# Whole-exome & whole-genome sequencing

Source: https://onco.cc/technologies/wes-wgs/  
OnCo record `wes-wgs` (Technology). Data CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute "Data from OnCo (onco.cc)"; commercial use needs a licence.

## TL;DR

Reading all the genes (exome) or the entire DNA (genome) of a tumour, rather than a chosen panel.

## Summary

WGS reveals structural variants, mutational signatures (HRD, APOBEC, tobacco), whole-genome doubling, and non-coding drivers. Used by national programmes (Genomics England, Hartwig) and for neoantigen prediction in personalised vaccines. Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore) resolves complex rearrangements and methylation in one run.

## Fields

- Kind: Technology
- Status: established
- Last checked: 2026-09-04
- Principle: Shotgun sequencing of the whole genome (or exon-captured fraction) at 30-100x depth, tumour-normal paired.
- Strengths: Unbiased; Signatures and structural variants
- Limitations: Cost, data volume, interpretation; Lower depth than panels for subclonal variants

## Notes

- Lung cancer: whole-genome sequencing found what panels cannot. Biallelic TP53 and RB1 inactivation by complex rearrangement and the oncogenic TP73 isoform in small-cell disease (George 2015), three copy-number subtypes and the decades-long lead time of the slow subtype in never smokers (Zhang 2021), and the branched clonal history that shows small-cell transformation is set up before treatment begins (Lee 2017).

## Sources

- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing
- Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing

