{"entity":{"id":"2015","kind":"year","name":"2015 in oncology","aka":["2015"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2015: 454 entries, 139 papers listed on people's pages, 126 papers, 75 landmarks and 45 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"454 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2015: 139 papers listed on people's pages, 126 papers, 75 landmarks, 45 trials reported, 30 approvals, 17 companies founded, 14 regulatory events, 4 technologies, 3 journals founded and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 12 to the day, 2 to the month and 440 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2014","2016"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2015,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib approved in US","note":"ALK+ NSCLC after crizotinib","from":"alectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Carfilzomib approved in US","note":"With lenalidomide-dexamethasone; with dexamethasone (ENDEAVOR)","from":"carfilzomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ceritinib approved in EU","note":"Conditional May 2015; full approval 2017","from":"ceritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma with vemurafenib","from":"cobimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma after ≥3 lines","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta approved in US","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma after at least partial response to induction, with GM-CSF, IL-2 and isotretinoin","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elotuzumab approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after 1-3 prior therapies, with lenalidomide-dexamethasone","from":"elotuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Filgrastim (G-CSF) approved in US","note":"First US biosimilar (Zarxio, filgrastim-sndz); further biosimilars 2018 onwards","from":"filgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib approved in US","note":"First-line NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 del or L858R","from":"gefitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) approved in US","note":"Liposomal irinotecan with 5-FU/LV in metastatic pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine","from":"irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ixazomib approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after ≥1 prior therapy, with lenalidomide and dexamethasone","from":"ixazomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed myeloma with dexamethasone","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"Radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in US","note":"Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma after gemcitabine-based therapy, with fluorouracil and leucovorin (NAPOLI-1).","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Necitumumab approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic squamous NSCLC with gemcitabine and cisplatin","from":"necitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Netupitant and palonosetron approved in EU","note":"Acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (Akynzeo)","from":"netupitant-palonosetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nintedanib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced, metastatic or locally recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer of adenocarcinoma histology progressing after first-line chemotherapy, with docetaxel.","from":"nintedanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) approved in EU","note":"CE mark (GBM); pancreatic and NSCLC CE marks 2024-26","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved in US","note":"EGFR T790M NSCLC","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Palbociclib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with endocrine therapy","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Panobinostat approved in EU","note":"Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma","from":"panobinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Panobinostat approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after ≥2 regimens including bortezomib and an IMiD. Withdrawn 2021","from":"panobinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for pembrolizumab in NSCLC (TPS)","from":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Rolapitant approved in US","note":"Prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting with emetogenic chemotherapy, in combination with other antiemetics","from":"rolapitant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sonidegib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"sonidegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sonidegib approved in US","note":"Locally advanced BCC recurrent after surgery or radiation, or not candidates","from":"sonidegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec approved in US","note":"Unresectable melanoma with injectable lesions","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in US","note":"Liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma after anthracycline","from":"trabectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in US","note":"Refractory metastatic colorectal cancer","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Uridine triacetate approved in US","note":"Emergency treatment after fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or early-onset severe toxicity within 96 hours","from":"uridine-triacetate","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Actuate Therapeutics founded","note":"Fort Worth, Texas, United States","from":"actuate-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Arcus Biosciences founded","note":"Hayward","from":"arcus-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Bolt Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Redwood City, California","from":"bolt-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Color Health founded","note":"South San Francisco, CA","from":"color-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CStone Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Suzhou / Shanghai","from":"cstone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ExCellThera