[{"id":"aall0232","name":"AALL0232","tldr":"AALL0232 showed that giving children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia high doses of methotrexate with leucovorin rescue cured more of them than the older escalating schedule, and that the steroid dexamethasone helped children under ten but caused bone damage without benefit in older patients.","route":"/trials/aall0232/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-high-risk","sub":"NCT00075725","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk childhood leukaemia means a child aged ten or over, a very high white cell count, T-cell disease, spread to the brain or testes, or adverse genetics, and it is treated with longer and more intensive chemotherapy. Most children are still cured; the T-cell form gained the drug nelarabine after the AALL0434 trial, and cranial radiotherapy has been dropped for almost everyone."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"aall1231","name":"AALL1231","tldr":"AALL1231 tried to improve treatment for T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma in children by adding bortezomib and by dropping routine radiotherapy to the brain; bortezomib clearly helped the lymphoma patients but not the whole group, and more than nine in ten children were spared cranial radiotherapy without more relapses.","route":"/trials/aall1231/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-high-risk","sub":"NCT02112916","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk childhood leukaemia means a child aged ten or over, a very high white cell count, T-cell disease, spread to the brain or testes, or adverse genetics, and it is treated with longer and more intensive chemotherapy. Most children are still cured; the T-cell form gained the drug nelarabine after the AALL0434 trial, and cranial radiotherapy has been dropped for almost everyone."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"aall1331","name":"AALL1331","tldr":"AALL1331 tested swapping blocks of harsh chemotherapy for the antibody blinatumomab in children whose leukaemia had come back; the antibody caused far fewer serious infections, more patients survived in the higher-risk group, and children whose relapse was in the bone marrow did better in the low-risk group too.","route":"/trials/aall1331/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-relapsed","sub":"NCT02101853","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2021"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/","tip":"When childhood leukaemia comes back, chemotherapy alone cures fewer than half. Three immune treatments changed this: blinatumomab, which links the child's T-cells to leukaemia cells and beat chemotherapy in two trials; tisagenlecleucel, the first approved CAR T-cell therapy, which put over eight in ten pretreated children into remission; and the antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2021"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2021}},{"id":"aall1521","name":"AALL1521","tldr":"AALL1521 is the trial that added the JAK-blocking pill ruxolitinib to chemotherapy for children whose leukaemia looks like Philadelphia-positive disease but is driven by JAK signalling; it has finished treating patients and the survival results are awaited.","route":"/trials/aall1521/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-ph-like","sub":"NCT02723994","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-ph-like/","tip":"Ph-like leukaemia behaves like Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia, with the same kind of overactive growth signalling, but lacks the BCR::ABL1 gene itself. It is caused by a scattered set of gene fusions and mutations, many of them blockable by existing kinase pills such as dasatinib or ruxolitinib, and it is now screened for at diagnosis so those drugs can be tried."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"aaml1031","name":"AAML1031","tldr":"AAML1031 was the children's leukaemia trial that found adding bortezomib to standard chemotherapy did not help and caused more nerve damage, while a separate part of the trial suggested that adding the FLT3 blocker sorafenib does improve outcomes for children whose leukaemia carries a high load of the FLT3-ITD mutation.","route":"/trials/aaml1031/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"aml-paediatric","sub":"NCT01371981","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/aml-paediatric/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children carries gene fusions rather than the mutations of ageing, is treated with four or five intensive courses of chemotherapy, and cures around two thirds of children. Adding gemtuzumab ozogamicin lowered relapse in the AAML0531 trial, and the menin inhibitor revumenib is the first targeted drug approved for the KMT2A-rearranged form common in young children."},{"label":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml-flt3/","tip":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia carries a mutation in a growth-signal receptor that makes the leukaemia relapse quickly. Adding a FLT3 blocker to chemotherapy, midostaurin or quizartinib, lengthens life, and gilteritinib is the standard when the disease comes back."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"acns0121","name":"ACNS0121","tldr":"ACNS0121 showed that focused radiotherapy to the tumour bed straight after surgery cures most children with ependymoma, including those under three who used to be denied radiotherapy, and that children whose tumour could not be fully removed do far worse even with chemotherapy and a second operation.","route":"/trials/acns0121/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"ependymoma","sub":"NCT00027846","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Ependymoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ependymoma","href":"/cancers/ependymoma/","tip":"Ependymomas grow from the cells lining the fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord, mostly in children under five. Removing the whole tumour followed by focused radiotherapy controls most cases; molecular groups defined in 2021 behave differently, with posterior fossa group A relapsing often, and there is no approved drug."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"acns0122","name":"ACNS0122","tldr":"ACNS0122 set the modern American standard for children with the more aggressive kind of germ cell tumour of the brain: chemotherapy first, surgery for anything left, then radiotherapy to the whole brain and spine, which cured about nine in ten and became the benchmark that later trials tried to match with less radiation.","route":"/trials/acns0122/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","sub":"NCT00047320","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Central nervous system germ cell tumours","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2015"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/cns-germ-cell-tumours/","tip":"Germ cell tumours of the brain grow near the pineal gland or above the pituitary in teenagers. The commonest kind, germinoma, is so sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy that most patients are cured; the other kinds need stronger chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and doctors measure two proteins in the blood and spinal fluid to tell them apart and to follow treatment."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2015"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2015}},{"id":"acns0333","name":"ACNS0333","tldr":"ACNS0333 was the first trial built only for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour, a brain cancer of very young children that used to be almost always fatal; its intensive plan of chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and focused radiotherapy more than halved the risk of relapse or death compared with earlier treatment and became the template for care.","route":"/trials/acns0333/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"atrt","sub":"NCT00653068","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour","href":"/cancers/atrt/","tip":"ATRT is an aggressive brain tumour of babies and toddlers caused by loss of a single gene, SMARCB1, part of the machinery that opens and closes DNA. Intensive chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue, and radiotherapy where age allows, now cure a meaningful share of children who once had little chance, and drugs aimed at the epigenetic consequence of SMARCB1 loss (EZH2 inhibitors) are in trials."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"acns1123","name":"ACNS1123","tldr":"ACNS1123 asked whether children with germ cell tumours of the brain who respond well to chemotherapy can safely have less radiotherapy; for non-germinomatous tumours survival stayed high but the few relapses were all in the spine, which was left out of the smaller field, and for germinoma the reduced doses held.","route":"/trials/acns1123/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","sub":"NCT01602666","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Central nervous system germ cell tumours","Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/cns-germ-cell-tumours/","tip":"Germ cell tumours of the brain grow near the pineal gland or above the pituitary in teenagers. The commonest kind, germinoma, is so sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy that most patients are cured; the other kinds need stronger chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and doctors measure two proteins in the blood and spinal fluid to tell them apart and to follow treatment."