[{"id":"advance-care-planning","name":"Advance care planning","tldr":"Advance care planning means talking with your family and your care team about what matters to you and writing down the care you would want if you became too unwell to say. You can start at any point, and you can change it later.","route":"/terms/advance-care-planning/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"advance-decision-to-refuse-treatment","name":"Advance decision to refuse treatment (England and Wales)","tldr":"In England and Wales, an adult can write down in advance which treatments they refuse if they later cannot decide. To refuse treatment that keeps you alive, it must be in writing, signed, witnessed and say it applies even if your life is at risk.","route":"/terms/advance-decision-to-refuse-treatment/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Clinic basics"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"allopurinol","name":"Allopurinol","tldr":"Allopurinol is a long-established tablet, also given by drip, that lowers the body's production of uric acid. When treatment breaks down a large number of cancer cells quickly, uric acid can build up and harm the kidneys; allopurinol is used to prevent and manage this.","route":"/drugs/allopurinol/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"allopurinol","modality":"Small-molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitor (tablet and injection)","sub":"Zyloprim / Aloprim","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1966"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1966"},"tags":[{"label":"universe-gap","href":"/tagged/universe-gap/","tip":"Every record tagged universe-gap."},{"label":"who-eml","href":"/tagged/who-eml/","tip":"Every record tagged who-eml."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1966}},{"id":"amifostine","name":"Amifostine","tldr":"Amifostine (Ethyol) is an infusion given just before chemotherapy or radiotherapy to shield the kidneys from cisplatin and the salivary glands from radiation, reducing dry mouth after head and neck treatment.","route":"/drugs/amifostine/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"amifostine","modality":"Cytoprotective thiol prodrug","sub":"Ethyol","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Ovarian cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":["1995"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1995"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1995}},{"id":"antiemetic-therapy","name":"Antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","tldr":"The drugs that stopped chemotherapy from meaning days of vomiting: 5-HT3 blockers (ondansetron, palonosetron), NK1 blockers (aprepitant), dexamethasone and olanzapine, given by the emetic risk of each regimen.","route":"/technologies/antiemetic-therapy/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"antiemetic-therapy","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":["1991"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1991"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1991}},{"id":"aprepitant","name":"Aprepitant (and fosaprepitant)","tldr":"Aprepitant (Emend) was the first of a new class of anti-sickness drugs. Taken with a 5-HT3 blocker and dexamethasone, it prevents the delayed nausea and vomiting that follow strongly emetogenic chemotherapy such as cisplatin.","route":"/drugs/aprepitant/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"aprepitant","modality":"Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)","sub":"Emend / Cinvanti","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2003"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2003"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2003}},{"id":"belumosudil","name":"Belumosudil","tldr":"Belumosudil is a pill for chronic graft-versus-host disease, the long-term immune complication of donor stem-cell transplants used to cure blood cancers.","route":"/drugs/belumosudil/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"belumosudil","modality":"Oral ROCK2 inhibitor","sub":"Rezurock","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms"],"year":["2021"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2021"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2021}},{"id":"bone-modifying-agents","name":"Bone-modifying agents (bisphosphonates, denosumab)","tldr":"Zoledronic acid and denosumab reduce fractures, spinal cord compression and bone pain from bone metastases and myeloma, prevent treatment-induced bone loss, and in postmenopausal breast cancer modestly reduce recurrence in bone.","route":"/technologies/bone-modifying-agents/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"bone-modifying-agents","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Prostate cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":["1995"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1995"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1995}},{"id":"burosumab","name":"Burosumab","tldr":"Crysvita is an antibody for a rare bone-softening condition in which the body leaks phosphate. Some small tumours cause it by making too much of a hormone called FGF23; when the tumour cannot be found or removed, Crysvita blocks the hormone.","route":"/drugs/burosumab/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"burosumab","modality":"Monoclonal antibody (anti-FGF23)","sub":"Crysvita","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2018"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2018"},"tags":[{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2018}},{"id":"pain-management","name":"Cancer pain management","tldr":"Systematic treatment of cancer pain with opioids, adjuvant drugs, radiation and procedures such as nerve blocks and intrathecal pumps. Most pain can be controlled, yet under-treatment remains common, especially where opioids are unavailable.","route":"/technologies/pain-management/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"pain-management","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":["1986"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1986"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1986}},{"id":"cancer-associated-thrombosis","name":"Cancer-associated thrombosis prevention and treatment","tldr":"Blood clots are the second commonest cause of death in people with cancer. Risk scores identify who should take preventive blood thinners during chemotherapy, and direct oral anticoagulants have largely replaced injections for treatment.","route":"/technologies/cancer-associated-thrombosis/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"cancer-associated-thrombosis","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","Glioma & glioblastoma","Multiple myeloma","Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."},{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma is the hardest to treat: surgery, radiotherapy with temozolomide and tumour treating fields are its backbone, with CAR-T into the brain and focused ultrasound in trials."