)
- institutions: [Cedars-Sinai Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/cedars-sinai-cancer/), [Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/dana-farber/), [Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust / King's Health Partners Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/guys-st-thomas/), [IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori 'Dino Amadori' (IRST)](https://onco.cc/institutions/irst-meldola/), [MD Anderson Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/md-anderson/), [Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/mskcc/), [National Cancer Institute, Cairo University](https://onco.cc/institutions/nci-cairo/), [Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/oslo-radium-hospital/), [The Christie NHS Foundation Trust](https://onco.cc/institutions/the-christie/), [The Mount Sinai Hospital / Tisch Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/mount-sinai/), [UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/uc-davis-cancer/), [University Hospitals Birmingham / University of Birmingham Cancer Research Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/birmingham-cancer-centre/)
- pathways: [Basement membrane & tissue barriers](https://onco.cc/pathways/basement-membrane-tissue-barriers/), [Bladder cancer (KEGG map)](https://onco.cc/pathways/bladder-cancer-signalling/), [FGF / FGFR signalling](https://onco.cc/pathways/fgfr-signalling/), [p53 / RB / cell-cycle checkpoint](https://onco.cc/pathways/p53-cell-cycle/), [PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation](https://onco.cc/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/), [RAS / RAF / MEK / ERK (MAPK)](https://onco.cc/pathways/ras-mapk/)
- terms: [BCG-unresponsive](https://onco.cc/terms/bcg-unresponsive/), [Carcinoma in situ (CIS)](https://onco.cc/terms/carcinoma-in-situ/), [Chemoradiation (chemoradiotherapy, CRT)](https://onco.cc/terms/chemoradiation/), [Endoscopy (EGD, EUS, ERCP)](https://onco.cc/terms/endoscopy/), [FGFR3 alterations (bladder cancer)](https://onco.cc/terms/fgfr3/), [Intravesical therapy (BCG and bladder instillations)](https://onco.cc/terms/intravesical-therapy/), [Maintenance therapy](https://onco.cc/terms/maintenance-therapy/), [Minimal / molecular residual disease (MRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/mrd/), [Neoadjuvant / adjuvant / perioperative](https://onco.cc/terms/neoadjuvant-adjuvant/), [Non-muscle-invasive vs muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC / MIBC)](https://onco.cc/terms/nmibc-vs-mibc/), [Organ preservation (watch-and-wait, bladder-sparing, larynx preservation)](https://onco.cc/terms/organ-preservation/), [Pathologic complete response (pCR)](https://onco.cc/terms/pcr/), [Platinum-sensitive / platinum-resistant](https://onco.cc/terms/platinum-sensitivity/), [Radical cystectomy](https://onco.cc/terms/cystectomy/), [Stoma (colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy)](https://onco.cc/terms/stoma/), [TERT promoter mutation](https://onco.cc/terms/tert-promoter/), [Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)](https://onco.cc/terms/turbt/)
- trials: [9MW2821 + Toripalimab vs 9MW2821 for 1st Line Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06823427/), [9MW2821 Combined With Toripalimab in Perioperative Patients With Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07314723/), [9MW2821 Combined With Toripalimab Injection in Subjects With Local Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06079112/), [9MW2821 in Combination With Toripalimab vs Standard Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06592326/), [A Clinical Study of Intismeran Autogene (V940) and BCG in People With Bladder Cancer (V940-011/INTerpath-011)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06833073/), [A Clinical Study of Intismeran Autogene (V940) Treatment and Pembrolizumab in People With Bladder Cancer (V940-005/INTerpath-005)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06305767/), [A Clinical Study of MK-3120 in People With Bladder Cancer (MK-3120-003)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07222488/), [A Clinical Study of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (MK-2870) in Patients With Bladder Cancer (MK-2870-027)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06637423/), [A Clinical Trial of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (Sac-TMT, MK-2870) to Treat Urothelial Cancer (MK-2870-031)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07419295/), [A Phase 3 Single-Arm Study of UGN-102 for Treatment of Low-Grade Intermediate-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05243550/), [A Phase 3 Single-arm Study of UGN-104 for the Treatment of Low-grade Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06774131/), [A Phase 3 Study of UGN-103 for Treatment of Patients With Low-grade Intermediate-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06331299/), [A Study Comparing BL-B01D1 With Chemotherapy of Physician's Choice in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma(PANKU-Bladder01)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06857175/), [A Study Evaluating Different Immunotherapies (LAG-3 and PD-1 With or Without TIGIT, Compared to PD-L1 Alone) in Participants With Untreated Locally Advanced Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05645692/), [A Study of Adjuvant Cretostimogene Grenadenorepvec for Treatment of Intermediate Risk NMIBC Following TURBT](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06111235/), [A Study of BL-B01D1 + PD-1 in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06405425/), [A Study of CTX-009 in Combination With