},{"label":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence","href":"/cancers/paediatric-germ-cell-tumours/","tip":"Germ cell tumours arise from the cells meant to become eggs or sperm and can appear in the gonads, lower back, chest or brain. They are among the most curable childhood cancers because they respond to cisplatin chemotherapy and release blood markers that make monitoring easy. The work now is to cure with less: surgery alone for low-risk tumours, gentler platinum drugs, and protecting hearing."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"acns1422","name":"ACNS1422","tldr":"ACNS1422 tests whether children with the WNT type of medulloblastoma, who almost always survive, can be given less radiotherapy to the brain and spine and less chemotherapy without more relapses; it has finished enrolling and the results are awaited.","route":"/trials/acns1422/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"medulloblastoma-wnt","sub":"NCT02724579","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["WNT-activated medulloblastoma","Medulloblastoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-wnt/","tip":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma is the rarest and most curable of the four molecular groups of medulloblastoma, a brain tumour of the cerebellum. It is driven by a mutation in the beta-catenin gene that switches the WNT growth pathway on. Almost every child is cured with standard therapy, so current trials are asking how much radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be taken away."},{"label":"Medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","tip":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"actg-a5263","name":"ACTG A5263/AMC 066","tldr":"ACTG A5263 tested whether two cheaper, easier chemotherapies could replace paclitaxel for people with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma in Africa; both were clearly worse, so paclitaxel with antiretroviral therapy is the treatment to aim for wherever it can be supplied.","route":"/trials/actg-a5263/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"kaposi-sarcoma","sub":"NCT01435018","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Kaposi sarcoma","Vascular tumours","Sarcomas"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Kaposi sarcoma","href":"/cancers/kaposi-sarcoma/","tip":"Kaposi sarcoma is a blood-vessel cancer caused by the herpesvirus HHV-8, made famous by the AIDS epidemic. In people with HIV, antiretroviral therapy alone often shrinks it; liposomal doxorubicin or paclitaxel treat advanced disease, and it remains among the commonest cancers in sub-Saharan Africa, where paclitaxel is often unaffordable."},{"label":"Vascular tumours","href":"/cancers/vascular-tumours/","tip":"Vascular tumours range from angiosarcoma, an aggressive cancer of blood vessel lining cells, to the slow-growing EHE and the infant tumour KHE. Angiosarcoma responds to paclitaxel and, in the sun-damaged scalp form, to immunotherapy; EHE and KHE depend on growth signals that the mTOR blocker sirolimus quiets, and EHE without symptoms is watched."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"adiuvo","name":"ADIUVO","tldr":"ADIUVO asked whether people whose low-grade adrenal cancer had been fully removed should take the toxic drug mitotane for two years to prevent recurrence; recurrence and survival were no different from watching and waiting, so observation with regular scans is the standard for this group.","route":"/trials/adiuvo/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","sub":"NCT00777244","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Localised adrenocortical carcinoma","Adrenocortical carcinoma"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma","href":"/cancers/localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma/","tip":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma is adrenal cortex cancer still confined to the adrenal gland and its surroundings that surgery can remove, the only treatment that cures it. Afterwards the adrenal-specific drug mitotane is given to patients whose tumour has a high risk of returning, judged by the Ki-67 index and whether it was completely removed, while low-risk patients are watched."},{"label":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","href":"/cancers/adrenocortical/","tip":"Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare, aggressive cancer of the adrenal gland that often over-produces hormones. Surgery is the only cure, mitotane is the one drug specific to it (with real toxicity), and chemotherapy or immunotherapy help only a minority."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"adiuvo-2","name":"ADIUVO-2","tldr":"ADIUVO-2 tests whether adding platinum chemotherapy to mitotane after surgery lowers the high relapse rate of aggressive adrenal cancers; it is still recruiting through MD Anderson and the ENSAT network.","route":"/trials/adiuvo-2/","status":"recruiting","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","sub":"NCT03583710","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Localised adrenocortical carcinoma","Adrenocortical carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma","href":"/cancers/localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma/","tip":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma is adrenal cortex cancer still confined to the adrenal gland and its surroundings that surgery can remove, the only treatment that cures it. Afterwards the adrenal-specific drug mitotane is given to patients whose tumour has a high risk of returning, judged by the Ki-67 index and whether it was completely removed, while low-risk patients are watched."},{"label":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","href":"/cancers/adrenocortical/","tip":"Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare, aggressive cancer of the adrenal gland that often over-produces hormones. Surgery is the only cure, mitotane is the one drug specific to it (with real toxicity), and chemotherapy or immunotherapy help only a minority."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"aews0031","name":"AEWS0031","tldr":"AEWS0031 showed that giving the same chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma every two weeks instead of every three cured more patients without adding side effects, and the two-weekly schedule became the standard for localised disease in North America.","route":"/trials/aews0031/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"ewing-sarcoma","sub":"NCT00006734","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Ewing sarcoma","Sarcomas","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ewing sarcoma","href":"/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/","tip":"Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft-tissue cancer of teenagers driven by a single fusion gene, EWSR1-FLI1. Intensive chemotherapy with surgery or radiation cures most localised cases; disease that has spread at diagnosis, and relapse, remain hard to treat, and no drug against the fusion protein itself has yet succeeded."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"agct1531","name":"AGCT1531","tldr":"AGCT1531 is testing two ways to spare people with germ cell tumours from long-term harm: watching low-risk patients after surgery and giving chemotherapy only if the tumour returns, and swapping cisplatin for carboplatin, which is kinder to hearing, in standard-risk disease; it is still recruiting.","route":"/trials/agct1531/","status":"recruiting","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","sub":"NCT03067181","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence","Extragonadal germ cell tumour","Testicular germ cell tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence","href":"/cancers/paediatric-germ-cell-tumours/","tip":"Germ cell tumours arise from the cells meant to become eggs or sperm and can appear in the gonads, lower back, chest or brain. They are among the most curable childhood cancers because they respond to cisplatin chemotherapy and release blood markers that make monitoring easy. The work now is to cure with less: surgery alone for low-risk tumours, gentler platinum drugs, and protecting hearing."},{"label":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour","href":"/cancers/extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour/","tip":"Extragonadal germ cell tumours are the same cancers as testicular germ cell tumours but arising in the midline of the body, most often the chest or the back of the abdomen. Seminomas are highly curable with chemotherapy; non-seminomas of the chest are the hardest germ cell tumours to cure and are treated with intensive chemotherapy followed by surgery."},{"label":"Testicular germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/testicular/","tip":"Testicular germ cell tumours are the most curable adult solid cancer: cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures the large majority even when the disease has spread to distant sites. Today's research is about giving less treatment to the majority who are cured, rescuing the minority who relapse, and limiting lifelong survivorship harms."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ahod1331","name":"AHOD1331","tldr":"AHOD1331 showed that replacing bleomycin with the antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin in the chemotherapy given to children and teenagers with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma cut relapses by more than half without extra side effects, and it became the new standard for high-risk disease.","route":"/trials/ahod1331/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT02166463","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma involving nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or organs such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. It is treated with six cycles of combination chemotherapy, and two trials changed the standard: replacing bleomycin with brentuximab vedotin (ECHELON-1) and then with nivolumab (SWOG S1826), which cured more patients with less toxicity."