[{"id":"oliver-sartor","name":"A. Oliver Sartor","tldr":"Led VISION, the trial that made lutetium-PSMA the first radioligand therapy for prostate cancer.","route":"/people/oliver-sartor/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medical Oncology and Urology, Mayo Clinic · Mayo Clinic","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."},{"label":"radioligand","href":"/tagged/radioligand/","tip":"Every record tagged radioligand."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"aditya-bardia","name":"Aditya Bardia","tldr":"Led ASCENT, the trial that made sacituzumab govitecan the first ADC for triple-negative breast cancer, and the EMERALD trial of elacestrant.","route":"/people/aditya-bardia/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine and Director of Translational Research Integration, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center · UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Triple-negative breast cancer","HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Triple-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/tnbc/","tip":"A breast cancer that lacks the three receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, HER2) that other breast cancers can be treated through. It was the hardest subtype for decades; since 2020 immunotherapy and ADCs have changed that."},{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"adc","href":"/tagged/adc/","tip":"Every record tagged adc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"aleksandar-sekulic","name":"Aleksandar Sekulic","tldr":"Mayo Clinic dermatologist who led ERIVANCE, the trial that established vismodegib, the first Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, for advanced basal cell carcinoma.","route":"/people/aleksandar-sekulic/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Dermatologist, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Arizona · Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center in Arizona","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","Skin cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/","tip":"Locally advanced basal cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown so large or deep, usually on the face, that surgery or radiotherapy can no longer remove it without unacceptable damage. Almost all these tumours depend on the hedgehog growth pathway, and the pills vismodegib and sonidegib shrink about four in ten of them; cemiplimab is used when the pills fail or cannot be tolerated."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alice-chen","name":"Alice P. Chen","tldr":"NCI oncologist who led the trial that showed atezolizumab produces lasting responses in alveolar soft part sarcoma, the first approved treatment for this rare cancer.","route":"/people/alice-chen/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute · National Cancer Institute (NIH)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Alveolar soft part sarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","href":"/cancers/alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma/","tip":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare, slow-growing cancer of young adults driven by a single fusion gene, ASPSCR1-TFE3, that switches on blood vessel growth. Chemotherapy does not work, but drugs that block the tumour's blood supply shrink it, and in 2023 the immunotherapy atezolizumab became the first drug approved for it."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."},{"label":"rare-cancers","href":"/tagged/rare-cancers/","tip":"Every record tagged rare-cancers."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"alice-shaw","name":"Alice T. Shaw","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor whose trials at Massachusetts General Hospital showed that crizotinib works in ROS1-rearranged lung cancer and defined how ALK-positive tumours become resistant to targeted drugs.","route":"/people/alice-shaw/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic oncologist and drug developer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/ros1-positive-nsclc/","tip":"ROS1-positive lung cancer is a rare fusion-driven adenocarcinoma treated with a pill. Crizotinib was the first, and the newer drugs repotrectinib and taletrectinib control the disease for about three years, reach the brain and work against the resistance mutation that defeated the older drugs."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell (about 85 percent) and small-cell (about 15 percent) disease, which behave and are treated very differently. The subtype pages carry the detail; this page covers screening, staging and what the types share."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"amanda-fader","name":"Amanda Nickles Fader","tldr":"Baltimore gynaecologic oncologist who led the trial showing that adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy helps women with HER2-positive uterine serous carcinoma, an aggressive form of endometrial cancer.","route":"/people/amanda-fader/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic oncologist, Johns Hopkins · Johns Hopkins Hospital / Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","Endometrial cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","href":"/cancers/endometrial-p53-abnormal/","tip":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer is the aggressive class, dominated by serous carcinoma, whose cells have lost the p53 guardian gene and carry scrambled chromosomes. It is the one group that clearly gains from adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy after surgery, and about a quarter of serous tumours overexpress HER2, which trastuzumab and trastuzumab deruxtecan can target."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"amer-zeidan","name":"Amer M. Zeidan","tldr":"Yale haematologist who led VERONA, the trial that asked whether adding venetoclax to azacitidine helps people with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, and found it did not lengthen survival.","route":"/people/amer-zeidan/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Yale Cancer Center · Yale Cancer Center / Smilow Cancer Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","href":"/cancers/mds-higher-risk/","tip":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes behave like a slow leukaemia and often become one. Azacitidine lengthens life and a donor stem cell transplant is the only cure; every attempt to improve on azacitidine in a large trial, including the venetoclax combination tested in VERONA, has so far failed."},{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."}],"tags":[{"label":"mds","href":"/tagged/mds/","tip":"Every record tagged mds."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ana-oaknin","name":"Ana Oaknin","tldr":"Barcelona oncologist who led GARNET, the trial that brought dostarlimab to mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer, and who has led many trials of new drugs for gynaecological cancers.","route":"/people/ana-oaknin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of the Gynaecological Cancer Programme, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona · Vall d'Hebron University Hospital / VHIO","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","Endometrial cancer","Cervical cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial-mmr-deficient/","tip":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer has lost the machinery that corrects copying errors in DNA, so it accumulates thousands of mutations that make it visible to the immune system. Adding dostarlimab or pembrolizumab to chemotherapy in advanced disease cut the risk of progression by about seventy percent, and many patients remain in remission years later."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."},{"label":"Cervical cancer","href":"/cancers/cervical/","tip":"A cancer that could be eliminated by HPV vaccination and screening. For those who develop it, immunotherapy and a tissue-factor ADC have improved survival."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrea-decensi","name":"Andrea DeCensi","tldr":"Italian oncologist who led TAM-01, the trial that showed a low dose of tamoxifen halves recurrence after non-invasive breast cancer with fewer side effects than the standard dose.","route":"/people/andrea-decensi/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa · E.O. Ospedali Galliera","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Ductal carcinoma in situ","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ductal carcinoma in situ","href":"/cancers/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/","tip":"DCIS is abnormal cells confined to the milk ducts of the breast; it is not yet invasive cancer and cannot spread, but some would become invasive if left. Lumpectomy with radiotherapy, or mastectomy, halves local recurrence, so the live question is which low-risk DCIS can safely be watched: the COMET trial (2024) found active monitoring no worse at two years."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"prevention","href":"/tagged/prevention/","tip":"Every record tagged prevention."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrea-sartore-bianchi","name":"Andrea Sartore-Bianchi","tldr":"Milan oncologist who was lead author of HERACLES, the first trial to show that HER2-targeted drugs work in HER2-amplified colorectal cancer.","route":"/people/andrea-sartore-bianchi/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Niguarda Cancer Center and University of Milan · Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","Colorectal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/","tip":"A few bowel cancers make too much of the HER2 protein, the same target as in HER2-positive breast cancer. Two HER2 drugs together, tucatinib and trastuzumab, shrink about four in ten of these tumours after chemotherapy has failed, and the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan works even when other HER2 drugs have stopped."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrew-lassman","name":"Andrew B. Lassman","tldr":"New York neuro-oncologist who led INTELLANCE-1, the trial that tested the EGFR-directed antibody-drug conjugate depatuxizumab mafodotin in newly diagnosed glioblastoma and found it did not extend survival.","route":"/people/andrew-lassman/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief of Neuro-Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center · Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Glioma & glioblastoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma itself is the hardest to treat and has kept the same standard since 2005; CAR-T delivered into the brain and focused-ultrasound drug delivery are the live directions."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"tags":[{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrew-armstrong","name":"Andrew J. Armstrong","tldr":"Led ARCHES, which established enzalutamide with hormone therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.","route":"/people/andrew-armstrong/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute · Duke Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrew-wagner","name":"Andrew J. Wagner","tldr":"Boston sarcoma doctor who first showed that mTOR inhibitors shrink perivascular epithelioid cell tumours and then led AMPECT, the trial that made nab-sirolimus the first approved treatment for these rare cancers.","route":"/people/andrew-wagner/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Sarcoma medical oncologist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour","href":"/cancers/pecoma/","tip":"PEComa is a rare tumour, grouped with the sarcomas, of cells that sit around blood vessels and share features of muscle and pigment cells. Most are benign, but malignant ones spread and resist chemotherapy. They usually have lost the TSC1 or TSC2 brake on the growth signal mTOR, and in 2021 the mTOR blocker nab-sirolimus became the first approved treatment."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."