[{"id":"paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020","name":"A probabilistic classification tool for genetic subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications","tldr":"A tool that takes one patient's tumour genetics and gives the probability that it belongs to each of seven genetic groups, rather than sorting whole cohorts into clusters.","route":"/key-papers/paper-wright-lymphgen-genetic-subtypes-dlbcl-cancer-cell-2020/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=cell.com&sz=128","sub":"Wright GW, Huang DW, Phelan JD, et al. · Cancer Cell 2020","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Primary CNS lymphoma","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin","name":"A radiotherapy-free cure for early Hodgkin lymphoma that actually holds","tldr":"Every attempt to drop radiotherapy from early Hodgkin lymphoma on the strength of a clear scan has cost people their remission. Changing the chemotherapy as well is the next attempt.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-radiotherapy-free-early-hodgkin/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958","name":"A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children","tldr":"A surgeon working in Uganda described a tumour of the jaw in children that nobody had named, and the pattern of where it occurred led, six years later, to the discovery of the first human cancer virus.","route":"/key-papers/paper-burkitt-sarcoma-involving-jaws-african-children-br-j-surg-1958/","kind":"paper","sub":"Burkitt D. · British Journal of Surgery 1958","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Burkitt lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["1958"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Burkitt lymphoma","href":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","tip":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1958"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1958}},{"id":"paper-echo-acalabrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-jco-2025","name":"Acalabrutinib plus bendamustine-rituximab in untreated mantle cell lymphoma","tldr":"Repeating the SHINE design with a more selective targeted tablet gave another seventeen months before relapse, and again did not extend life.","route":"/key-papers/paper-echo-acalabrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-jco-2025/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Wang M, Salek D, Belada D, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2025","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981","name":"Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera","tldr":"Japanese researchers found an antigen in cells from a patient with an unusual leukaemia, then found antibodies to it in every one of 44 patients with that leukaemia and in a quarter of healthy adults where the disease clusters.","route":"/key-papers/paper-hinuma-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-antigen-pnas-1981/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=pnas.org&sz=128","sub":"Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M, et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1981","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["1981"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1981"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1981}},{"id":"ahl2011","name":"AHL2011","tldr":"Starting with the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy and switching to the gentler standard once the scan cleared gave the same results with markedly less anaemia, low platelets and infection.","route":"/trials/ahl2011/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01358747","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"calgb-50303","name":"Alliance/CALGB 50303","tldr":"An intensive infusion chemotherapy schedule, widely believed to be better for aggressive lymphoma, was compared head to head with the standard and was not better, only harder to tolerate.","route":"/trials/calgb-50303/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT00118209","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"arched","name":"ARCHED","tldr":"A German trial adding a targeted tablet to the reduced-dose chemotherapy used for older people with aggressive lymphoma, to see whether it delays relapse.","route":"/trials/arched/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT05820841","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line","name":"Assign first-line treatment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by genetic subtype, not by a three-antibody stain","tldr":"Three genetic classifications of the commonest aggressive lymphoma exist and none of them yet decides anyone's treatment. The trial that would change that has not been run.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-genetic-subtype-directed-first-line/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022","name":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","tldr":"The first CAR-T trial in slow-growing lymphoma: more than nine in ten responded and three quarters went into complete remission, with severe neurological events in about one in five.","route":"/key-papers/paper-zuma-5-axi-cel-indolent-lymphoma-lancet-oncol-2022/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=thelancet.com&sz=128","sub":"Jacobson CA, Chavez JC, Sehgal AR, et al. · Lancet Oncology 2022","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003","name":"Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease","tldr":"In young women treated for Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer risk rose with the radiation dose to the breast, and fell when chemotherapy or radiation had stopped the ovaries