},{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"last-days-of-life-care","name":"Care of dying adults in the last days of life","tldr":"In the last days of life, care focuses on comfort: recognising that someone is dying, talking openly with them and their family, keeping them hydrated if that helps, and having medicines ready for pain, breathlessness, sickness, agitation and noisy breathing.","route":"/terms/last-days-of-life-care/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"catumaxomab","name":"Catumaxomab","tldr":"Catumaxomab (Korjuny) is an antibody infused into the abdominal cavity to control malignant ascites, the build-up of fluid caused by cancers such as ovarian and stomach cancer, in people whose other treatments have stopped working.","route":"/drugs/catumaxomab/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"catumaxomab","modality":"Trifunctional bispecific antibody (EpCAM x CD3, rat-mouse hybrid)","sub":"Korjuny","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Ovarian cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Colorectal cancer"],"year":["2009"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely; chemotherapy still carries most metastatic disease, now with antibodies and targeted combinations chosen by RAS, BRAF, mismatch repair and which side of the bowel the tumour started on."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2009"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2009}},{"id":"darbepoetin-alfa","name":"Darbepoetin alfa","tldr":"Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) is a longer-acting version of erythropoietin given every one to three weeks to treat anaemia caused by chemotherapy, reducing transfusions but with the same warnings about clots and tumour growth as epoetin.","route":"/drugs/darbepoetin-alfa/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"darbepoetin-alfa","modality":"Hyperglycosylated recombinant erythropoietin (erythropoiesis-stimulating agent)","sub":"Aranesp","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2001"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2001"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2001}},{"id":"defibrotide","name":"Defibrotide","tldr":"Defibrotide (Defitelio) is the only approved treatment for hepatic veno-occlusive disease, a life-threatening liver complication of high-dose chemotherapy before stem cell transplant, in patients whose kidneys or lungs are also failing.","route":"/drugs/defibrotide/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"defibrotide","modality":"Polydisperse oligonucleotide mixture (endothelial protectant)","sub":"Defitelio","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2013"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2013"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2013}},{"id":"denosumab","name":"Denosumab","tldr":"Denosumab is an injection under the skin that blocks the signal driving bone breakdown. As Xgeva it prevents fractures and other bone complications in people whose cancer has spread to bone or who have myeloma; as Prolia it treats osteoporosis, including bone loss caused by hormone therapy for breast and prostate cancer.","route":"/drugs/denosumab/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"denosumab","modality":"Monoclonal antibody (anti-RANKL, fully human IgG2)","sub":"Xgeva / Prolia","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Prostate cancer","Multiple myeloma","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Osteosarcoma"],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."},{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"dexamethasone","name":"Dexamethasone","tldr":"Dexamethasone is a long-acting glucocorticoid steroid that kills lymphoid cancer cells directly, which is why it sits in nearly every myeloma regimen and in childhood leukaemia and lymphoma protocols. It is also the standard drug for preventing chemotherapy sickness and for brain swelling and spinal cord compression; high blood sugar, insomnia, muscle wasting and infection follow prolonged use.","route":"/drugs/dexamethasone/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"dexamethasone","modality":"Glucocorticoid","sub":"Decadron (historic) / Hemady / Neofordex","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["1958"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1958"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1958}},{"id":"dexrazoxane","name":"Dexrazoxane","tldr":"Dexrazoxane protects the heart from the cumulative damage of doxorubicin in women with metastatic breast cancer who need to keep receiving it, and, as Totect, limits tissue destruction when an anthracycline leaks out of a vein.","route":"/drugs/dexrazoxane/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"dexrazoxane","modality":"Cardioprotectant and extravasation antidote (bisdioxopiperazine)","sub":"Zinecard / Totect","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia"],"year":["1995"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1995"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1995}},{"id":"dignity-therapy","name":"Dignity therapy","tldr":"Dignity therapy is a short, one-to-one talking therapy for people near the end of life and their families. In a large trial it did not lower distress more than usual care, but patients said it helped them, their sense of dignity and their families.","route":"/technologies/dignity-therapy/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"dignity-therapy","sections":[]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"psychosocial","href":"/tagged/psychosocial/","tip":"Every record tagged psychosocial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"palliative-care","name":"Early integrated palliative care","tldr":"Specialist care for symptoms, decision-making and quality of life given alongside cancer treatment from diagnosis, not just at the end. Trials show it improves quality of life and mood and may lengthen survival.","route":"/technologies/palliative-care/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Glioma & glioblastoma","Triple-negative breast cancer","Colorectal cancer","Lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":["1967"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma is the hardest to treat: surgery, radiotherapy with temozolomide and tumour treating fields are its backbone, with CAR-T into the brain and focused ultrasound in trials."},{"label":"Triple-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/tnbc/","tip":"A breast cancer that lacks the three receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, HER2) that other breast cancers can be treated through. It was the hardest subtype for decades; since 2020 immunotherapy and ADCs have changed that."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1967"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1967}},{"id":"efbemalenograstim-alfa","name":"Efbemalenograstim alfa","tldr":"Efbemalenograstim alfa (Ryzneuta) is a once-per-cycle white cell booster, an alternative to pegfilgrastim, that reduces the risk of febrile infections after chemotherapy.","route":"/drugs/efbemalenograstim-alfa/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"efbemalenograstim-alfa","modality":"Long-acting recombinant G-CSF dimer (Fc fusion)","sub":"Ryzneuta","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2023"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2023"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2023}},{"id":"epro-symptom-monitoring","name":"Electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) symptom monitoring","tldr":"Patients report symptoms weekly through an app or web form, and nurses respond to alerts. Randomised trials showed this simple system improved quality of life, cut emergency visits and, in one trial, extended survival by five months.","route":"/technologies/epro-symptom-monitoring/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"epro-symptom-monitoring","sections":["supportive-care","ai-computation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":["2016"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2016"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2016}},{"id":"elinzanetant","name":"Elinzanetant","tldr":"Lynkuet is a once-a-day capsule for moderate to severe hot flushes and night sweats. In Europe it is approved both for the menopause and for hot flushes caused by the hormone-blocking tablets taken after breast cancer treatment.","route":"/drugs/elinzanetant/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"elinzanetant","modality":"Small-molecule neurokinin receptor antagonist (oral capsule)","sub":"Lynkuet","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":["2025"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2025"},"tags":[{"label":"universe-gap","href":"/tagged/universe-gap/","tip":"Every record tagged universe-gap."