},{"label":"rare-cancers","href":"/tagged/rare-cancers/","tip":"Every record tagged rare-cancers."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"andrew-zhu","name":"Andrew X. Zhu","tldr":"Oncologist who led REACH-2, the first positive biomarker-selected trial in liver cancer, which established ramucirumab for patients with a high alpha-fetoprotein level.","route":"/people/andrew-zhu/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Hepatobiliary medical oncologist and trial lead","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","Hepatocellular carcinoma","Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc-advanced/","tip":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma has invaded the liver's veins or spread beyond it. Sorafenib was the only drug for a decade; now the combination of the immunotherapy atezolizumab with the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab, or the two-antibody regimen durvalumab with tremelimumab, is standard first line, and several further drugs follow it."},{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."},{"label":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma starts in the small bile ducts inside the liver and usually appears as a liver mass rather than causing jaundice. It is the biliary cancer with the most drug targets: FGFR2 fusions treated with pemigatinib or futibatinib, IDH1 mutations with ivosidenib, and for everyone chemotherapy with the immunotherapy durvalumab or pembrolizumab."}],"tags":[{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."},{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"angela-lamarca","name":"Angela Lamarca","tldr":"Oncologist who was lead author of ABC-06, the first randomised trial to show that second-line chemotherapy helps people with advanced bile duct cancer.","route":"/people/angela-lamarca/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, biliary tract and neuroendocrine cancers","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Biliary tract cancer","Biliary tract cancer","Neuroendocrine tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile ducts or gallbladder. It is rare and often found late, but it turned out to carry more targetable mutations than almost any other gastrointestinal cancer, and immunotherapy now adds to chemotherapy from the first treatment."},{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/","tip":"Biliary tract cancers arise in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver, the gallbladder or the ampulla where the duct meets the bowel. They share a poor outlook and the same first-line chemotherapy with immunotherapy, but differ in causes and in the targetable mutations they carry. Each has its own page."},{"label":"Neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/","tip":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation."}],"tags":[{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"anthony-nichols","name":"Anthony C. Nichols","tldr":"Canadian surgeon who led ORATOR, the first randomised trial to compare robotic surgery with radiotherapy for early throat cancer, which found swallowing was slightly better after radiotherapy.","route":"/people/anthony-nichols/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head and neck surgeon, Western University and London Health Sciences Centre, Ontario · Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","Oropharyngeal cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","href":"/cancers/hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer/","tip":"Throat cancers caused by HPV are usually cured with chemoradiation or robotic surgery, so trials now ask how much treatment can be taken away: swapping cisplatin for cetuximab failed, cutting the radiation dose has worked only after surgery so far, and blood tests for HPV DNA may pick out the patients who can safely have less."},{"label":"Oropharyngeal cancer","href":"/cancers/oropharyngeal-cancer/","tip":"Cancer of the tonsils and back of the tongue, a head and neck cancer, now comes mostly from HPV infection rather than smoking, and behaves like a different disease: it responds well to chemoradiation, most patients are cured, and the research question is how much treatment can safely be removed."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"head-and-neck","href":"/tagged/head-and-neck/","tip":"Every record tagged head-and-neck."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"antoine-italiano","name":"Antoine Italiano","tldr":"Bordeaux oncologist who led CABONE, the trial that showed cabozantinib shrinks or stabilises osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma after standard treatment has failed.","route":"/people/antoine-italiano/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Early-Phase Trials and Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux · Institut Bergonié","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Osteosarcoma","Ewing sarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Osteosarcoma","href":"/cancers/osteosarcoma/","tip":"Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, mostly in teenagers. Chemotherapy plus surgery cures about two-thirds when it has not spread; because no new drug has beaten that chemotherapy in a large trial in 30 years, the next gains are being sought in cellular therapy against GD2, HER2 and B7-H3."},{"label":"Ewing sarcoma","href":"/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/","tip":"Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft-tissue cancer of teenagers driven by a single fusion gene, EWSR1-FLI1. Intensive chemotherapy with surgery or radiation cures most localised cases; disease that has spread at diagnosis, and relapse, remain hard to treat, and no drug against the fusion protein itself has yet succeeded."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."},{"label":"early-phase","href":"/tagged/early-phase/","tip":"Every record tagged early-phase."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"brian-rini","name":"Brian I. Rini","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-426, which made pembrolizumab plus axitinib a first-line standard for kidney cancer.","route":"/people/brian-rini/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief of Clinical Trials, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Ingram Professor of Cancer Research · Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/rcc/","tip":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan."}],"tags":[{"label":"rcc","href":"/tagged/rcc/","tip":"Every record tagged rcc."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"caroline-robert","name":"Caroline Robert","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-006 and COMBI-v, the trials that made pembrolizumab and dabrafenib-trametinib standards in melanoma.","route":"/people/caroline-robert/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Dermatology Unit, Gustave Roussy; Professor, Paris-Saclay University · Gustave Roussy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"caron-jacobson","name":"Caron A. Jacobson","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led ZUMA-5, the trial that brought the CAR-T therapy axicabtagene ciloleucel to relapsed follicular lymphoma.","route":"/people/caron-jacobson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Lymphoma specialist and medical director of immune effector cell therapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."},{"label":"car-t","href":"/tagged/car-t/","tip":"Every record tagged car-t."},{"label":"cell-therapy","href":"/tagged/cell-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged cell-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"chris-parker","name":"Chris C. Parker","tldr":"London radiation oncologist who led ALSYMPCA, the trial that showed radium-223 lengthens survival in prostate cancer that has spread to bone, and RADICALS-RT, which showed radiotherapy after prostatectomy can safely wait until the PSA rises.","route":"/people/chris-parker/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Clinical oncologist, The Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research · The Royal Marsden","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate-mcrpc/","tip":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is disease that grows despite castrate testosterone. Sequenced treatments now include androgen receptor inhibitors, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, PARP inhibitors for men with BRCA-type mutations, the radioligand 177Lu-PSMA-617 and radium-223 for bone-predominant disease."},{"label":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate-bcr/","tip":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer is a rising PSA after surgery or radiotherapy with nothing yet visible on scans. Salvage radiotherapy can still cure it after surgery, and for a fast-doubling PSA the EMBARK trial showed that enzalutamide with or without hormone therapy delays spread."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"christopher-sweeney","name":"Christopher J. Sweeney","tldr":"Led CHAARTED, which showed adding docetaxel to hormone therapy extends survival in newly metastatic prostate cancer.","route":"/people/christopher-sweeney/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute; Professor, University of Adelaide · South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI), University of Adelaide","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."},{"label":"ecog-acrin","href":"/tagged/ecog-acrin/","tip":"Every record tagged ecog-acrin."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"courtney-dinardo","name":"Courtney D. DiNardo","tldr":"Led VIALE-A, which made venetoclax plus azacitidine the standard for older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.","route":"/people/courtney-dinardo/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."}],"tags":[{"label":"aml","href":"/tagged/aml/","tip":"Every record tagged aml."},{"label":"venetoclax","href":"/tagged/venetoclax/","tip":"Every record tagged venetoclax."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"danny-rischin","name":"Danny Rischin","tldr":"Melbourne oncologist who led C-POST, the trial that showed cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy cuts recurrence in high-risk cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.","route":"/people/danny-rischin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and Director of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre · Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Skin cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/","tip":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown beyond what surgery or radiotherapy can remove or has spread to lymph nodes or organs. Because sun damage gives it more mutations than almost any other cancer, immunotherapy works well: cemiplimab or pembrolizumab shrinks about half of tumours, often for years, and cemiplimab before surgery can make large tumours vanish."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"head-and-neck","href":"/tagged/head-and-neck/","tip":"Every record tagged head-and-neck."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"darren-hargrave","name":"Darren R. Hargrave","tldr":"London paediatric neuro-oncologist who led the trial showing that dabrafenib and trametinib work in children with BRAF V600-mutant high-grade glioma.","route":"/people/darren-hargrave/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric neuro-oncologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health · Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Paediatric high-grade glioma","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Paediatric high-grade glioma","href":"/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/","tip":"High-grade gliomas in children look like adult glioblastoma under the microscope but are driven by different genes, so they are now classified separately. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the mainstay and chemotherapy adds little; the real gains are in small subsets with a targetable gene change, such as BRAF V600E tumours and the fusion-driven tumours of infants."