{"entity":{"id":"1991","kind":"year","name":"1991 in oncology","aka":["1991"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1991: 40 entries, 9 landmarks, 8 papers listed on people's pages, 6 approvals and 5 journals founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"40 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1991: 9 landmarks, 8 papers listed on people's pages, 6 approvals, 5 journals founded, 4 companies founded, 4 papers, 3 technologies and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 40 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1990","1992"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1991,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Filgrastim (G-CSF) approved in US","note":"Reduction of febrile neutropenia in non-myeloid malignancies on myelosuppressive chemotherapy; later AML induction, transplantation, stem cell mobilisation, severe chronic neutrope...","from":"filgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Fludarabine approved in US","note":"B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia after at least one alkylating-agent regimen","from":"fludarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Ondansetron approved in US","note":"Prevention of nausea and vomiting from highly emetogenic chemotherapy; later moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, radiotherapy and post-operative nausea","from":"ondansetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Pamidronate approved in US","note":"Hypercalcaemia of malignancy","from":"pamidronate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Pentostatin approved in US","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia (initially alpha-interferon-refractory; later untreated disease)","from":"pentostatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Sargramostim approved in US","note":"Myeloid reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplant; later AML post-induction, stem cell mobilisation, allogeneic transplant, graft failure and acute radiation syndrome","from":"sargramostim","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group founded","note":"Sydney","from":"agitg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Camurus founded","note":"Lund","from":"camurus","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Mindray founded","note":"Shenzhen","from":"mindray","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Myriad Genetics founded","note":"Salt Lake City, UT","from":"myriad-genetics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"131I-MIBG therapy in malignant pheochromocytoma reported","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["i131-mibg","mibg-theranostics"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Elston and Ellis make breast grading reproducible","note":"Breast cancer (all types). The Nottingham revision of Bloom and Richardson's grade scores tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic count separately and adds them.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["nottingham-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"First reports of aggressive midline carcinoma with t(15;19) in children","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement)","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Histiocyte Society launches LCH-I","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). First international randomised trial in LCH.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"LCH-I opens as the first international randomised trial in the disease","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["vinblastine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Mast cell leukaemia and aggressive mastocytosis defined as distinct categories","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Moertel: cisplatin with etoposide produces responses in anaplastic neuroendocrine carcinoma","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":["platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"The 4.0 threshold, and the start of population testing","note":"Prostate cancer. Catalona screened 1,653 healthy men over 50 and biopsied those at or above 4.0 micrograms per litre.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"VA Larynx trial: induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy preserve the larynx in two thirds","note":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"laryngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"cancer-epidemiology-biomarkers-prevention","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"European journal of cancer prevention founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"european-journal-of-cancer-prevention","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"International journal of gynecological cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"international-journal-of-gynecological-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Melanoma research founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"melanoma-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Seminars in radiation oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"seminars-in-radiation-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"The Common Rule (45 CFR 46)","note":"United States, regulation.","from":"common-rule","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study: induction chemotherapy plus radiation versus surgery plus radiation","note":"Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group, Wolf GT, Fisher SG, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-va-larynx-induction-chemotherapy-nejm-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers","note":"Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. Science.","from":"paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Martuza 1991: the first genetically engineered virus built to treat a cancer","note":"Martuza RL, Malick A, Markert JM, Ruffner KL, Coen DM. Science.","from":"paper-martuza-engineered-hsv-glioma-science-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer","note":"Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial comparing radiation therapy versus concomitant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus","note":"Cancer","from":"roberto-de-almeida-gil","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial of chemotherapy followed by pelvic radiation therapy in stage IIIB carcinoma of the cervix.","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"roberto-de-almeida-gil","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Ablation of tolerance and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice","note":"Cell","from":"pamela-ohashi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Adoptive T cell therapy of tumors: mechanisms operative in the recognition and elimination of tumor cells","note":"Advances in Immunology","from":"philip-greenberg","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant","note":"Science","from":"robert-martuza","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancer","note":"Virology","from":"harald-zur-hausen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21","note":"Science","from":"kenneth-kinzler","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Viruses in Human Cancers","note":"Science","from":"harald-zur-hausen","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"antiemetic-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Electrochemotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"electrochemotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Growth factors: G-CSF and febrile neutropenia prevention","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"g-csf-growth-factors","refs":[]}]},"route":"/years/1991/","neighbours":{"year":[{"id":"1990","kind":"year","name":"1990 in oncology","route":"/years/1990/"},{"id":"1992","kind":"year","name":"1992 in oncology","route":"/years/1992/"}]}}