{"entity":{"id":"paper-interfant-99-lancet-2007","kind":"paper","name":"Interfant-99: a treatment protocol for infants under one year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","aka":[],"tldr":"The first international infant leukaemia trial established a hybrid chemotherapy backbone and showed that a late intensification course did not help, while identifying age under six months, KMT2A rearrangement and poor steroid response as the key risk factors.","summary":"International observational study and randomised trial of 482 infants with ALL treated with a hybrid protocol including elements of ALL and AML therapy, with randomisation to a late intensification course or not.\n\nFour-year event-free survival was 47 percent overall with no benefit from late intensification; KMT2A rearrangement, age under six months, high white count and poor prednisone response defined high-risk infants with event-free survival around 20 percent.","asOf":"2026-09-17","links":[{"label":"Lancet 2007","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61126-X"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17658395/"}],"tags":[],"related":[],"cancers":["all-infant"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":["lancet"],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"The Lancet","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61126-X","pmid":"17658395","authors":"Pieters R, Schrappe M, De Lorenzo P, et al.","paperType":"rct","findings":["Four-year event-free survival 47 percent overall.","No benefit from late intensification (hazard ratio 1.07)."],"whatItMeans":"Interfant-99 defined the risk groups and backbone used in Interfant-06 and Interfant-21.","caveats":["Outcomes remained poor for high-risk infants, motivating later immunotherapy."],"changedPractice":true,"participants":482},"route":"/key-papers/paper-interfant-99-lancet-2007/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"all-infant","kind":"cancer","name":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","route":"/cancers/all-infant/"}],"journal":[{"id":"lancet","kind":"journal","name":"The Lancet","route":"/journals/lancet/"}]}}