Paclitaxel in Adult Patients With Unresectable Advanced, Metastatic or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancers (COMPANION-002)](https://onco.cc/trials/companion-002/), [A Study of Disitamab Vedotin Alone or With Pembrolizumab in Urothelial Cancer That Expresses HER2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04879329/), [A Study of Durvalumab Alone and Durvalumab+Olaparib in Advanced, Platinum-Ineligible Bladder Cancer (BAYOU)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03459846/), [A Study of Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab Plus Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) +/- Investigational Agents in First-Line Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (mUC) (MK-3475-04B/KEYMAKER-U04)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05845814/), [A Study of Efficacy and Safety of Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (MK-2870) Plus Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) With and Without Pembrolizumab in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma (MK-3475-04C/KEYMAKER-U04)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06483334/), [A Study of Erdafitinib in Participants With Metastatic or Locally Advanced Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03473743/), [A Study of HS-10566 in Patients With High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Who Are Ineligible for or Refuse Radical Cystectomy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07468851/), [A Study of Intravesical BCG in Combination With ALT-803 in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02138734/), [A Study of Intravesical FL115 Alone or in Combination With BCG in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07122414/), [A Study of Intravesical SHR-1501 Combination With BCG Versus Investigator-selected Chemotherapy in Subjects With BCG-unresponsive NMIBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07424287/), [A Study of Ivonescimab in Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin vs Pembrolizumab in Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07815665/), [A Study of MRG002 Versus Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Patients With HER2-positive Unresectable Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05754853/), [A Study of RC48-ADC Combined With Toripalimab For First-line Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05302284/), [A Study of Sasanlimab in People With Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04165317/), [A Study of SHR-1501 Combination With BCG Versus Placebo Combined With BCG in Subjects With Papillary-Only NMIBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07726992/), [A Study of SI-B003 and BL-B01D1+SI-B003 in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma and Other Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05965856/), [A Study of STM-416 Administered to Patients Undergoing TURBT for Recurrent Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05710848/), [A Study of T3011 in Patients With BCG-Unresponsive NMIBC or BCG-Exposed, Chemotherapy-Unresponsive NMIBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06971614/), [A Study of TAR-200 in Combination With Cetrelimab or TAR-200 Alone Versus Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in Participants With BCG-naïve High-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC)](https://onco.cc/trials/hr-nmibc/), [A Study of TAR-200 in Combination With Cetrelimab Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Participants With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) of the Bladder](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04658862/), [A Study of TAR-200 Versus Intravesical Chemotherapy in Participants With Recurrent High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC) After Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06211764/), [A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Various Combinations of Avelumab as Therapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (JAVELIN Bladder Medley)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05327530/), [A Study of Vepugratinib (LY3866288) in Participants With Cancer in the Urinary Tract](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07218380/), [A Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Imaging Characteristics of [68Ga]Ga-DPI-4452 and to Assess Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-DPI-4452 in Participants With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05706129/), [A Study to Evaluate 9MW2821 Versus Chemotherapy in Subjects With Previously Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06196736/), [A Study to Evaluate TAR-210 Versus Intravesical Chemotherapy Treatment in Participants With High Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06919965/), [A Study to Evaluate TAR-210 Versus Single Agent Intravesical Cancer Treatment in Participants With Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06319820/), [A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of NDV-01 in Participants With NMIBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06663137/), [A Study to Find Out if Enfortumab Vedotin Given With Pembrolizumab Helps People With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Keep Their Bladder](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07475806/), [A Study to Investigate ALE.P03 as Monotherapy in Adult Patients With Selected Advanced or Metastatic CLDN1+ Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07169734/), [A Substudy of Investigational Agents in Programmed Cell