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"ukallr3","name":"ALL R3 (UKALLR3)","tldr":"ALL R3 found, to the investigators' surprise, that using mitoxantrone instead of idarubicin in the first block of treatment for children whose leukaemia had relapsed nearly doubled the chance of being alive without progression three years later, and mitoxantrone-based reinduction became the standard.","route":"/trials/ukallr3/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-relapsed","sub":"NCT00967057","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/","tip":"When childhood leukaemia comes back, chemotherapy alone cures fewer than half. Three immune treatments changed this: blinatumomab, which links the child's T-cells to leukaemia cells and beat chemotherapy in two trials; tisagenlecleucel, the first approved CAR T-cell therapy, which put over eight in ten pretreated children into remission; and the antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"anbl0531","name":"ANBL0531","tldr":"ANBL0531 showed that children with intermediate-risk neuroblastoma can be cured almost every time with a treatment plan that gives less chemotherapy to those with favourable tumour biology and a good early response, keeping three-year survival at 95 percent while cutting treatment for many.","route":"/trials/anbl0531/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","sub":"NCT00499616","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","Neuroblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk/","tip":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma sits between the tumours that go away on their own and the high-risk disease that needs everything. A few cycles of moderate chemotherapy followed by surgery cure most children, and trials have spent twenty years showing how few cycles are enough."},{"label":"Neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma/","tip":"Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"anbl1221","name":"ANBL1221","tldr":"ANBL1221 found that adding the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab to irinotecan and temozolomide shrank relapsed neuroblastoma in about half of children, while adding temsirolimus almost never did, and chemo-immunotherapy became the standard salvage treatment.","route":"/trials/anbl1221/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","sub":"NCT01767194","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["High-risk neuroblastoma","Neuroblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"High-risk neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk neuroblastoma has spread widely in a child over 18 months old or carries extra copies of the MYCN gene. Treatment lasts about 18 months and uses every tool: chemotherapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, radiotherapy, and the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab, which raised survival in ANBL0032; eflornithine, given afterwards, was approved in 2023 to lower relapse."},{"label":"Neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma/","tip":"Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"anbl17p1","name":"ANBL17P1","tldr":"ANBL17P1 tested whether the antibody dinutuximab, which works against relapsed neuroblastoma, can be given from the very start of treatment alongside induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-risk disease; none of the 42 children had unacceptable toxicity, which opened the way to the randomised trial now under way.","route":"/trials/anbl17p1/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","sub":"NCT03786783","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["High-risk neuroblastoma","Neuroblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"High-risk neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk neuroblastoma has spread widely in a child over 18 months old or carries extra copies of the MYCN gene. Treatment lasts about 18 months and uses every tool: chemotherapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, radiotherapy, and the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab, which raised survival in ANBL0032; eflornithine, given afterwards, was approved in 2023 to lower relapse."},{"label":"Neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma/","tip":"Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"anchor","name":"ANCHOR","tldr":"ANCHOR proved for the first time that treating precancerous anal lesions in people with HIV prevents anal cancer: those whose lesions were removed or ablated were 57 percent less likely to develop cancer than those who were simply monitored, which is the evidence behind screening and treating these lesions.","route":"/trials/anchor/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"anal-hsil-precursor","sub":"NCT02135419","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","Anal cancer"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","href":"/cancers/anal-hsil-precursor/","tip":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are the HPV-driven precancer that anal cancer grows from, found by screening people at high risk with cytology and high-resolution anoscopy. The ANCHOR trial showed that treating these lesions, mostly by ablation in the clinic, cuts the number that become anal cancer, so screening and treatment are now recommended for people living with HIV."},{"label":"Anal cancer","href":"/cancers/anal/","tip":"An HPV-caused cancer of the anal canal that is usually cured without surgery by combined chemotherapy and radiation. Prevention (HPV vaccination, screening of high-risk groups) and immunotherapy for advanced disease are the new fronts."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"aurelia","name":"AURELIA","tldr":"AURELIA showed that adding bevacizumab to single-drug chemotherapy for ovarian cancer that has stopped responding to platinum doubled the time before the cancer grew again, from 3.4 to 6.7 months, and more than doubled the response rate, though it did not clearly lengthen life.","route":"/trials/aurelia/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","sub":"NCT00976911","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","Ovarian cancer"],"year":["2014"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer/","tip":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer grows back within six months of platinum chemotherapy, or during it, and used to be treated with single chemotherapy drugs that shrink a tumour one time in ten. The antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine, the cortisol-blocking drug relacorilant and pembrolizumab in PD-L1-positive tumours have each extended survival in phase 3 trials since 2023."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2014"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2014}},{"id":"ballad","name":"BALLAD","tldr":"BALLAD is the first randomised trial of chemotherapy after surgery for cancer of the small intestine, a rare tumour whose treatment has been borrowed from colon cancer; it tests both whether chemotherapy helps at all and whether adding oxaliplatin helps, and results are awaited.","route":"/trials/ballad/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","sub":"NCT02502370","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma","Small intestine cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma is cancer of the duodenum, jejunum or ileum that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes and can be removed by surgery, the only cure. Duodenal tumours need a Whipple operation and tumours further along a segmental resection; chemotherapy afterwards is offered for node-positive disease by analogy with colon cancer while the BALLAD trial tests whether it helps."},{"label":"Small intestine cancer","href":"/cancers/small-bowel/","tip":"Cancers of the small intestine are rare and often found late because the small bowel is hard to see and symptoms are vague. Surgery cures early disease, chemotherapy borrowed from bowel cancer helps after surgery and in advanced disease, and a large minority of tumours have a repair defect that makes them respond well to immunotherapy."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"bmt-ctn-0803","name":"BMT CTN 0803","tldr":"BMT CTN 0803 showed that people living with HIV whose lymphoma had come back can have the same high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant as anyone else, with 87 percent alive at one year and outcomes no different from matched HIV-negative patients, so HIV alone should not bar transplant.","route":"/trials/bmt-ctn-0803/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01141712","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas","href":"/cancers/hiv-associated-lymphoma/","tip":"People living with HIV have a raised risk of aggressive lymphomas, driven by immune suppression and viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus. The transformation of the last two decades is that, with antiretroviral therapy continued through treatment, these lymphomas are treated with the same full-dose chemotherapy and antibody regimens as in anyone else, with similar chances of cure."