},{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2025}},{"id":"hospice-at-home","name":"End-of-life care at home (hospice at home)","tldr":"Many people can be cared for at the end of life in their own home, with visits from nurses, doctors and carers, equipment and medicines arranged by the hospice or community team. Ask early, because setting it up can take time.","route":"/terms/hospice-at-home/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"epoetin-alfa","name":"Epoetin alfa","tldr":"Epoetin alfa is a manufactured version of the kidney hormone that tells the bone marrow to make red blood cells. In cancer it treats anaemia caused by chemotherapy and reduces the need for transfusions, but it is used cautiously because it can shorten survival and cause clots.","route":"/drugs/epoetin-alfa/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"epoetin-alfa","modality":"Recombinant erythropoietin (erythropoiesis-stimulating agent)","sub":"Epogen / Procrit","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes"],"year":["1989"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","href":"/cancers/mds-lower-risk/","tip":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes rarely turn into leukaemia quickly; the problem is anaemia and the transfusions it demands. Erythropoietin, then luspatercept (COMMANDS) and the telomerase blocker imetelstat (IMerge), free many patients from transfusions for months or years, and lenalidomide does the same for the del(5q) subtype."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1989"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1989}},{"id":"epoetin-beta","name":"Epoetin beta","tldr":"NeoRecormon is a man-made copy of erythropoietin, the hormone that tells the marrow to make red blood cells. In cancer care it treats anaemia that is causing symptoms in adults having chemotherapy for cancers that do not start in the marrow's myeloid cells.","route":"/drugs/epoetin-beta/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"epoetin-beta","modality":"Recombinant erythropoietin (erythropoiesis-stimulating agent)","sub":"NeoRecormon","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1997"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1997"},"tags":[{"label":"universe-gap","href":"/tagged/universe-gap/","tip":"Every record tagged universe-gap."},{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1997}},{"id":"epoetin-theta","name":"Epoetin theta","tldr":"Epoetin theta is a made-to-order version of erythropoietin, the hormone that tells the marrow to make red blood cells. It is used to treat the anaemia of chemotherapy in people with non-myeloid cancers, sparing some transfusions.","route":"/drugs/epoetin-theta/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"epoetin-theta","modality":"Recombinant erythropoietin (erythropoiesis-stimulating agent)","sub":"Eporatio / Biopoin","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2009"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2009"},"tags":[{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2009}},{"id":"integrative-oncology","name":"Evidence-based integrative oncology","tldr":"Using complementary approaches with real evidence, such as acupuncture for nausea and pain, yoga and mindfulness for anxiety and fatigue, alongside standard treatment, while steering patients away from unproven 'alternative' therapies that can shorten life.","route":"/technologies/integrative-oncology/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"integrative-oncology","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":["2006"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2006"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2006}},{"id":"fentanyl","name":"Fentanyl (transmucosal, for breakthrough cancer pain)","tldr":"These are fast-acting forms of the opioid fentanyl, taken as a tablet against the cheek or as a nasal spray, for sudden flares of pain in people whose cancer pain is otherwise controlled by a regular opioid. They are only for patients already tolerant to opioids.","route":"/drugs/fentanyl/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"fentanyl","modality":"Small-molecule opioid analgesic (buccal tablet and nasal sprays)","sub":"Effentora / Instanyl / PecFent","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2008"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2008"},"tags":[{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2008}},{"id":"filgrastim","name":"Filgrastim (G-CSF)","tldr":"Filgrastim (Neupogen and its biosimilars) is a daily injection that speeds the recovery of infection-fighting white cells after chemotherapy, lets doctors give chemotherapy on schedule and mobilises stem cells for transplant.","route":"/drugs/filgrastim/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"filgrastim","modality":"Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor","sub":"Neupogen","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1991"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1991"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1991}},{"id":"financial-navigation","name":"Financial toxicity and financial navigation","tldr":"Cancer treatment can bankrupt patients even with insurance. Financial navigation programmes screen for money problems and connect patients to assistance, insurance optimisation and legal help, and trials show they reduce distress and debt.","route":"/technologies/financial-navigation/","status":"emerging","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"financial-navigation","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":["2013"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2013"},"tags":[{"label":"equity","href":"/tagged/equity/","tip":"Every record tagged equity."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2013}},{"id":"five-wishes","name":"Five Wishes advance directive","tldr":"Five Wishes is a plain-language US advance directive in which you name who decides for you and write down the medical care, comfort and spiritual support you want, and what you want your family to know.","route":"/terms/five-wishes/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Clinic basics"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"us","href":"/tagged/us/","tip":"Every record tagged us."