Death-1/Ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) Refractory Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (mUC) (MK-3475-04A)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05562830/), [A Trial of SHR-A2102 With Adebrelimab in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07393542/), [A Trial of SHR-A2102 With Antitumor Therapy in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06639347/), [A Trial to Evaluate Intravesical Nadofaragene Firadenovec Alone or in Combination With Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy in Participants With High-grade BCG Unresponsive Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06545955/), [An Efficacy and Safety Study of Erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) in Participants With Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02365597/), [An Open-label Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Dato-DXd + Rilvegostomig vs SoC in Adult Participants With High-risk MIUC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07720284/), [AVENTINE-1: Study of AVZO-1418 as a Single Agent and in Combination Therapy in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors (AVZO-1418-1001)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07038343/), [BCG in Combination With Durvalumab in Adult BCG-naïve, High-risk NMIBC Participants](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05943106/), [BEACON-1: Study of AVZO-103 as a Single Agent and in Combination Therapy in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer or Other Solid Tumors (AVZO-103-1001)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07193511/), [BOND-003](https://onco.cc/trials/bond-003/), [CheckMate 274](https://onco.cc/trials/checkmate-274/), [Clinical Study on the Treatment of MIBC Patients With SHR-A2102 Injection Combined With Adebrelimab (SHR-1316)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06879145/), [Disitamab Vedotin With Pembrolizumab vs Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Urothelial Cancer Expressing HER2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05911295/), [Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical TARA-002 Compared With Investigator's Choice of Intravesical Chemotherapy in Participants With BCG-naïve High-grade Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07480356/), [Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR NMIBC) (MK-3475-676/KEYNOTE-676)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03711032/), [Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) Versus CRT Alone in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) (MK-3475-992/KEYNOTE-992)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04241185/), [Efficacy and Safety of TYRA-300 in Participants With FGFR3 Altered Low Grade, Intermediate Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06995677/), [Enfortumab Vedotin in Combination With Pembrolizumab vs. Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) in People With Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (EV-309)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07566156/), [EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-302/), [EV-303 / KEYNOTE-905](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-303/), [EV-304 / KEYNOTE-B15](https://onco.cc/trials/ev-304/), [Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Verity-BCG in BCG-naïve Patients With Intermediate and High-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder (NMIBC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05037279/), [IMvigor011](https://onco.cc/trials/imvigor011/), [Intravesical Photodynamic Therapy ("PDT") in BCG-Unresponsive/Intolerant Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer ("NMIBC") Patients](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03945162/), [JAVELIN Bladder 100](https://onco.cc/trials/javelin-bladder-100/), [KEYMAKER-U04 Substudy 04D: A Clinical Study of New Treatments Given With Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in People With Urothelial Cancer (MK-3475-04D/KEYMAKER-U04)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07232602/), [KEYNOTE-057](https://onco.cc/trials/keynote-057/), [LEGEND Study: EG-70 in NMIBC Patients BCG-Unresponsive and High-Risk NMIBC Incompletely Treated With BCG or BCG-Naïve](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04752722/), [Modular Trial of sEphB4-HSA in EphrinB2-High Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06493552/), [NHS-Galleri](https://onco.cc/trials/nhs-galleri/), [NIAGARA](https://onco.cc/trials/niagara/), [Perioperative Durvalumab With Neoadjuvant ddMVAC or Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Patients With Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NIAGARA-2)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06960577/), [Phase 2 Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Cretostimogene Grenadenorepvec in High-Risk NMIBC](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06567743/), [Phase 2/3 Trial of Izalontamab Brengitecan vs Platinum-based Chemotherapy for Metastatic Urothelial Cancer With Disease Progression on or After Immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07106762/), [POTOMAC](https://onco.cc/trials/potomac/), [QUILT 3.032](https://onco.cc/trials/quilt-3-032/), [Safety and Efficacy of FE 999326 Administered Intravesically to Japanese Subjects With High-grade, BCG Unresponsive, Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05704244/), [Safety and Efficacy Study of Intravesical Instillation of TARA-002 in Adults With High-grade Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05951179/), [Safety and Preliminary Anti-Tumor Activity of TYRA-300 