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"bmt-ctn-1102","name":"BMT CTN 1102","tldr":"BMT CTN 1102 settled whether older people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome should be offered a stem-cell transplant: those who had a matched donor and went to transplant were far more likely to be alive three years later than those without a donor who had drug treatment instead, so transplant belongs in the plan for fit patients aged 50 to 75.","route":"/trials/bmt-ctn-1102/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mds-higher-risk","sub":"NCT02016781","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms"],"year":["2021"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","href":"/cancers/mds-higher-risk/","tip":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes behave like a slow leukaemia and often become one. Azacitidine lengthens life and a donor stem cell transplant is the only cure; every attempt to improve on azacitidine in a large trial, including the venetoclax combination tested in VERONA, has so far failed."},{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2021"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2021}},{"id":"capp2","name":"CAPP2","tldr":"CAPP2 followed people with Lynch syndrome, an inherited condition that carries a very high risk of bowel cancer, for ten years after two to four years on aspirin or placebo: those who took aspirin developed about a third fewer bowel cancers, which is why daily aspirin is now offered to people with the syndrome.","route":"/trials/capp2/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"msi-high-colorectal","sub":"ISRCTN59521990","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/msi-high-colorectal/","tip":"Mismatch-repair deficient bowel cancer has lost its DNA spell-checker, so it carries thousands of mutations that the immune system can recognise. Immunotherapy alone controls most metastatic cases for years and makes most localised tumours disappear before surgery, sometimes so completely that no surgery is needed."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"classic","name":"CLASSIC","tldr":"CLASSIC showed that six months of capecitabine and oxaliplatin after a thorough stomach cancer operation stops the cancer returning in many more people, with 68 percent free of disease at five years against 53 percent with surgery alone, and more of them alive; it made CAPOX one of the two standard adjuvant treatments in East Asia.","route":"/trials/classic/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"gastric","sub":"NCT00411229","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"cll12","name":"CLL12","tldr":"CLL12 asked whether starting the pill ibrutinib early, before chronic lymphocytic leukaemia causes symptoms, is better than the usual practice of watching and waiting; early treatment delayed the disease but after nearly six years of follow-up people lived just as long either way, so watch and wait remains the standard.","route":"/trials/cll12/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"cll","sub":"NCT02863718","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","Leukaemia"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."},{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","href":"/cancers/cll-treatment-naive/","tip":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is treated only when it causes problems, and chemotherapy has gone. The first treatment is now either a BTK inhibitor taken indefinitely or a one-year course of venetoclax with obinutuzumab (CLL14), and the two can be combined for a fixed course."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"comfort-i","name":"COMFORT-I","tldr":"COMFORT-I showed that the JAK-blocking pill ruxolitinib shrank the grossly enlarged spleens of people with myelofibrosis in about four in ten patients, against almost none on placebo, and eased their fatigue, night sweats and itching; it led to the first approved drug for the disease.","route":"/trials/comfort-i/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-myelofibrosis","sub":"NCT00952289","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary myelofibrosis","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary myelofibrosis","href":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","tip":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"comfort-ii","name":"COMFORT-II","tldr":"COMFORT-II was the European companion to COMFORT-I: ruxolitinib shrank the spleen by more than a third in 28 percent of people with myelofibrosis after nearly a year, while not one patient on the best treatment their doctor could otherwise offer achieved that, and symptoms and quality of life improved.","route":"/trials/comfort-ii/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-myelofibrosis","sub":"NCT00934544","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary myelofibrosis","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary myelofibrosis","href":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","tip":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"conko-001","name":"CONKO-001","tldr":"CONKO-001 was the trial that made chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery routine: six months of gemcitabine doubled the time before the cancer came back and roughly doubled the share of patients alive at five years, from 10 to 21 percent.","route":"/trials/conko-001/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"resectable-pdac","sub":"ISRCTN34802808","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":["2013"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/","tip":"Resectable pancreatic cancer is the minority of pancreatic cancer that the surgeon can remove with clear margins because it has not wrapped around the main arteries or spread. Treatment is an operation, usually a Whipple procedure, followed by six months of combination chemotherapy, which is what turns surgery alone into a real chance of cure."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2013"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2013}},{"id":"continuum","name":"CONTINUUM","tldr":"CONTINUUM was the first trial to show that adding a PD-1 immunotherapy, sintilimab, to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy given for advanced but not yet metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer keeps more people free of relapse three years later, 86 against 76 percent, at the cost of more side effects.","route":"/trials/continuum/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","sub":"NCT03700476","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","Nasopharyngeal carcinoma"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","href":"/cancers/locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/","tip":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma is nasopharyngeal cancer, the Epstein-Barr-virus-driven cancer behind the nose, that has grown into nearby structures or neck lymph nodes but not further. It is treated without surgery, by precise radiotherapy with cisplatin, usually after gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy and in recent trials with PD-1 immunotherapy; most patients are cured."},{"label":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","href":"/cancers/nasopharyngeal/","tip":"A cancer at the back of the nose caused largely by the Epstein-Barr virus and common in southern China and Southeast Asia. Radiation cures most early cases; adding chemotherapy and, recently, PD-1 immunotherapy has improved outcomes in advanced disease, and a blood test for viral DNA can detect it early."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"drammatic","name":"DRAMMATIC","tldr":"DRAMMATIC asks two questions about maintenance treatment after a stem cell transplant for myeloma: whether adding daratumumab to lenalidomide helps people live longer, and whether those whose tests show no detectable disease after two years can safely stop; it is still running with about 1,100 patients.","route":"/trials/drammatic/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"multiple-myeloma","sub":"NCT04071457","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","href":"/cancers/myeloma-transplant-eligible/","tip":"Fit patients with newly diagnosed myeloma receive four drugs at once, then their own stem cells are collected, they are given high-dose chemotherapy, the cells are returned and they continue on maintenance. Adding the CD38 antibody daratumumab to the three-drug backbone, tested in PERSEUS and CASSIOPEIA, means most patients now reach a state where no myeloma can be detected."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"espac-3","name":"ESPAC-3","tldr":"ESPAC-3 compared the two adjuvant chemotherapies then available after pancreatic cancer surgery and found they gave the same survival, about 23 months, but gemcitabine caused half as many serious side effects; a companion cohort in ampullary and bile duct cancers is still the main randomised evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy in those rarer tumours.","route":"/trials/espac-3/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"resectable-pdac","sub":"NCT00058201","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Ampullary cancer"],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/","tip":"Resectable pancreatic cancer is the minority of pancreatic cancer that the surgeon can remove with clear margins because it has not wrapped around the main arteries or spread. Treatment is an operation, usually a Whipple procedure, followed by six months of combination chemotherapy, which is what turns surgery alone into a real chance of cure."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Ampullary cancer","href":"/cancers/ampullary/","tip":"Ampullary cancer, a biliary tract cancer, starts where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty into the small bowel. Because it blocks bile flow early it is often caught while still removable, and the Whipple operation cures a good share of patients. Tumours come in two flavours, intestinal-like and pancreas-like, and chemotherapy is increasingly chosen by which one the pathologist sees."