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"david-dearnaley","name":"David Dearnaley","tldr":"British radiation oncologist who led CHHiP, the trial that showed prostate cancer can be treated in 20 radiotherapy sessions rather than 37 with the same results, changing practice worldwide.","route":"/people/david-dearnaley/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Emeritus Professor of Uro-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden · The Institute of Cancer Research","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","href":"/cancers/prostate-intermediate-risk/","tip":"Intermediate-risk prostate cancer has Grade Group 2 or 3 disease, a PSA between 10 and 20 or a tumour that fills more of the gland. Surgery or radiotherapy cure most men; the favourable half can sometimes be watched, and the unfavourable half is given a few months of hormone therapy with radiotherapy."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"david-gershenson","name":"David M. Gershenson","tldr":"Houston gynaecologic oncologist who defined low-grade serous ovarian cancer as a distinct disease and led GOG 281, the trial that showed the MEK inhibitor trametinib works better than standard treatments for it.","route":"/people/david-gershenson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic oncologist, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","Ovarian cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/","tip":"Low-grade serous cancer is the slow-growing, chemotherapy-resistant cousin of the common ovarian cancer. Surgery and hormone therapy are its mainstays, and MEK inhibitors, alone or combined with a FAK inhibitor, are the first drugs shown to shrink it reliably."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"ovarian","href":"/tagged/ovarian/","tip":"Every record tagged ovarian."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"shelley-hwang","name":"E. Shelley Hwang","tldr":"Duke surgeon who led COMET, the trial testing whether women with low-risk DCIS can safely be monitored instead of having surgery straight away.","route":"/people/shelley-hwang/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Breast surgical oncologist, Duke Cancer Institute · Duke Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Ductal carcinoma in situ","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ductal carcinoma in situ","href":"/cancers/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/","tip":"DCIS is abnormal cells confined to the milk ducts of the breast; it is not yet invasive cancer and cannot spread, but some would become invasive if left. Lumpectomy with radiotherapy, or mastectomy, halves local recurrence, so the live question is which low-risk DCIS can safely be watched: the COMET trial (2024) found active monitoring no worse at two years."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."},{"label":"de-escalation","href":"/tagged/de-escalation/","tip":"Every record tagged de-escalation."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"eric-jonasch","name":"Eric Jonasch","tldr":"Houston oncologist who led the trial that established belzutifan, the first drug for the tumours of von Hippel-Lindau disease, including kidney cancers, pancreatic tumours and haemangioblastomas.","route":"/people/eric-jonasch/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Genitourinary medical oncologist, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Spinal cord tumours","Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/spinal-cord-tumours/","tip":"Tumours inside or around the spinal cord are rare and usually slow growing, but they press on the cord and threaten walking and bladder control. Most are removed by a surgeon watching nerve signals during the operation; radiotherapy is used when a tumour cannot be fully removed or is high grade, and there are few drugs."},{"label":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/clear-cell-rcc/","tip":"Clear cell is the common kidney cancer, driven by loss of the VHL gene that leaves the tumour behaving as if starved of oxygen and flooding itself with blood vessels. That biology explains why anti-angiogenic drugs, immunotherapy and the HIF-2 alpha blocker belzutifan all work."},{"label":"Renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/rcc/","tip":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan."}],"tags":[{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"florence-duffaud","name":"Florence Duffaud","tldr":"Marseille oncologist who led REGOBONE, the trial that showed regorafenib delays progression in metastatic osteosarcoma and other bone sarcomas.","route":"/people/florence-duffaud/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix-Marseille University · Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Osteosarcoma","Ewing sarcoma","Chondrosarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Osteosarcoma","href":"/cancers/osteosarcoma/","tip":"Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, mostly in teenagers. Chemotherapy plus surgery cures about two-thirds when it has not spread; because no new drug has beaten that chemotherapy in a large trial in 30 years, the next gains are being sought in cellular therapy against GD2, HER2 and B7-H3."},{"label":"Ewing sarcoma","href":"/cancers/ewing-sarcoma/","tip":"Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft-tissue cancer of teenagers driven by a single fusion gene, EWSR1-FLI1. Intensive chemotherapy with surgery or radiation cures most localised cases; disease that has spread at diagnosis, and relapse, remain hard to treat, and no drug against the fusion protein itself has yet succeeded."},{"label":"Chondrosarcoma","href":"/cancers/chondrosarcoma/","tip":"Chondrosarcoma is a cancer of cartilage-forming cells in bone. It is nearly immune to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so complete surgery is the treatment, with proton or carbon-ion beams for skull base and spine tumours that cannot be fully removed. Half of conventional tumours carry an IDH mutation, and the IDH1 blocker ivosidenib is in a phase 3 trial."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"francesco-lo-coco","name":"Francesco Lo-Coco","tldr":"Italian haematologist who led APL0406, the trial that showed acute promyelocytic leukaemia can be cured with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide alone, without chemotherapy.","route":"/people/francesco-lo-coco/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, University of Rome Tor Vergata (died 2019)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/apl/","tip":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia is caused by a single fused gene that freezes blood cells at an immature stage and triggers dangerous bleeding. Two non-chemotherapy drugs, a vitamin A derivative and arsenic trioxide, make the cells mature and cure more than nine in ten patients."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."}],"tags":[{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"fred-saad","name":"Fred Saad","tldr":"Montreal urologist who led the zoledronic acid trials in prostate cancer bone metastases and was lead author of ARANOTE, which established darolutamide plus hormone therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive disease.","route":"/people/fred-saad/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor and Chief of Urology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal · Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate-mhspc/","tip":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer is disease that has spread but still responds to lowering testosterone. Hormone therapy alone is no longer enough: adding an androgen receptor inhibitor, and docetaxel for high-volume disease, lengthens life by years."},{"label":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate-mcrpc/","tip":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is disease that grows despite castrate testosterone. Sequenced treatments now include androgen receptor inhibitors, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, PARP inhibitors for men with BRCA-type mutations, the radioligand 177Lu-PSMA-617 and radium-223 for bone-predominant disease."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gabriel-hortobagyi","name":"Gabriel N. Hortobagyi","tldr":"Breast oncologist who led MONALEESA-2, the first CDK4/6 trial to show an overall survival gain in first-line HR-positive disease.","route":"/people/gabriel-hortobagyi/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gerald-prager","name":"Gerald W. Prager","tldr":"Vienna oncologist who was lead author of SUNLIGHT, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab to trifluridine-tipiracil lengthens survival in refractory colorectal cancer.","route":"/people/gerald-prager/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal medical oncologist, Medical University of Vienna · Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","Colorectal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/","tip":"KRAS G12C bowel cancer carries a mutation that was undruggable for forty years. The first KRAS drugs work only weakly on their own in the bowel, because the tumour switches EGFR back on, so they are given with an anti-EGFR antibody: sotorasib with panitumumab and adagrasib with cetuximab are both approved after chemotherapy."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gerhardt-attard","name":"Gerhardt Attard","tldr":"London oncologist who helped develop abiraterone and led the STAMPEDE analysis showing that two years of abiraterone alongside hormone therapy and radiotherapy improves survival in high-risk localised prostate cancer.","route":"/people/gerhardt-attard/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, UCL Cancer Institute and University College London Hospitals · University College London Hospitals / UCL Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","href":"/cancers/prostate-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk prostate cancer has Grade Group 4 or 5 disease, a PSA above 20 or a tumour growing beyond the gland. It is still curable, but needs radiotherapy with two to three years of hormone therapy, or surgery followed by radiotherapy, and adding abiraterone to hormone therapy now lengthens life in the highest-risk men."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ghassan-abou-alfa","name":"Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa","tldr":"Led HIMALAYA and ClarIDHy, which gave liver cancer a dual-immunotherapy option and biliary cancer its first targeted drug.","route":"/people/ghassan-abou-alfa/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Attending Physician, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hepatocellular carcinoma","Biliary tract cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."},{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile ducts or gallbladder. It is rare and often found late, but it turned out to carry more targetable mutations than almost any other gastrointestinal cancer, and immunotherapy now adds to chemotherapy from the first treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."},{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"giles-robinson","name":"Giles W. Robinson","tldr":"Memphis paediatric neuro-oncologist who led the study showing that the Hedgehog inhibitor vismodegib helps only adults and older children whose medulloblastoma belongs to the SHH subgroup, an early example of subgroup-directed brain tumour therapy.","route":"/people/giles-robinson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric neuro-oncologist, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital · St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["SHH-activated medulloblastoma","Medulloblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-shh/","tip":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma is driven by the sonic hedgehog growth pathway, the signal that normally tells the developing cerebellum to grow. In infants it is often cured with chemotherapy alone and no radiotherapy; in adults it responds for a time to hedgehog-blocking pills such as vismodegib; and when it carries a TP53 mutation in an older child, often inherited, it resists everything."