in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma and Other Solid Tumors With FGFR3 Gene Alterations](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05544552/), [Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of BH011 in Subjects With Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06732531/), [SL-28 for Advanced Solid Tumours](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07341737/), [Study BT8009-100 in Subjects With Nectin-4 Expressing Advanced Malignancies](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04561362/), [Study BT8009-230 in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer (Duravelo-2)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06225596/), [Study of [212Pb]Pb-DOTAM-MAM279 ([212Pb]Pb-MP0712) in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other DLL3 Expressing Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07278479/), [Study of CP-383 in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07030257/), [Study of Cretostimogene Given in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer ,Unresponsive to Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07283835/), [Study of Datopotamab Deruxtecan Plus Carboplatin or Cisplatin Versus Gemcitabine Plus Carboplatin or Cisplatin in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07129993/), [Study of Durvalumab Given With Chemotherapy, Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab Given With Chemotherapy, or Chemotherapy in Patients With Unresectable Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03682068/), [Study of Erdafitinib Intravesical Delivery System for Localized Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05316155/), [Study of MEDI4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct02516241/), [Study of Nivolumab in Combination With Ipilimumab or Standard of Care Chemotherapy Compared to the Standard of Care Chemotherapy Alone in Treatment of Participants With Untreated Inoperable or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03036098/), [Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan (SG) in Japanese Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors](https://onco.cc/trials/nct05101096/), [Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan in Participants With Urothelial Cancer That Cannot Be Removed or Has Spread](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03547973/), [Study of Tislelizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy Compared to Chemotherapy Alone for Participants With Urothelial Carcinoma](https://onco.cc/trials/nct03967977/), [Study to Evaluate Adverse Events and Change in Disease Activity When Intravenously (IV) Infused Livmoniplimab is Used in Combination With IV Infused Budigalimab in Adult Participants With Urothelial Carcinoma (UC)](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06632951/), [SunRISe-1](https://onco.cc/trials/sunrise-1/), [Symbiotic-GU-06: A Study to Learn About PF-08634404 Alone or In Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin in Urothelial Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct07421700/), [THOR](https://onco.cc/trials/thor/), [To Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of Intravesical Instiliations of Disitamab Vedotin in Patients With High-risk Non-muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) That Express HER2](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06378242/), [Treatment Combination of Durvalumab, Tremelimumab and Enfortumab Vedotin or Durvalumab and Enfortumab Vedotin in Patients With Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Ineligible to Cisplatin or Who Refuse Cisplatin](https://onco.cc/trials/nct04960709/), [Trial of Nadofaragene Firadenovec vs. Observation in Participants With Intermediate Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer](https://onco.cc/trials/nct06510374/)
- journals: [Clinical genitourinary cancer](https://onco.cc/journals/clinical-genitourinary-cancer/), [European Urology Oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/european-urology-oncology/), [Urologic oncology](https://onco.cc/journals/urologic-oncology/)
- pairings: [ADC + checkpoint inhibitor](https://onco.cc/pairings/adc-plus-io/), [ctDNA MRD → adjuvant therapy decision](https://onco.cc/pairings/ctdna-mrd-to-adjuvant/), [Durvalumab + BCG in BCG-naive high-risk NMIBC](https://onco.cc/pairings/durvalumab-plus-bcg/), [Enfortumab vedotin + pembrolizumab across the bladder cancer continuum](https://onco.cc/pairings/ev-pembro-continuum/)
- ideas: [A funded programme of organ-preservation trials to avoid radical surgery](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-organ-preservation-programme/), [A national residual-disease weather service: serial blood tests for every curatively treated patient, pooled](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-mrd-weather-service/), [A perpetual platform trial in every major cancer, funded as infrastructure](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-perpetual-platforms/), [A urine DNA test to decide who with blood in the urine needs a camera test](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-urine-dna-haematuria-triage/), [Anchor a TGF-beta trap in the tumour stroma so it cannot act everywhere](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-tumour-anchored-tgfbeta-trap/), [Bladder preservation for MIBC after perioperative EV + pembrolizumab complete response](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bladder-preservation-mibc/), [Coverage-with-evidence registries for MR-guided and adaptive radiotherapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-adaptive-radiotherapy-evidence/), [Multi-arm, multi-stage