{"entity":{"id":"paper-achrol-nat-rev-dis-primers","kind":"paper","name":"Brain metastases","aka":[],"tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30655533 and published in Nature reviews. Disease primers; the citing page links this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","summary":"An estimated 20% of all patients with cancer will develop brain metastases, with the majority of brain metastases occurring in those with lung, breast and colorectal cancers, melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Brain metastases are thought to occur via seeding of circulating tumour cells into the brain microvasculature; within this unique microenvironment, tumour growth is promoted and the penetration of systemic medical therapies is limited. Development of brain metastases remains a substantial contributor to overall cancer mortality in patients with advanced-stage cancer because prognosis remains poor despite multimodal treatments and advances in systemic therapies, which include a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Thus, interest abounds in understanding the mechanisms that drive brain metastases so that they can be targeted with preventive therapeutic strategies and in understanding the molecular characteristics of brain metastases relative to the primary tumour so that they can inform targeted therapy selection. Increased molecular understanding of the disease will also drive continued development of novel immunotherapies and targeted therapies that have higher bioavailability beyond the blood-tumour barrier and drive advances in radiotherapies and minimally invasive surgical techniques. As these discoveries and innovations move from the realm of basic science to preclinical and clinical applications, future outcomes for patients with brain metastases are almost certain to improve.\n\nIndexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 30655533 (DOI 10.1038/s41572-018-0055-y). Matched by DOI alone: one bottleneck page cites this DOI among its external links (the pages are listed under Related), and this page was written so that the citation resolves inside OnCo. No figure has been checked by an editor.","asOf":"2026-09-22","links":[{"label":"Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0055-y"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30655533/"},{"label":"Europe PMC","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30655533"}],"tags":["europepmc-ingest"],"related":["b-brain-delivery"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"Nature reviews. Disease primers","year":2019,"doi":"10.1038/s41572-018-0055-y","pmid":"30655533","authors":"Achrol AS, Rennert RC, Anders C, et al.","paperType":"review","findings":[],"whatItMeans":"One bottleneck page on OnCo cites this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing page listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.","caveats":["Matched to the citing OnCo records by DOI alone; the summary reproduces the Europe PMC abstract and no figure has been verified against the full paper."]},"route":"/key-papers/paper-achrol-nat-rev-dis-primers/","neighbours":{"bottleneck":[{"id":"b-brain-delivery","kind":"bottleneck","name":"The brain: barrier and sanctuary","route":"/bottlenecks/b-brain-delivery/"}]}}