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"glucarpidase","name":"Glucarpidase","tldr":"Glucarpidase (Voraxaze) is a single emergency injection that chops up methotrexate in the blood when a patient's kidneys have failed to clear a high dose, preventing potentially fatal toxicity.","route":"/drugs/glucarpidase/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"glucarpidase","modality":"Recombinant bacterial enzyme (rescue agent)","sub":"Voraxaze","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2012"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2012"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2012}},{"id":"gold-standards-framework","name":"Gold Standards Framework","tldr":"The Gold Standards Framework is a UK charity that trains GP practices, care homes and other services to care well for people in the last years of life, and accredits those that do. Its site lists accredited care homes and providers.","route":"/terms/gold-standards-framework/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"granisetron","name":"Granisetron","tldr":"Granisetron is an anti-sickness medicine for chemotherapy given as a tablet, an injection, a week-long skin patch (Sancuso) or a slow-release injection that lasts several days (Sustol).","route":"/drugs/granisetron/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"granisetron","modality":"5-HT3 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)","sub":"Kytril (historic) / Sancuso / Sustol","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1993"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1993"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1993}},{"id":"bereavement-support","name":"Grief and bereavement support","tldr":"Grief after someone dies of cancer is normal and takes its own time. Hospices and cancer charities offer bereavement support to families, and help is available if grief stays very intense for many months.","route":"/terms/bereavement-support/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."},{"label":"psychosocial","href":"/tagged/psychosocial/","tip":"Every record tagged psychosocial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"g-csf-growth-factors","name":"Growth factors: G-CSF and febrile neutropenia prevention","tldr":"Injections of filgrastim or its long-acting form pegfilgrastim after chemotherapy make white cells recover faster, cutting the risk of life-threatening infections and allowing chemotherapy on schedule.","route":"/technologies/g-csf-growth-factors/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"g-csf-growth-factors","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":["1991"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1991"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1991}},{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","name":"Hospice and end-of-life care","tldr":"Care in the last months of life focused entirely on comfort, at home or in a hospice, when cancer treatment no longer helps. Enrolling earlier than the typical two to three weeks gives patients and families more benefit.","route":"/technologies/hospice-end-of-life/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":["1967"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1967"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1967}},{"id":"hospice-inpatient-and-respite-care","name":"Hospice inpatient care and respite care","tldr":"Most hospice care is given at home, but a hospice team can arrange a short stay in an inpatient unit when symptoms need closer care, or a respite stay so that a family carer can rest.","route":"/terms/hospice-inpatient-and-respite-care/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"human-normal-immunoglobulin","name":"Human normal immunoglobulin (IVIg)","tldr":"Intravenous immunoglobulin is pooled antibody from many blood donors. People with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or myeloma whose own antibody levels have collapsed, and who keep getting bacterial infections despite antibiotics, receive it as replacement.","route":"/drugs/human-normal-immunoglobulin/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"human-normal-immunoglobulin","modality":"Pooled human polyclonal IgG antibody preparation (intravenous immunoglobulin)","sub":"Privigen / Kiovig","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","Multiple myeloma"],"year":["2006"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."},{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2006"},"tags":[{"label":"ema-register","href":"/tagged/ema-register/","tip":"Every record tagged ema-register."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2006}},{"id":"ibandronic-acid","name":"Ibandronic acid","tldr":"Ibandronic acid (Bondronat) is a bisphosphonate available in Europe as a monthly infusion or daily tablet to prevent fractures and other bone complications in women with breast cancer that has spread to bone, and to treat cancer-related high calcium.","route":"/drugs/ibandronic-acid/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"ibandronic-acid","modality":"Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (intravenous and oral)","sub":"Bondronat","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":["1996"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1996"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1996}},{"id":"lasting-power-of-attorney-health-welfare","name":"Lasting power of attorney for health and welfare (England and Wales)","tldr":"A health and welfare lasting power of attorney lets you choose someone you trust to make decisions about your care, including life-sustaining treatment, if you become unable to decide. It has to be registered before it can be used, which takes weeks, so it is worth doing early.","route":"/terms/lasting-power-of-attorney-health-welfare/","kind":"term","term":{"category":"Clinic basics"},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."},{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lipegfilgrastim","name":"Lipegfilgrastim","tldr":"Lipegfilgrastim (Lonquex) is a once-per-chemotherapy-cycle white cell booster used in Europe, similar to pegfilgrastim, for adults and children from two years old.","route":"/drugs/lipegfilgrastim/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"lipegfilgrastim","modality":"Glycopegylated recombinant G-CSF","sub":"Lonquex","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2013"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2013"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2013}},{"id":"calm-psychotherapy","name":"Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully (CALM)","tldr":"CALM is a brief talking therapy for people with advanced cancer, designed to treat and prevent depression and distress about the end of life. In a trial of 305 people it eased depression symptoms and helped people feel more prepared.","route":"/technologies/calm-psychotherapy/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"calm-psychotherapy","sections":[]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"psychosocial","href":"/tagged/psychosocial/","tip":"Every record tagged psychosocial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"medicare-hospice-benefit","name":"Medicare hospice benefit (United States)","tldr":"In the US, Medicare pays for hospice care with nothing to pay for covered services when a doctor certifies a life expectancy of six months or less and the person chooses comfort care instead of treatment aimed at cure. Care can continue beyond six months if the doctor recertifies.","route":"/terms/medicare-hospice-benefit/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"us","href":"/tagged/us/","tip":"Every record tagged us."