## Connected records

- ideas: [A global rapid tissue donation network for metastatic disease](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-rapid-autopsy-commons/), [A national rapid research autopsy network for end-stage cancer](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-rapid-autopsy-network/), [A public atlas of drug-pair responses across a thousand patient-derived organoids](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-organoid-matrix-atlas/), [A single calibrated tumour mutational burden across all sequencing panels](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-tr2-tmb-calibration-standard/), [A standard evolvability score for every tumour](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-evolvability-index/), [Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain](https://onco.cc/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/), [Attack extrachromosomal DNA, the engine of oncogene amplification](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-ecdna-targeting/), [Bank three spatially separate tumour blocks from every resection](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-multiregion-blocks-default/), [Check whether a tumour can still show itself to the immune system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-antigen-presentation-triage/), [Find out what is driving early-onset bowel cancer, starting with colibactin, before extending screening any further](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-crc-early-onset-cause-hunt/), [Let patients themselves donate their records and samples for ultra-rare cancers](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-patient-partnered-rare-commons/), [Link every national cancer registry to tumour genomics](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-data-registry-genomics-linkage-programme/), [Pool every multi-sample tumour genome into one open evolution atlas](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio1-federated-evolution-atlas/), [Push residual disease detection a hundredfold deeper with whole-genome methods](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-bio2-whole-genome-mrd-depth/), [Store adult-onset cancer gene results from newborn genomes and disclose at 18](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-prev-deferred-disclosure-newborn-genomes/), [Treat lung cancer in never-smokers as its own disease, with its own detection programme](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-lung-never-smoker-disease-its-own-programme/), [Universal tumour and germline sequencing at diagnosis feeding a shared learning system](https://onco.cc/ideas/idea-moon-universal-sequencing-learning-system/)
- technologies: [Clinical NGS bioinformatics and variant interpretation](https://onco.cc/technologies/ngs-bioinformatics-software/), [Clonal evolution and branching models](https://onco.cc/technologies/clonal-evolution-models/), [Evolutionary game theory in cancer](https://onco.cc/technologies/evolutionary-game-theory-cancer/), [Genomics cloud and secure research environments](https://onco.cc/technologies/genomics-cloud-platforms/), [Goldie-Coldman model of resistance](https://onco.cc/technologies/goldie-coldman-model/), [HRD genomic scar scores (GIS, LOH, HRDetect)](https://onco.cc/technologies/hrd-genomic-scar-scores/), [Long-read sequencing (PacBio, Oxford Nanopore)](https://onco.cc/technologies/long-read-sequencing/), [Metastatic seeding and dormancy models](https://onco.cc/technologies/metastasis-seeding-models/), [New short-read sequencing platforms](https://onco.cc/technologies/next-gen-short-read-platforms/), [Personalised neoantigen (mRNA) vaccines](https://onco.cc/technologies/neoantigen-mrna-vaccine/)
- cancers: [Colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/colorectal/), [Lung cancer (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/lung-cancer/), [Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types)](https://onco.cc/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/), [Non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/nsclc/), [Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/cancers/pancreatic/), [Prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/prostate/), [Small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/cancers/sclc/), [Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)](https://onco.cc/cancers/tnbc/)
- fronts: [Diagnostics & Biomarkers](https://onco.cc/fronts/diagnostics/), [Drug Discovery Platforms](https://onco.cc/fronts/drug-discovery/)
- companies: [BostonGene](https://onco.cc/companies/bostongene/), [C2i Genomics](https://onco.cc/companies/c2i-genomics/), [Caris Life Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/caris/), [Haystack Oncology](https://onco.cc/companies/haystack-oncology/), [Illumina](https://onco.cc/companies/illumina/), [Isabl](https://onco.cc/companies/isabl/), [Personalis (Tempus)](https://onco.cc/companies/personalis/), [Valius Sciences](https://onco.cc/companies/valius/)
- terms: [Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability as the cause of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/aneuploidy-theory-of-cancer/), [Chromoplexy](https://onco.cc/terms/chromoplexy/), [Clonal evolution and the ecological view of cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/clonal-evolution-theory/), [COMPASS: real-time sequencing of advanced pancreatic cancer for treatment selection](https://onco.cc/terms/compass-study-pancreatic/), [Copy number alteration (CNA)](https://onco.cc/terms/copy-number-variation-term/), [Driver and passenger mutations: the refined somatic mutation theory](https://onco.cc/terms/driver-passenger-model/), [From a clone in the blood to a leukaemia: what is known, and what is done](https://onco.cc/terms/rejuv-second-from-clone-to-disease/), [Genomic profiling](https://onco.cc/terms/genomic-profiling/), [Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)](https://onco.cc/terms/hrd/), [KRAS allelic imbalance and mutant KRAS dosage in pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/terms/kras-allelic-imbalance/), [LymphGen and the genetic clusters of large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/terms/lymphoma-bio-lymphgen/), [Mutational signature](https://onco.cc/terms/mutational-signature/), [Next-generation sequencing (NGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/ngs/), [Somatic mutations from exome and genome sequencing (WXS, WGS)](https://onco.cc/terms/somatic-mutations-wxs-wgs/), [Variant calling](https://onco.cc/terms/variant-calling/)