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"espac-4","name":"ESPAC-4","tldr":"ESPAC-4 showed that adding the tablet capecitabine to gemcitabine after pancreatic cancer surgery lengthened median survival from 25.5 to 28 months, and the pair became the adjuvant standard for people who cannot tolerate the harsher FOLFIRINOX regimen.","route":"/trials/espac-4/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"resectable-pdac","sub":"ISRCTN96397434","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/","tip":"Resectable pancreatic cancer is the minority of pancreatic cancer that the surgeon can remove with clear margins because it has not wrapped around the main arteries or spread. Treatment is an operation, usually a Whipple procedure, followed by six months of combination chemotherapy, which is what turns surgery alone into a real chance of cure."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"espac-5","name":"ESPAC-5","tldr":"ESPAC-5 randomised people whose pancreatic cancer sat on the border of being removable between going straight to surgery and having two months of chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy first; those treated first were far more likely to be alive a year later, 78 to 84 percent with chemotherapy against 39 percent with immediate surgery, which supports treating before operating in borderline disease.","route":"/trials/espac-5/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"borderline-resectable-pdac","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/borderline-resectable-pdac/","tip":"Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer touches the big blood vessels behind the pancreas, so an operation straight away would probably leave cancer behind. Chemotherapy first, usually FOLFIRINOX for several months and sometimes radiotherapy, shrinks the edge of the tumour, and patients whose disease has not spread go on to surgery with a better chance of a clean removal."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"esphall","name":"EsPhALL (EsPhALL2004 and EsPhALL2010)","tldr":"EsPhALL is the European intergroup study that brought the leukaemia pill imatinib into treatment for children with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; the first version gave it in short bursts after induction and the second gave it continuously, and together they set the chemotherapy backbone that the standard of care still uses.","route":"/trials/esphall/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","sub":"NCT00287105","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-ph-positive/","tip":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia carries the same faulty BCR::ABL1 gene as chronic myeloid leukaemia. Until 2000 most children with it needed a bone marrow transplant; adding the targeted pill imatinib to chemotherapy, and then dasatinib, means most are now cured without one."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"euronet-phl-c2","name":"EuroNet-PHL-C2","tldr":"EuroNet-PHL-C2 is the huge European trial that treats children with Hodgkin lymphoma using PET scans after the first two cycles to decide who can skip radiotherapy, and tests a more intensive chemotherapy consolidation to make that possible for more of them; enrolment of nearly 3,000 children has closed and the full results are awaited.","route":"/trials/euronet-phl-c2/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"hodgkin-lymphoma","sub":"NCT02684708","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"explorer","name":"EXPLORER","tldr":"EXPLORER was the first human study of avapritinib, a pill designed to block the KIT D816V mutation that drives almost every case of advanced systemic mastocytosis; three quarters of evaluable patients responded and a third went into complete remission, and the drug was approved for the disease in 2021.","route":"/trials/explorer/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","sub":"NCT02561988","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Advanced systemic mastocytosis","Systemic mastocytosis"],"year":["2021"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis","href":"/cancers/advanced-systemic-mastocytosis/","tip":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis is the dangerous form of this rare blood cancer, in which KIT-mutant mast cells damage the marrow, liver, gut or bones, grow alongside a second blood cancer such as chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, or flood the blood as mast cell leukaemia. The KIT-blocking tablets midostaurin and avapritinib have replaced older chemotherapy, and fit patients may have a transplant."},{"label":"Systemic mastocytosis","href":"/cancers/systemic-mastocytosis/","tip":"Systemic mastocytosis is a clonal disease of mast cells, the immune cells that release histamine; almost every case is driven by a single mutation in the KIT gene. Precise KIT-blocking pills now shrink the mast cell burden, ease symptoms and, in the aggressive forms, prolong life. Most patients have the indolent form, where the goal is controlling symptoms and preventing anaphylaxis."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2021"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2021}},{"id":"firstmappp","name":"FIRSTMAPPP","tldr":"FIRSTMAPPP was the first randomised trial ever completed in metastatic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma, rare hormone-producing tumours; the kinase inhibitor sunitinib kept 36 percent of patients free of progression at a year against 19 percent on placebo, giving the disease its first drug with randomised evidence.","route":"/trials/firstmappp/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"metastatic-ppgl","sub":"NCT01371201","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","href":"/cancers/metastatic-ppgl/","tip":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is disease that has spread to bone, lymph nodes, liver or lungs, the only way these adrenaline-producing tumours are called malignant. It is often slow, so treatment starts with blood pressure control and watching, then moves through radioactive drugs that home to the tumour, the kinase inhibitor sunitinib, chemotherapy and, since 2025, belzutifan."},{"label":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","href":"/cancers/pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma/","tip":"Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are tumours of adrenaline-producing tissue that cause dangerous blood pressure surges. Surgery after careful blood-pressure blockade cures most, genetic testing finds an inherited cause in nearly half, and for the minority that spread there are now radioactive drugs that home to the tumour and, since 2025, the first oral targeted pill, belzutifan."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"fort","name":"FoRT","tldr":"FoRT asked whether two very small doses of radiotherapy control follicular lymphoma as well as the standard twelve; they do not, with about three times the rate of regrowth in the treated area, so 24 Gy stays the standard when the aim is lasting control and 4 Gy is kept for palliation.","route":"/trials/fort/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT00310167","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2014"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2014"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2014}},{"id":"gallium","name":"GALLIUM","tldr":"GALLIUM showed that the newer anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab kept follicular lymphoma at bay for longer than rituximab when given with chemotherapy and as maintenance, at the cost of more serious side effects, and it became a first-line option.","route":"/trials/gallium/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01332968","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"getug-13","name":"GETUG 13","tldr":"GETUG 13 showed that men with the worst-risk testicular cancers whose tumour markers fall too slowly after the first cycle of chemotherapy do better if treatment is intensified: 59 percent were free of progression at three years against 48 percent with standard BEP, and fewer needed high-dose salvage chemotherapy.","route":"/trials/getug-13/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"non-seminoma","sub":"NCT00104676","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","Testicular germ cell tumours"],"year":["2014"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","href":"/cancers/non-seminoma/","tip":"Non-seminoma is the faster-growing half of testicular cancer, marked by AFP and hCG in the blood. Surgery cures most early cases, cisplatin chemotherapy cures most of the rest, and surgeons remove what remains after chemotherapy because teratoma does not respond to drugs."},{"label":"Testicular germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/testicular/","tip":"Testicular germ cell tumours are the most curable adult solid cancer: cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures the large majority even when the disease has spread to distant sites. Today's research is about giving less treatment to the majority who are cured, rescuing the minority who relapse, and limiting lifelong survivorship harms."