{"entity":{"id":"cd28","kind":"target","name":"CD28","aka":["CD28 molecule","CD28 costimulatory receptor"],"tldr":"CD28 is the second signal a T cell needs before it attacks. Many CAR-T cells carry a piece of CD28 inside them to fire harder, ipilimumab works by stopping CTLA-4 from hogging CD28's partners, and a new bispecific antibody presses CD28 directly on T cells that are already bound to prostate cancer cells.","summary":"CD28 (chromosome 2q33.2) is the T-cell receptor for CD80 and CD86 that drives T-cell activation, proliferation and survival: it amplifies T-cell receptor signals and delivers its own, recruiting PKC-theta and GRB2 to activate NF-kappa-B through PI3K/AKT-dependent and independent routes and raising proliferation and IL-2 production in CD4 and CD8 T cells (UniProt P10747). In OnCo it appears three ways: as the costimulatory domain built into the CD19 CAR-T products axicabtagene and brexucabtagene (the lisocabtagene record notes slower expansion and less CRS and ICANS than CD28-based products); as the receptor CTLA-4 outcompetes for B7 ligands, the priming step ipilimumab releases; and as the T-cell arm of JNJ-87189401, a PSMA x CD28 costimulatory bispecific in phase 3 for prostate cancer.","asOf":"2026-09-22","links":[{"label":"HGNC HGNC:1653","url":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:1653"},{"label":"UniProt P10747","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P10747/entry"},{"label":"NCBI Gene 940","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/940"}],"tags":["wave5-target"],"related":["ipilimumab","axicabtagene-ciloleucel","brexucabtagene-autoleucel","lisocabtagene-maraleucel","ctla4","cd80","psma"],"cancers":["prostate","dlbcl"],"sections":[],"technologies":["car-t","bispecific-antibody"],"targets":[],"drugs":["jnj-87189401"],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":["cancer-immunity-cycle","pd1-checkpoint"],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Prevalence not recorded in this wave: HGNC and UniProt carry no positivity rates and no other source was consulted."],"provenance":{"editedBy":"OnCo content wave 5 (HGNC REST, UniProt REST, corpus drug and pathway records)","editedOn":"2026-09-22"},"symbol":"CD28","hgnc":"HGNC:1653","ensembl":"ENSG00000178562","uniprot":"P10747","entrez":"940","biology":"CD28 is constitutively expressed on T cells, and CD80 on antigen-presenting cells is its primary auxiliary signal (UniProt P33681). The bispecific approach costimulates only T cells whose other arm is already engaged with a tumour antigen, here PSMA.","whereFound":["T cells (constitutive); the costimulatory domain of CD19 CAR-T products","Prostate cancer (PSMA x CD28 bispecific JNJ-87189401)"],"targetClass":"surface-antigen","prevalence":[]},"route":"/targets/cd28/","neighbours":{"drug":[{"id":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel","route":"/drugs/axicabtagene-ciloleucel/"},{"id":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel","route":"/drugs/brexucabtagene-autoleucel/"},{"id":"ipilimumab","kind":"drug","name":"Ipilimumab","route":"/drugs/ipilimumab/"},{"id":"jnj-87189401","kind":"drug","name":"JNJ-87189401","route":"/drugs/jnj-87189401/"},{"id":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","kind":"drug","name":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel","route":"/drugs/lisocabtagene-maraleucel/"}],"target":[{"id":"cd137","kind":"target","name":"CD137 (4-1BB, TNFRSF9)","route":"/targets/cd137/"},{"id":"cd80","kind":"target","name":"CD80 (B7-1)","route":"/targets/cd80/"},{"id":"ctla4","kind":"target","name":"CTLA-4","route":"/targets/ctla4/"},{"id":"psma","kind":"target","name":"PSMA","route":"/targets/psma/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"dlbcl","kind":"cancer","name":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/dlbcl/"},{"id":"prostate","kind":"cancer","name":"Prostate cancer","route":"/cancers/prostate/"}],"technology":[{"id":"bispecific-antibody","kind":"technology","name":"Bispecific antibodies","route":"/technologies/bispecific-antibody/"},{"id":"car-t","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T cell therapy","route":"/technologies/car-t/"}],"pathway":[{"id":"pd1-checkpoint","kind":"pathway","name":"PD-1 / PD-L1 immune checkpoint & T-cell activation","route":"/pathways/pd1-checkpoint/"},{"id":"cancer-immunity-cycle","kind":"pathway","name":"The cancer-immunity cycle","route":"/pathways/cancer-immunity-cycle/"}]}}