founded","note":"Montreal","from":"excellthera","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Forward Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Shenzhen","from":"forward-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech founded","note":"Hangzhou","from":"hangzhou-sumgen-biotech","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hummingbird Bioscience founded","note":"Singapore","from":"hummingbird-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"InnoCare Pharma founded","note":"Beijing","from":"innocare","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Keros Therapeutics founded","note":"Lexington, Massachusetts","from":"keros-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Neutron Therapeutics founded","note":"Danvers, MA","from":"neutron-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ONK Therapeutics founded","note":"Galway","from":"onk-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Miracogen founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-miracogen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Strata Oncology founded","note":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States","from":"strata-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Tmunity Therapeutics founded","note":"Philadelphia, PA","from":"tmunity-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Unicar-Therapy founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"unicar-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ACNS0122: chemotherapy then craniospinal irradiation for non-germinomatous tumours","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous). Goldman and colleagues (JCO).","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["carboplatin","etoposide","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"AETHERA: brentuximab consolidation after transplant","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["aethera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"AETHERA: brentuximab vedotin consolidation after transplant lengthens progression-free survival","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["aethera","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Anastrozole versus tamoxifen for DCIS (NSABP B-35, IBIS-II DCIS)","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Aromatase inhibitor an alternative in postmenopausal women.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX-PLUS: adding bevacizumab to paclitaxel does not improve outcomes","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":["paclitaxel","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"APT: de-escalation for small tumours","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["apt-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ATA guideline: codon-based timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"BALLAD opens as an international trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation","note":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","from":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Baltimore consensus separates associated from concomitant carcinoma","note":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)","from":"ipmn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["panin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Baltimore consensus: precursor lesions graded low or high","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PanIN, IPMN and MCN move to a two-tier grading; 0.5 to 1 cm separates a large PanIN from an incipient IPMN.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["panin","pancreatic-cyst-high-risk-stigmata"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Biliary subtypes separated molecularly","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 260 Japanese biliary cancers: FGFR2 fusions intrahepatic, APOBEC signature and ELF3 in gallbladder and extrahepatic tumours (Nakamura et al., Nature Genetics).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-nakamura-biliary-genomic-spectra-nat-genet-2015","elf3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"BOLT: sonidegib approved","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["bolt","sonidegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CHAARTED and STAMPEDE: docetaxel at first metastatic diagnosis","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["chaarted","stampede"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CHAARTED: docetaxel with hormone therapy lengthens life","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["chaarted","docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067 combination and KEYNOTE-006; T-VEC first oncolytic virus; cobimetinib","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["checkmate-067","keynote-006","talimogene-laherparepvec","cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067: nivolumab plus ipilimumab; T-VEC first oncolytic virus","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["checkmate-067","talimogene-laherparepvec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Chordoma Global Consensus Group","note":"Chordoma. First international recommendations on surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy (Lancet Oncol).","from":"chordoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab, the first CD38 antibody, approved for heavily pretreated myeloma","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab: first CD38 antibody; R-ISS published","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab","r-iss"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved (US); dinutuximab beta in EU 2017","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved for high-risk neuroblastoma","note":"Childhood cancers (all types). Anti-GD2 antibody added to maintenance therapy after the Children's Oncology Group trial.","from":"childhood-cancers","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved for high-risk neuroblastoma","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elective neck dissection improves survival in early oral cancer","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["elective-neck-dissection-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elective neck dissection improves survival in early oral cancer (Tata Memorial)","note":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","from":"oral-cavity-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 18071: adjuvant ipilimumab improves relapse-free and overall survival at high toxicity","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"First dramatic response to BRAF/MEK inhibition in papillary craniopharyngioma","note":"Craniopharyngioma. Case report (JNCI) leads to the Alliance A071601 trial.","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Four consensus subtypes, and the discovery that the worst one is stroma","note":"Colorectal cancer. The consensus molecular subtypes reconcile six classifications across 4,151 samples; two papers published together show the mesenchymal signal comes from fibrobl...