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2014"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2014}},{"id":"graall-2005","name":"GRAALL-2005","tldr":"GRAALL-2005 treated adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using an intensive protocol borrowed from children's medicine and asked whether giving cyclophosphamide in a more intense split schedule helped; it did not, and the trial also showed that people aged 55 and over tolerate the paediatric-style treatment poorly.","route":"/trials/graall-2005/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-leukemia","sub":"NCT00327678","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"ielsg32","name":"IELSG32","tldr":"IELSG32 built the MATRix regimen that is now the standard first treatment for lymphoma confined to the brain: adding rituximab and thiotepa to methotrexate and cytarabine doubled the complete remission rate, and its second part showed that a stem cell transplant works as well as whole-brain radiotherapy for consolidation, with less harm to thinking.","route":"/trials/ielsg32/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-cns-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01011920","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary CNS lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"impactmf","name":"IMpactMF","tldr":"IMpactMF is the first myelofibrosis trial designed to prove that a drug helps people live longer rather than just shrinking the spleen; it compares the telomerase blocker imetelstat with the best treatment doctors can otherwise offer after a JAK inhibitor has stopped working, and results are expected towards 2028.","route":"/trials/impactmf/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-myelofibrosis","sub":"NCT04576156","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary myelofibrosis","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary myelofibrosis","href":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","tip":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"inpact","name":"InPACT","tldr":"InPACT is the first international trial in penile cancer that has spread to the groin nodes; it tests whether chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before removing the nodes, and preventive removal of pelvic nodes afterwards, help people live longer, and it is the reason chemoradiotherapy is offered within the trial as an alternative to chemotherapy.","route":"/trials/inpact/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"node-positive-penile-cancer","sub":"NCT02305654","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","Penile cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","href":"/cancers/node-positive-penile-cancer/","tip":"Node-positive penile cancer is squamous cell cancer of the penis that has reached the lymph nodes of the groin or pelvis, and it is where penile cancer becomes life-threatening. Treatment combines removal of the groin nodes with chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before or after surgery, the InPACT trial is testing the best order, and PD-1 antibodies are being added for advanced disease."},{"label":"Penile cancer","href":"/cancers/penile/","tip":"Penile cancer is a squamous skin-type cancer, about half of it caused by HPV. Caught early it is usually cured with organ-sparing surgery that has replaced amputation, and HPV vaccination and circumcision prevent it; the hard cases are those with lymph-node spread, where cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus surgery and now immunotherapy are being tested in the InPACT trial."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"interaact","name":"InterAACT","tldr":"InterAACT was the first randomised trial ever run in advanced anal cancer; the two chemotherapy pairs shrank tumours equally often, but carboplatin with paclitaxel caused far fewer serious side effects and patients on it lived longer, so it became the standard chemotherapy backbone.","route":"/trials/interaact/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"metastatic-anal-cancer","sub":"NCT02051868","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","Anal cancer"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/","tip":"Metastatic anal cancer is squamous cell anal cancer that has spread to the liver, lungs or distant lymph nodes, or come back where surgery can no longer remove it. Carboplatin with paclitaxel became the standard first treatment after the InterAACT trial, the PD-1 antibody retifanlimab was added to it in 2025 after POD1UM-303, and nivolumab or pembrolizumab are options after chemotherapy."},{"label":"Anal cancer","href":"/cancers/anal/","tip":"An HPV-caused cancer of the anal canal that is usually cured without surgery by combined chemotherapy and radiation. Prevention (HPV vaccination, screening of high-risk groups) and immunotherapy for advanced disease are the new fronts."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"intreall-sr-2010","name":"IntReALL SR 2010","tldr":"IntReALL SR 2010 brought the European relapse groups together to compare their two chemotherapy programmes head to head for children whose leukaemia had returned, and to test adding an antibody against CD22; it has completed and the corpus records the design while the full results are awaited.","route":"/trials/intreall-sr-2010/","status":"completed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"all-paediatric-relapsed","sub":"NCT01802814","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-relapsed/","tip":"When childhood leukaemia comes back, chemotherapy alone cures fewer than half. Three immune treatments changed this: blinatumomab, which links the child's T-cells to leukaemia cells and beat chemotherapy in two trials; tisagenlecleucel, the first approved CAR T-cell therapy, which put over eight in ten pretreated children into remission; and the antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"intuitt-nf2","name":"INTUITT-NF2","tldr":"INTUITT-NF2 is a rolling trial for people with the inherited condition NF2, who grow many benign tumours of the nerves and brain lining; its first drug, brigatinib, shrank a share of tumours, slowed the growth of all types and improved hearing in a third of affected ears, which is the evidence behind offering it for these tumours.","route":"/trials/intuitt-nf2/","status":"recruiting","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"vestibular-schwannoma","sub":"NCT04374305","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Vestibular schwannoma","Meningioma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Vestibular schwannoma","href":"/cancers/vestibular-schwannoma/","tip":"A vestibular schwannoma is a benign brain tumour, a growth on the balance and hearing nerve, deep in the skull. It is rarely dangerous, so many are simply watched with scans; growing tumours are treated with either an operation or a single precisely focused dose of radiation, and people with the inherited condition NF2, who develop tumours on both sides, can be helped by the drug bevacizumab."},{"label":"Meningioma","href":"/cancers/meningioma/","tip":"Meningiomas grow from the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord rather than from the brain itself. Most are slow and benign and are either watched or removed; radiotherapy or radiosurgery treats what surgery cannot reach or what grows back, and no drug has yet been approved for them."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"lap07","name":"LAP07","tldr":"LAP07 tested whether adding radiotherapy after four months of chemotherapy helps people whose pancreatic cancer has not spread but cannot be removed; it did not lengthen life, although it did keep the tumour in check locally for longer, and adding erlotinib to gemcitabine did not help either.","route":"/trials/lap07/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"locally-advanced-pdac","sub":"NCT00634725","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/locally-advanced-pdac/","tip":"Locally advanced pancreatic cancer has grown around the arteries or veins behind the pancreas so that it cannot be removed, but it has not spread to other organs. Chemotherapy is the main treatment, joined in 2026 by a device that delivers electric fields to the tumour; radiotherapy controls pain and local growth, and a minority of tumours shrink enough to be operated on after all."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"ielsg43","name":"MATRix/IELSG43","tldr":"MATRix/IELSG43 settled how to consolidate remission in lymphoma of the brain: after MATRix chemotherapy, a high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant kept 78 percent of patients free of progression at three years against 51 percent with conventional consolidation chemotherapy, and also lengthened survival, so transplant is now the preferred consolidation for fit patients.","route":"/trials/ielsg43/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"primary-cns-lymphoma","sub":"NCT02531841","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Primary CNS lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":["2026"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary CNS lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-cns-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary CNS lymphoma is a lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes and spinal fluid. Unlike most brain tumours it is chemo-sensitive: high-dose methotrexate-based treatment cures a substantial minority, and consolidation with a stem-cell transplant has replaced whole-brain radiation for the fit."