working.","route":"/key-papers/paper-travis-breast-cancer-after-hodgkin-radiotherapy-jama-2003/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=jamanetwork.com&sz=128","sub":"Travis LB, Hill DA, Dores GM, et al. · JAMA 2003","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2003"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2003"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2003}},{"id":"paper-echelon-3-brentuximab-lenalidomide-rituximab-dlbcl-jco-2025","name":"Brentuximab vedotin combination for relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Adding a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate to a tablet-and-antibody pairing added about five months of median survival for heavily pretreated people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma.","route":"/key-papers/paper-echelon-3-brentuximab-lenalidomide-rituximab-dlbcl-jco-2025/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Bartlett NL, Hahn U, Kim WS, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2025","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015","name":"Cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment: 40-year disease risk","tldr":"Half of 2,524 people treated for Hodgkin lymphoma developed heart or valve disease within forty years, and the risk was still four to six times the general population's after thirty-five years.","route":"/key-papers/paper-van-nimwegen-cardiovascular-disease-after-hodgkin-jama-intern-med-2015/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=jamanetwork.com&sz=128","sub":"van Nimwegen FA, Schaapveld M, Janus CP, et al. · JAMA Internal Medicine 2015","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2015"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2015"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2015}},{"id":"paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004","name":"Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray","tldr":"Three ordinary laboratory stains, available in any hospital, were shown to sort lymphoma into the same two prognostic groups that an expensive gene-expression machine had found.","route":"/key-papers/paper-hans-immunohistochemistry-cell-of-origin-dlbcl-blood-2004/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ashpublications.org&sz=128","sub":"Hans CP, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, et al. · Blood 2004","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2004"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2004"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2004}},{"id":"paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980","name":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"The first retrovirus found in people was isolated from the blood cells of a patient with a skin lymphoma, and turned out to cause a leukaemia endemic in southern Japan and the Caribbean.","route":"/key-papers/paper-poiesz-htlv-retrovirus-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-pnas-1980/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=pnas.org&sz=128","sub":"Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1980","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["1980"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1980"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1980}},{"id":"paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016","name":"Distinct biological subtypes and patterns of genome evolution in lymphoma revealed by circulating tumour DNA","tldr":"A blood test read the genetic type of a lymphoma without a biopsy, detected disease left behind better than scans did, and spotted the change from a slow lymphoma into an aggressive one before it showed.","route":"/key-papers/paper-scherer-ctdna-lymphoma-subtypes-genome-evolution-sci-transl-med-2016/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=science.org&sz=128","sub":"Scherer F, Kurtz DM, Newman AM, et al. · Science Translational Medicine 2016","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"paper-calgb-50303-da-epoch-r-vs-r-chop-jco-2019","name":"Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R compared with R-CHOP as frontline therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical outcomes of the phase III intergroup trial Alliance/CALGB 50303","tldr":"An intensive infusional chemotherapy regimen that many centres had adopted on single-arm evidence was no better than the standard when finally compared head to head, and was harder to tolerate.","route":"/key-papers/paper-calgb-50303-da-epoch-r-vs-r-chop-jco-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Bartlett NL, Wilson WH, Jung SH, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017","name":"Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial","tldr":"In early Hodgkin lymphoma, switching to more intensive chemotherapy when the scan was still positive raised five-year freedom from progression from 77 to 91 per cent.","route":"/key-papers/paper-eortc-h10-pet-adapted-early-hodgkin-jco-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015","name":"Early relapse of follicular lymphoma after R-CHOP defines patients at high risk for death: an analysis from the National LymphoCare Study","tldr":"One in five people whose follicular lymphoma came back within two years of first treatment had half the five-year survival of everyone else, which is why that two-year mark now changes the plan.","route":"/key-papers/paper-casulo-pod24-follicular-lymphoma-jco-2015/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Casulo C, Byrtek M, Dawson KL, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2015"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2015"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2015}},{"id":"elara","name":"ELARA","tldr":"A single infusion of a patient's own reprogrammed immune cells