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-cms-guinney-nat-med-2015","paper-isella-stromal-contribution-colorectal-transcriptome-nat-genet-2015","paper-calon-stromal-gene-expression-poor-prognosis-colorectal-nat-genet-2015","paper-valtorta-her2-scoring-colorectal-heracles-mod-pathol-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Germline testing case made for all triple-negative disease","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 14.6 percent of 1,824 unselected triple-negative patients carry a predisposition mutation, 11.2 percent in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (Couch, JCO); the sa...","from":"tnbc","refs":["germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc","brca-associated-tnbc","paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015","paper-burstein-tnbc-genomic-subtypes-ccr-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Heetfeld and colleagues characterise well-differentiated grade 3 tumours as distinct from carcinoma","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hepatic-side T2 tumours shown to behave worse","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Shindoh and colleagues' international series (437 patients) separates peritoneal-side from hepatic-side T2 disease: five-year survival 42.6 versus 64.7 percent.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["t2a-versus-t2b","paper-shindoh-t2-gallbladder-cancer-tumour-location-ann-surg-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib: first drug ever approved for WM","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","from":"waldenstrom","refs":["ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-001: PD-L1 expression predicts pembrolizumab response in lung cancer","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["pembrolizumab","paper-keynote-001-pembrolizumab-nsclc-nejm-2015","tps"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Le and Diaz show PD-1 blockade works in mismatch repair deficient tumours of any site","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["pembrolizumab","dung-le"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Le and Diaz: PD-1 blockade works in mismatch-repair deficient tumours (NEJM)","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["pembrolizumab","luis-diaz"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved (SELECT)","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved (SELECT); ATA guidelines endorse active surveillance and less radioiodine","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["select-lenvatinib","active-surveillance-thyroid"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Linsitinib phase 3 fails: IGF-1 receptor blockade does not work","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MaGIC pooled risk classification","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). Frazier and colleagues (JCO) combine COG and CCLG data to define shared risk groups.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MED12 and TERT promoter mutations mapped across fibroepithelial tumours","note":"Phyllodes tumour of the breast","from":"phyllodes-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MET exon 14 skipping shown to be a targetable driver with crizotinib responses","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["met","crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response to PD-1 blockade","note":"Colorectal cancer. Four of 10 deficient colorectal cancers responded to pembrolizumab and none of 18 proficient ones, with a mean of 1,782 against 73 mutations per tumour.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015","msi-high"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Molecular landscape of SBA published","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). Schrock and colleagues (JAMA Oncol 2017) later show SBA is genomically distinct from colorectal and gastric cancer, with freque...","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nicotinamide reduces new keratinocyte cancers (ONTRAC, NEJM)","note":"Basal cell carcinoma","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nine molecular groups across the neuraxis","note":"Ependymoma. Pajtler and colleagues (Cancer Cell) define the methylation-based classification later adopted by WHO.","from":"ependymoma","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved: immunotherapy enters lung cancer","note":"Lung cancer (all types)","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats docetaxel: immunotherapy era","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. CheckMate 017/057; pembrolizumab first line for PD-L1 ≥50% follows (KEYNOTE-024, 2016).","from":"nsclc","refs":["nivolumab","pembrolizumab","keynote-024-189"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats everolimus (CheckMate 025): immunotherapy returns to RCC","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats everolimus after anti-angiogenic therapy (CheckMate 025)","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved for T790M resistance after first-generation inhibitors","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["osimertinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Palbociclib: first CDK4/6 inhibitor","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["palbociclib","paloma-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PBTC-025B and 032: vismodegib responses confined to SHH tumours with upstream lesions","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Pexidartinib phase 1 responses","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). Tap and colleagues, NEJM: high response rate in diffuse TGCT.","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":["pexidartinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ProMisE classifier reproduces the TCGA classes with clinical tests","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RAPID: PET-negative patients can omit radiotherapy at a small cost in relapse","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["pet-adapted-therapy","deauville-score"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Registry defines types I to III and treatment recommendations","note":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours). Messinger and colleagues (Cancer 2015) report outcomes by type.","from":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0617: 74 Gy is worse than 60 Gy; dose escalation abandoned","note":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","refs":["imrt-igrt","nrg-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sequencing studies show that KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancers are enriched for alternative drivers","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["cgp","kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sonidegib approved (BOLT)","note":"Basal cell carcinoma","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["sonidegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"STORM: adjuvant sorafenib fails after resection or ablation","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["sorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib active in thymic carcinoma (Thomas, Lancet Oncol)","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib phase 2 reports responses in thymic carcinoma after platinum","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S0809: the only prospective adjuvant chemoradiation trial","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 79 patients, two-year survival 65 percent; no randomised trial has followed.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["swog-s0809","paper-swog-s0809-adjuvant-chemoradiation-jco-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"T-VEC: first oncolytic virus","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["talimogene-laherparepvec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"TARPSWG consensus on management of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma","note":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","from":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Tata Memorial: elective neck dissection improves survival in early oral cancer","note":"Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer","from":"oral-tongue-cancer","refs":["elective-neck-dissection-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"The genome is classified, and DNA repair becomes a target","note":"Prostate cancer. TCGA put 74 percent of 333 primary tumours into seven subtypes and found DNA repair inactivation in 19 percent; the Stand Up To Cancer cohort sequenced 150 metasta...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-tcga-molecular-taxonomy-primary-prostate-cell-2015","paper-robinson-integrative-clinical-genomics-advanced-prostate-cell-2015","paper-mateo-toparp-a-olaparib-dna-repair-nejm-2015","paper-gundem-evolutionary-history-lethal-metastatic-prostate-nature-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"The small-cell genome, and mutation load as a predictor","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Biallelic TP53 and RB1 loss in nearly all of 110 small-cell genomes, with NOTCH inactivation in 25%; in the same year, non-synonymous mutation burden is...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-george-sclc-genomic-profiles-nature-2015","paper-rizvi-mutational-landscape-pd1-science-2015","paper-skoulidis-kras-co-mutation-subsets-cancer-discov-2015","rb1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"TIGER trial opens","note":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour. The Alliance and European groups randomise first-relapse germ cell tumours between conventional-dose TIP and high-dose TI-CE with stem cell rescue, t...","from":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","refs":["tiger-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of lichen sclerosus with topical steroids associated with fewer vulvar cancers in a prospective cohort","note":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","from":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved for refractory disease","note":"Colorectal cancer. 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th...","from":"acns0122","refs":["cns-germ-cell-tumours","brain-tumours","childhood-cancers","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"AETHERA reported","note":"PFS HR 0.57.","from":"aethera","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"An Extended Use Study of Safety and Efficacy of Talimogene Laherparepvec in Melanoma reported","from":"nct01368276","refs":["melanoma","talimogene-laherparepvec"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"APT (adjuvant paclitaxel-trastuzumab) reported","note":"7-year DFS 93%; 10-year RFI 96.3%.","from":"apt-trial","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","paclitaxel","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"BOLT reported","note":"Objective response at 200 mg: 43% in locally advanced and 15% in metastatic basal cell carcinoma (central 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thoracic radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer reported","note":"One-year overall survival 33 against 28 percent (hazard ratio 0.84, p=0.066, primary endpoint not met); two-year survival 13 against 3 percent (p=0.004).","from":"crest-thoracic-rt","refs":["extensive-stage-sclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"DART 01/05 GICOR reported","note":"Five-year overall survival 95 against 86 percent (hazard ratio 2.48, 95 percent confidence interval 1.31 to 4.68) and biochemical