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2026"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2026}},{"id":"morpho","name":"MORPHO","tldr":"MORPHO asked whether taking the FLT3 blocker gilteritinib for two years after a stem-cell transplant keeps leukaemia from returning; across everyone the benefit fell just short of statistical proof, but in the half of patients whose blood tests still showed traces of leukaemia the drug clearly cut relapses.","route":"/trials/morpho/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"aml-flt3","sub":"NCT02997202","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia","Leukaemia"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml-flt3/","tip":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia carries a mutation in a growth-signal receptor that makes the leukaemia relapse quickly. Adding a FLT3 blocker to chemotherapy, midostaurin or quizartinib, lengthens life, and gilteritinib is the standard when the disease comes back."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"nci9673","name":"NCI9673","tldr":"NCI9673 was the first completed immunotherapy trial in anal cancer: nivolumab on its own shrank tumours in a quarter of heavily treated patients, which made PD-1 blockade a standard later option, but the follow-on randomisation showed that adding ipilimumab did not help and added toxicity.","route":"/trials/nci9673/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"metastatic-anal-cancer","sub":"NCT02314169","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","Anal cancer"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/","tip":"Metastatic anal cancer is squamous cell anal cancer that has spread to the liver, lungs or distant lymph nodes, or come back where surgery can no longer remove it. Carboplatin with paclitaxel became the standard first treatment after the InterAACT trial, the PD-1 antibody retifanlimab was added to it in 2025 after POD1UM-303, and nivolumab or pembrolizumab are options after chemotherapy."},{"label":"Anal cancer","href":"/cancers/anal/","tip":"An HPV-caused cancer of the anal canal that is usually cured without surgery by combined chemotherapy and radiation. Prevention (HPV vaccination, screening of high-risk groups) and immunotherapy for advanced disease are the new fronts."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"noa-08","name":"NOA-08","tldr":"NOA-08 showed that older people with glioblastoma can be treated with temozolomide tablets instead of six weeks of radiotherapy without living less long, and that the MGMT test tells you which to choose: chemotherapy if the gene is methylated, radiotherapy if it is not.","route":"/trials/noa-08/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"glioblastoma","sub":"NCT01502241","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Glioma & glioblastoma","Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma itself is the hardest to treat and has kept the same standard since 2005; CAR-T delivered into the brain and focused-ultrasound drug delivery are the live directions."},{"label":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant","href":"/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/","tip":"IDH-mutant astrocytoma is the slow-growing form of adult glioma, defined by a mutation in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene that makes the tumour produce a chemical which rewires its own cells. Surgery first, and then either watchful waiting, the new pill vorasidenib, or radiotherapy with chemotherapy, depending on grade and how much tumour is left."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"norpact-1","name":"NORPACT-1","tldr":"NORPACT-1 asked whether giving FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy before surgery helps people whose pancreatic cancer can be removed straight away; it did not, and patients who went straight to surgery were if anything more likely to be alive at 18 months, so upfront surgery remains the standard for clearly resectable disease.","route":"/trials/norpact-1/","status":"negative","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"resectable-pdac","sub":"NCT02919787","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/resectable-pdac/","tip":"Resectable pancreatic cancer is the minority of pancreatic cancer that the surgeon can remove with clear margins because it has not wrapped around the main arteries or spread. Treatment is an operation, usually a Whipple procedure, followed by six months of combination chemotherapy, which is what turns surgery alone into a real chance of cure."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"pod1um-303","name":"POD1UM-303/InterAACT-2","tldr":"POD1UM-303 showed that adding the immunotherapy retifanlimab to the standard carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy for advanced anal cancer delayed progression by about two months in median terms and reduced the risk of progression by 37 percent, making it the first immunotherapy to improve first-line treatment of this cancer.","route":"/trials/pod1um-303/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"metastatic-anal-cancer","sub":"NCT04472429","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","Anal cancer"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/metastatic-anal-cancer/","tip":"Metastatic anal cancer is squamous cell anal cancer that has spread to the liver, lungs or distant lymph nodes, or come back where surgery can no longer remove it. Carboplatin with paclitaxel became the standard first treatment after the InterAACT trial, the PD-1 antibody retifanlimab was added to it in 2025 after POD1UM-303, and nivolumab or pembrolizumab are options after chemotherapy."},{"label":"Anal cancer","href":"/cancers/anal/","tip":"An HPV-caused cancer of the anal canal that is usually cured without surgery by combined chemotherapy and radiation. Prevention (HPV vaccination, screening of high-risk groups) and immunotherapy for advanced disease are the new fronts."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"precede","name":"PRECEDE","tldr":"PRECEDE is a very large international study following people whose genes or family history put them at high risk of pancreatic cancer, with yearly scans and stored blood samples, to find out how to catch the cancer early enough to cure it; it is still enrolling towards 20,000 participants.","route":"/trials/precede/","status":"recruiting","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"pancreatic","sub":"NCT04970056","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","href":"/cancers/ipmn-cystic-precursors/","tip":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms are fluid-filled growths in the pancreatic ducts that make mucus and can slowly turn into pancreatic cancer, one of the few chances to catch pancreatic cancer before it starts. Most are watched with scans for years, and surgery is reserved for the ones with warning signs such as a widened main duct, a solid nodule inside the cyst or jaundice."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ptld-1","name":"PTLD-1","tldr":"PTLD-1 established how to treat lymphoma that arises after an organ transplant: start with the antibody rituximab alone, and use how well the patient responds to decide whether to continue rituximab or move to chemotherapy; seven in ten reached complete remission and patients lived a median of more than six years.","route":"/trials/ptld-1/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","sub":"NCT00590447","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder","href":"/cancers/post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder/","tip":"After an organ or stem cell transplant, the drugs that stop rejection also stop the immune system from policing Epstein-Barr virus, and infected B cells can grow into a lymphoma. The first move is to ease the immunosuppression; then the antibody rituximab, chemotherapy if needed, and, newest of all, off-the-shelf virus-specific T cells that restore the missing immune control."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"quazar-aml-001","name":"QUAZAR AML-001","tldr":"QUAZAR AML-001 showed that a tablet form of azacitidine taken as maintenance after chemotherapy helped older people with acute myeloid leukaemia live about ten months longer than placebo, and it became the first approved maintenance treatment for the disease.","route":"/trials/quazar-aml-001/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"aml","sub":"NCT01757535","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","Leukaemia"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","href":"/cancers/aml-older-unfit/","tip":"Most people with acute myeloid leukaemia are over 65, and many cannot take intensive chemotherapy. Venetoclax with azacitidine, two gentler drugs, doubled remission rates and lengthened life in this group, replacing the old choice between supportive care and low-dose chemotherapy."},{"label":"Leukaemia","href":"/cancers/leukaemia/","tip":"Leukaemia means cancer of the blood-forming cells, but the four main types share little beyond the name: acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukaemia are emergencies treated with intensive therapy, while chronic lymphocytic and chronic myeloid leukaemia are slow diseases controlled for years with pills. Each has its own page."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"rainbo","name":"RAINBO","tldr":"RAINBO is a programme of four trials that tailors treatment after surgery for womb cancer to the tumour's molecular type; in its POLEmut-BLUE arm, women whose tumours carry a POLE mutation and almost never relapse have chemotherapy withheld and receive radiotherapy alone or no further treatment, and the results are awaited.","route":"/trials/rainbo/","status":"recruiting","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","sub":"NCT05255653","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial-pole-ultramutated/","tip":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer carries a fault in the proofreading part of a DNA-copying enzyme, so its cells pile up enormous numbers of mutations. It looks aggressive under the microscope yet almost never comes back after surgery, so trials are testing whether radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be dropped altogether."