cleared follicular lymphoma completely in about seven out of ten people who had already been through several treatments.","route":"/trials/elara/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT03568461","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"enrich","name":"ENRICH","tldr":"A British and Nordic trial took chemotherapy out of first-line treatment for older people with mantle cell lymphoma and found the two-drug, chemotherapy-free combination worked better.","route":"/trials/enrich/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"eortc-h10","name":"EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10","tldr":"In early Hodgkin lymphoma, people whose scan was still positive after two rounds did much better on more intensive chemotherapy, and people whose scan was clear still needed their radiotherapy.","route":"/trials/eortc-h10/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00433433","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-ielsg-19-chlorambucil-rituximab-malt-jco-2017","name":"Final results of the IELSG-19 randomized trial of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: improved event-free and progression-free survival with rituximab plus chlorambucil versus either chlorambucil or rituximab monotherapy","tldr":"The first randomised trial of first-line drug treatment for MALT lymphoma: the combination of an old tablet and an antibody beat either alone on relapse, and nobody lived longer.","route":"/key-papers/paper-ielsg-19-chlorambucil-rituximab-malt-jco-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Zucca E, Conconi A, Martinelli G, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line","name":"Fixed-duration, chemotherapy-free first-line treatment for the indolent lymphomas","tldr":"Several treatments now work without chemotherapy, but most are given until the disease comes back. Giving them for a fixed time and stopping is the version patients would choose.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-fixed-duration-chemotherapy-free-first-line/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"flyer","name":"FLYER","tldr":"Young people with early, low-risk aggressive lymphoma got two fewer rounds of chemotherapy and did just as well, with about a third fewer side effects recorded.","route":"/trials/flyer/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT00278421","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"fortplus","name":"FORTplus","tldr":"A trial testing whether a radiotherapy dose one sixth of the standard works as well for early follicular lymphoma when an antibody is given alongside it.","route":"/trials/fortplus/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT05045664","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-flyer-four-vs-six-cycles-r-chop-lancet-2019","name":"Four versus six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy in combination with six applications of rituximab in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma with favourable prognosis (FLYER)","tldr":"Young people with early, low-risk aggressive lymphoma did just as well with four rounds of chemotherapy as with six, and had roughly a quarter fewer side effects.","route":"/key-papers/paper-flyer-four-vs-six-cycles-r-chop-lancet-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Poeschel V, Held G, Ziepert M, et al. · Lancet 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018","name":"Genetics and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Sequencing 574 lymphomas found four genetic patterns that recur, two of which depend on a signalling route that an existing tablet can block.","route":"/key-papers/paper-schmitz-genetics-pathogenesis-dlbcl-nejm-2018/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Schmitz R, Wright GW, Huang DW, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2018","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"hd10","name":"GHSG HD10","tldr":"Halving the chemotherapy and cutting the radiation dose by a third worked just as well for early Hodgkin lymphoma with favourable features, and caused fewer side effects.","route":"/trials/hd10/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00265018","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"hd16","name":"GHSG HD16","tldr":"Trying to spare people radiotherapy by using a clear scan after two rounds of chemotherapy cost them about seven in a hundred in disease control, so the radiotherapy stayed.","route":"/trials/hd16/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00736320","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"hd18","name":"GHSG HD18","tldr":"People whose scan was clear after two rounds of the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy could stop after four rounds instead of six or eight, with the same disease control and far fewer severe infections.","route":"/trials/hd18/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00515554","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"goya","name":"GOYA","tldr":"A newer antibody against the same target as rituximab was tested in first-line treatment for the commonest aggressive lymphoma and did not work better, while causing more side effects.","route":"/trials/goya/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT01287741","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-enrich-ibrutinib-rituximab-mantle-cell-lancet-2025","name":"Ibrutinib and rituximab versus immunochemotherapy in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma (ENRICH): a randomised, open-label, phase 2/3 superiority trial","tldr":"The first trial to show that a chemotherapy-free first-line combination beats immunochemotherapy in older people with mantle cell