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"medicare-principal-illness-navigation","name":"Medicare Principal Illness Navigation services (G0023, G0024)","tldr":"In the US, Medicare can pay for a trained navigator to help people with serious illnesses including cancer coordinate care, find support services and speak up for themselves. Your doctor has to set it up at a visit, with your consent, and cost sharing may apply.","route":"/terms/medicare-principal-illness-navigation/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"financial-navigation","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"us","href":"/tagged/us/","tip":"Every record tagged us."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"megestrol","name":"Megestrol acetate","tldr":"Megestrol acetate is a hormone tablet used to ease advanced breast and womb cancer, and as a liquid to improve appetite and weight in people with cancer or AIDS-related wasting.","route":"/drugs/megestrol/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"megestrol","modality":"Synthetic progestin (hormonal)","sub":"Megace","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Endometrial cancer"],"year":["1971"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1971"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1971}},{"id":"mesna","name":"Mesna","tldr":"Mesna is given with the chemotherapy ifosfamide (and high-dose cyclophosphamide) to stop its breakdown products from burning the bladder lining and causing bleeding.","route":"/drugs/mesna/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"mesna","modality":"Uroprotective thiol","sub":"Mesnex","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1988"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1988"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1988}},{"id":"methylnaltrexone","name":"Methylnaltrexone","tldr":"Methylnaltrexone (Relistor) is an injection or tablet that relieves the severe constipation caused by strong painkillers in people with advanced cancer, without blocking the pain relief itself.","route":"/drugs/methylnaltrexone/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"methylnaltrexone","modality":"Peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist","sub":"Relistor","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2008"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2008"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2008}},{"id":"netupitant-palonosetron","name":"Netupitant and palonosetron","tldr":"Akynzeo combines two anti-sickness drugs in one capsule or infusion taken once before chemotherapy, so a single dose plus dexamethasone protects against both immediate and delayed vomiting.","route":"/drugs/netupitant-palonosetron/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"netupitant-palonosetron","modality":"Fixed combination NK1 antagonist plus 5-HT3 antagonist (antiemetic)","sub":"Akynzeo","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2014"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2014"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2014}},{"id":"nhs-continuing-healthcare","name":"NHS continuing healthcare (England)","tldr":"In England, adults with complex long-term health needs can have their care at home or in a care home arranged and paid for entirely by the NHS. A team of health professionals assesses whether you qualify; ask the hospital or community team to start an assessment.","route":"/terms/nhs-continuing-healthcare/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"hospice-end-of-life","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"uk","href":"/tagged/uk/","tip":"Every record tagged uk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"oncology-nutrition","name":"Nutrition support and cachexia management","tldr":"Screening for malnutrition, dietitian-led counselling, supplements and tube or intravenous feeding where indicated, plus treatment of cancer cachexia, the muscle-wasting syndrome that affects up to 80% of advanced patients.","route":"/technologies/oncology-nutrition/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"oncology-nutrition","sections":["supportive-care","nutrition-lifestyle"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Oesophageal cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Colorectal cancer","Lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"fertility-preservation","name":"Oncofertility and fertility preservation","tldr":"Protecting the ability to have children before cancer treatment that damages eggs, sperm or the womb: sperm and egg or embryo freezing, ovarian tissue freezing, ovarian shielding and, for some breast cancers, temporary ovarian suppression.","route":"/technologies/fertility-preservation/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"fertility-preservation","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Hodgkin lymphoma","Testicular germ cell tumours","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Cervical cancer","Endometrial cancer","Triple-negative breast cancer","Colorectal cancer","Breast cancer","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":["2006"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Testicular germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/testicular/","tip":"Testicular germ cell tumours are the most curable adult solid cancer: cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures the large majority even when the disease has spread to distant sites. Today's research is about giving less treatment to the majority who are cured, rescuing the minority who relapse, and limiting lifelong survivorship harms."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2006"},"tags":[{"label":"aya","href":"/tagged/aya/","tip":"Every record tagged aya."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2006}},{"id":"oncology-nursing","name":"Oncology nursing and nurse-led care","tldr":"Specialist nurses deliver most cancer treatment and much of its safety, education and support; nurse-led clinics, navigation and symptom management improve outcomes and are the backbone of care in low-resource settings.","route":"/technologies/oncology-nursing/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"oncology-nursing","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"workforce","href":"/tagged/workforce/","tip":"Every record tagged workforce."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ondansetron","name":"Ondansetron","tldr":"Ondansetron (Zofran) was the drug that made cisplatin-type chemotherapy bearable. It blocks the serotonin signal that triggers vomiting and is now a cheap generic tablet, dissolving wafer or injection used across cancer care.","route":"/drugs/ondansetron/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"ondansetron","modality":"5-HT3 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)","sub":"Zofran","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["1991"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1991"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1991}},{"id":"palifermin","name":"Palifermin","tldr":"Palifermin (Kepivance) is a growth factor injected for three days before and after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue to reduce the severe mouth ulcers (mucositis) that this treatment causes in people with blood cancers.","route":"/drugs/palifermin/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"palifermin","modality":"Recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor","sub":"Kepivance","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":["2004"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2004"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2004}},{"id":"palliative-radiotherapy","name":"Palliative