},{"label":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial-mmr-deficient/","tip":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer has lost the machinery that corrects copying errors in DNA, so it accumulates thousands of mutations that make it visible to the immune system. Adding dostarlimab or pembrolizumab to chemotherapy in advanced disease cut the risk of progression by about seventy percent, and many patients remain in remission years later."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"relevance","name":"RELEVANCE","tldr":"RELEVANCE tested whether a chemotherapy-free combination of rituximab and the pill lenalidomide could beat standard chemo-immunotherapy for untreated follicular lymphoma; it was not better, but it was just as effective with a different set of side effects, so it became an accepted alternative.","route":"/trials/relevance/","status":"mixed","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"follicular-lymphoma","sub":"NCT01476787","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"siopel-3","name":"SIOPEL-3","tldr":"SIOPEL-3 showed that children with standard-risk hepatoblastoma can be cured with cisplatin alone before and after surgery, leaving out doxorubicin and its heart damage, because the cure rate was the same as with the two-drug combination.","route":"/trials/siopel-3/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"hepatoblastoma","sub":"NCT00003912","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Hepatoblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2009"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatoblastoma","href":"/cancers/hepatoblastoma/","tip":"Hepatoblastoma is a childhood liver cancer, mostly of toddlers, cured in most standard-risk cases with cisplatin chemotherapy and surgery, including liver transplant when the tumour cannot be cut out. Sodium thiosulfate given after cisplatin halves the permanent hearing loss cisplatin causes, and became the first approved otoprotectant in 2022."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2009"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2009}},{"id":"siopel-4","name":"SIOPEL-4","tldr":"SIOPEL-4 showed that giving cisplatin every week in a dense schedule, with doxorubicin, to children with high-risk hepatoblastoma got nearly all of them to respond and three quarters to complete resection, lifting three-year survival to 83 percent in a group that used to do poorly.","route":"/trials/siopel-4/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"hepatoblastoma","sub":"NCT00077389","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Hepatoblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":["2013"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatoblastoma","href":"/cancers/hepatoblastoma/","tip":"Hepatoblastoma is a childhood liver cancer, mostly of toddlers, cured in most standard-risk cases with cisplatin chemotherapy and surgery, including liver transplant when the tumour cannot be cut out. Sodium thiosulfate given after cisplatin halves the permanent hearing loss cisplatin causes, and became the first approved otoprotectant in 2022."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2013"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2013}},{"id":"sjmb12","name":"SJMB12","tldr":"SJMB12 is the St. Jude trial that first treated medulloblastoma by its molecular type: children with the low-risk WNT form receive a much lower dose of radiotherapy to the brain and spine, those with the SHH form add the targeted drug vismodegib, and the others add two extra chemotherapy drugs; it is still running and the corpus records the design.","route":"/trials/sjmb12/","status":"active","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"medulloblastoma-wnt","sub":"NCT01878617","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["WNT-activated medulloblastoma","SHH-activated medulloblastoma","Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma","Medulloblastoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-wnt/","tip":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma is the rarest and most curable of the four molecular groups of medulloblastoma, a brain tumour of the cerebellum. It is driven by a mutation in the beta-catenin gene that switches the WNT growth pathway on. Almost every child is cured with standard therapy, so current trials are asking how much radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be taken away."},{"label":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-shh/","tip":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma is driven by the sonic hedgehog growth pathway, the signal that normally tells the developing cerebellum to grow. In infants it is often cured with chemotherapy alone and no radiotherapy; in adults it responds for a time to hedgehog-blocking pills such as vismodegib; and when it carries a TP53 mutation in an older child, often inherited, it resists everything."},{"label":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-group-3-4/","tip":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma are the two commonest forms of this cerebellar brain tumour and the ones without a druggable driver. Group 3 strikes young children, often with extra copies of MYC and spread through the spinal fluid; group 4 affects older boys. Both get surgery, craniospinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy; trials showed the radiation dose cannot be cut for young children."},{"label":"Medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","tip":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sympatico","name":"SYMPATICO","tldr":"SYMPATICO showed that adding the BCL2 blocker venetoclax to ibrutinib for people whose mantle cell lymphoma had returned kept the disease under control for about ten months longer than ibrutinib alone, and the combination also produced complete responses in most untreated patients with the hard-to-treat TP53 mutation.","route":"/trials/sympatico/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","sub":"NCT03112174","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"telesto","name":"TELESTO","tldr":"TELESTO is the only placebo-controlled trial of removing excess iron in people with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome who depend on blood transfusions; the chelator deferasirox lengthened the time before heart or liver damage, progression to leukaemia or death by about a year.","route":"/trials/telesto/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mds-lower-risk","sub":"NCT00940602","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","href":"/cancers/mds-lower-risk/","tip":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes rarely turn into leukaemia quickly; the problem is anaemia and the transfusions it demands. Erythropoietin, then luspatercept (COMMANDS) and the telomerase blocker imetelstat (IMerge), free many patients from transfusions for months or years, and lenalidomide does the same for the del(5q) subtype."},{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}},{"id":"triangle","name":"TRIANGLE","tldr":"TRIANGLE showed that adding the pill ibrutinib to the chemotherapy given to younger people with mantle cell lymphoma keeps the disease away for longer, and that when ibrutinib is used the stem cell transplant that used to be compulsory no longer adds a clear benefit while adding side effects.","route":"/trials/triangle/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","sub":"NCT02858258","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Mantle cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2024"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2024"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2024}},{"id":"trophimmun","name":"TROPHIMMUN","tldr":"TROPHIMMUN was the first immunotherapy trial in gestational trophoblastic disease, a rare tumour that arises from a pregnancy; the PD-L1 antibody avelumab cured about half of the women whose disease had stopped responding to single-drug chemotherapy, with mild side effects and a healthy pregnancy afterwards in one patient.","route":"/trials/trophimmun/","status":"positive","kind":"trial","cancerIcon":"low-risk-gtn","sub":"NCT03135769","facets":{"kind":["Trial"],"cancers":["Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia"],"year":["2020"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Trial","tip":"Landmark and current trials that define the standard of care."},"cancers":[{"label":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","href":"/cancers/low-risk-gtn/","tip":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is the mild form of this rare pregnancy-related cancer, usually found when the pregnancy hormone hCG fails to fall after removal of a molar pregnancy. It is cured in almost every woman with a single chemotherapy drug, methotrexate or actinomycin D, given until the hormone level is normal, and most go on to have normal pregnancies afterwards."},{"label":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","href":"/cancers/gestational-trophoblastic/","tip":"Cancers that grow from placental tissue after a pregnancy. They make a hormone (hCG) that acts as a perfect blood test, and they were the first solid cancer ever cured by chemotherapy. Immunotherapy now rescues the few that resist drugs."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2020"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2020}}]