lymphoma.","route":"/key-papers/paper-enrich-ibrutinib-rituximab-mantle-cell-lancet-2025/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Lewis DJ, Jerkeman M, Sorrell L, et al. · Lancet 2025","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"paper-shine-ibrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-nejm-2022","name":"Ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to first-line chemotherapy gave older people with mantle cell lymphoma about two and a half more years before relapse, without helping them live longer.","route":"/key-papers/paper-shine-ibrutinib-bendamustine-rituximab-mantle-cell-nejm-2022/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Wang ML, Jurczak W, Jerkeman M, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2022","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"ielsg-19","name":"IELSG-19","tldr":"The first randomised trial of first-line drug treatment for MALT lymphoma found that combining an old tablet with an antibody delayed relapse better than either alone, without anyone living longer.","route":"/trials/ielsg-19/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"malt-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00210353","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"jcog9801","name":"JCOG9801","tldr":"The only randomised trial ever run exclusively in the virus-driven T-cell leukaemia found an intensive Japanese regimen better than standard chemotherapy, at the cost of much more severe low blood counts.","route":"/trials/jcog9801/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00145002","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2007"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2007"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2007}},{"id":"juliet","name":"JULIET","tldr":"The pivotal study of the second CAR-T cell product approved for adult lymphoma, which put about a third of people with no remaining options into a lasting remission.","route":"/trials/juliet/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT02445248","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-remarc-lenalidomide-maintenance-dlbcl-jco-2017","name":"Lenalidomide maintenance compared with placebo in responding elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with first-line R-CHOP","tldr":"Two years of a tablet after chemotherapy delayed relapse in older people with aggressive lymphoma but did not help them live longer.","route":"/key-papers/paper-remarc-lenalidomide-maintenance-dlbcl-jco-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Thieblemont C, Tilly H, Gomes da Silva M, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020","name":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study","tldr":"The pivotal study of the third CAR-T product for lymphoma, built from a fixed one-to-one mix of two kinds of T cell, with severe immune side effects in only a small minority.","route":"/key-papers/paper-transcend-nhl-001-liso-cel-lancet-2020/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Abramson JS, Palomba ML, Gordon LI, et al. · Lancet 2020","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"lyma","name":"LyMa","tldr":"Three years of an antibody every two months after a stem cell transplant kept younger people with mantle cell lymphoma in remission longer and helped them live longer.","route":"/trials/lyma/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00921414","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now","name":"Measure the late effects of the treatments being given now, not the ones given in 1975","tldr":"Everything known about the long-term cost of curing lymphoma comes from people treated decades ago with much larger radiation fields. Nobody knows the forty-year risks of what is given today.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-late-effects-of-the-treatments-given-now/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"hodgkin-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018","name":"Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes","tldr":"Reading the whole genetic picture of 304 lymphomas, rather than one gene at a time, sorted them into five groups that arise by different routes and respond differently.","route":"/key-papers/paper-chapuy-molecular-subtypes-dlbcl-nat-med-2018/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=nature.com&sz=128","sub":"Chapuy B, Stewart C, Dunford AJ, et al. · Nature Medicine 2018","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"mosun-lbt-fl","name":"Mosunetuzumab against rituximab in low tumour burden follicular lymphoma","tldr":"A large American trial testing whether a two-headed antibody that recruits the immune system should replace the standard antibody as the first treatment for slow-growing follicular lymphoma.","route":"/trials/mosun-lbt-fl/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT06337318","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mosun-len-mzl","name":"Mosunetuzumab with lenalidomide in relapsed marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"A European trial for a lymphoma that rarely gets its own study, testing a two-headed antibody with a tablet against the three combinations doctors currently choose between.","route":"/trials/mosun-len-mzl/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"marginal-zone-lymphoma","sub":"NCT06006117","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","href":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","tip":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab."},{"label":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that grows in the spleen and bone marrow, causing a very large spleen and a raised lymphocyte count but rarely swollen lymph nodes. Many people need no treatment for years; when they do, rituximab has largely replaced removal of the spleen, and hepatitis C should be treated first where it is present."