{"entity":{"id":"paper-loree-jama-oncol","kind":"paper","name":"Disparity of Race Reporting and Representation in Clinical Trials Leading to Cancer Drug Approvals From 2008 to 2018","aka":[],"tldr":"Paper cited by one bottleneck page and 14 idea pages, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31415071 and published in JAMA Oncology; the citing pages link this DOI, which is how the record was matched.","summary":"Importance: Representative racial/ethnic participation in research, especially in clinical trials that establish standards of care, is necessary to minimize disparities in outcomes and to uphold societal equity in health care.\n\nObjective: To evaluate the frequency of race reporting and proportional race representation in trials supporting US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oncology drug approvals.\n\nDesign, setting, and participants: Database study of all reported trials supporting FDA oncology drug approvals granted between July 2008 and June 2018. Primary reports of trials were obtained from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. Food and Drug Administration approvals were identified using the FDA archives. The US population-based cancer estimates by race were calculated using National Cancer Institute-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and US Census databases.\n\nMain outcomes and measures: Primary outcomes were the proportion of trials reporting race and the proportion of patients by race participating in trials. Secondary outcomes included race subgroup analyses reporting and gaps between race proportion in trials and the US population. Descriptive statistics, Fisher exact, and χ2 tests were used to analyze the data. Proportions and odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs were reported.\n\nResults: Among 230 trials with a total of 112 293 participants, 145 (63.0%) reported on at least 1 race, 18 (7.8%) documented the 4 major races in the United States (white, Asian, black, and Hispanic), and 58 (25.2%) reported race subgroup analyses. Reporting on white, Asian, black, and Hispanic races was included in 144 (62.6%), 110 (47.8%), 88 (38.2%), and 23 (10.0%) trials, respectively. Between July 2008 and June 2013 vs July 2013 and June 2018, the number of trials reporting race (45 [56.6%] vs 100 [67.1%]; OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.93-2.87; P =.09) and race subgroup analysis (13 [16.1%] vs 45 [30.2%]; OR, 2.26, 95% CI, 1.16-4.67; P =.03) changed minimally and varied across races. Whites, Asians, blacks, and Hispanics represented 76.3%, 18.3%, 3.1% and 6.1% of trial participants, respectively, and the proportion for each race enrolled over time changed nominally (blacks, 3.6% vs 2.9% and Hispanics, 5.3% vs 6.7%) from July 2008 to June 2013 vs July 2013 to June 2018. Compared with their proportion of US cancer incidence, blacks (22% of expected) and Hispanics (44% of expected) were underrepresented compared with whites (98% of expected) and Asians (438% of expected).\n\nConclusions and relevance: Race and race subgroup analysis reporting occurs infrequently, and black and Hispanic races are consistently underrepresented compared with their burden of cancer incidence in landmark trials that led to FDA oncology drug approvals. Enhanced minority engagement is needed in trials to ensure the validity of results and reliable benefits to all.\n\nIndexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31415071 (DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1870). Matched by DOI alone: one bottleneck page and 14 idea pages cite this DOI among their external links (the pages are listed under Related), and this page was written so that the citation resolves inside OnCo. No figure has been checked by an editor.","asOf":"2026-09-22","links":[{"label":"JAMA Oncol 2019","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1870"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31415071/"},{"label":"Europe PMC","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31415071"}],"tags":["europepmc-ingest"],"related":["b-trial-diversity","idea-tr1-site-equity-index","idea-tr1-trial-desert-map","idea-tr1-sex-stratified-pk-and-dosing","idea-tr1-community-health-worker-recruitment","idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts","idea-tr1-duffy-null-neutrophil-threshold","idea-tr1-diverse-investigator-pipeline","idea-tr1-paid-community-advisory-boards","idea-tr1-parallel-comorbidity-cohorts","idea-tr1-lmic-sites-in-pivotal-trials","idea-tr1-post-marketing-safety-by-ancestry-and-sex","idea-tr1-disability-and-mental-illness-inclusion","idea-tr1-incidence-weighted-enrolment-targets","idea-tr1-include-pregnancy-capable-people-sensibly"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":["jama-oncology"],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"JAMA Oncology","year":2019,"doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1870","pmid":"31415071","authors":"Loree JM, Anand S, Dasari A, et al.","paperType":"observational","findings":[],"whatItMeans":"One bottleneck page and 14 idea pages on OnCo cite this paper by its DOI; this record gives the citation a page of its own so a reader can follow it without leaving OnCo. Read the abstract above alongside the citing pages listed under Related; the record was created automatically from the Europe PMC entry and its figures have not been checked by hand.","caveats":["Matched to the citing OnCo records by DOI alone; the summary reproduces the Europe PMC abstract and no figure has been verified against the full paper."]},"route":"/key-papers/paper-loree-jama-oncol/","neighbours":{"bottleneck":[{"id":"b-trial-diversity","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Trials do not represent the people who get cancer","route":"/bottlenecks/b-trial-diversity/"}],"idea":[{"id":"idea-tr1-site-equity-index","kind":"idea","name":"A public equity index for trial sites and sponsors, tied to funding","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-site-equity-index/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-trial-desert-map","kind":"idea","name":"A public map of trial deserts to steer where new sites open","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-trial-desert-map/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-sex-stratified-pk-and-dosing","kind":"idea","name":"Analyse and dose by sex: women get more toxicity from many cancer drugs at the same dose","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-sex-stratified-pk-and-dosing/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-community-health-worker-recruitment","kind":"idea","name":"Community health workers and trusted local organisations paid to recruit for trials","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-community-health-worker-recruitment/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts","kind":"idea","name":"Dedicated cohorts for patients with performance status 2 in first-line trials","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-ecog-2-dedicated-cohorts/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-duffy-null-neutrophil-threshold","kind":"idea","name":"Fix the neutrophil count rule that excludes many people of African ancestry","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-duffy-null-neutrophil-threshold/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-diverse-investigator-pipeline","kind":"idea","name":"Fund investigators from under-represented communities and community sites to lead trials","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-diverse-investigator-pipeline/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-paid-community-advisory-boards","kind":"idea","name":"Paid community advisory boards with power to change protocol burden","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-paid-community-advisory-boards/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-parallel-comorbidity-cohorts","kind":"idea","name":"Parallel real-world cohorts for sicker patients alongside every pivotal trial","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-parallel-comorbidity-cohorts/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-lmic-sites-in-pivotal-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Pivotal trials include sites in Africa, South Asia and Latin America, sponsor-funded","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-lmic-sites-in-pivotal-trials/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-post-marketing-safety-by-ancestry-and-sex","kind":"idea","name":"Post-marketing safety monitoring stratified by ancestry and sex, with label updates","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-post-marketing-safety-by-ancestry-and-sex/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-disability-and-mental-illness-inclusion","kind":"idea","name":"Remove blanket exclusions for mental illness and dementia; support consent instead","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-disability-and-mental-illness-inclusion/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-incidence-weighted-enrolment-targets","kind":"idea","name":"Set trial enrolment targets from who actually gets the disease, and publish progress live","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-incidence-weighted-enrolment-targets/"},{"id":"idea-tr1-include-pregnancy-capable-people-sensibly","kind":"idea","name":"Stop over-excluding people who could become pregnant; study pregnancy exposure","route":"/ideas/idea-tr1-include-pregnancy-capable-people-sensibly/"}],"journal":[{"id":"jama-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"JAMA Oncology","route":"/journals/jama-oncology/"}]}}