{"entity":{"id":"2021","kind":"year","name":"2021 in oncology","aka":["2021"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2021: 793 entries, 197 papers, 194 papers listed on people's pages, 134 landmarks and 97 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"793 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2021: 197 papers, 194 papers listed on people's pages, 134 landmarks, 97 trials reported, 77 approvals, 32 regulatory events, 26 financing rounds, 11 companies founded, 10 guideline changes, 7 technologies, 6 laws and regulations and 2 journals founded.\n\nOf those, 24 to the day, 18 to the month and 751 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2020","2022"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2021,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Abemaciclib approved in US","note":"Adjuvant high-risk node-positive HR+/HER2- early breast cancer","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in EU","note":"Exon 20; 1L with lazertinib Jan 2025","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in US","note":"EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Asciminib approved in US","note":"CML after ≥2 prior TKIs; T315I CML","from":"asciminib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) approved in US","note":"ALL/LBL with hypersensitivity to E. coli asparaginase (Rylaze)","from":"asparaginase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 on at least 50 percent of tumour cells or 10 percent of tumour-infiltrating immune cells and no EGFR or ALK alteration.","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib approved in China","note":"First-line EGFR exon 19 deletion or L858R NSCLC (AENEAS)","from":"aumolertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved in US","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis","from":"avapritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belumosudil approved in US","note":"Chronic GVHD after failure of ≥2 lines of systemic therapy (age ≥12)","from":"belumosudil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved in US","note":"VHL-associated RCC, CNS haemangioblastoma, pNET","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory B-ALL in adults","from":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer not previously treated with an ALK inhibitor. TA670, published 27 January 2021 (ALTA-1L), subject to the commercial arrangement.","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"First-line advanced RCC with nivolumab (CheckMate 9ER)","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine) approved in US","note":"Paediatric patients ≥1 year","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed ALK-positive ALCL in patients 1-21 years","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dalpiciclib approved in China","note":"HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with fulvestrant after endocrine therapy (DAWNA-1)","from":"dalpiciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Disitamab vedotin approved in China","note":"HER2+ gastric cancer; HER2-expressing urothelial cancer","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Donafenib approved in China","note":"First-line unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ZGDH3)","from":"donafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved in US","note":"dMMR recurrent/advanced endometrial cancer; dMMR solid tumours","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Duvelisib approved in EU","note":"CLL after ≥2 therapies; FL after ≥2 therapies","from":"duvelisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in England (NICE)","note":"BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic colorectal cancer after previous systemic treatment, with cetuximab.","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Envafolimab approved in China","note":"Previously treated MSI-H or dMMR advanced solid tumours","from":"envafolimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Fedratinib approved in EU","note":"Myelofibrosis, JAK-inhibitor-naive or after ruxolitinib","from":"fedratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Furmonertinib approved in China","note":"EGFR T790M-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after EGFR TKI therapy","from":"furmonertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Guardant360 CDx approved in US","note":"Companion claims for sotorasib (KRAS G12C) and amivantamab (EGFR exon 20 insertion)","from":"guardant360-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Icotinib approved in China","note":"Adjuvant treatment of resected stage II to IIIA EGFR-mutant NSCLC (EVIDENCE)","from":"icotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines","from":"idecabtagene-vicleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide) approved in Australia","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer","from":"illuccix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide) approved in US","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer (initial staging with suspected metastasis; suspected recurrence)","from":"illuccix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Infigratinib approved in US","note":"Previously treated unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with an FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement (accelerated approval). Indication withdrawn in 2024","from":"infigratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, with nivolumab and two cycles of platinum doublet chemotherapy: not recommended. TA724, published 8 September 2021.","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in US","note":"Previously treated IDH1-mutated cholangiocarcinoma","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC with pembrolizumab; endometrial cancer with pembrolizumab","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory LBCL after ≥2 lines","from":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 systemic therapies","from":"zynlonta","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lorlatinib approved in US","note":"First-line ALK+ NSCLC","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lunit INSIGHT MMG approved in US","note":"510(k) clearance, mammography lesion detection","from":"lunit-insight-mmg","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mobocertinib approved in US","note":"EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC after platinum. Withdrawn 2023-24","from":"mobocertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic PD-L1-positive non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer after chemotherapy.","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without an EGFR or ALK alteration, with ipilimumab and two cycles of platinum doublet chemotherapy: not recommended.","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Olverembatinib approved in CN","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (chronic or accelerated phase) with the T315I mutation after prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors","from":"olverembatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Oncomine Dx Target Test approved in US","note":"IDH1 companion claim in cholangiocarcinoma (ivosidenib)","from":"oncomine-dx-target-test","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Optellum Virtual Nodule Clinic approved in US","note":"510(k) clearance: AI decision support for indeterminate pulmonary nodules","from":"optellum-virtual-nodule-clinic","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pafolacianine approved in US","note":"Intraoperative imaging of ovarian cancer lesions in adults","from":"pafolacianine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Paige Prostate Detect approved in US","note":"Aid to pathologists in detecting areas suspicious for cancer on prostate needle biopsy slides (De Novo)","from":"paige-prostate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic colorectal cancer with high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair deficiency.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer without an EGFR or ALK alteration, with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in EU","note":"Locally recurrent unresectable or metastatic TNBC, PD-L1 CPS 10 or more, with chemotherapy, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (KEYNOTE-355).","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in US","note":"High-risk early TNBC, neoadjuvant + adjuvant (KEYNOTE-522)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pemigatinib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"pemigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pemigatinib approved in UK","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement after systemic therapy; NICE TA722 recommended 25 August 2021 with a commercial arrangement.","from":"pemigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Penpulimab approved in CN","note":"Relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma; later NPC, NSCLC","from":"penpulimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu approved in US","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer","from":"pylarify","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Relmacabtagene autoleucel approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines","from":"relmacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b approved in US","note":"Polycythaemia vera","from":"ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved in US","note":"Chronic GVHD after failure of 1-2 lines","from":"ruxolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved in EU","note":"mTNBC ≥2 lines; HR+ 2023","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved in EU","note":"Unresectable or metastatic TNBC after two or more systemic therapies, at least one for advanced disease (ASCENT); marketing authorisation issued 22 November 2021.","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Savolitinib approved in China","note":"MET exon 14 skipping NSCLC after platinum chemotherapy or unfit for chemotherapy (conditional; later full)","from":"savolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Selinexor approved in EU","note":"EU brand Nexpovio. Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"selinexor","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved in EU","note":"EU brand Retsevmo","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Selumetinib approved in EU","note":"Symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas in NF1, children 3 and over (conditional)","from":"selumetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sintilimab approved in China","note":"First-line non-squamous NSCLC with pemetrexed and platinum (ORIENT-11); first-line squamous NSCLC with gemcitabine and platinum (ORIENT-12); first-line unresectable hepatocellular...","from":"sintilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sirolimus protein-bound particles approved in US","note":"Locally advanced unresectable or metastatic malignant PEComa","from":"sirolimus-albumin-bound","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C NSCLC, previously treated (accelerated)","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sugemalimab approved in China","note":"First-line metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC with platinum chemotherapy (GEMSTONE-302)","from":"sugemalimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tafasitamab approved in EU","note":"EU brand Minjuvi. 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Withdrawn 2022","from":"umbralisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Utidelone approved in CN","note":"Recurrent or metastatic breast cancer after anthracycline and taxane, with capecitabine","from":"utidelone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA MMR RxDx Panel approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for dostarlimab in dMMR endometrial cancer","from":"ventana-mmr-rxdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for adjuvant atezolizumab in PD-L1 TC ≥1% resected NSCLC","from":"ventana-pd-l1-sp263","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Zimberelimab approved in CN","note":"Relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after two or more lines of therapy","from":"zimberelimab","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Adela founded","note":"Toronto","from":"adela","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ARTBIO founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"artbio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Break Through Cancer founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"break-through-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mariana Oncology founded","note":"Watertown, MA","from":"mariana-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Norroy Bioscience founded","note":"Wuxi, Jiangsu","from":"norroy-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Organon & Co. founded","note":"Jersey City, NJ","from":"organon","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Radionetics Oncology founded","note":"San Diego, CA","from":"radionetics-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Radiopharm Theranostics founded","note":"Melbourne","from":"radiopharm-theranostics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Treeline Biosciences founded","note":"Watertown, MA","from":"treeline-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VelaVigo founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"velavigo","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Vironexis Biotherapeutics founded","note":"San Diego, California","from":"vironexis-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Adela: Series A","note":"$60m. Led by F-Prime Capital with OrbiMed, Deerfield Management, Decheng Capital and RA Capital Management; company launched June 2021 (formerly DNAMx).","from":"adela","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amunix Pharmaceuticals: Acquisition","note":"$1.0bn. Upfront payment of approximately $1 billion plus up to $225 million in development milestones; agreement announced 21 December 2021","from":"amunix-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Capstan Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$63m. 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Co-led by F-Prime Capital and Atlas Venture with Eight Roads Ventures","from":"k36-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Kumquat Biosciences: Form D offering","note":"$50m. Total sold per Form D filed February 2021","from":"kumquat-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Kumquat Biosciences: Form D offering","note":"$30m. Total sold per amended Form D filed August 2021","from":"kumquat-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mablink Bioscience: Seed","note":"Led by Elaia Partners; amount not stated in the fetched release copy","from":"mablink-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mythic Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$103m. BioSpace copy of the Business Wire release dated 15 December 2021","from":"mythic-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nucleix: Series C","note":"$55m. Round name not given in the release; $55 million led by RA Capital Management, April 2021.","from":"nucleix","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Orum Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$84m. Includes a previously announced USD 30 million tranche; led by IMM Investment","from":"orum-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Outcomes4Me: Series A","note":"$12m. Led by Northpond Ventures","from":"outcomes4me","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Stablix: Series A","note":"$63m. 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Total sold per Form D filed April 2021","from":"treeline-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tyra Biosciences: IPO","note":"$199m. 12.42 million shares at 16 US dollars including full exercise of the underwriters' option; closed 17 September 2021","from":"tyra-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AALL1331 and IntReALL: blinatumomab beats chemotherapy in first relapse","note":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-relapsed","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ABC-06 published: second-line FOLFOX","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Median overall survival 6.2 vs 5.3 months; one-year survival 25.9 vs 11.4 percent. NIFTY (liposomal irinotecan) published the same year.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["abc-06","paper-abc-06-folfox-second-line-lancet-oncol-2021","nifty"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ABC-06: FOLFOX as second line","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["folfox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ACNS0331: 18 Gy craniospinal radiotherapy inferior in young children; ACNS0332: carboplatin during radiotherapy helps group 3","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":["acns0331","carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant nivolumab (CheckMate 274)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["checkmate-274"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant nivolumab (CheckMate 274)","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["checkmate-274"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved for exon 20 insertions after chemotherapy (CHRYSALIS)","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["amivantamab","egfr-exon20-insertion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AMPECT: nab-sirolimus approved for advanced malignant PEComa","note":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa)","from":"pecoma","refs":["ampect","sirolimus-albumin-bound"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Asciminib: allosteric STAMP inhibitor approved","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). ASCEMBL vs bosutinib in third line.","from":"cml","refs":["asciminib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved for advanced SM","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. EXPLORER and PATHFINDER; FDA approval June 2021.