radiotherapy","tldr":"Short courses of radiation, often a single treatment, to relieve pain from bone metastases, stop bleeding, open blocked airways or protect the spinal cord. Among the most cost-effective treatments in cancer.","route":"/technologies/palliative-radiotherapy/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"palliative-radiotherapy","sections":["radiation","supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Multiple myeloma","Lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":["1900"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1900"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1900}},{"id":"palliative-sedation","name":"Palliative sedation","tldr":"Palliative sedation means giving medicines that make a dying person sleep when severe suffering cannot be relieved any other way. It is ordinary medical care in the last days of life, and it is not euthanasia.","route":"/terms/palliative-sedation/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"palonosetron","name":"Palonosetron","tldr":"Palonosetron (Aloxi) is a long-acting anti-sickness injection given once before chemotherapy; a single dose covers both the first day and the delayed nausea that follows.","route":"/drugs/palonosetron/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"palonosetron","modality":"Second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)","sub":"Aloxi","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2003"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2003"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2003}},{"id":"pamidronate","name":"Pamidronate","tldr":"Pamidronate (Aredia) is a bisphosphonate infusion approved in 1991 for dangerously high blood calcium in cancer and later for bone damage from myeloma and breast cancer, where it roughly halved skeletal complications. Its two-hour infusion, against fifteen minutes for zoledronic acid, pushed most centres to switch, though it is cheaper and may cause less jaw osteonecrosis.","route":"/drugs/pamidronate/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"pamidronate","modality":"Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (intravenous)","sub":"Aredia (historic)","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":["1991"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1991"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1991}},{"id":"patient-navigation","name":"Patient navigation in cancer care","tldr":"A patient navigator is a nurse, social worker or trained lay person who helps you through cancer care: booking tests, explaining the steps, sorting out money and transport, and connecting you with support. Many cancer centres have one; ask who yours is.","route":"/terms/patient-navigation/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"financial-navigation","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"carer","href":"/tagged/carer/","tip":"Every record tagged carer."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pegfilgrastim","name":"Pegfilgrastim","tldr":"Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) is a long-acting form of the growth factor G-CSF, given once per chemotherapy cycle to speed white cell recovery and prevent febrile neutropenia; one dose replaces about eleven daily filgrastim injections. Biosimilars have been sold since 2018 and the Onpro on-body injector delivers it automatically the day after chemotherapy; bone pain is the main side effect.","route":"/drugs/pegfilgrastim/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"pegfilgrastim","modality":"Pegylated recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor","sub":"Neulasta","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2002"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2002"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2002}},{"id":"plerixafor","name":"Plerixafor","tldr":"Plerixafor (Mozobil) is an injection given with G-CSF to flush stem cells out of the bone marrow into the blood so that enough can be collected for an autologous transplant in myeloma or lymphoma.","route":"/drugs/plerixafor/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"plerixafor","modality":"Small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist (stem cell mobiliser)","sub":"Mozobil","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma"],"year":["2008"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, with a rearrangement of the BCL2 gene in more than 90% of cases (NCI PDQ). Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Mantle cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/mantle-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"An uncommon B-cell lymphoma driven by cyclin D1 that used to behave badly in almost everyone. BTK inhibitors, CAR-T and now BCL2 drugs have changed it from chemotherapy-plus-transplant to targeted combinations."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2008"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2008}},{"id":"polst","name":"POLST (Portable Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment)","tldr":"In the US, a POLST form turns the wishes of someone who is seriously ill or very frail into signed medical orders, so emergency teams know which treatments to give or not give. It is optional and is different from an advance directive.","route":"/terms/polst/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"us","href":"/tagged/us/","tip":"Every record tagged us."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"prednisone","name":"Prednisone","tldr":"Prednisone is the everyday steroid tablet in cancer care. It is the P in CHOP and MOPP for lymphoma, part of childhood leukaemia treatment, and taken with abiraterone in prostate cancer.","route":"/drugs/prednisone/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"prednisone","modality":"Glucocorticoid","sub":"Deltasone (historic) / Rayos","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","Prostate cancer"],"year":["1955"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1955"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":1955}},{"id":"prehabilitation","name":"Prehabilitation before cancer surgery","tldr":"Prehabilitation is a few weeks of structured exercise, nutrition and psychological preparation between diagnosis and surgery to make patients fitter for the operation and speed recovery.","route":"/technologies/prehabilitation/","status":"emerging","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"prehabilitation","sections":["surgery","supportive-care","nutrition-lifestyle","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Colorectal cancer","Oesophageal cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely; chemotherapy still carries most metastatic disease, now with antibodies and targeted combinations chosen by RAS, BRAF, mismatch repair and which side of the bowel the tumour started on."