},{"label":"Medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","tip":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gilles-salles","name":"Gilles Salles","tldr":"Led PRIMA, which established rituximab maintenance in follicular lymphoma, and co-chaired POLARIX in DLBCL.","route":"/people/gilles-salles/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/dlbcl/","tip":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive but curable lymphoma. CAR-T cures about 40% of relapsed patients, and off-the-shelf bispecifics are now approved."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."},{"label":"lysa","href":"/tagged/lysa/","tip":"Every record tagged lysa."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gregory-riely","name":"Gregory J. Riely","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who led PHAROS, the trial that brought the encorafenib and binimetinib pair to BRAF V600E-mutant lung cancer.","route":"/people/gregory-riely/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/braf-v600e-nsclc/","tip":"BRAF V600E lung cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas and is treated with the same pairs of pills that block BRAF and MEK together. Dabrafenib with trametinib and encorafenib with binimetinib each shrink about two thirds to three quarters of untreated tumours."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell (about 85 percent) and small-cell (about 15 percent) disease, which behave and are treated very differently. The subtype pages carry the detail; this page covers screening, staging and what the types share."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"miles-prince","name":"H. Miles Prince","tldr":"Melbourne haematologist who led ALCANZA, the trial that showed brentuximab vedotin beats standard treatment for CD30-expressing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.","route":"/people/miles-prince/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne · Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Mycosis fungoides is a lymphoma that lives in the skin, looking like eczema or psoriasis for years before it is diagnosed. It is treated with creams, light and skin-directed radiotherapy for as long as possible, then with antibodies such as mogamulizumab and brentuximab vedotin when it spreads to the blood or lymph nodes."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"hansjochen-wilke","name":"Hansjochen Wilke","tldr":"German oncologist who led RAINBOW, the trial that made ramucirumab plus paclitaxel a standard second-line treatment for advanced stomach cancer.","route":"/people/hansjochen-wilke/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Kliniken Essen-Mitte · Kliniken Essen-Mitte","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["PD-L1-high gastric cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric-pdl1-high/","tip":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer expresses the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 on tumour and immune cells, and this is the group in which nivolumab or pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy clearly extends life. The benefit shrinks as the score falls, so regulators now restrict the antibodies to tumours with at least some PD-L1 expression."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"heikki-joensuu","name":"Heikki Joensuu","tldr":"Finnish oncologist who treated the first GIST patient with imatinib in 2000 and led SSG XVIII, the trial that showed three years of adjuvant imatinib beats one year after surgery for high-risk GIST.","route":"/people/heikki-joensuu/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital · HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","href":"/cancers/gist-kit-exon-11/","tip":"Most GISTs are driven by a mutation in exon 11 of the KIT gene, which keeps the KIT growth receptor switched on. Imatinib blocks it: given for three years after surgery in higher-risk tumours it prevents relapse and extends life, and in metastatic disease it controls the tumour for years before resistance develops."},{"label":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","href":"/cancers/gist/","tip":"GIST is a sarcoma of the gut wall driven almost always by a KIT or PDGFRA mutation. It was the proof that a pill can control a solid tumour: imatinib turned a median survival of about a year into one of eight years or more, and the mutation now dictates which drug to use."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"gist","href":"/tagged/gist/","tip":"Every record tagged gist."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"herve-dombret","name":"Hervé Dombret","tldr":"Paris haematologist who led AZA-AML-001, the trial that showed azacitidine can extend survival for older people with acute myeloid leukaemia who cannot have intensive chemotherapy.","route":"/people/herve-dombret/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Hôpital Saint-Louis (AP-HP), Paris · Cancer Institute AP-HP Nord, Université Paris Cité","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","Acute myeloid leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","href":"/cancers/aml-older-unfit/","tip":"Most people with acute myeloid leukaemia are over 65, and many cannot take intensive chemotherapy. Venetoclax with azacitidine, two gentler drugs, doubled remission rates and lengthened life in this group, replacing the old choice between supportive care and low-dose chemotherapy."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."}],"tags":[{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"hitoshi-katai","name":"Hitoshi Katai","tldr":"Japanese surgeon who led JCOG0912, the trial that confirmed laparoscopic gastrectomy is not inferior to open surgery for early stomach cancer.","route":"/people/hitoshi-katai/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastric surgeon, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo · National Cancer Center Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Early gastric cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/early-gastric-cancer/","tip":"Early gastric cancer has not grown beyond the submucosa, whatever the lymph nodes show. In Japan and Korea, where screening endoscopy finds most stomach cancers at this stage, many are removed through the endoscope without an operation, and the rest are cured by gastrectomy."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"hyung-ho-kim","name":"Hyung-Ho Kim","tldr":"Korean surgeon who led KLASS-01, the trial that showed keyhole gastrectomy is as safe and effective as open surgery for early stomach cancer.","route":"/people/hyung-ho-kim/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastric surgeon, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital · Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Early gastric cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/early-gastric-cancer/","tip":"Early gastric cancer has not grown beyond the submucosa, whatever the lymph nodes show. In Japan and Korea, where screening endoscopy finds most stomach cancers at this stage, many are removed through the endoscope without an operation, and the rest are cured by gastrectomy."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"inge-van-der-sluis","name":"Inge M. van der Sluis","tldr":"Dutch paediatric oncologist who led the study showing that adding one course of blinatumomab to chemotherapy sharply improves survival for babies with KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia.","route":"/people/inge-van-der-sluis/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric oncologist, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology · Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-infant/","tip":"Leukaemia diagnosed in the first year of life is a different disease from leukaemia in older children: most cases carry a broken KMT2A gene and respond poorly to chemotherapy, and fewer than half of infants were cured for twenty years. One course of the immune drug blinatumomab after induction raised two-year disease-free survival from about half to over 80 percent in a pilot study."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jacques-grill","name":"Jacques Grill","tldr":"Paris paediatric neuro-oncologist who led HERBY, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab does not help children with high-grade glioma, and who leads European trials in diffuse midline glioma.","route":"/people/jacques-grill/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric neuro-oncologist, Gustave Roussy · Gustave Roussy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Paediatric high-grade glioma","Glioma & glioblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Paediatric high-grade glioma","href":"/cancers/paediatric-high-grade-glioma/","tip":"High-grade gliomas in children look like adult glioblastoma under the microscope but are driven by different genes, so they are now classified separately. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the mainstay and chemotherapy adds little; the real gains are in small subsets with a targetable gene change, such as BRAF V600E tumours and the fusion-driven tumours of infants."},{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma itself is the hardest to treat and has kept the same standard since 2005; CAR-T delivered into the brain and focused-ultrasound drug delivery are the live directions."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"james-yao","name":"James C. Yao","tldr":"Led the RADIANT trials that made everolimus a standard therapy for pancreatic and other neuroendocrine tumours.","route":"/people/james-yao/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chair, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Neuroendocrine tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/","tip":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation."}],"tags":[{"label":"neuroendocrine","href":"/tagged/neuroendocrine/","tip":"Every record tagged neuroendocrine."},{"label":"mtor","href":"/tagged/mtor/","tip":"Every record tagged mtor."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jan-burger","name":"Jan A. Burger","tldr":"Leukaemia specialist who was lead author of RESONATE-2, the trial that made ibrutinib a first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in older patients.","route":"/people/jan-burger/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","href":"/cancers/cll-treatment-naive/","tip":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is treated only when it causes problems, and chemotherapy has gone. The first treatment is now either a BTK inhibitor taken indefinitely or a one-year course of venetoclax with obinutuzumab (CLL14), and the two can be combined for a fixed course."},{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."}],"tags":[{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jan-buckner","name":"Jan C. Buckner","tldr":"Mayo Clinic neuro-oncologist who was lead author of the long-term RTOG 9802 results, which showed that adding PCV chemotherapy to radiotherapy roughly doubles survival in high-risk low-grade glioma.","route":"/people/jan-buckner/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Mayo Clinic · Mayo Clinic","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant","Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant","href":"/cancers/idh-mutant-astrocytoma/","tip":"IDH-mutant astrocytoma is the slow-growing form of adult glioma, defined by a mutation in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene that makes the tumour produce a chemical which rewires its own cells. Surgery first, and then either watchful waiting, the new pill vorasidenib, or radiotherapy with chemotherapy, depending on grade and how much tumour is left."