},{"label":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma of the lymph nodes that looks like the MALT and splenic types under the microscope but has no organ or spleen involvement to explain it. It lacks a diagnostic marker, so it is diagnosed by excluding the other small B-cell lymphomas, and it is treated like follicular lymphoma with rituximab-based therapy."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-goya-obinutuzumab-vs-rituximab-chop-dlbcl-jco-2017","name":"Obinutuzumab or rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"A newer antibody against the same target did not improve first-line treatment of the commonest aggressive lymphoma, although it had improved treatment of two other B-cell cancers.","route":"/key-papers/paper-goya-obinutuzumab-vs-rituximab-chop-dlbcl-jco-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Vitolo U, Trněný M, Belada D, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-ahl2011-pet-adapted-treatment-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2019","name":"PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study","tldr":"Starting with the most intensive Hodgkin chemotherapy and switching to the gentler standard once the scan cleared gave the same disease control with far less anaemia, bleeding risk and infection.","route":"/key-papers/paper-ahl2011-pet-adapted-treatment-advanced-hodgkin-lancet-oncol-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=thelancet.com&sz=128","sub":"Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. · Lancet Oncology 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd18-pet-guided-escalated-beacopp-lancet-2017","name":"PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group","tldr":"People whose scan cleared after two rounds of the most intensive Hodgkin regimen could stop after four rounds instead of six or eight, halving severe infections with no loss of control.","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd18-pet-guided-escalated-beacopp-lancet-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. · Lancet 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-smile-chemotherapy-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-jco-2011","name":"Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage IV, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study","tldr":"An asparaginase-based regimen produced a response in four out of five people with an aggressive nasal lymphoma that resists ordinary chemotherapy, and nearly all of them developed dangerously low white cell counts.","route":"/key-papers/paper-smile-chemotherapy-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-jco-2011/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Yamaguchi M, Kwong YL, Kim WS, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2011"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2011"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2011}},{"id":"polar-bear","name":"POLAR BEAR","tldr":"A Nordic trial asking whether the antibody-drug conjugate that improved first-line treatment for younger patients also helps people in their eighties, who were barely represented in the original trial.","route":"/trials/polar-bear/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT04332822","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"polargo","name":"POLARGO","tldr":"Adding an antibody-drug conjugate to a gentle outpatient chemotherapy pairing added about seven months of life for people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma who could not have a transplant.","route":"/trials/polargo/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT04182204","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2026"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2026"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2026}},{"id":"paper-polargo-polatuzumab-r-gemox-dlbcl-jco-2026","name":"Polatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results from the phase III, randomized POLARGO trial","tldr":"Adding an antibody-drug conjugate to an outpatient chemotherapy pairing added seven months of median survival for people with relapsed aggressive lymphoma who could not have a transplant.","route":"/key-papers/paper-polargo-polatuzumab-r-gemox-dlbcl-jco-2026/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Matasar M, Li Z, Vassilakopoulos TP, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2026","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2026"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2026"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2026}},{"id":"paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019","name":"Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group","tldr":"Trying to spare radiotherapy on the strength of a clear scan after two rounds of chemotherapy cost about seven people in a hundred their remission.","route":"/key-papers/paper-ghsg-hd16-pet-guided-early-favourable-hodgkin-jco-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"prima-follicular","name":"PRIMA","tldr":"Two years of an antibody given every two months after chemotherapy more than doubled the time before follicular lymphoma came back, but after nine years the two groups were equally likely to be alive.","route":"/trials/prima-follicular/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00140582","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"prima-cns","name":"PRIMA-CNS","tldr":"The first randomised trial asking whether older people with lymphoma of the brain do better with a short intensive course and a stem cell transplant than with the gentler long regimen that is standard in