disease-free survival 90 against 81 percent (1.88...","from":"dart-01-05-gicor","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk","goserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EF-14 reported","note":"OS 20.9 vs 16.0 months, HR 0.63.","from":"ef-14","refs":["glioblastoma","optune","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pasireotide Long Acting Release (LAR) Versus 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reported","from":"nct00582075","refs":["secondary-brain-tumours","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PRIME II reported","note":"10-year local recurrence 9.5% (no radiotherapy) vs 0.9% (radiotherapy); no difference in survival.","from":"prime-ii","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RAISE reported","note":"Median overall survival 13.3 against 11.7 months.","from":"raise","refs":["colorectal","ramucirumab","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RECOURSE reported","note":"Median overall survival 7.1 against 5.3 months (hazard ratio 0.68).","from":"recourse","refs":["colorectal","trifluridine-tipiracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RESONATE-2 reported","note":"Ibrutinib improved progression-free and overall survival over chlorambucil in older patients with untreated CLL; approved for first-line CLL in March 2016.","from":"resonate-2","refs":["cll-treatment-naive","cll","ibrutinib","chlorambucil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RESPONSE reported","note":"Composite response at week 32: 21% vs 1%; haematocrit control 60% vs 20%.","from":"response","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","ruxolitinib","pipobroman"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0617 reported","note":"Median overall survival 28.7 months (60 Gy) vs 20.3 months (74 Gy); cetuximab no benefit.","from":"rtog-0617","refs":["nsclc","cetuximab","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Pasireotide Long Acting Release (LAR) vs. Octreotide LAR in Patients With Active Acromegaly reported","from":"nct00600886","refs":["pituitary-tumours","pasireotide","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SELECT reported","note":"PFS 18.3 vs 3.6 months; HR 0.21.","from":"select-lenvatinib","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SQUIRE reported","note":"Overall survival significantly longer with necitumumab added to gemcitabine and cisplatin, by roughly six weeks at the median; hypomagnesaemia, rash and thromboembolism were the ad...","from":"squire","refs":["lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","nsclc","necitumumab","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"STARS and ROSEL pooled analysis reported","note":"Pooled three-year overall survival 95 percent with stereotactic radiotherapy against 79 percent with surgery (hazard ratio 0.14, p=0.037) in 58 patients; recurrence-free survival n...","from":"stars-rosel","refs":["resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Study 3 (rolapitant, moderately emetogenic chemotherapy) reported","note":"Delayed-phase complete response 71% vs 62% with active control (odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0; p = 0.0002).","from":"ts-p04834","refs":["rolapitant","granisetron","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S0809 reported","note":"2-year OS 65% (R0 67%, R1 60%); median OS 35 months; grade 3 and 4 toxicity 52% and 11%.","from":"swog-s0809","refs":["gallbladder","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","cholangiocarcinoma","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Zevalin and Velcade in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma reported","from":"nct01497275","refs":["mantle-cell-lymphoma","rituximab","bortezomib","ibritumomab-tiuxetan"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-02-03","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with letrozole: first CDK4/6 inhibitor (PALOMA-1)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-03-04","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Squamous NSCLC after platinum: first PD-1 in lung cancer","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-03-10","precision":"day","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta: approval (US)","note":"Unituxin (ANBL0032)","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Post-transplant consolidation in Hodgkin lymphoma (AETHERA)","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-09","precision":"month","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil: approval (US)","note":"RECOURSE","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-01","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"With ipilimumab, BRAF wild-type melanoma (CheckMate 067)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-02","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"PD-L1+ NSCLC after platinum","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-05","precision":"day","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"Newly diagnosed glioblastoma with temozolomide (EF-14)","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-27","precision":"day","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable melanoma with injectable lesions (OPTiM): first oncolytic virus approved in the US","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-28","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant stage III melanoma (10 mg/kg; later superseded)","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-10","precision":"day","title":"Vemurafenib: approval (US)","note":"Cobimetinib approved in combination (coBRIM)","from":"vemurafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-13","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, EGFR T790M NSCLC after TKI","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Daratumumab: approval (US)","note":"First CD38 antibody","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-12","precision":"month","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]}]},"route":"/years/2015/","neighbours":{"year":[{"id":"2014","kind":"year","name":"2014 in oncology","route":"/years/2014/"},{"id":"2016","kind":"year","name":"2016 in oncology","route":"/years/2016/"}]}}