},{"label":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","href":"/cancers/oligodendroglioma/","tip":"Oligodendroglioma is the adult brain tumour most responsive to chemotherapy. It is recognised by an IDH mutation together with loss of parts of chromosomes 1 and 19, and after surgery it is treated with radiotherapy plus the PCV drug combination, or, for small grade 2 tumours, with vorasidenib or watchful waiting."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"tags":[{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jean-jacques-grob","name":"Jean-Jacques Grob","tldr":"Marseille dermatologist who led KEYNOTE-629, which established pembrolizumab for advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma, and who has been a senior investigator on many European melanoma trials.","route":"/people/jean-jacques-grob/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Dermatology, Aix-Marseille University, Hôpital de la Timone · Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","Melanoma","Skin cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/","tip":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown beyond what surgery or radiotherapy can remove or has spread to lymph nodes or organs. Because sun damage gives it more mutations than almost any other cancer, immunotherapy works well: cemiplimab or pembrolizumab shrinks about half of tumours, often for years, and cemiplimab before surgery can make large tumours vanish."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jean-pascal-machiels","name":"Jean-Pascal Machiels","tldr":"Brussels oncologist who led KEYNOTE-412, the trial that tested adding pembrolizumab to chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer.","route":"/people/jean-pascal-machiels/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Medical Oncology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels · King Albert II Cancer Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer/","tip":"Head and neck cancers caused by tobacco and alcohol rather than HPV are harder to cure: surgery or cisplatin chemoradiation is the mainstay, immunotherapy given around surgery (KEYNOTE-689) or after it (NIVOPOSTOP) has begun to help, and pembrolizumab is the first treatment once the disease has spread."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"head-and-neck","href":"/tagged/head-and-neck/","tip":"Every record tagged head-and-neck."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jedd-wolchok","name":"Jedd D. Wolchok","tldr":"Led CheckMate 067, the trial whose ten-year data showed half of advanced melanoma patients on nivolumab plus ipilimumab are alive.","route":"/people/jedd-wolchok/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Meyer Director, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine · Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jeffrey-lancet","name":"Jeffrey E. Lancet","tldr":"Florida leukaemia doctor who led the phase 3 trial of CPX-351, the liposomal form of daunorubicin and cytarabine that lengthened survival for older people with secondary acute myeloid leukaemia.","route":"/people/jeffrey-lancet/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Moffitt Cancer Center · Moffitt Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","Acute myeloid leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml-secondary/","tip":"Secondary acute myeloid leukaemia grows out of an earlier marrow disorder or follows chemotherapy or radiotherapy for another cancer. It resists standard treatment more than other leukaemias; a liposomal form of the two classic chemotherapy drugs, CPX-351, lengthens life in fit older patients, and transplant is the only route to cure."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."}],"tags":[{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jennifer-chan","name":"Jennifer A. Chan","tldr":"Boston oncologist who led CABINET, the trial that showed cabozantinib delays progression of advanced neuroendocrine tumours after other treatments have failed.","route":"/people/jennifer-chan/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Clinical Director, Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","Lung neuroendocrine tumours","Neuroendocrine tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/pancreatic-net/","tip":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours arise from the hormone-producing islet cells of the pancreas and behave very differently from ordinary pancreatic cancer, often growing for years. Surgery cures localised tumours; advanced disease is treated in sequence with somatostatin analogues, lutetium-177 dotatate, targeted tablets and oral chemotherapy, and a minority secrete insulin or gastrin."},{"label":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/small-intestinal-net/","tip":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours are slow-growing hormone-producing tumours of the ileum and jejunum, often found only after they have spread to lymph nodes and the liver. Monthly somatostatin analogue injections control symptoms and growth, lutetium-177 dotatate is the main second treatment, and everolimus, cabozantinib and surgery fill in."},{"label":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/lung-net/","tip":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours, called typical and atypical carcinoids, are slow-growing tumours of the airways that are usually cured by surgery. When they spread, everolimus is the one drug tested in a randomised trial for this site, cabozantinib was approved in 2025, and somatostatin analogues and lutetium radioligand therapy are borrowed from gut tumours."},{"label":"Neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/","tip":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation."}],"tags":[{"label":"neuroendocrine","href":"/tagged/neuroendocrine/","tip":"Every record tagged neuroendocrine."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jennifer-brown","name":"Jennifer R. Brown","tldr":"Led ALPINE, the first head-to-head trial in which a next-generation BTK inhibitor (zanubrutinib) beat ibrutinib.","route":"/people/jennifer-brown/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, CLL Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Worthington and Margaret Collette Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/cll/","tip":"A slow leukaemia that no longer needs chemotherapy: BTK inhibitors and venetoclax control it for years, often in fixed-duration courses."}],"tags":[{"label":"cll","href":"/tagged/cll/","tip":"Every record tagged cll."},{"label":"btk","href":"/tagged/btk/","tip":"Every record tagged btk."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jens-hoeppner","name":"Jens Höppner","tldr":"German surgeon who led ESOPEC, the trial that compared FLOT chemotherapy with CROSS chemoradiotherapy before surgery for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and found FLOT gave longer survival.","route":"/people/jens-hoeppner/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Oesophago-gastric surgeon and trial lead","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","Oesophageal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and junction grows out of Barrett's oesophagus, the change in the lining caused by long-standing acid reflux. Chemotherapy or chemoradiation before surgery is standard, and HER2, PD-L1 and claudin 18.2 now guide drugs for advanced disease as they do in stomach cancer."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."}],"tags":[{"label":"oesophageal","href":"/tagged/oesophageal/","tip":"Every record tagged oesophageal."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"joel-guigay","name":"Joël Guigay","tldr":"Nice oncologist who led TPExtreme, the GORTEC trial that showed the shorter TPEx regimen is a reasonable alternative to EXTREME for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer.","route":"/people/joel-guigay/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice · Centre Antoine Lacassagne","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-hnscc/","tip":"When head and neck cancer comes back where it cannot be removed, or spreads elsewhere, it is treated to extend life rather than cure: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, is the first choice, cetuximab-based regimens and cheap oral chemotherapy are alternatives, and antibodies that hit two targets at once are in late-stage trials."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"head-and-neck","href":"/tagged/head-and-neck/","tip":"Every record tagged head-and-neck."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-strickler","name":"John H. Strickler","tldr":"Duke oncologist who led MOUNTAINEER, the trial that made tucatinib plus trastuzumab the first approved HER2-directed treatment for colorectal cancer.","route":"/people/john-strickler/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal medical oncologist, Duke Cancer Institute · Duke Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","Colorectal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/","tip":"A few bowel cancers make too much of the HER2 protein, the same target as in HER2-positive breast cancer. Two HER2 drugs together, tucatinib and trastuzumab, shrink about four in ten of these tumours after chemotherapy has failed, and the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan works even when other HER2 drugs have stopped."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-kirkwood","name":"John M. Kirkwood","tldr":"Pittsburgh melanoma doctor who ran the interferon trials that were the first adjuvant treatment for high-risk melanoma, and later led CheckMate 76K on adjuvant nivolumab for stage II disease.","route":"/people/john-kirkwood/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Melanoma medical oncologist, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center · UPMC Hillman Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","Stage III melanoma","Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","href":"/cancers/stage-ii-melanoma/","tip":"Stage IIB and IIC melanomas are thick or ulcerated skin melanomas that have not reached the lymph nodes but still carry a real risk of coming back. A year of pembrolizumab or nivolumab after surgery lowers that risk, though most people in this group would have been cured by surgery alone, so the decision weighs a modest benefit against a year of treatment."},{"label":"Stage III melanoma","href":"/cancers/stage-iii-melanoma/","tip":"Stage III melanoma has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not further, and after surgery a year of immunotherapy, or of targeted pills if the cancer has a BRAF mutation, roughly halves the chance of it coming back. The newest trials show that giving immunotherapy before the operation instead of after works even better and lets most people stop treatment early."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"adjuvant","href":"/tagged/adjuvant/","tip":"Every record tagged adjuvant."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-primrose","name":"John N. Primrose","tldr":"British surgeon who led BILCAP, the trial that made six months of capecitabine the standard after surgery for bile duct and gallbladder cancer.","route":"/people/john-primrose/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Surgery, University of Southampton · University Hospital Southampton / Centre for Cancer Immunology","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","Biliary tract cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma blocks the main bile ducts outside the liver and shows itself as jaundice. Perihilar tumours need part of the liver removed with the duct and distal tumours a Whipple operation; where surgery is impossible, stenting relieves the jaundice and chemotherapy with immunotherapy follows, with HER2-directed antibodies for the one in six tumours that carry that target."},{"label":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma starts in the small bile ducts inside the liver and usually appears as a liver mass rather than causing jaundice. It is the biliary cancer with the most drug targets: FGFR2 fusions treated with pemigatinib or futibatinib, IDH1 mutations with ivosidenib, and for everyone chemotherapy with the immunotherapy durvalumab or pembrolizumab."