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["avapritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved for advanced systemic mastocytosis after EXPLORER and PATHFINDER","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["avapritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for VHL disease; adjuvant pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-564)","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["belzutifan","keynote-564"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for VHL-associated pancreatic NET","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["belzutifan","hif2a"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for VHL-associated tumours","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":["belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for von Hippel-Lindau tumours including CNS haemangioblastomas","note":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural)","from":"spinal-cord-tumours","refs":["belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"BMT CTN 1102: transplant improves survival in 50 to 75 year olds","note":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-higher-risk","refs":["allogeneic-hsct"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Brachyury vaccine plus radiotherapy tested","note":"Chordoma. Phase 2 of GI-6301 yeast-brachyury vaccine with radiation (NCT02383498).","from":"chordoma","refs":["proton-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAR-T enters FL","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Axicabtagene (ZUMA-5) approved; tisagenlecleucel (ELARA) 2022; lisocabtagene 2024.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel","tisagenlecleucel","lisocabtagene-maraleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAR-T therapy in people with HIV","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. Case series and the AMC-sponsored study show safety; trial eligibility broadened.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":["car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab approved after hedgehog inhibitor failure","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab approved after hedgehog-inhibitor failure","note":"Basal cell carcinoma","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab gives a second line after hedgehog failure","note":"Basal cell carcinoma. Objective response in 26 of 84 patients (31 per cent) whose disease had progressed on or who could not tolerate a hedgehog inhibitor.","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["cemiplimab-advanced-bcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 577 and KEYNOTE-590 bring immunotherapy to oesophageal cancer","note":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["checkmate-577","keynote-590"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649 and KEYNOTE-062 subgroups: large gains from PD-1 blockade in MSI-high disease","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":["checkmate-649","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649: nivolumab + chemotherapy first line; KEYNOTE-811 adds pembrolizumab to trastuzumab; T-DXd approved (DESTINY-Gastric01)","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["checkmate-649","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy extends survival; FDA approval","note":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","from":"gastric-pdl1-high","refs":["checkmate-649","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Checkpoint inhibitors first line","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ClarIDHy: ivosidenib approved for IDH1-mutant cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["claridhy","ivosidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COMPOSE opens: 177Lu-edotreotide against chemotherapy or everolimus in aggressive grade 2 and grade 3 tumours","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":["nct04919226","itm-11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CONFIRM: nivolumab improves survival in relapsed disease","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CROSS 10-year data; CheckMate 577 adjuvant nivolumab; KEYNOTE-590 and ESCORT-1st first-line chemo-IO","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["cross","checkmate-577","keynote-590","escort-1st"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast03: T-DXd beats T-DM1","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["destiny-breast03"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved for mismatch repair deficient solid tumours after chemotherapy","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved for recurrent dMMR endometrial cancer after GARNET","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq sets sequencing; KEYNOTE-716 extends adjuvant IO to stage II; tebentafusp phase 3 positive","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["dreamseq","keynote-716","imcgp100-202"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq: immunotherapy first, targeted therapy second","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["dreamseq"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EHE international consensus","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma). Surveillance first, sirolimus for progression (ESMO Open).","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":["active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMBRACE-I: MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy gives local control above ninety percent","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Lung 1: cemiplimab approved in PD-L1-high disease","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["empower-lung-1","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guideline allows omission of adjuvant therapy for stage I to II POLE-ultramutated disease","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EXPeRT consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["whipple","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-positive gastric cancer; KEYNOTE-811 adds pembrolizumab first line","note":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GOG 279: cisplatin-gemcitabine chemoradiation for locally advanced disease","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II node management applies to both subtypes","note":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","from":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II: radiotherapy for sentinel micrometastases","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II: radiotherapy replaces lymphadenectomy for sentinel node metastases of two millimetres or less","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"HD17: radiotherapy omitted in PET-negative early unfavourable disease","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["pet-adapted-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"HER2-low measured at about a third of TNBC","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Schettini (3,689 HER2-negative cancers, 36.6% of triple-negative) and Denkert (34.0% of 1,162 hormone receptor-negative trial patients) fix th...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-schettini-her2-low-features-npj-breast-cancer-2021","paper-denkert-her2-low-pooled-neoadjuvant-lancet-oncol-2021","her2-low-ihc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first BCMA CAR-T approved","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["idecabtagene-vicleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first myeloma CAR-T","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first myeloma CAR-T; CARTITUDE-1 shows 98% response","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["idecabtagene-vicleucel","cartitude-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Immunotherapy is measured and found wanting, and sequence is shown to matter","note":"Prostate cancer. KEYNOTE-199 gave objective response rates of 5 and 3 percent with pembrolizumab and PD-L1 predicted nothing, consistent with a median tumour mutational burden of 2...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-antonarakis-keynote-199-pembrolizumab-jco-2020","paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019","paper-denmeade-transformer-bipolar-androgen-therapy-jco-2021","paper-conti-trans-ancestry-gwas-prostate-nat-genet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Immunotherapy series in peritoneal disease","note":"Peritoneal mesothelioma. Early phase 2 and retrospective data for nivolumab plus ipilimumab and for atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.","from":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMpassion131 fails and atezolizumab is withdrawn in breast cancer","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["impassion131"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMpower010: adjuvant atezolizumab improves disease-free survival in PD-L1-positive stage II to IIIA","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["nct02486718","atezolizumab","enriqueta-felip","heather-wakelee"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMWG lowers the diagnostic threshold to 5 percent circulating plasma cells","note":"Plasma cell leukaemia","from":"plasma-cell-leukaemia","refs":["flow-cytometry"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"International NUT Carcinoma Registry outcomes","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). Chau and colleagues, JCO: fusion partner and initial treatment predict survival.","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved (ClarIDHy); infigratinib approved then withdrawn (2022)","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["ivosidenib","claridhy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02 and CAPTAIN-1st: PD-1 antibodies with gemcitabine-cisplatin lengthen progression-free survival; endoscopic nasopharyngectomy beats