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"prognostic-evaluation-advanced-cancer","name":"Prognostic evaluation in advanced cancer","tldr":"When cancer is advanced, doctors sometimes estimate how much time may be left so that people can plan care and what matters to them. Any estimate is about groups of people, is uncertain for one person, and you can choose whether and how you hear it.","route":"/terms/prognostic-evaluation-advanced-cancer/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"psycho-oncology","name":"Psycho-oncology and distress screening","tldr":"Psycho-oncology recognises and treats the anxiety, depression, fear of recurrence and existential distress that affect a third of people with cancer, using screening, psychotherapy adapted to cancer, and medication.","route":"/technologies/psycho-oncology/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"psycho-oncology","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Colorectal cancer","Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Hodgkin lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":["1977"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely; chemotherapy still carries most metastatic disease, now with antibodies and targeted combinations chosen by RAS, BRAF, mismatch repair and which side of the bowel the tumour started on."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell disease, about 85 percent of it, and small-cell disease, which was 6.6 percent of English cases in 2024 and 9.1 percent of Welsh ones (National Lung Cancer Audit, State of the Nation 2026); the two behave and are treated very differently. Screening, staging and the things both types share are common ground; the rest belongs to each subtype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer. About a third of cases are confined to one side of the chest and are treated to cure with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together; the rest respond to chemotherapy and relapse quickly. After 30 years without progress, durvalumab consolidation, the T-cell engager tarlatamab and antibody-drug conjugates have each lengthened survival since 2024."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1977"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1977}},{"id":"rasburicase","name":"Rasburicase","tldr":"Rasburicase (Elitek) is an enzyme infusion that rapidly dissolves the uric acid released when large numbers of leukaemia or lymphoma cells die at the start of treatment, protecting the kidneys from tumour lysis syndrome.","route":"/drugs/rasburicase/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"rasburicase","modality":"Recombinant enzyme (urate oxidase)","sub":"Elitek","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia"],"year":["2001"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."},{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2001"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2001}},{"id":"respect-process","name":"ReSPECT (Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment)","tldr":"ReSPECT is a UK form, filled in with your doctor or nurse, that records what care you would and would not want in a future emergency when you cannot speak for yourself. 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Most patients get relief within one to two weeks, but marrow suppression follows at three to five weeks, and radium-223 and PSMA radioligands have largely replaced it.","route":"/drugs/samarium-153-lexidronam/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"samarium-153-lexidronam","modality":"Bone-seeking therapeutic radiopharmaceutical (beta emitter)","sub":"Quadramet","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer"],"year":["1997"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1997"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1997}},{"id":"serious-illness-conversation-guide","name":"Serious Illness Conversation Guide","tldr":"The Serious Illness Conversation Guide is a set of questions clinicians use to ask people with serious illness what matters most to them, so that their care can follow it. You can ask your team to have this conversation with you.","route":"/terms/serious-illness-conversation-guide/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sodium-thiosulfate","name":"Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant)","tldr":"An old antidote proven in two paediatric trials to halve permanent hearing loss from cisplatin, and approved in 2022 as the first drug to prevent a chemotherapy side effect in children.","route":"/drugs/sodium-thiosulfate/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"sodium-thiosulfate","modality":"Small-molecule chemoprotectant","sub":"Pedmark","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Hepatoblastoma","Medulloblastoma","Osteosarcoma","Neuroblastoma"],"year":["2022"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatoblastoma","href":"/cancers/hepatoblastoma/","tip":"Hepatoblastoma is a childhood liver cancer, mostly of toddlers, cured in most standard-risk cases with cisplatin chemotherapy and surgery, including liver transplant when the tumour cannot be cut out. Sodium thiosulfate given after cisplatin halves the permanent hearing loss cisplatin causes, and became the first approved otoprotectant in 2022."},{"label":"Medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","tip":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less."},{"label":"Osteosarcoma","href":"/cancers/osteosarcoma/","tip":"Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, mostly in teenagers. Chemotherapy plus surgery cures about two-thirds when it has not spread; because no new drug has beaten that chemotherapy in a large trial in 30 years, the next gains are being sought in cellular therapy against GD2, HER2 and B7-H3."},{"label":"Neuroblastoma","href":"/cancers/neuroblastoma/","tip":"Neuroblastoma is a childhood nerve-cell cancer where anti-GD2 antibodies and, recently, GD2 CAR-T have improved survival in high-risk disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2022"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2022}},{"id":"spiritual-care-in-cancer","name":"Spiritual care in cancer","tldr":"Spiritual care is support with questions of meaning, faith, hope and fear that serious illness brings, whether or not you are religious. Hospital chaplains offer it to anyone, and in US hospice care it is part of the plan for you and your family.","route":"/terms/spiritual-care-in-cancer/","kind":"term","schematic":{"id":"palliative-care","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Term"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Term","tip":"Glossary with plain-English TL;DRs and Wikipedia links."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"psychosocial","href":"/tagged/psychosocial/","tip":"Every record tagged psychosocial."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"survivorship-care-plan","name":"Survivorship care and late-effects surveillance","tldr":"Organised follow-up for the 18 million US and 50+ million global cancer survivors: watching for recurrence and second cancers, managing long-term side effects such as heart damage, infertility, neuropathy and fatigue, and helping people return to work and life.","route":"/technologies/survivorship-care-plan/","status":"established","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"survivorship-care-plan","sections":["supportive-care","rejuvenation"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma","Testicular germ cell tumours","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Wilms tumour","Medulloblastoma","Colorectal cancer","Lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","Follicular lymphoma","Mantle cell lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Burkitt lymphoma","Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type","Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Sezary syndrome","Primary CNS lymphoma"],"year":["2006"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."