- key papers: [A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/), [A renewed model of pancreatic cancer evolution based on genomic rearrangement patterns](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016/), [Association of distinct mutational signatures with correlates of increased immune activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes in KEYNOTE-042](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023/), [Associations of tissue tumour mutational burden and mutational status with clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023/), [Cancer genome landscapes: about 140 driver genes, and each tumour needs only a handful](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-vogelstein-cancer-genome-landscapes-science-2013/), [Circulating tumour DNA genomics correlate with resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-annala-ctdna-resistance-abiraterone-enzalutamide-cancer-discov-2018/), [Clonal history and genetic predictors of transformation into small-cell carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017/), [Complex MSH2 and MSH6 mutations in hypermutated microsatellite unstable advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pritchard-complex-msh2-msh6-hypermutated-prostate-nat-commun-2014/), [Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-squamous-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015/), [Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012/), [Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014/), [Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010/), [Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/), [Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016/), [Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016/), [Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012/), [Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/), [Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016/), [Genomic and evolutionary classification of lung cancer in never smokers](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021/), [Genomic characterization of malignant progression in neoplastic pancreatic cysts](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-noe-cyst-malignant-progression-genomics-nat-commun-2020/), [Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019/), [Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-giannakis-genomic-correlates-immune-colorectal-cell-rep-2016/), [Genomic hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018/), [Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chen-east-asian-lung-adenocarcinoma-nat-genet-2020/), [Genomics of lethal prostate cancer at diagnosis and castration resistance](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-mateo-genomics-lethal-prostate-diagnosis-castration-resistance-jci-2020/), [Genomics-driven precision medicine for advanced pancreatic cancer: early results from the COMPASS trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aung-compass-early-results-ccr-2018/), [Geographic and age variations in mutational processes in colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-diaz-gay-colibactin-geographic-age-mutational-processes-nature-2025/), [Gerlinger: a single biopsy misses most of the mutations in a kidney tumour](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-gerlinger-intratumour-heterogeneity-nejm-2012/), [Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-taylor-germline-brca2-evolutionary-trajectories-nat-commun-2017/), [Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013/), [Heining 2018: NRG1 fusions in KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/), [HRDetect is a predictor of BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiency based on mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-davies-nat-med/), [Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017/), [Integrated genomic characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017/), [Jaiswal: clonal haematopoiesis, the pre-leukaemic clones in most people over 70](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jaiswal-chip-nejm-2014/), [Jones 2019: NRG1 gene fusions are recurrent, clinically actionable rearrangements in KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-jones-nrg1-fusions-recurrent-actionable-kras-wild-type-pdac-ccr-2019/), [KEYNOTE-942: a personalised mRNA cancer vaccine plus pembrolizumab after melanoma surgery](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-keynote-942-lancet-2024/), [Le 2015: PD-1 blockade works in tumours with mismatch-repair deficiency, whatever the organ](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015/), [Limited heterogeneity of known driver gene mutations among the metastases of individual patients with pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-metastases-driver-homogeneity-nat-genet-2017/), [Martincorena: normal sun-exposed skin is a patchwork of cancer-mutation clones](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-martincorena-somatic-mutations-normal-skin-science-2015/), [Molecular determinants of response to anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer profiled with targeted next-generation sequencing](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-targeted-ngs-immunotherapy-determinants-jco-2018/), [Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/), [Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-alexandrov-tobacco-smoking-mutational-signatures-science-2016/), [Overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving matched therapies following molecular profiling: a retrospective analysis of the Know Your Tumor registry trial](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-pishvaian-lancet-oncol/), [Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-biankin-pancreatic-exomes-axon-guidance-nature-2012/), [Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017/), [Precancerous neoplastic cells can move through the pancreatic ductal system](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-makohon-moore-precursor-cells-ductal-system-nature-2018/), [Real-time genomic characterization of advanced pancreatic cancer to enable precision medicine](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-aguirre-real-time-genomic-characterisation-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018/), [Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012/), [Rizvi 2015: the mutational landscape determines who responds to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015/), [Somatic POLE proofreading domain mutation, immune response, and prognosis in colorectal cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-domingo-somatic-pole-proofreading-colorectal-lancet-gastro-2016/), [SU2C-PCF: integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015/), [Substantial interindividual and limited intraindividual genomic diversity among tumours from men with metastatic prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-kumar-interindividual-genomic-diversity-metastatic-prostate-nat-med-2016/), [TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas: 10,000 tumours across 33 cancer types, classified by molecular features](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-pancancer-atlas-cell-2018/), [TCGA: the molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015/), [The landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019/), [The