re-irradiation","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["jupiter-02","captain-1st","toripalimab","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02, CAPTAIN-1st, RATIONALE-309: PD-1 + GP first line","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["toripalimab","camrelizumab","tislelizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02: PD-1 plus chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma; BNCT approved in Japan","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["jupiter-02","bnct"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-204: pembrolizumab beats brentuximab vedotin in relapsed disease","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["keynote-204","pembrolizumab","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-522 changes early-stage care","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Neoadjuvant/adjuvant pembrolizumab approved for stage II-III TNBC; OS benefit confirmed 2024.","from":"tnbc","refs":["keynote-522","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-716: adjuvant pembrolizumab approved for stage IIB and IIC","note":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","from":"stage-ii-melanoma","refs":["keynote-716","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib + pembrolizumab OS benefit; dostarlimab approved for dMMR recurrence (GARNET); molecular classification enters ESGO guidelines","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["keynote-775","dostarlimab","endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib-pembrolizumab beats chemotherapy after platinum in pMMR disease","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":["keynote-775"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib-pembrolizumab extends survival after platinum","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["keynote-775"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826 adds pembrolizumab to first-line therapy in cervical cancer, extrapolated to vaginal cancer","note":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","from":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826: first-line chemo-immunotherapy; tisotumab vedotin accelerated approval; EMPOWER-Cervical 1","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["keynote-826","tisotumab-vedotin","empower-cervical-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826: pembrolizumab with chemotherapy extends median survival to 26.4 months","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["keynote-826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in Japan for unresectable thymic carcinoma","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine approved; BELINDA fails while ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM succeed","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["zynlonta","lotis-2","belinda","zuma-7"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Low-PV: interferon helps low-risk patients too","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Ropeginterferon plus phlebotomy kept more low-risk patients at target than phlebotomy alone.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["low-pv"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung cancer in never smokers gets its own classification","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Whole genomes of 232 never-smoker lung cancers find no tobacco signature and three copy-number subtypes, one of them slow-growing with driver progenitor...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Metronomic adjuvant capecitabine improves failure-free survival; CSCO-ASCO guideline published","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Molecular studies show a genotype distinct from appendiceal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours","note":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","from":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"MONALEESA-2 final OS: ribociclib extends survival by a year","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["monaleesa-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab + chemotherapy first line","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved for cancer of unknown primary in Japan after NivoCUP","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved for CUP in Japan (NivoCUP)","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-cabozantinib, lenvatinib-pembrolizumab, adjuvant pembrolizumab, belzutifan (VHL), tivozanib approved","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["checkmate-9er","clear","keynote-564","belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NRG-HN002: 60 Gy with cisplatin acceptable, 60 Gy alone not","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["nrg-hn002-hn005"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Olverembatinib approved in China for T315I chronic and accelerated phase","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":["olverembatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA: adjuvant olaparib","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). One year of olaparib after standard therapy improves iDFS and OS in gBRCA carriers.","from":"tnbc","refs":["olympia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA: adjuvant olaparib for germline BRCA carriers","note":"Male breast cancer. Trial included men.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":["olaparib","olympia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OUTBACK: adjuvant chemotherapy after chemoradiation gives no benefit","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["outback"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PAPMET: cabozantinib beats sunitinib","note":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","from":"papillary-rcc","refs":["cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 assays shown not to be interchangeable","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Rugo and colleagues on 614 IMpassion130 tumours: SP142, SP263 and 22C3 positive in 46, 75 and 73 percent, concordance 69 percent.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021","impassion130","idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PEACE-1: European triplet therapy","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["peace-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for early disease; OlympiA adjuvant olaparib","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["pembrolizumab","olympia","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab-based regimen extended to triple-negative inflammatory disease","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":["keynote-522","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Plasma at scale, and the noise it carries","note":"Prostate cancer. Circulating tumour DNA is detectable in 94% of 3,334 men with advanced prostate cancer and agrees with tissue on BRCA mutations 93% of the time; in parallel, clona...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021","paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 23: induction mFOLFIRINOX improves disease-free survival","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["prodige-23"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 7 and the fall of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy","note":"Colorectal cancer. Adding oxaliplatin hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy to complete cytoreductive surgery changed nothing (median overall survival 41.7 against 41.2 months...","from":"colorectal","refs":["colorectal-peritoneal-metastases","hipec","colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Review of pathology and molecular features (Luchini)","note":"Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells","from":"pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc","refs":["histopathology-ihc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Romidepsin US PTCL indication withdrawn","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). Confirmatory Ro-CHOP trial negative.","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["romidepsin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b approved for PV","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). PROUD/CONTINUATION-PV: superior long-term haematologic and molecular response versus hydroxyurea.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["ropeginterferon-alfa-2b"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Rucaparib maintenance phase 2 extends the approach to PALB2 and somatic alterations","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["rucaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SARC033: trametinib shows modest activity","note":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","from":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma","refs":["mek"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SCLC molecular subtypes (A, N, P, I) proposed","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["idea-sclc-subtype-directed"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Screening widens, and adjuvant immunotherapy arrives","note":"Lung cancer (all types). The United States task force lowered eligibility to age 50 and 20 pack-years, two years after Aldrich showed 31 percent of white smokers qualified against...