},{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/","tip":"Biliary tract cancers arise in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver, the gallbladder or the ampulla where the duct meets the bowel. They share a poor outlook and the same first-line chemotherapy with immunotherapy, but differ in causes and in the targetable mutations they carry. Each has its own page."}],"tags":[{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"john-leonard","name":"John P. Leonard","tldr":"New York lymphoma specialist who led AUGMENT, the trial that established lenalidomide plus rituximab as a chemotherapy-free option for relapsed follicular and marginal zone lymphoma.","route":"/people/john-leonard/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist-oncologist, Weill Cornell Medicine · Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Follicular lymphoma","Marginal zone lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Follicular lymphoma","href":"/cancers/follicular-lymphoma/","tip":"Follicular lymphoma is the most common slow-growing lymphoma, defined in about 85% of cases by a BCL2 translocation. Most people live with it for decades, treated only when it causes problems; it can be controlled repeatedly with anti-CD20 antibodies, chemotherapy, bispecifics or CAR-T but rarely cured, and a small share transform into an aggressive lymphoma each year."},{"label":"Marginal zone lymphoma","href":"/cancers/marginal-zone-lymphoma/","tip":"Marginal zone lymphoma is a slow B-cell lymphoma that often grows where the body has been fighting a chronic infection: the stomach with Helicobacter pylori, the eye, the skin or the spleen. Curing the infection cures many early cases; the rest are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy or BTK inhibitors."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jonathan-strosberg","name":"Jonathan R. Strosberg","tldr":"Led NETTER-1, the trial that made lutetium dotatate the first approved radioligand therapy for neuroendocrine tumours.","route":"/people/jonathan-strosberg/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Section Head, Neuroendocrine Tumor Program, Moffitt Cancer Center · Moffitt Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Neuroendocrine tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Neuroendocrine tumours","href":"/cancers/neuroendocrine/","tip":"A family of usually slow-growing tumours that start in hormone-producing cells of the gut, pancreas and lungs. They pioneered the idea of using the same molecule to see a tumour on a scan and then to treat it with radiation."}],"tags":[{"label":"neuroendocrine","href":"/tagged/neuroendocrine/","tip":"Every record tagged neuroendocrine."},{"label":"radioligand","href":"/tagged/radioligand/","tip":"Every record tagged radioligand."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jong-mu-sun","name":"Jong-Mu Sun","tldr":"Korean oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-590, the trial that added pembrolizumab to first-line chemotherapy for advanced oesophageal cancer.","route":"/people/jong-mu-sun/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul · Samsung Medical Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","Oesophageal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, the world's commonest form, is linked to smoking, alcohol and very hot drinks and sits in the upper and middle gullet. It is treated with chemoradiation, with or without surgery, and immunotherapy has recently joined chemotherapy for advanced disease."},{"label":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and junction grows out of Barrett's oesophagus, the change in the lining caused by long-standing acid reflux. Chemotherapy or chemoradiation before surgery is standard, and HER2, PD-L1 and claudin 18.2 now guide drugs for advanced disease as they do in stomach cancer."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."}],"tags":[{"label":"oesophageal","href":"/tagged/oesophageal/","tip":"Every record tagged oesophageal."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jordi-bruix","name":"Jordi Bruix","tldr":"Barcelona liver specialist who co-created the BCLC staging system used worldwide to decide how liver cancer is treated, and led STORM, which showed adjuvant sorafenib does not help after curative treatment.","route":"/people/jordi-bruix/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Hepatologist, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer group, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona · Hospital Clínic de Barcelona / IDIBAPS","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Early hepatocellular carcinoma","Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc-early/","tip":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma means a single tumour, or up to three small ones, in a liver that still works, without spread or vein invasion. It is treated to cure: cutting out the tumour, destroying it with heat through a needle, or replacing the liver by transplant, chosen by tumour size, liver function and portal pressure."},{"label":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc-advanced/","tip":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma has invaded the liver's veins or spread beyond it. Sorafenib was the only drug for a decade; now the combination of the immunotherapy atezolizumab with the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab, or the two-antibody regimen durvalumab with tremelimumab, is standard first line, and several further drugs follow it."},{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"jose-baselga","name":"José Baselga","tldr":"Spanish oncologist who helped develop trastuzumab, pertuzumab and everolimus for breast cancer, and was lead author of BOLERO-2, which established everolimus plus exemestane for hormone-receptor-positive disease.","route":"/people/jose-baselga/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and drug developer (1959–2021)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","HER2-positive breast cancer","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","href":"/cancers/hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46/","tip":"When hormone-positive breast cancer grows through a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a blood test picks the next drug. Tumours with an acquired ESR1 mutation respond to the oral degraders elacestrant, camizestrant and imlunestrant; tumours with PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN changes to capivasertib, inavolisib or alpelisib; and once endocrine options run out, antibody-drug conjugates come before chemotherapy."},{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"josep-llovet","name":"Josep M. Llovet","tldr":"Led SHARP, which made sorafenib the first systemic therapy for liver cancer, and created the BCLC staging system.","route":"/people/josep-llovet/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, Liver Cancer Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Professor, University of Barcelona · The Mount Sinai Hospital / Tisch Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."},{"label":"staging","href":"/tagged/staging/","tip":"Every record tagged staging."},{"label":"clinician-scientist","href":"/tagged/clinician-scientist/","tip":"Every record tagged clinician-scientist."},{"label":"liver cancer","href":"/tagged/liver-cancer/","tip":"Every record tagged liver cancer."},{"label":"hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/tagged/hepatocellular-carcinoma/","tip":"Every record tagged hepatocellular carcinoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"juan-valle","name":"Juan W. Valle","tldr":"Led ABC-02, which made gemcitabine plus cisplatin the global standard for biliary cancer, and co-led TOPAZ-1.","route":"/people/juan-valle/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief Medical Officer, Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation; Honorary Professor of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester and The Christie · The Christie NHS Foundation Trust","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Biliary tract cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile ducts or gallbladder. It is rare and often found late, but it turned out to carry more targetable mutations than almost any other gastrointestinal cancer, and immunotherapy now adds to chemotherapy from the first treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."},{"label":"chemotherapy","href":"/tagged/chemotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged chemotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"julien-hadoux","name":"Julien Hadoux","tldr":"Paris endocrine oncologist who was lead author of LIBRETTO-531, the trial that showed the selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib beats older kinase inhibitors as first treatment for advanced medullary thyroid cancer.","route":"/people/julien-hadoux/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Endocrine oncologist, Gustave Roussy · Gustave Roussy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Medullary thyroid cancer","Thyroid cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Medullary thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/","tip":"Medullary thyroid cancer comes from the calcitonin-making C cells, not the thyroid hormone cells, so radioactive iodine does not work. Surgery is the only cure, a quarter of cases run in families through the RET gene, and the RET-selective drug selpercatinib has transformed treatment of advanced disease."},{"label":"Thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/thyroid/","tip":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"thyroid","href":"/tagged/thyroid/","tip":"Every record tagged thyroid."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"kathleen-moore","name":"Kathleen N. Moore","tldr":"Led SOLO-1 and MIRASOL, which gave ovarian cancer a maintenance PARP inhibitor and its first ADC with a survival benefit.","route":"/people/kathleen-moore/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Associate Director of Clinical Research, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma · Stephenson Cancer Center, OU Health","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Ovarian cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"ovarian","href":"/tagged/ovarian/","tip":"Every record tagged ovarian."},{"label":"parp","href":"/tagged/parp/","tip":"Every record tagged parp."},{"label":"adc","href":"/tagged/adc/","tip":"Every record tagged adc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"keunchil-park","name":"Keunchil Park","tldr":"Korean lung cancer specialist who led CHRYSALIS, the first human study of amivantamab, whose exon 20 insertion cohort earned the drug its first approval.","route":"/people/keunchil-park/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and trial lead, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul · Samsung Medical Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/egfr-mutant-nsclc/","tip":"EGFR-mutated lung cancer is driven by a single faulty growth receptor and is treated first with a pill rather than chemotherapy. Osimertinib keeps the disease under control for about a year and a half on average, adding chemotherapy or the antibody amivantamab extends that further, and three years of osimertinib after surgery roughly halves the risk of death in early-stage disease."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell (about 85 percent) and small-cell (about 15 percent) disease, which behave and are treated very differently. The subtype pages carry the detail; this page covers screening, staging and what the types share."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"kim-chi","name":"Kim N. Chi","tldr":"Led TITAN and MAGNITUDE, bringing apalutamide to hormone-sensitive disease and niraparib to HRR-mutant prostate cancer.","route":"/people/kim-chi/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical Oncologist and Chief Medical Officer, BC Cancer; Professor, University of British Columbia · BC Cancer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."