{"entity":{"id":"humanised-mouse-models","kind":"technology","name":"Humanised mouse models","aka":[],"tldr":"Immunodeficient mice given a human immune system from stem cells, so human immunotherapies and CAR-T cells can be tested against human tumours in a living animal.","summary":"Immunodeficient strains such as NSG and NOG accept human cells. Engrafting human CD34-positive haematopoietic stem cells or peripheral blood cells gives the mice a partly human immune system, which allows patient-derived tumours to be studied with human checkpoint inhibitors, bispecifics and cell therapies. Incomplete immune development, graft-versus-host disease with mature cells and high cost limit their use, and newer strains express human cytokines to improve myeloid and NK cell reconstitution.","status":"established","asOf":"2026-09-04","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_mouse","links":[{"label":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_mouse"}],"tags":[],"related":[],"cancers":[],"sections":["drug-discovery"],"technologies":["pdx-models","car-t"],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"notes":[],"principle":"Immunodeficient mice are irradiated and engrafted with human haematopoietic stem cells or lymphocytes, then implanted with human tumour cells or patient-derived xenografts.","strengths":["Human immune-tumour interaction in vivo","Test agents that do not cross-react with mouse targets"],"limitations":["Incomplete immune reconstitution","Graft-versus-host disease","Expensive and variable"]},"route":"/technologies/humanised-mouse-models/","neighbours":{"section":[{"id":"drug-discovery","kind":"section","name":"Drug Discovery Platforms","route":"/fronts/drug-discovery/"}],"technology":[{"id":"car-t","kind":"technology","name":"CAR-T cell therapy","route":"/technologies/car-t/"},{"id":"pdx-models","kind":"technology","name":"Patient-derived xenografts","route":"/technologies/pdx-models/"}]}}