{"entity":{"id":"paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025","kind":"paper","name":"Population-Specific Immunogenomic Alterations in Gallbladder Cancer and Prognostic Significance","aka":[],"tldr":"Gallbladder tumours from the United States and Chile carried the same set of mutated genes but very different immune cell make-up, which may bear on why immunotherapy helps only modestly and on how trials should be designed across regions.","summary":"Targeted next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry on two gallbladder cancer cohorts, from the United States (60) and Chile (62). Mutations in TP53, SMAD4, KRAS, PIK3CA, ARID2, ARID1A, ATM, FBXW7, ERBB2 and NF1 and amplifications of ERBB2, CCNE1, MDM2/CDK4 and CCND1 were found in both. Immune profiles differed: the Latin American cohort had higher densities of CD4-associated markers and PD-1 and lower CD68 macrophage density. Clustering suggested immune subgroups independent of mutations, and multiplexed single-cell imaging identified low CD4 with high VISTA as a candidate marker pair for poor outcome. The authors describe gallbladder cancer as an understudied disease and stress sensitivity to geography in therapeutic development.","asOf":"2026-09-24","links":[{"label":"Mod Pathol 2025","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.modpat.2025.100824"},{"label":"PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40541865/"}],"tags":["gallbladder-evidence"],"related":[],"cancers":["gallbladder"],"sections":[],"technologies":["cgp","checkpoint-inhibitor"],"targets":["tp53","smad4","kras","pik3ca","arid1a","her2","pd1"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":["md-anderson"],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":["b-rare-cancers","b-immunotherapy-response"],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"journal":"Modern Pathology","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.modpat.2025.100824","pmid":"40541865","authors":"Zhu Y, Solis Soto LM, Pant S, et al.","paperType":"translational","findings":["Shared mutated genes in US and Chilean cohorts: TP53, SMAD4, KRAS, PIK3CA, ARID2, ARID1A, ATM, FBXW7, ERBB2, NF1; amplifications in ERBB2, CCNE1, MDM2/CDK4, CCND1.","Latin American cohort: higher CD4 and PD-1 marker densities, lower CD68 macrophage density."],"whatItMeans":"Evidence that the immune environment of gallbladder cancer differs by population even when the mutations do not; a reason to report gallbladder cancer and its regions separately in immunotherapy trials rather than as one biliary subgroup.","caveats":["Two cohorts of about 60; discovery-level findings.","Marker-pair prognostic claim awaits validation."],"changedPractice":false,"participants":122},"route":"/key-papers/paper-zhu-population-specific-immunogenomics-gallbladder-cancer-mod-pathol-2025/","neighbours":{"cancer":[{"id":"gallbladder","kind":"cancer","name":"Gallbladder cancer","route":"/cancers/gallbladder/"}],"technology":[{"id":"cgp","kind":"technology","name":"Comprehensive genomic profiling","route":"/technologies/cgp/"},{"id":"checkpoint-inhibitor","kind":"technology","name":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors","route":"/technologies/checkpoint-inhibitor/"}],"target":[{"id":"arid1a","kind":"target","name":"ARID1A","route":"/targets/arid1a/"},{"id":"her2","kind":"target","name":"HER2","route":"/targets/her2/"},{"id":"kras","kind":"target","name":"KRAS","route":"/targets/kras/"},{"id":"pd1","kind":"target","name":"PD-1","route":"/targets/pd1/"},{"id":"pik3ca","kind":"target","name":"PIK3CA / PI3K-alpha","route":"/targets/pik3ca/"},{"id":"smad4","kind":"target","name":"SMAD4","route":"/targets/smad4/"},{"id":"tp53","kind":"target","name":"TP53","route":"/targets/tp53/"}],"institution":[{"id":"md-anderson","kind":"institution","name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center","route":"/institutions/md-anderson/"}],"bottleneck":[{"id":"b-immunotherapy-response","kind":"bottleneck","name":"No one can predict who responds to immunotherapy","route":"/bottlenecks/b-immunotherapy-response/"},{"id":"b-rare-cancers","kind":"bottleneck","name":"Rare and paediatric cancers without markets","route":"/bottlenecks/b-rare-cancers/"}],"roadmap":[{"id":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials","route":"/roadmaps/gallbladder-cancer-roadmap/"}],"idea":[{"id":"idea-gbc-burden-to-funding-audit-and-dedicated-call","kind":"idea","name":"A burden-to-funding audit for gallbladder cancer and a dedicated research call","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-burden-to-funding-audit-and-dedicated-call/"},{"id":"idea-gbc-report-gallbladder-separately-in-biliary-trials","kind":"idea","name":"Report gallbladder cancer as its own population in every biliary trial","route":"/ideas/idea-gbc-report-gallbladder-separately-in-biliary-trials/"}]}}