},{"label":"canada","href":"/tagged/canada/","tip":"Every record tagged canada."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"kimberly-dunsmore","name":"Kimberly P. Dunsmore","tldr":"Paediatric oncologist who chaired COG AALL0434, the largest trial ever run in childhood T-cell leukaemia, which showed that adding nelarabine improves disease-free survival.","route":"/people/kimberly-dunsmore/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric oncologist and Children's Oncology Group trial chair · Carilion Clinic / Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","href":"/cancers/all-paediatric-high-risk/","tip":"High-risk childhood leukaemia means a child aged ten or over, a very high white cell count, T-cell disease, spread to the brain or testes, or adverse genetics, and it is treated with longer and more intensive chemotherapy. Most children are still cured; the T-cell form gained the drug nelarabine after the AALL0434 trial, and cranial radiotherapy has been dropped for almost everyone."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"krishnansu-tewari","name":"Krishnansu S. Tewari","tldr":"California gynaecologic oncologist who led GOG 240, the trial that made bevacizumab the first targeted drug to lengthen survival in advanced cervical cancer, and EMPOWER-Cervical 1, which did the same for the PD-1 antibody cemiplimab.","route":"/people/krishnansu-tewari/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic oncologist, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine · Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","Cervical cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","href":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer/","tip":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer has spread beyond the pelvis or come back where it cannot be cured by surgery or radiotherapy. Pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy and bevacizumab is the first treatment, and the antibody-drug conjugate tisotumab vedotin or the PD-1 antibody cemiplimab extend life when it progresses."},{"label":"Cervical cancer","href":"/cancers/cervical/","tip":"A cancer that could be eliminated by HPV vaccination and screening. For those who develop it, immunotherapy and a tissue-factor ADC have improved survival."}],"tags":[{"label":"cervical","href":"/tagged/cervical/","tip":"Every record tagged cervical."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"luca-gianni","name":"Luca Gianni","tldr":"Milan oncologist who led NeoSphere, the trial that showed adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab and docetaxel before surgery clears more HER2-positive breast cancers, the basis for pertuzumab's neoadjuvant approval.","route":"/people/luca-gianni/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and President, Fondazione Michelangelo, Milan · Fondazione Michelangelo","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Early HER2-positive breast cancer","HER2-positive breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/her2-positive-early-breast-cancer/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer caught early is usually cured. Chemotherapy with the antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab comes before surgery; if the tumour has gone by then, antibodies alone finish the year, and if cancer remains, trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab deruxtecan take over. Small tumours get a gentler regimen, and trials now ask how much treatment can be left out."},{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"neoadjuvant","href":"/tagged/neoadjuvant/","tip":"Every record tagged neoadjuvant."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"manish-shah","name":"Manish A. Shah","tldr":"New York oncologist who was lead author of GLOW, one of the two trials that established zolbetuximab, the first drug aimed at claudin 18.2, for stomach cancer.","route":"/people/manish-shah/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal medical oncologist, Weill Cornell Medicine · Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric-cldn18-2-positive/","tip":"Claudin 18.2 is a tight-junction protein normally hidden inside stomach lining cells that becomes exposed on the surface of many stomach cancers. Zolbetuximab, an antibody against it, added to chemotherapy lengthens survival in tumours that express it strongly, and antibody-drug conjugates and CAR-T cells against the same target are in trials."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mansoor-raza-mirza","name":"Mansoor Raza Mirza","tldr":"Led NOVA and RUBY, the trials that established niraparib maintenance in ovarian cancer and dostarlimab in advanced endometrial cancer.","route":"/people/mansoor-raza-mirza/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief Oncologist, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Chair, ENGOT · Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Endometrial cancer","Ovarian cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"ovarian","href":"/tagged/ovarian/","tip":"Every record tagged ovarian."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"maria-de-santis","name":"Maria De Santis","tldr":"Berlin oncologist who led SEMPET, the study showing that a PET scan can tell which residual masses after chemotherapy for seminoma still contain cancer, sparing many men further treatment.","route":"/people/maria-de-santis/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Genitourinary medical oncologist, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin · Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Seminoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Seminoma","href":"/cancers/seminoma/","tip":"Seminoma is the slower, more radiosensitive half of testicular cancer. After removal of the testicle most men need no further treatment and are simply monitored; those who relapse or present with spread are cured with a short course of chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"testis","href":"/tagged/testis/","tip":"Every record tagged testis."},{"label":"imaging","href":"/tagged/imaging/","tip":"Every record tagged imaging."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"marie-plante","name":"Marie Plante","tldr":"Quebec surgeon who pioneered fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer and led SHAPE, the trial that showed a simple hysterectomy is enough for low-risk early cervical cancer.","route":"/people/marie-plante/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic oncologist, CHU de Québec - Université Laval · CHU de Québec - Université Laval","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","Cervical cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","href":"/cancers/early-cervical-cancer/","tip":"Early cervical cancer is confined to the cervix and is usually cured by surgery. Recent trials have shown that open surgery is safer than keyhole surgery for radical hysterectomy, that a simple hysterectomy is enough for the smallest tumours, and that young women with small tumours can keep their uterus with a trachelectomy."},{"label":"Cervical cancer","href":"/cancers/cervical/","tip":"A cancer that could be eliminated by HPV vaccination and screening. For those who develop it, immunotherapy and a tissue-factor ADC have improved survival."}],"tags":[{"label":"cervical","href":"/tagged/cervical/","tip":"Every record tagged cervical."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."},{"label":"de-escalation","href":"/tagged/de-escalation/","tip":"Every record tagged de-escalation."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mark-robson","name":"Mark E. Robson","tldr":"New York breast oncologist and cancer geneticist who led OlympiAD, the trial that made olaparib the first PARP inhibitor approved for BRCA-mutated breast cancer.","route":"/people/mark-robson/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief of the Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/tnbc-metastatic/","tip":"Triple-negative breast cancer that has spread is not curable, but its treatment has been transformed since 2020. By PD-L1 score, first treatment is pembrolizumab with chemotherapy or with sacituzumab govitecan, or datopotamab deruxtecan or sacituzumab govitecan alone; BRCA carriers can take a PARP inhibitor tablet; and trastuzumab deruxtecan reaches the third of tumours with low HER2."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"genetics","href":"/tagged/genetics/","tip":"Every record tagged genetics."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"martin-reck","name":"Martin Reck","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-024, the trial that made pembrolizumab alone first-line therapy for PD-L1-high lung cancer.","route":"/people/martin-reck/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf · LungenClinic Grosshansdorf","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-small-cell lung cancer","Small-cell lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/sclc/","tip":"A fast-growing lung cancer that responds to chemotherapy then relapses quickly. After 30 years without progress, T-cell engagers and ADCs are finally moving the needle."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"masatoshi-kudo","name":"Masatoshi Kudo","tldr":"Japanese hepatologist who led REFLECT, the trial that made lenvatinib a first-line option for liver cancer.","route":"/people/masatoshi-kudo/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor and Chairman, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine · Kindai University Faculty of Medicine and Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."},{"label":"japan","href":"/tagged/japan/","tip":"Every record tagged japan."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"matthew-hellmann","name":"Matthew D. Hellmann","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was the lead author of CheckMate 227, the trial that showed the immunotherapy pair nivolumab and ipilimumab helps people with advanced lung cancer live longer than chemotherapy alone.","route":"/people/matthew-hellmann/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and trial lead, thoracic immunotherapy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","href":"/cancers/pdl1-high-nsclc/","tip":"Lung cancers that carry a lot of PD-L1 and no targetable mutation can be treated with an immunotherapy antibody alone instead of chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab keeps about a third of patients alive at five years, roughly double what chemotherapy achieved, and adding chemotherapy is reserved for those who need a fast response."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell (about 85 percent) and small-cell (about 15 percent) disease, which behave and are treated very differently. The subtype pages carry the detail; this page covers screening, staging and what the types share."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"matthew-smith","name":"Matthew R. Smith","tldr":"Led ARASENS and SPARTAN, trials that established darolutamide triplet therapy and apalutamide for prostate cancer.","route":"/people/matthew-smith/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, Genitourinary Malignancies Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center · Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"meletios-dimopoulos","name":"Meletios A. Dimopoulos","tldr":"Greek haematologist who led POLLUX and CANDOR, two of the pivotal daratumumab combination trials in relapsed myeloma.","route":"/people/meletios-dimopoulos/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Hematology and Medical Oncology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens · National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma","Waldenström macroglobulinaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."