},{"label":"Testicular germ cell tumours","href":"/cancers/testicular/","tip":"Testicular germ cell tumours are the most curable adult solid cancer: cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures the large majority even when the disease has spread to distant sites. Today's research is about giving less treatment to the majority who are cured, rescuing the minority who relapse, and limiting lifelong survivorship harms."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2006"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2006}},{"id":"talc-sclerosant","name":"Talc (intrapleural)","tldr":"Sterile talc is puffed or instilled into the chest cavity after fluid is drained to make the lung stick to the chest wall, stopping cancer-related fluid (malignant pleural effusion) from building up again.","route":"/drugs/talc-sclerosant/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"talc-sclerosant","modality":"Sclerosing agent (intrapleural powder or aerosol)","sub":"Sclerosol / Sterile Talc Powder / Steritalc","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Mesothelioma","Ovarian cancer"],"year":["1997"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/mesothelioma/","tip":"An asbestos-caused cancer of the lung lining. Immunotherapy doublets replaced chemotherapy in 2020, and mesothelin CAR-T is under study."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1997"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1997}},{"id":"telotristat-ethyl","name":"Telotristat ethyl","tldr":"Telotristat ethyl (Xermelo) is a tablet that cuts the serotonin that neuroendocrine tumours pour out, easing the constant diarrhoea of carcinoid syndrome when somatostatin analogue injections are not enough.","route":"/drugs/telotristat-ethyl/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"telotristat-ethyl","modality":"Oral tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor","sub":"Xermelo","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Neuroendocrine tumours","Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours"],"year":["2017"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/","tip":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation."},{"label":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/small-intestinal-net/","tip":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours are slow-growing hormone-producing tumours of the ileum and jejunum, often found only after they have spread to lymph nodes and the liver. Monthly somatostatin analogue injections control symptoms and growth, lutetium-177 dotatate is the main second treatment, and everolimus, cabozantinib and surgery fill in."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2017"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2017}},{"id":"thyrotropin-alfa","name":"Thyrotropin alfa","tldr":"Thyrogen is an injected version of thyroid-stimulating hormone that lets people with thyroid cancer have radioiodine treatment and follow-up blood tests without stopping their thyroid hormone tablets and suffering weeks of hypothyroidism.","route":"/drugs/thyrotropin-alfa/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"thyrotropin-alfa","modality":"Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone","sub":"Thyrogen","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Thyroid cancer"],"year":["1998"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/thyroid/","tip":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"1998"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":1998}},{"id":"tocilizumab","name":"Tocilizumab","tldr":"Tocilizumab (Actemra) is a rheumatoid arthritis antibody that has become the rescue drug for cytokine release syndrome, the fever and blood-pressure crash that CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies can trigger. Every CAR-T centre must have it on hand.","route":"/drugs/tocilizumab/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"tocilizumab","modality":"Monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-6 receptor, humanised IgG1)","sub":"Actemra","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2010"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2010"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2010}},{"id":"transfusion-support","name":"Transfusion support and anaemia management","tldr":"Red cell and platelet transfusions, iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents keep patients safe through chemotherapy and marrow failure; restrictive thresholds and ESA caution reflect trials showing more is not better.","route":"/technologies/transfusion-support/","status":"standard-of-care","kind":"technology","schematic":{"id":"transfusion-support","sections":["supportive-care"]},"facets":{"kind":["Technology"],"cancers":["Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","Acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Technology","tip":"Every way we see, measure, or attack a tumour, explained."},"cancers":[{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"treosulfan","name":"Treosulfan","tldr":"A conditioning chemotherapy given before donor stem-cell transplant in AML and MDS; it was long used in Europe and reached the US in 2025.","route":"/drugs/treosulfan/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"treosulfan","modality":"Alkylating conditioning agent (busulfan analogue)","sub":"Grafapex","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia","Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms"],"year":["2019"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."},{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2019"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2019}},{"id":"uridine-triacetate","name":"Uridine triacetate","tldr":"Uridine triacetate (Vistogard) is an oral antidote for fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose, or for dangerously early severe toxicity from these drugs, and must be started within four days of the chemotherapy.","route":"/drugs/uridine-triacetate/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"uridine-triacetate","modality":"Pyrimidine analogue antidote (oral)","sub":"Vistogard","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":[],"year":["2015"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2015"},"tags":[]},"sortKeys":{"year":2015}},{"id":"zoledronic-acid","name":"Zoledronic acid","tldr":"Zoledronic acid (Zometa) is a fifteen-minute infusion given every few weeks or months to strengthen bone and prevent fractures, spinal cord compression and the need for radiotherapy in people with myeloma or cancer that has spread to bone; it also treats dangerously high calcium caused by cancer.","route":"/drugs/zoledronic-acid/","status":"approved","kind":"drug","molecule":"zoledronic-acid","modality":"Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (intravenous)","sub":"Zometa","facets":{"kind":["Treatment"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Prostate cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":["2001"]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Treatment","tip":"Approved and pipeline products, with what they hit and who makes them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."}],"year":{"facet":"year","value":"2001"},"tags":[{"label":"generic","href":"/tagged/generic/","tip":"Every record tagged generic."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":2001}}]