trials to answer which order to give approved drugs](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-mams-for-sequencing-questions/), [Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12/), [Protect hearing from cisplatin in adults as we now do in children](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-hearing-protection-cisplatin/), [Public risk-adjusted outcome reporting for cancer surgery to drive centralisation](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-fund-surgical-outcomes-public-reporting/), [Replace fixed kidney and liver cut-offs with drug-specific, pharmacology-based thresholds](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr1-pk-informed-organ-thresholds/), [Shared concurrent control arms across sponsors' trials in the same setting](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-shared-control-network/), [Slow the tumour's mutation engine with APOBEC inhibitors during targeted therapy](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-apobec-inhibitor-adjunct/), [Train the bone marrow to make better anti-tumour immune cells](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-trained-immunity-priming/), [Urine tumour DNA to replace surveillance cystoscopy in NMIBC](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-urine-ctdna-surveillance/), [Use a blood test at six weeks to decide whether to keep going](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-ctdna-six-week-io-switch/), [Use pre-surgery immunotherapy windows as the field's biomarker engine](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-neoadjuvant-biomarker-engine/), [Watch the immune system's response in the blood three weeks in](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-tcr-repertoire-early-readout/)
- roadmaps: [ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/ctdna-tests/), [TROP2 ADC roadmap: sacituzumab govitecan → Dato-DXd → sac-TMT → bispecifics and PET](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/trop2-adc-roadmap/)
- people: [Ananya Choudhury](https://onco.cc/people/ananya-choudhury/), [Andrea Necchi](https://onco.cc/people/andrea-necchi/), [Anthony L. Zietman](https://onco.cc/people/anthony-zietman/), [Arjun V. Balar](https://onco.cc/people/arjun-balar/), [Ashish M. Kamat](https://onco.cc/people/ashish-kamat/), [Brasil Silva Neto](https://onco.cc/people/brasil-silva-neto/), [David B. Solit](https://onco.cc/people/david-solit/), [Dean F. Bajorin](https://onco.cc/people/dean-bajorin/), [Dingwei Ye](https://onco.cc/people/ye-dingwei/), [Georges-Pascal Haber](https://onco.cc/people/georges-pascal-haber/), [Ian Davis](https://onco.cc/people/ian-davis/), [Jae Lyun Lee](https://onco.cc/people/lee-jae-lyun/), [James L. Gulley](https://onco.cc/people/james-gulley/), [Joaquim Bellmunt](https://onco.cc/people/joaquim-bellmunt/), [Jonathan E. Rosenberg](https://onco.cc/people/jonathan-rosenberg/), [Matthew D. Galsky](https://onco.cc/people/matthew-galsky/), [Nicholas James](https://onco.cc/people/nicholas-james/), [Padmanee Sharma](https://onco.cc/people/padmanee-sharma/), [Primo N. Lara Jr.](https://onco.cc/people/primo-lara/), [Rana McKay](https://onco.cc/people/rana-mckay/), [Shahrokh F. Shariat](https://onco.cc/people/shahrokh-f-shariat/), [Shilpa Gupta](https://onco.cc/people/shilpa-gupta/), [Stephen A. Boorjian](https://onco.cc/people/stephen-boorjian/), [Thomas Powles](https://onco.cc/people/thomas-powles/)
- bottlenecks: [Biomarkers are not validated or standardised](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-biomarker-validation/), [Dormant cells and minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-dormancy-mrd/), [Funding follows fashion, not burden](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-funding-allocation/), [No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/), [Surgery and radiotherapy cure most, get least](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-surgery-radiation-innovation/)
- key papers: [EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab replaces chemotherapy as first treatment for advanced bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ev-302-nejm-2024/), [Fifty years of the British Doctors Study: smokers lose ten years of life, quitting gives most of it back](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004/), [IMvigor011: using a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy after bladder surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-imvigor011-nejm-2025/), [NIAGARA: durvalumab before and after cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-niagara-nejm-2024/), [Performance of a multi-cancer early detection test in the randomized controlled NHS-Galleri trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026/), [SunRISe-1: TAR-200, a gemcitabine-releasing device placed in the bladder, for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-sunrise-1-jco-2025/)
- biomarkers: [ctDNA MRD positivity (molecular residual disease after curative treatment)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/ctdna-mrd-positive/), [FGFR3 alteration (mutation or fusion)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/fgfr3-alteration/), [Nectin-4 expression](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/nectin-4-expression/), [PD-L1 IC score (immune-cell score, SP142)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/pd-l1-ic-score/), [TMB-high (tumour mutational burden >= 10 mutations per megabase)](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/tmb-high/), [TROP2 expression](https://onco.cc/biomarkers/trop2-expression/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/urothelial.json