{"entity":{"id":"gsr","kind":"target","name":"Glutathione reductase","aka":[],"tldr":"Glutathione reductase regenerates the cell's main antioxidant; the nitrosourea carmustine inhibits it as a side action to its DNA cross-linking, which adds to the drug's toxicity as well as its effect.","summary":"Glutathione reductase converts oxidised glutathione back to its reduced form, maintaining the cell's largest pool of antioxidant. Carmustine (BCNU), the nitrosourea used in glioma and in high-dose conditioning for lymphoma, carbamoylates the enzyme and inactivates it, so cells treated with the drug face oxidative stress as well as DNA cross-links; the effect is thought to contribute to carmustine's lung toxicity. Because tumours with high glutathione levels resist alkylating agents and platinum drugs, the glutathione system as a whole is a target for chemosensitisation.","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_reductase","links":[{"label":"UniProt P00390: GSR","url":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P00390/entry"},{"label":"HGNC:4623 GSR","url":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:4623"},{"label":"ChEMBL target CHEMBL2755","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/target/CHEMBL2755"}],"tags":["chembl-gap"],"related":["txnrd1"],"cancers":["glioblastoma","dlbcl"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":["carmustine"],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"notes":[],"symbol":"GSR","biology":"A dimeric flavoenzyme using NADPH to reduce glutathione disulphide; part of the pentose phosphate and antioxidant network in every cell.","whereFound":["All cells, high in liver and red blood cells","Gliomas and lymphomas treated with carmustine"],"targetClass":"enzyme","prevalence":[]},"route":"/targets/gsr/","neighbours":{"target":[{"id":"txnrd1","kind":"target","name":"Thioredoxin reductase 1","route":"/targets/txnrd1/"}],"cancer":[{"id":"dlbcl","kind":"cancer","name":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","route":"/cancers/dlbcl/"},{"id":"glioblastoma","kind":"cancer","name":"Glioma & glioblastoma","route":"/cancers/glioblastoma/"}],"drug":[{"id":"carmustine","kind":"drug","name":"Carmustine","route":"/drugs/carmustine/"}]}}