{"entity":{"id":"paper-pd-1-nsclc-am-j-clin-oncol-2016","kind":"paper","name":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways: Similarities, Differences, and Implications of Their Inhibition","aka":[],"tldr":"Review on PD-1 in Non-small-cell lung cancer, in American journal of clinical oncology (2016), one of the most cited Europe PMC records with PD-1 in its title.","summary":"The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoints are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of these targets, resulting in increased activation of the immune system, has led to new immunotherapies for melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and other cancers. Ipilimumab, an inhibitor of CTLA-4, is approved for the treatment of advanced or unresectable melanoma. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, both PD-1 inhibitors, are approved to treat patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma and patients with metastatic, refractory non-small cell lung cancer. In addition the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has been approved in patients with BRAF WT metastatic or unresectable melanoma. The roles of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in inhibiting immune responses, including antitumor responses, are largely distinct. CTLA-4 is thought to regulate T-cell proliferation early in an immune response, primarily in lymph nodes, whereas PD-1 suppresses T cells later in an immune response, primarily in peripheral tissues. The clinical profiles of immuno-oncology agents inhibiting these 2 checkpoints may vary based on their mechanistic differences. This article provides an overview of the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways and implications of their inhibition in cancer therapy.\n\nIndexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 26558876 (DOI 10.1097/coc.0000000000000239). Its title names PD-1 and its text names Non-small-cell lung cancer; PubMed types it as a review (review-article, Review). It was matched automatically to the idea \"Give immunotherapy in the morning\" and no figure has been checked by an editor.","asOf":"2026-09-22","links":[{"label":"Am J Clin Oncol 2016","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/coc.0000000000000239"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26558876/"},{"label":"Europe PMC","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26558876"}],"tags":["europepmc-ingest"],"related":[],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":["american-journal-of-clinical-oncology"],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"American journal of clinical oncology","year":2016,"doi":"10.1097/coc.0000000000000239","pmid":"26558876","authors":"Buchbinder EI, Desai A","paperType":"review","findings":[],"whatItMeans":"One of the most cited reviews Europe PMC returns for PD-1 in Non-small-cell lung cancer, so it is a natural first reading for anyone weighing the idea it is linked from. The record was linked automatically by title and abstract; read the abstract above and the paper itself before relying on any figure.","caveats":["Matched by PD-1 in the title and Non-small-cell lung cancer in the title or abstract of the Europe PMC record; the summary reproduces the record's abstract and no figure has been verified against the full paper.","A review summarises other studies; the primary reports it cites are the evidence."]},"route":"/key-papers/paper-pd-1-nsclc-am-j-clin-oncol-2016/","neighbours":{"journal":[{"id":"american-journal-of-clinical-oncology","kind":"journal","name":"American journal of clinical oncology","route":"/journals/american-journal-of-clinical-oncology/"}],"idea":[{"id":"idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Give immunotherapy in the morning","route":"/ideas/idea-chronotherapy-immunotherapy/"},{"id":"idea-microbiome-io-fmt","kind":"idea","name":"Microbiome transplant as a routine immunotherapy adjunct","route":"/ideas/idea-microbiome-io-fmt/"}]}}