{"entity":{"id":"aml-idh","kind":"cancer","name":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","aka":["IDH-mutant AML","IDH1-mutated AML","IDH2-mutated AML"],"tldr":"IDH-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia has a faulty metabolic enzyme that floods cells with a chemical that blocks maturation. Pills that shut the enzyme off, ivosidenib for IDH1 and enasidenib or olutasidenib for IDH2 and IDH1, let the leukaemia cells mature, and ivosidenib with azacitidine tripled survival in older patients.","summary":"Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 makes the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, which jams the DNA-demethylating enzymes that blood cells need to differentiate. IDH2 mutations (R140, R172) occur in roughly one in eight adult AML and IDH1 (R132) in about one in twelve. They co-occur with NPM1 and DNMT3A mutations and are enriched in older patients. Blocking the mutant enzyme does not kill the blast directly; it restores differentiation over weeks, and the price is differentiation syndrome in around a fifth of patients.\n\nEnasidenib, approved in 2017 for relapsed or refractory IDH2-mutated AML on a phase 1/2 study, was the first IDH inhibitor; its phase 3 IDHENTIFY trial against conventional care in older relapsed patients did not lengthen survival. Ivosidenib followed in 2018 for relapsed IDH1-mutated disease and, after AGILE (2022), for newly diagnosed patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy: ivosidenib plus azacitidine gave a median overall survival of 24.0 months against 7.9 months with azacitidine alone (hazard ratio 0.44). Olutasidenib, a second IDH1 inhibitor, was approved for relapsed disease in 2022.\n\nIDH-mutated leukaemias also respond unusually well to venetoclax with azacitidine, the VIALE-A subgroup showing the largest survival gain of any genotype, so the field now debates ivosidenib-azacitidine against venetoclax-azacitidine and tests triplets of all three. Resistance comes through second-site IDH mutations, isoform switching from IDH1 to IDH2, and emergence of RAS-pathway clones.","asOf":"2026-09-17","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Isocitrate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase"},{"label":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Myeloid Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1411"}],"tags":["subtype-page"],"related":[],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":["epigenetic-drugs"],"targets":["idh"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["differentiation-syndrome","eln-risk","hma"],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"group":"haematologic","burden":"About one in five adults with acute myeloid leukaemia carries a mutation in IDH1 or IDH2, more often in older patients and in leukaemia arising from a prior marrow disorder.","subtypes":["IDH1 R132-mutated AML (ivosidenib, olutasidenib)","IDH2 R140- and R172-mutated AML (enasidenib)","IDH-mutated AML with NPM1 co-mutation","IDH-mutated secondary AML from myelodysplastic syndromes"],"biomarkers":["IDH1 R132 and IDH2 R140/R172 mutations","2-hydroxyglutarate level","NPM1, DNMT3A and RAS co-mutations","ELN 2022 risk group","IDH mutation clearance as MRD"],"standardOfCare":[{"setting":"Newly diagnosed IDH1-mutated, unfit for intensive chemotherapy","approach":"Ivosidenib plus azacitidine (AGILE) or venetoclax plus azacitidine; triplets in trials.","refs":["ivosidenib","azacitidine","agile","venetoclax","viale-a"],"guideline":{"version":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Myeloid Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1411"}},{"setting":"Newly diagnosed, fit for intensive chemotherapy","approach":"7+3 induction with consolidation and transplant by ELN risk; IDH inhibitors added in trials.","refs":["cytarabine-7-3","allogeneic-hsct","ivosidenib"],"guideline":{"version":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Myeloid Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1411"}},{"setting":"Relapsed or refractory","approach":"Ivosidenib or olutasidenib for IDH1, enasidenib for IDH2; venetoclax-based combinations; transplant in responders.","refs":["ivosidenib","olutasidenib","enasidenib","venetoclax","allogeneic-hsct"],"guideline":{"version":"NCCN Guidelines: Acute Myeloid Leukemia","url":"https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1411"}}],"stateOfArt":["Ivosidenib plus azacitidine is a first-line standard for unfit IDH1-mutated patients after AGILE tripled median survival.","Three approved IDH inhibitors cover both genes in relapsed disease.","Venetoclax-azacitidine is especially active in IDH-mutated leukaemia, so two targeted options compete in the same patients."],"history":[{"year":2009,"title":"IDH1 mutations found in AML after their discovery in glioma","refs":["idh"]},{"year":2017,"title":"Enasidenib: first IDH inhibitor approved, for relapsed IDH2-mutated AML","refs":["enasidenib"]},{"year":2018,"title":"Ivosidenib approved for relapsed IDH1-mutated AML","refs":["ivosidenib"]},{"year":2022,"title":"AGILE: ivosidenib plus azacitidine lengthens life in newly diagnosed unfit patients; olutasidenib approved","refs":["agile","ivosidenib","olutasidenib"]}],"pipeline":["olutasidenib","venetoclax","myelomatch","epigenetic-drugs"],"openProblems":["Ivosidenib-azacitidine or venetoclax-azacitidine first, or all three together.","Managing differentiation syndrome without stopping an effective drug.","Isoform switching and second-site mutations that escape a single IDH inhibitor."],"parent":"aml"},"route":"/cancers/aml-idh/","neighbours":{"technology":[{"id":"allogeneic-hsct","kind":"technology","name":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation","route":"/technologies/allogeneic-hsct/"},{"id":"epigenetic-drugs","kind":"technology","name":"Epigenetic drugs (HDAC, DNMT, EZH2, IDH, menin, BET)","route":"/technologies/epigenetic-drugs/"}],"target":[{"id":"idh","kind":"target","name":"IDH1 / IDH2","route":"/targets/idh/"}],"term":[{"id":"differentiation-syndrome","kind":"term","name":"Differentiation syndrome","route":"/terms/differentiation-syndrome/"},{"id":"eln-risk","kind":"term","name":"ELN 2022 risk classification","route":"/terms/eln-risk/"},{"id":"hma","kind":"term","name":"Hypomethylating agents (azacitidine, decitabine)","route":"/terms/hma/"}],"drug":[{"id":"azacitidine","kind":"drug","name":"Azacitidine","route":"/drugs/azacitidine/"},{"id":"cytarabine-7-3","kind":"drug","name":"Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3')","route":"/drugs/cytarabine-7-3/"},{"id":"enasidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Enasidenib","route":"/drugs/enasidenib/"},{"id":"ivosidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Ivosidenib","route":"/drugs/ivosidenib/"},{"id":"olutasidenib","kind":"drug","name":"Olutasidenib","route":"/drugs/olutasidenib/"},{"id":"venetoclax","kind":"drug","name":"Venetoclax","route":"/drugs/venetoclax/"}],"trial":[{"id":"agile","kind":"trial","name":"AGILE","route":"/trials/agile/"},{"id":"myelomatch","kind":"trial","name":"myeloMATCH","route":"/trials/myelomatch/"},{"id":"viale-a","kind":"trial","name":"VIALE-A","route":"/trials/viale-a/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"aml","kind":"cancer","name":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","route":"/cancers/aml/"}]}}