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-uspstf-lung-cancer-screening-jama-2021","paper-aldrich-uspstf-screening-african-american-smokers-jama-oncol-2019","paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SJMB03 subgroup outcomes; ACNS0331 shows CSI dose reduction below 23.4 Gy unsafe for most","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved after CodeBreaK 100: the first KRAS inhibitor","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["sotorasib","ferdinandos-skoulidis","amgen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved for KRAS G12C lung cancer, the first KRAS inhibitor","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["sotorasib","amgen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib becomes the first approved KRAS inhibitor (lung cancer)","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["sotorasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib proves KRAS is druggable (G12C)","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Only 1-2% of pancreatic cancers carry G12C, but the door is open.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["sotorasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib: first KRAS inhibitor; amivantamab for exon 20 insertions","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["sotorasib","amivantamab","egfr-exon20-insertion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sub-tumour microenvironments and the CA 19-9 lead time","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 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revisited","note":"Cancer Epidemiol","from":"ivan-s-stilidi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Timing to achieve the highest rate of pCR after preoperative radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 3085 patients from 7 randomized trials","note":"Radiotherapy and Oncology","from":"vincenzo-valentini","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone as First-line Treatment for Advanced Squamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"wang-jie-cams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tissue-Agnostic Drug Development: A New Path to Drug Approval","note":"Cancer Discovery","from":"shivaani-kummar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Toward robust mammography-based models for breast cancer risk (Mirai)","note":"Science Translational Medicine","from":"regina-barzilay","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Initial Experience with the Real-Time Oncology Review Program","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"r-angelo-de-claro","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ultra-rare sarcomas: a consensus paper from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society community of experts on the incidence threshold and the list of entities","note":"Cancer","from":"silvia-stacchiotti","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Undertreatment and overtreatment in older patients treated with chemotherapy","note":"Journal of Geriatric Oncology","from":"jaime-feliu","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Update on Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Surgical Staging of Endometrial Carcinoma","note":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","from":"ane-gerda-eriksson","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Upregulation of FGF9 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Transdifferentiation to Small Cell Lung Cancer","note":"Cancer Research","from":"koichi-fukunaga","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Use of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"thomas-george","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib, a dual inhibitor of mutant IDH1/2, in recurrent or progressive glioma; results of a first-in-human phase I trial","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"ingo-mellinghoff","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AI polyp detection in colonoscopy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states 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it.","from":"sarcoma-methylation-classifier","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mirai (MIT breast cancer risk from mammograms)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mirai","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Photon-counting CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"photon-counting-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study Evaluating Intensive Chemotherapy With or Without Glasdegib or Azacitidine With or Without Glasdegib In Patients With Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid...","from":"nct03416179","refs":["leukaemia","glasdegib","cpx-351","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Brentuximab Vedotin + Adriamycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine in Pediatric Participants With Advanced Stage Newly Diagnosed Hodgkin Lymphoma reporte...","from":"nct02979522","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Durvalumab or Tremelimumab Monotherapy, or Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab or Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma reported","from":"nct02519348","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","tremelimumab","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Ramucirumab (LY3009806) or Merestinib (LY2801653) in Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer reported","from":"nct02711553","refs":["metastatic-cancer","ramucirumab","cisplatin","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AALL1331 reported","note":"Blinatumomab consolidation gave two-year disease-free survival of 54.4 percent against 39.0 percent with chemotherapy in high- and intermediate-risk relapse (not statistically sign...","from":"aall1331","refs":["all-paediatric-relapsed","all-leukemia","leukaemia","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AMPECT reported","note":"Objective response 39% (independent review), durable, enriched in TSC2-mutant tumours; FDA approval November 2021.","from":"ampect","refs":["pecoma","sarcoma","sirolimus-albumin-bound"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"An Efficacy and Safety Study of Apalutamide (JNJ-56021927) in Combination With Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone Versus Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone in P...","from":"nct02257736","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","apalutamide","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ARROW (thyroid cohorts) reported","note":"ORR 71% (naive MTC), 89% (RET-fusion thyroid).","from":"arrow-thyroid","refs":["thyroid","ret-fusion-nsclc","nsclc","pralsetinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ATEMPT reported","note":"Very high three-year invasive disease-free survival with one year of trastuzumab emtansine in stage I disease, but clinically relevant toxicity was not lower than with paclitaxel p...","from":"atempt","refs":["her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","breast-her2-positive","breast-cancer","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ATLANTIS reported","note":"OS HR 0.97, not significant.","from":"atlantis","refs":["sclc","lurbinectedin","topotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"BELINDA reported","note":"EFS HR 1.07 (negative).","from":"belinda","refs":["dlbcl"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"BMT CTN 1102 reported","note":"Three-year overall survival 47.9 percent with a donor and reduced-intensity transplant against 26.6 percent without a donor (p 0.0001); leukaemia-free survival 35.8 against 20.6 pe...","from":"bmt-ctn-1102","refs":["mds-higher-risk","mds","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"C-144-01 reported","note":"ORR 31.4%; median DOR 36.5 months (5-year analysis).","from":"c-144-01","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","lifileucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CameL reported","note":"PFS 11.3 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.60.","from":"camel","refs":["nsclc","camrelizumab","carboplatin","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAPTAIN-1st reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 9.7 vs 6.9 months (hazard ratio 0.54).","from":"captain-1st","refs":["nasopharyngeal","head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAPTIVATE reported","note":"CR 55%; uMRD 77%; 4-year PFS ~79%.","from":"captivate","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","ibrutinib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CARTITUDE-1 reported","note":"ORR 98%; ~33% progression-free at 5 years without maintenance.","from":"cartitude-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","ciltacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAVE mCRC reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.6 months overall; 17.3 months with RAS and BRAF wild-type plasma against 10.4 months with mutated plasma (hazard ratio 0.49).","from":"cave","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab in basal cell carcinoma after a hedgehog inhibitor reported","note":"Objective response by independent central review in 26 of 84 patients (31 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 21 to 42) with five complete responses; grade 3 or 4 treatment-e...","from":"cemiplimab-advanced-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","locally-advanced-bcc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 