long tail of oncogenic drivers in prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018/), [The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012/), [TRACERx 421: the full-cohort picture of how lung cancer evolves and which subclones drive relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-evolution-nature-2023/), [TRACERx first 100: tracking how lung cancers evolve, and how chromosomal chaos predicts relapse](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017/), [Transcription phenotypes of pancreatic cancer are driven by genomic events during tumor evolution](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-chan-seng-yue-pancreatic-transcription-phenotypes-nat-genet-2020/), [Whole genome sequencing defines the genetic heterogeneity of familial pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-roberts-familial-pancreatic-whole-genome-cancer-discov-2016/), [Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-waddell-whole-genomes-pancreatic-nature-2015/), [Whole-exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer defines genetic diversity and therapeutic targets](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-witkiewicz-pancreatic-exomes-utsw-nat-commun-2015/), [Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of prostate cancer identifies new genetic alterations driving disease progression](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-ren-chinese-prostate-whole-genome-eur-urol-2018/), [Whole-genome sequencing of triple-negative breast cancers in a population-based clinical study](https://onco.cc/key-papers/paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019/)
- roadmaps: [Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherapy for mismatch repair-deficient disease, ctDNA-guided treatment and organ preservation](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/colorectal-roadmap/), [Diagnostics roadmap: stains → gene panels → blood tests that decide treatment](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/diagnostics-roadmap/), [Lymphoma roadmap: from a jaw tumour in Uganda and the first human cancer virus to gene-expression subtypes, PET-adapted chemotherapy, CAR-T cells, bispecific antibodies and the genetics-directed trials now recruiting](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/lymphoma-roadmap/), [Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveillance question](https://onco.cc/roadmaps/pancreatic-roadmap/)
- institutions: [BC Cancer](https://onco.cc/institutions/bc-cancer/), [Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre / CRUK Cambridge Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/cruk-cambridge-centre/), [Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine](https://onco.cc/institutions/baylor-duncan/), [EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/embl-ebi/), [Garvan Institute of Medical Research / Kinghorn Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/garvan-institute/), [German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)](https://onco.cc/institutions/dktk/), [Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS](https://onco.cc/institutions/hospital-clinic-barcelona/), [HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/helsinki-hus/), [National Cancer Centre Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nccs/), [National University Hospital / National University Cancer Institute, Singapore](https://onco.cc/institutions/nuh-ncis/), [Nationwide Children's Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/nationwide-childrens/), [Ontario Institute for Cancer Research](https://onco.cc/institutions/oicr/), [Oxford Cancer (Oxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford)](https://onco.cc/institutions/oxford-cancer/), [Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology](https://onco.cc/institutions/princess-maxima/), [Shizuoka Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/shizuoka-cancer-center/), [Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University](https://onco.cc/institutions/wustl-siteman/), [Skåne University Hospital / Lund University Cancer Centre](https://onco.cc/institutions/lund-skane/), [St. Jude Children's Research Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/st-jude/), [Sydney Children's Hospitals Network / Children's Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/sydney-childrens-hospitals-network/), [The Francis Crick Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/francis-crick/), [The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center](https://onco.cc/institutions/jackson-laboratory/), [Tohoku University Hospital](https://onco.cc/institutions/tohoku-university-hospital/), [University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/uclh/), [Uppsala University Hospital / Uppsala University](https://onco.cc/institutions/uppsala-akademiska/), [Wellcome](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome/), [Wellcome Sanger Institute](https://onco.cc/institutions/wellcome-sanger/)
- collections: [cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics](https://onco.cc/collections/cbioportal/), [Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)](https://onco.cc/collections/mmrf/), [NHS Genomic Medicine Service](https://onco.cc/collections/nhs-genomic-medicine-service/), [TCGA / NCI Genomic Data Commons](https://onco.cc/collections/tcga-gdc/)
- people: [Bert Vogelstein](https://onco.cc/people/bert-vogelstein/), [Carlos Caldas](https://onco.cc/people/carlos-caldas/), [Catherine J. Wu](https://onco.cc/people/catherine-wu/), [Charles Swanton](https://onco.cc/people/charles-swanton/), [Christina Curtis](https://onco.cc/people/christina-curtis/), [Douglas A. Levine](https://onco.cc/people/douglas-levine/), [Emile Voest](https://onco.cc/people/emile-voest/), [Gad Getz](https://onco.cc/people/gad-getz/), [John M. Maris](https://onco.cc/people/john-maris/), [Li Ding](https://onco.cc/people/li-ding/), [Ludmil B. Alexandrov](https://onco.cc/people/ludmil-alexandrov/), [Michael D. Taylor](https://onco.cc/people/michael-taylor/), [Nitzan Rosenfeld](https://onco.cc/people/nitzan-rosenfeld/), [Serena Nik-Zainal](https://onco.cc/people/serena-nik-zainal/), [Stefan Fröhling](https://onco.cc/people/stefan-froehling/), [Steve Jobs](https://onco.cc/people/steve-jobs/), [Steven P. Treon](https://onco.cc/people/steven-treon/), [Timothy J. Ley](https://onco.cc/people/timothy-ley/)
- bottlenecks: [Tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution](https://onco.cc/bottlenecks/b-tumor-heterogeneity/)
- pathways: [Chromosomal instability & aneuploidy](https://onco.cc/pathways/chromosomal-instability/), [Clonal evolution & minimal residual disease](https://onco.cc/pathways/clonal-evolution/), [Mutagenesis & mutational signatures](https://onco.cc/pathways/mutagenesis-signatures/)
- drugs: [MI Cancer Seek](https://onco.cc/drugs/caris-mi-cancer-seek/)

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JSON: https://onco.cc/api/v1/entities/wes-wgs.json