{"entity":{"id":"paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021","kind":"paper","name":"Immune microenvironment in gallbladder adenocarcinomas","aka":[],"tldr":"A small United States series found PD-L1 in almost every gallbladder adenocarcinoma and PD-1-bearing immune cells in most, with the number of T cells in the stroma predicting survival differently in small and large tumours.","summary":"PD-1 expression, not previously reported in gallbladder adenocarcinoma, was examined together with PD-L1 and T-cell markers in 47 cases. 98% (46 of 47) expressed PD-L1, 85% at 3+, and PD-1-positive tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were present in 78.7% (37 of 47). Tumours with PD-1-positive lymphocytes were smaller and had more stromal CD3-positive T cells.\n\nIn tumours under 3 cm, stromal CD3 above 115 or CD8 above 45 per high-power field went with much better survival; in tumours of 3 cm or more, PD-1-positive lymphocytes or stromal CD8 above 45 per high-power field carried significantly poorer survival. PD-1 did not correlate with lymphovascular invasion, distant metastasis or stage; stage and age were the independent prognostic factors.","asOf":"2026-09-24","links":[{"label":"Patil et al., Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021: immune microenvironment in 47 gallbladder adenocarcinomas","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/pai.0000000000000922"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33710123/"}],"tags":[],"related":[],"cancers":["gallbladder"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["pdl1","pd1"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["tils","ihc"],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology","year":2021,"doi":"10.1097/pai.0000000000000922","pmid":"33710123","authors":"Patil PA, Lombardo K, Cao W.","paperType":"observational","findings":["PD-L1 in 98% (46 of 47) of gallbladder adenocarcinomas, 85% at 3+; PD-1-positive infiltrating lymphocytes in 78.7%.","Tumours under 3 cm: stromal CD3 above 115 or CD8 above 45 per high-power field predicted better survival.","Tumours 3 cm or larger: PD-1-positive lymphocytes or high CD8 predicted worse survival."],"whatItMeans":"The 98% figure shows how much antibody and scoring choices matter: it sits against 14.7% and 23% in the two large series. The tumour-size-dependent effect of T-cell density is a hypothesis about immune exhaustion in bulkier tumours.","caveats":["47 cases from one centre; PD-L1 method and cut-off differ from the SP263 and TPS series.","Survival analyses in size-defined subgroups were small."],"changedPractice":false,"participants":47},"route":"/key-papers/paper-patil-gallbladder-immune-microenvironment-aimm-2021/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"}],"target":[{"id":"pd1","kind":"target","name":"PD-1","route":"/targets/pd1/"},{"id":"pdl1","kind":"target","name":"PD-L1","route":"/targets/pdl1/"}],"term":[{"id":"ihc","kind":"term","name":"Immunohistochemistry (IHC)","route":"/terms/ihc/"},{"id":"tils","kind":"term","name":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)","route":"/terms/tils/"}],"biomarker":[{"id":"pd-l1-tps","kind":"biomarker","name":"PD-L1 TPS (tumour proportion score)","route":"/biomarkers/pd-l1-tps/"}]}}