274 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.70; OS HR 0.83 (ITT), median 75 vs 50.1 months.","from":"checkmate-274","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 577 reported","note":"DFS 22.4 vs 11.0 months (HR 0.69); OS 51.7 vs 35.3 months (HR 0.85, NS).","from":"checkmate-577","refs":["esophageal","gastric","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 648 reported","note":"PD-L1 ≥1%: OS 15.4 vs 9.1 months (nivo + chemo, HR 0.54); 13.7 vs 9.1 months (nivo + ipi, HR 0.64).","from":"checkmate-648","refs":["esophageal","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CHRYSALIS reported","note":"Amivantamab produced durable responses in EGFR exon 20 insertion non-small-cell lung cancer after platinum chemotherapy; accelerated approval in May 2021.","from":"chrysalis","refs":["egfr-mutant-nsclc","nsclc","lung-cancer","amivantamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CLEAR (KEYNOTE-581) reported","note":"PFS 23.9 vs 9.2 months (HR 0.39); OS HR 0.79.","from":"clear","refs":["rcc","lenvatinib","pembrolizumab","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CODEL reported","note":"Temozolomide alone gave shorter progression-free survival than radiotherapy-containing treatment in 1p/19q-codeleted glioma; the redesigned comparison of radiotherapy with temozolo...","from":"codel","refs":["oligodendroglioma","glioblastoma","temozolomide","procarbazine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COG ACNS0331 reported","note":"Involved-field boost non-inferior (5-year EFS 82.5% vs 80.5%); 18 Gy CSI inferior to 23.4 Gy (71.4% vs 82.9%).","from":"acns0331","refs":["medulloblastoma","medulloblastoma-wnt","medulloblastoma-group-3-4","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COG ACNS0332 reported","note":"Carboplatin radiosensitisation improved event-free and overall survival in group 3 high-risk medulloblastoma; isotretinoin maintenance was stopped for futility.","from":"acns0332","refs":["medulloblastoma-group-3-4","medulloblastoma","carboplatin","vincristine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DAWNA-1 reported","note":"PFS 15.7 vs 7.2 months, HR 0.42.","from":"dawna-1","refs":["breast-hr-positive","dalpiciclib","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast03 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.33; OS HR 0.64.","from":"destiny-breast03","refs":["breast-her2-positive","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-CRC01 reported","note":"Confirmed objective response 45.3 percent in HER2-positive disease; interstitial lung disease in 6 percent, two deaths.","from":"destiny-crc01","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134) reported","note":"2-year OS 71.8% vs 51.5%.","from":"dreamseq","refs":["melanoma","braf-v600-melanoma","advanced-melanoma","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ECOG-ACRIN EA1131 reported","note":"Closed for futility: platinum not superior or non-inferior to capecitabine for iDFS in basal-like residual TNBC (primary hazard ratio not indexed).","from":"ea1131","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","carboplatin","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Osilodrostat in Cushing's Disease reported","from":"nct02697734","refs":["pituitary-tumours","osilodrostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD reported","note":"PFS HR 0.55 in ESR1-mutant.","from":"emerald","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","elacestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Cervical 1 / GOG-3016 / ENGOT-cx9 reported","note":"OS 12.0 vs 8.5 months (HR 0.69).","from":"empower-cervical-1","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Lung 1 reported","note":"Median overall survival not reached vs 14.2 months (hazard ratio 0.57) in PD-L1 50% or more; 26.1 vs 13.3 months in the three-year update; median progression-free survival 8.2 vs 5...","from":"empower-lung-1","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","cemiplimab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ESCORT-1st reported","note":"OS 15.3 vs 12.0 months, HR 0.70.","from":"escort-1st","refs":["esophageal","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"eXalt3 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 25.8 vs 12.7 months (hazard ratio 0.51, blinded independent review, intent-to-treat); intracranial response 63.6% vs 21.1% in patients with target...","from":"nct02767804","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","ensartinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EXPLORER reported","note":"Overall response rate 75 percent and complete remission rate 36 percent in 53 evaluable patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis; maximum tolerated dose not reached; recommende...","from":"explorer","refs":["advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","systemic-mastocytosis","avapritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FMT plus pembrolizumab in anti-PD-1-refractory melanoma (Pittsburgh) reported","note":"6 of 15 patients with clinical benefit (3 objective responses).","from":"fmt-pd1-refractory-melanoma-pitt","refs":["melanoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FOCUS4 reported","note":"FOCUS4-C: adavosertib improved progression-free survival in RAS and TP53 co-mutated tumours (hazard ratio 0.35).","from":"focus4","refs":["colorectal","adavosertib","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GLOW reported","note":"PFS HR 0.216; OS HR 0.487 (4-year).","from":"glow","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","ibrutinib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IARC India HPV vaccine dose study (one, two or three doses) 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Negative.","from":"keynote-119","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","pembrolizumab","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-564 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.72; OS HR 0.62.","from":"keynote-564","refs":["rcc","clear-cell-rcc","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-716 reported","note":"RFS and DMFS improved; 5-year benefit sustained (ESMO 2025).","from":"keynote-716","refs":["melanoma","stage-ii-melanoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775 / Study 309 reported","note":"OS 18.3 vs 11.4 months (HR 0.62).","from":"keynote-775","refs":["endometrial","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","endometrial-nsmp","lenvatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-811 reported","note":"Higher response rate and longer progression-free survival with pembrolizumab added to trastuzumab and chemotherapy, with benefit concentrated in PD-L1-positive tumours; accelerated...","from":"keynote-811","refs":["gastric-her2-positive","gastric","pembrolizumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826 reported","note":"OS 26.4 vs 16.8 months (HR 0.63), all comers.","from":"keynote-826","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","pembrolizumab","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"LOTIS-2 reported","note":"ORR 48%, CR 24%.","from":"lotis-2","refs":["dlbcl","zynlonta"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Low-PV reported","note":"Haematocrit at or below 45% without progression at 12 months: 84% vs 60%.","from":"low-pv","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","ropeginterferon-alfa-2b"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung ART reported","note":"Postoperative mediastinal radiotherapy did not improve three-year disease-free survival in completely resected N2 disease; mediastinal relapse fell but cardiopulmonary toxicity ros...","from":"lung-art","refs":["resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung-MAP S1400I: nivolumab with or without ipilimumab reported","note":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab did not improve survival over nivolumab alone; the trial closed for futility.","from":"lung-map-s1400i","refs":["nsclc","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NEOLAP reported","note":"Surgical conversion 35.9 percent with continued nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine against 43.9 percent with sequential FOLFIRINOX (odds ratio 0.72; p 0.38); median overall survival 1...","from":"neolap","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","folfirinox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Neulasta-controlled Trial of F-627 in Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Myelotoxic Chemotherapy reported","from":"nct03252431","refs":["breast-cancer","efbemalenograstim-alfa","pegfilgrastim"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NIFTY reported","note":"BICR PFS 7.1 vs 1.4 months, HR 0.56 (0.39 to 0.81), p=0.0019; re-read PFS 4.2 vs 1.7 months, HR 0.61 (0.44 to 0.86).","from":"nifty","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","liposomal-irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA reported","note":"iDFS HR 0.58; OS HR 0.72.","from":"olympia","refs":["tnbc","breast-hr-positive","tnbc-early","hr-positive-early-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ORIENT-32 reported","note":"OS HR 0.57; PFS HR 0.56.","from":"orient-32","refs":["hcc","sintilimab","bevacizumab","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OUTBACK / ANZGOG 0902 / GOG-0274 reported","note":"5-year OS 72% vs 71%; no benefit.","from":"outback","refs":["cervical","locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PANOPTIMOX-PRODIGE 35 reported","note":"Six-month progression-free survival 47.1 percent (six months of FOLFIRINOX), 42.9 percent (four months then fluorouracil maintenance) and 34.1 percent (alternating gemcitabine and...","from":"panoptimox-prodige-35","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","folfirinox","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PAPMET (SWOG S1500) reported","note":"Cabozantinib lengthened progression-free survival compared with sunitinib in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma; the crizotinib and savolitinib arms closed for futility.","from":"papmet","refs":["papillary-rcc","rcc","cabozantinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PATCH (Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone) reported","note":"Transdermal oestradiol suppressed testosterone as well as a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist with no difference in time to first cardiovascular event (hazard ratio 1.1...","from":"patch-transdermal-oestradiol","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PEACE-1 reported","note":"OS HR 0.82 in the overall population and HR 0.75 in the ADT plus docetaxel population; HR 0.72 in high-volume disease.","from":"peace-1","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","abiraterone","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PENELOPE-B reported","note":"One year of palbociclib added to endocrine therapy did not improve invasive disease-free survival.","from":"penelope-b","refs":["hr-positive-early-high-risk","breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Oral Panobinostat in Adult Participants With Relapsed/Refractory Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma reported","from":"nct00742027","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","panobinostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"POLARIX reported","note":"2-year PFS 76.7% vs 70.2%, HR 0.73; 5-year OS HR 0.85 (NS).","from":"polarix","refs":["dlbcl","polatuzumab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"POP-RT reported","note":"5-year biochemical failure-free survival 95% (whole pelvis) vs 81.2% (prostate only).","from":"pop-rt","refs":["prostate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 23 reported","note":"3-year disease-free survival 76% vs 69% (hazard ratio 0.69); pathological complete response 28% vs 12%.","from":"prodige-23","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","oxaliplatin","irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 7 reported","note":"Median overall survival 41.7 against 41.2 months (hazard ratio 1.00); more late grade 3 or worse complications with HIPEC.","from":"prodige-7","refs":["colorectal","oxaliplatin","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PSMA-PreRP reported","note":"Per-patient sensitivity 0.40 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.46) and specificity 0.95 (0.92 to 0.97) for pelvic nodal metastasis against histopathology in the 277-man surgery cohort; positive pr...","from":"psma-prerp","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","illuccix","ga68-psma-11"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"RELIANCE reported","note":"ORR 75.9%, CR 51.7%.","from":"reliance","refs":["dlbcl","relmacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"RESOLVE reported","note":"Median overall survival 9.7 months with ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine against 10.8 months with placebo (p 0.3225); progression-free survival 5.3 against 6.0 months...","from":"resolve","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","ibrutinib","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ROCKstar reported","note":"Best overall response 74% (200 mg once daily) and 77% (200 mg twice daily); the FDA analysis of the once-daily dose found 75% through cycle 7 day 1.","from":"rockstar","refs":["belumosudil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy Comparison of Docetaxel and Ixabepilone in Non Metastatic Poor Prognosis Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct00630032","refs":["breast-cancer","cyclophosphamide","docetaxel","epirubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy of LCI699 in Cushing's Disease Patients reported","from":"nct01331239","refs":["pituitary-tumours","osilodrostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SPINET reported","note":"Closed early for slow recruitment; the underpowered comparison favoured lanreotide over placebo for progression-free survival.","from":"spinet","refs":["lung-net","neuroendocrine","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study Comparing Rovalpituzumab Tesirine Versus Topotecan in Subjects With Advanced or Metastatic Small Cell Lung Cancer With High Levels of Delta-like Protein 3...","from":"nct03061812","refs":["sclc","rovalpituzumab-tesirine","topotecan","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study of MEDI4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Urothelial Cancer reported","from":"nct02516241","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) Compared to Best Supportive Care Following Chemotherapy in Patients With Lung Cancer [ reported","note":"IMpower010: adjuvant atezolizumab after platinum chemotherapy improved disease-free survival in resected stage II to IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer, most in tumours with PD-L1 on...","from":"nct02486718","refs":["nsclc","sclc","resectable-nsclc","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1406 reported","note":"Progression-free survival hazard ratio 0.50 with vemurafenib added; response 17 against 4 percent.","from":"swog-s1406","refs":["colorectal","braf-v600e-colorectal","vemurafenib","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1505 reported","note":"Two-year overall survival 47 percent with perioperative modified FOLFIRINOX and 48 percent with perioperative gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel; neither exceeded the 40 percent histo...","from":"swog-s1505","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","folfirinox","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SYSUCC-001 reported","note":"5-year DFS 82.8% vs 73.0% (HR 0.64, p 0.03); 10-year DFS 78.1% vs 66.6% (HR 0.61); 10-year OS 82.4% vs 73.7% (HR 0.67, p 0.058).","from":"sysucc-001","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TheraP (ANZUP 1603) reported","note":"PSA50 66% vs 37%; OS HR 0.97.","from":"therap","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pluvicto","cabazitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TOSCA reported","note":"Relapse-free survival hazard ratio 1.13 for three against six months, crossing the non-inferiority limit; no overall survival difference.","from":"tosca","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TPExtreme (GORTEC 2014-01) reported","note":"TPEx did not improve overall survival over EXTREME, but gave similar survival with a shorter schedule and less toxicity.","from":"tpextreme","refs":["recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","head-and-neck","docetaxel","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TRIUMPH reported","note":"Confirmed objective response 30 percent in tissue-positive and 28 percent in ctDNA-positive patients, against 0 percent in a matched real-world reference group.","from":"triumph","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","pertuzumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TRYbeCA-1 reported","note":"Primary overall survival endpoint not met.","from":"trybeca-1","refs":["pancreatic","eryaspase","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UKCTOCS reported","note":"No significant reduction in ovarian cancer mortality.","from":"ukctocs","refs":["ovarian"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UKLS reported","note":"42 cancers in 1,994 people scanned, 85.7 percent at stage 1 or 2; lung cancer mortality relative rate 0.65 (0.41 to 1.02) at a median 7.3 years, and 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92) pooled with...","from":"ukls","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UX023T-CL201 reported","note":"Serum phosphorus rose from 0.52 mmol/L at baseline to 0.82 mmol/L at week 144 (p<0.0001); 33% of baseline fractures or pseudofractures fully healed and 13% partially healed by week...","from":"ux023t-cl201","refs":["burosumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISION reported","note":"OS HR 0.62.","from":"vision","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pluvicto"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISMONEO (vismodegib before surgery for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Surgical downstaging in 44 of 55 patients (80 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 67 to 90) with 27 complete responses, an objective response rate of 71 per cent, and recurre...","from":"vismoneo","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","locally-advanced-bcc","skin-cancer","vismodegib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZGDH3 (donafenib vs sorafenib) reported","note":"OS 12.1 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.83.","from":"zgdh3","refs":["hcc","donafenib","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-5 