Germany.","route":"/trials/prima-cns/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-cns-lymphoma","sub":"NCT06830421","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary CNS lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"radar-hodgkin","name":"RADAR","tldr":"An international trial asking whether swapping one old chemotherapy drug for a targeted antibody lets most people with early Hodgkin lymphoma avoid radiotherapy altogether.","route":"/trials/radar-hodgkin/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT04685616","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-randomised-evidence-for-the-t-cell-lymphomas","name":"Randomised evidence for the T-cell lymphomas, including the ones that are not in Europe or North America","tldr":"Adult T-cell leukaemia has had one randomised trial, in 1998. Most T-cell lymphoma treatment rests on single-arm studies, and the diseases concentrated outside Europe and North America have the least evidence of all.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-randomised-evidence-for-the-t-cell-lymphomas/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","href":"/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, now called nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic type, is one of the commonest T-cell lymphomas and mostly affects people over 60. It presents with widespread swollen nodes, fever, rash and immune upsets such as anaemia; about four in ten people are alive five years after chemotherapy, more after a transplant in first remission."},{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a family of nine lymphomas that start in the skin and mostly stay there, of which mycosis fungoides is by far the commonest. Most of them are long-term skin conditions managed over decades rather than cancers that are cured or not cured, and two of the nine are genuinely aggressive."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-phoenix-ibrutinib-r-chop-non-gcb-dlbcl-jco-2019","name":"Randomized phase III trial of ibrutinib and R-CHOP in non-germinal centre B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PHOENIX)","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to standard first-line chemotherapy failed overall, helped people under 60 substantially, and harmed people over 60 by making them unable to finish the chemotherapy.","route":"/key-papers/paper-phoenix-ibrutinib-r-chop-non-gcb-dlbcl-jco-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Younes A, Sehn LH, Johnson P, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018","name":"Randomized trial of systemic therapy after involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early-stage follicular lymphoma: TROG 99.03","tldr":"Adding six cycles of drug treatment after radiotherapy for early follicular lymphoma cut relapses outside the treated area and improved ten-year freedom from progression from 41 to 59 per cent.","route":"/key-papers/paper-trog-99-03-radiotherapy-systemic-therapy-early-follicular-jco-2018/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"MacManus M, Fisher R, Roos D, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2018","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"remarc","name":"REMARC","tldr":"Two years of a tablet taken after chemotherapy delayed relapse in older people with aggressive lymphoma but did not help them live longer, and caused low white cell counts in over half.","route":"/trials/remarc/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT01122472","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint","name":"Report the time from apheresis to infusion as a trial endpoint, not a logistics footnote","tldr":"The best explanation for why one second-line CAR-T trial failed when two succeeded is how long the cells took to make. That interval is almost never a reported endpoint.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-manufacturing-time-as-a-trial-endpoint/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-lyma-rituximab-maintenance-after-transplant-mantle-cell-nejm-2017","name":"Rituximab after autologous stem-cell transplantation in mantle-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Three years of an antibody every two months after a stem cell transplant kept younger people with mantle cell lymphoma in remission longer and helped them live longer.","route":"/key-papers/paper-lyma-rituximab-maintenance-after-transplant-mantle-cell-nejm-2017/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Le Gouill S, Thieblemont C, Oberic L, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2017","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"paper-prima-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-lancet-2011","name":"Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial","tldr":"Two years of an antibody given every two months after first-line chemotherapy raised the proportion still free of progression at three years from 58 to 75 per cent.","route":"/key-papers/paper-prima-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-lancet-2011/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Salles G, Seymour JF, Offner F, et al. · Lancet 2011","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2011"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2011"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2011}},{"id":"rosewood","name":"ROSEWOOD","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to an antibody roughly doubled the chance of the lymphoma shrinking and tripled the time before it grew again, in people whose follicular lymphoma had already returned twice.","route":"/trials/rosewood/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT03332017","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"paper-rosewood-zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab-follicular-jco-2023","name":"ROSEWOOD: a phase II randomized study of zanubrutinib plus obinutuzumab versus obinutuzumab monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to an antibody roughly halved the risk of progression in follicular lymphoma that had already returned twice.","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosewood-zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab-follicular-jco-2023/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Zinzani PL, Mayer J, Flowers CR, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2023","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"paper-elm-2-odronextamab-follicular-ann-oncol-2024","name":"Safety and efficacy of odronextamab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma","tldr":"A two-headed antibody given alone put nearly three quarters of people with repeatedly relapsed follicular lymphoma into complete remission, lasting a median of two years.","route":"/key-papers/paper-elm-2-odronextamab-follicular-ann-oncol-2024/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=annalsofoncology.org&sz=128","sub":"Kim TM, Taszner M, Novelli S, et al. · Annals of Oncology 2024","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015","name":"Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma","tldr":"Of nearly 4,000 Dutch people cured of Hodgkin lymphoma, almost half developed another cancer within forty years, and the gentler treatments introduced in the late 1980s had not reduced that risk.","route":"/key-papers/paper-schaapveld-second-cancer-risk-40-years-hodgkin-nejm-2015/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Schaapveld M, Aleman BM, van Eggermond AM, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2015","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2015"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."},{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2015"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2015}},{"id":"paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022","name":"Second-line tisagenlecleucel or standard care in aggressive B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"The one second-line CAR-T trial that failed. Its result is best explained by how long the cells took to make and what patients received while they waited.","route":"/key-papers/paper-belinda-tisagenlecleucel-second-line-nejm-2022/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Bishop MR, Dickinson M, Purtill D, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2022","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"shine","name":"SHINE","tldr":"Adding a targeted tablet to first-line chemotherapy gave older people with mantle cell lymphoma about two and a half more years before the disease returned, but they did not live longer.","route":"/trials/shine/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01776840","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"smile-enktl","name":"SMILE","tldr":"An asparaginase-based regimen gave a response in four out of five people with an aggressive nasal lymphoma that had always resisted standard chemotherapy, and nearly all of them had dangerously low white cell counts.","route":"/trials/smile-enktl/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2011"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2011"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2011}},{"id":"paper-prima-final-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-jco-2019","name":"Sustained progression-free survival benefit of rituximab maintenance in patients with follicular lymphoma: long-term results of the PRIMA study","tldr":"After nine years the antibody maintenance group had gone more than six years longer before their lymphoma returned, and exactly as many people in each group were alive.","route":"/key-papers/paper-prima-final-rituximab-maintenance-follicular-jco-2019/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Bachy E, Seymour JF, Feugier P, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"paper-inmind-tafasitamab-lenalidomide-rituximab-follicular-lancet-2026","name":"Tafasitamab, lenalidomide, and rituximab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (inMIND): a global, phase 3, randomised controlled trial","tldr":"Adding a third antibody, directed at a different target, to the usual tablet-and-antibody pairing added about eight months before follicular lymphoma progressed again.","route":"/key-papers/paper-inmind-tafasitamab-lenalidomide-rituximab-follicular-lancet-2026/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Sehn LH, Hübel K, Luminari S, et al. · Lancet 2026","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2026"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2026"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2026}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them","name":"The drugs that cure lymphoma, and the places that do not have them","tldr":"Lymphoma is among the most curable common cancers where the drugs exist. Rituximab is thirty years old and still out of reach for many of the people who need it.