reported","note":"High objective and complete response rates in relapsed follicular lymphoma with durable remissions; accelerated approval in March 2021.","from":"zuma-5","refs":["follicular-lymphoma","marginal-zone-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-7 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.40; OS HR 0.73; 4-year OS 54.6% vs 46.0%.","from":"zuma-7","refs":["dlbcl","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-01","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 2021 (Eichhorst et al.) for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2021.","from":"cll","refs":["ibrutinib","venetoclax","rituximab","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-01-15","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma (DESTINY-Gastric01)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02","precision":"month","title":"Tebentafusp: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"tebentafusp","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02-09","precision":"day","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"Advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02-22","precision":"day","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"First-line PD-L1 ≥50% NSCLC (EMPOWER-Lung 1)","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-03","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG multiple myeloma 2021 (Dimopoulos et al.) for Multiple myeloma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2021.","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab","bortezomib","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-03","precision":"day","title":"Lorlatinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line ALK+ NSCLC (CROWN); full approval","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-05","precision":"day","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma (ZUMA-5)","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-30","precision":"day","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine): label change (US)","note":"Paediatric expansion","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-positive gastric cancer (January 2021, DESTINY-Gastric01) and nivolumab with chemotherapy (April 2021, Ch...","from":"gastric","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-gastric04","nivolumab","checkmate-649"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-07","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (US)","note":"Full approval in metastatic TNBC (ASCENT); accelerated approval in urothelial cancer","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-22","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, dMMR recurrent/advanced endometrial cancer after platinum","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-23","precision":"day","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 lines (LOTIS-2)","from":"zynlonta","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-21","precision":"day","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC after platinum","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-26","precision":"day","title":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu: approval (US)","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer: first 18F PSMA agent","from":"pylarify","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-28","precision":"day","title":"Sotorasib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, KRAS G12C NSCLC after ≥1 therapy: first KRAS inhibitor","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Adagrasib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Disitamab vedotin: approval (China)","note":"Conditional approval, HER2+ gastric cancer after ≥2 lines","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Galleri: filing (US)","note":"Launched as a laboratory-developed test","from":"galleri","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Teclistamab: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-07","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Endometrial cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of dostarlimab for dMMR recurrent disease (April 2021, GARNET) and full approval of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (July 2021, KEYNOTE-775).","from":"endometrial","refs":["dostarlimab","pembrolizumab","lenvatinib","keynote-775"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-09","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Full approval and cisplatin-ineligible expansion (EV-301)","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-21","precision":"day","title":"Lenvatinib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval, pMMR endometrial cancer (KEYNOTE-775)","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-26","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"High-risk early TNBC, neoadjuvant and adjuvant (KEYNOTE-522)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","note":"1 row added, 1 row removed. Anchored to FDA approval of neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab (July 2021, KEYNOTE-522); withdrawal of the atezolizumab TNBC indication (August 2021...","from":"tnbc","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-522","atezolizumab","impassion130"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08","precision":"month","title":"Atezolizumab: withdrawal (US)","note":"Genentech withdrew the US TNBC indication after the confirmatory IMpassion131 trial (paclitaxel partner) showed no progression-free or overall survival benefit and the FDA's accele...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-13","precision":"day","title":"Belzutifan: approval (US)","note":"VHL disease-associated RCC, CNS haemangioblastoma, pNET: first HIF-2α inhibitor","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"dMMR solid tumours (tumour-agnostic, accelerated)","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-27","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: withdrawal (US)","note":"TNBC indication withdrawn after IMpassion131","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-09-20","precision":"day","title":"Tisotumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after chemotherapy (innovaTV 204)","from":"tisotumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2020-2021 updates for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"4 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of adjuvant osimertinib (December 2020, ADAURA), sotorasib and amivantamab (May 2021), adjuvant atezolizumab (October 2021, IMpower010).","from":"nsclc","refs":["osimertinib","adaura","sotorasib","adagrasib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 update for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of adjuvant abemaciclib, October 2021 (monarchE).","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["abemaciclib","monarche"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Cervical cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of tisotumab vedotin (September 2021) and approval of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for PD-L1 CPS 1 or above (October 2021, KEY...","from":"cervical","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-826","tisotumab-vedotin","innovatv-301"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"Signatera: approval (US)","note":"Medicare coverage for immunotherapy response monitoring, pan-cancer","from":"signatera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10-12","precision":"day","title":"Abemaciclib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant high-risk node-positive HR+/HER2- early breast cancer, Ki-67 ≥20% (monarchE)","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10-15","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant NSCLC, PD-L1 ≥1% (IMpower010)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-11","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG metastatic breast cancer 2021 (Gennari et al.) for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, November 2021.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["ribociclib","abemaciclib","palbociclib","alpelisib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Renal cell carcinoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of nivolumab plus cabozantinib (January 2021, CheckMate 9ER), pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib (August 2021, CLEAR) and adjuvant pembrolizumab...","from":"rcc","refs":["nivolumab","cabozantinib","pembrolizumab","lenvatinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-11-22","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval, pretreated metastatic TNBC","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-12-23","precision":"day","title":"Patritumab deruxtecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI and platinum","from":"patritumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-12-31","precision":"day","title":"Disitamab vedotin: approval (China)","note":"HER2-expressing urothelial cancer after platinum","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]}]},"route":"/years/2021/","neighbours":{"year":[{"id":"2020","kind":"year","name":"2020 in oncology","route":"/years/2020/"},{"id":"2022","kind":"year","name":"2022 in oncology","route":"/years/2022/"}]}}