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-the-drugs-that-cure-and-the-places-without-them/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"burkitt-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Burkitt lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Burkitt lymphoma","href":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","tip":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002","name":"The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Reading which genes were switched on in 240 lymphoma samples sorted one disease into three, and the group whose cells looked like a particular stage of normal B-cell development lived the longest.","route":"/key-papers/paper-rosenwald-molecular-profiling-dlbcl-nejm-2002/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/nejm.svg","sub":"Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine 2002","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2002"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2002"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2002}},{"id":"paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022","name":"Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial","tldr":"A single infusion of reprogrammed immune cells cleared follicular lymphoma completely in about seven of ten heavily pretreated people, with no severe cytokine release syndrome at all.","route":"/key-papers/paper-elara-tisagenlecleucel-follicular-nat-med-2022/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=nature.com&sz=128","sub":"Fowler NH, Dickinson M, Dreyling M, et al. · Nature Medicine 2022","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"transcend-nhl-001","name":"TRANSCEND NHL 001","tldr":"The study that registered the third CAR-T cell product for lymphoma, built from a fixed one-to-one mix of two kinds of T cell, with fewer severe immune side effects than its predecessors.","route":"/trials/transcend-nhl-001/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","sub":"NCT02631044","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"trog-99-03","name":"TROG 99.03","tldr":"Radiotherapy can cure early follicular lymphoma, but most relapses happen outside the treated area. Adding a short course of drug treatment afterwards halved that risk.","route":"/trials/trog-99-03/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00115700","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan","name":"Use circulating tumour DNA instead of the interim scan to decide what happens next","tldr":"A blood test detects lymphoma left behind better than a scan does, and no trial has yet used it to change anyone's treatment.","route":"/ideas/lymphoma-ev-ctdna-instead-of-the-interim-scan/","kind":"idea","cancerIcon":"dlbcl","facets":{"kind":["Idea"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Idea","tip":"Hypotheses and new directions, linked to the evidence."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma confined to one or two lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm, one of the most curable cancers, with most patients cured by a short course of ABVD chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to the involved nodes. Because patients are young, trials now use PET scans after two cycles to give as little treatment as safely possible."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paper-jcog9801-vcap-amp-vecp-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-jco-2007","name":"VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801","tldr":"The only randomised trial run exclusively in the virus-driven adult T-cell leukaemia found an intensive Japanese regimen produced more complete remissions than standard chemotherapy, at considerable cost in toxicity.","route":"/key-papers/paper-jcog9801-vcap-amp-vecp-adult-t-cell-leukaemia-jco-2007/","kind":"paper","logo":"https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=ascopubs.org&sz=128","sub":"Tsukasaki K, Utsunomiya A, Fukuda H, et al. · Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2007"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2007"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2007}},{"id":"paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964","name":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma","tldr":"Looking at cells grown from an African child's jaw tumour under an electron microscope, three researchers in London saw virus particles, the first virus ever linked to a human cancer.","route":"/key-papers/paper-epstein-virus-particles-burkitt-lymphoblasts-lancet-1964/","kind":"paper","logo":"/logos/lancet.svg","sub":"Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. · Lancet 1964","facets":{"kind":["Key paper"],"cancers":["Burkitt lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder"],"year":["1964"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Key paper","tip":"The papers that changed practice or thinking, each explained: what it found, what it means, and what to be careful about."},"cancers":[{"label":"Burkitt lymphoma","href":"/cancers/burkitt-lymphoma/","tip":"Burkitt lymphoma is the fastest-growing human tumour, driven by a single rearrangement that switches on the MYC gene. That speed makes it exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy: short, intense courses, now with the antibody rituximab, cure the great majority of children in well-resourced settings. The remaining task is to bring the same cure to the African children who make up most cases."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of more than sixty cancers of the lymphocytes, the white blood cells of the immune system. About 95 per cent come from B cells and the rest from T or NK cells; some grow over years and are watched, others grow over weeks and are treated to cure. This page is the map, and the subtype page is the disease."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder","href":"/cancers/post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder/","tip":"After an organ or stem cell transplant, the drugs that stop rejection also stop the immune system from policing Epstein-Barr virus, and infected B cells can grow into a lymphoma. The first move is to ease the immunosuppression; then the antibody rituximab, chemotherapy if needed, and, newest of all, off-the-shelf virus-specific T cells that restore the missing immune control."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1964"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1964}}]