},{"label":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","href":"/cancers/waldenstrom/","tip":"A slow lymphoma that makes an abnormal IgM antibody, causing thick blood, anaemia and nerve damage. Nearly all cases share one mutation (MYD88 L265P), and BTK inhibitors control it for years."}],"tags":[{"label":"myeloma","href":"/tagged/myeloma/","tip":"Every record tagged myeloma."},{"label":"greece","href":"/tagged/greece/","tip":"Every record tagged greece."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michael-atkins","name":"Michael B. Atkins","tldr":"Washington oncologist who led DREAMseq, the trial that showed people with BRAF-mutant melanoma live longer if immunotherapy is given before targeted therapy rather than after.","route":"/people/michael-atkins/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Deputy Director, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center · Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced melanoma","BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","Melanoma","Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced melanoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-melanoma/","tip":"Advanced melanoma has spread beyond what surgery can remove, and it is the cancer in which immunotherapy first proved it could cure some people: about half of those given nivolumab with ipilimumab are alive ten years later. If immunotherapy fails, options include a cell therapy grown from the patient's own immune cells, a virus injected into the tumour, and targeted pills for BRAF-mutant disease."},{"label":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","href":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/","tip":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma has a single faulty switch that drives it to grow, and two pills, a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor, can shut that switch off and shrink the cancer within weeks. Immunotherapy is usually given first because its effect lasts longer, and the pills are kept for later or given for a year after surgery to prevent relapse."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."},{"label":"Renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/rcc/","tip":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michael-heinrich","name":"Michael C. Heinrich","tldr":"Oregon physician-scientist who showed that the KIT mutation type in a GIST predicts how well imatinib works, discovered PDGFRA mutations in the tumours without KIT mutations, and led NAVIGATOR, which established avapritinib for PDGFRA D842V disease.","route":"/people/michael-heinrich/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and laboratory scientist, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland VA · OHSU Knight Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","href":"/cancers/gist-pdgfra-d842v/","tip":"PDGFRA D842V GIST is driven by a mutation in the PDGFRA receptor rather than KIT, and it does not respond to imatinib at all. Avapritinib, designed to fit the mutant activation loop, shrinks nearly nine in ten of these tumours and is the standard treatment for advanced disease; localised tumours are cured by surgery alone."},{"label":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","href":"/cancers/gist-kit-exon-11/","tip":"Most GISTs are driven by a mutation in exon 11 of the KIT gene, which keeps the KIT growth receptor switched on. Imatinib blocks it: given for three years after surgery in higher-risk tumours it prevents relapse and extends life, and in metastatic disease it controls the tumour for years before resistance develops."},{"label":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","href":"/cancers/gist/","tip":"GIST is a sarcoma of the gut wall driven almost always by a KIT or PDGFRA mutation. It was the proof that a pill can control a solid tumour: imatinib turned a median survival of about a year into one of eight years or more, and the mutation now dictates which drug to use."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"gist","href":"/tagged/gist/","tip":"Every record tagged gist."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michael-migden","name":"Michael R. Migden","tldr":"Houston dermatologist who led the trials that established cemiplimab, the first drug approved for advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma, and sonidegib for basal cell carcinoma.","route":"/people/michael-migden/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Dermatologist and Mohs surgeon, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","Skin cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/","tip":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown beyond what surgery or radiotherapy can remove or has spread to lymph nodes or organs. Because sun damage gives it more mutations than almost any other cancer, immunotherapy works well: cemiplimab or pembrolizumab shrinks about half of tumours, often for years, and cemiplimab before surgery can make large tumours vanish."},{"label":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/locally-advanced-bcc/","tip":"Locally advanced basal cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown so large or deep, usually on the face, that surgery or radiotherapy can no longer remove it without unacceptable damage. Almost all these tumours depend on the hedgehog growth pathway, and the pills vismodegib and sonidegib shrink about four in ten of them; cemiplimab is used when the pills fail or cannot be tolerated."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"michel-attal","name":"Michel Attal","tldr":"French haematologist whose trials established autologous stem-cell transplantation for myeloma in the 1990s and, in IFM 2009, showed that transplant still adds benefit in the era of lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone.","route":"/people/michel-attal/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist and Director General, IUCT Oncopole, Toulouse · IUCT Oncopole (Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","Multiple myeloma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","href":"/cancers/myeloma-transplant-eligible/","tip":"Fit patients with newly diagnosed myeloma receive four drugs at once, then their own stem cells are collected, they are given high-dose chemotherapy, the cells are returned and they continue on maintenance. Adding the CD38 antibody daratumumab to the three-drug backbone, tested in PERSEUS and CASSIOPEIA, means most patients now reach a state where no myeloma can be detected."},{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"tags":[{"label":"myeloma","href":"/tagged/myeloma/","tip":"Every record tagged myeloma."},{"label":"transplant","href":"/tagged/transplant/","tip":"Every record tagged transplant."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"neil-gross","name":"Neil D. Gross","tldr":"Houston surgeon who led the trial showing that giving cemiplimab before surgery can eliminate cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in about half of patients, sparing many from extensive operations.","route":"/people/neil-gross/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head and neck surgeon, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","Skin cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/advanced-cutaneous-scc/","tip":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that has grown beyond what surgery or radiotherapy can remove or has spread to lymph nodes or organs. Because sun damage gives it more mutations than almost any other cancer, immunotherapy works well: cemiplimab or pembrolizumab shrinks about half of tumours, often for years, and cemiplimab before surgery can make large tumours vanish."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"olivier-chinot","name":"Olivier L. Chinot","tldr":"Marseille neuro-oncologist who was lead author of AVAglio, the trial that showed adding bevacizumab to standard glioblastoma treatment delays progression but does not lengthen life.","route":"/people/olivier-chinot/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Neuro-oncologist, Aix-Marseille University and Hôpital de la Timone · Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Glioma & glioblastoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Glioma & glioblastoma","href":"/cancers/glioblastoma/","tip":"Gliomas are now diagnosed by molecular class, and three classes got their first targeted drugs in 2024-25 (vorasidenib for IDH-mutant glioma, tovorafenib for BRAF-altered paediatric glioma, dordaviprone for H3 K27M). Glioblastoma itself is the hardest to treat and has kept the same standard since 2005; CAR-T delivered into the brain and focused-ultrasound drug delivery are the live directions."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"tags":[{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"patricia-pautier","name":"Patricia Pautier","tldr":"Paris oncologist who led LMS-04, the trial that showed doxorubicin plus trabectedin lengthens survival in advanced leiomyosarcoma compared with doxorubicin alone.","route":"/people/patricia-pautier/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Gustave Roussy · Gustave Roussy","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Leiomyosarcoma","Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity","Retroperitoneal sarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Leiomyosarcoma","href":"/cancers/leiomyosarcoma/","tip":"Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of smooth muscle, most often in the womb, the abdomen behind the bowel or the wall of a large vein. Surgery is the only cure; for spread disease, doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, trabectedin and gemcitabine-docetaxel are the standards, with no targeted drug yet."},{"label":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity","href":"/cancers/extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma/","tip":"Most soft tissue sarcomas arise in an arm or leg. Limb-saving surgery with radiotherapy cures most localised tumours and is as safe as amputation. For spread disease doxorubicin is the backbone: adding ifosfamide shrinks more tumours without lengthening life, and in leiomyosarcoma adding trabectedin doubles the time the disease stays controlled."},{"label":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","href":"/cancers/retroperitoneal-sarcoma/","tip":"Retroperitoneal sarcomas grow silently at the back of the abdomen until they are the size of a melon. The treatment is one carefully planned operation in a sarcoma centre that removes the tumour with the neighbouring organs it touches. The STRASS trial showed radiotherapy before surgery does not help overall; a second trial is testing chemotherapy before surgery in the most aggressive types."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"patrick-schoffski","name":"Patrick Schöffski","tldr":"Leuven oncologist who led the trial that showed eribulin lengthens survival in advanced liposarcoma, the basis of the drug's approval for that disease.","route":"/people/patrick-schoffski/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute · UZ Leuven / Leuven Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Liposarcoma","Leiomyosarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Liposarcoma","href":"/cancers/liposarcoma/","tip":"Liposarcoma is a cancer of fat cells that comes in four different forms: two driven by extra copies of the MDM2 gene, one by a fusion gene that makes it unusually sensitive to radiotherapy and trabectedin, and one that behaves like other aggressive sarcomas. Surgery is the mainstay and MDM2 inhibitors are the most promising drugs in trials."},{"label":"Leiomyosarcoma","href":"/cancers/leiomyosarcoma/","tip":"Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of smooth muscle, most often in the womb, the abdomen behind the bowel or the wall of a large vein. Surgery is the only cure; for spread disease, doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, trabectedin and gemcitabine-docetaxel are the standards, with no targeted drug yet."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paul-chapman","name":"Paul B. Chapman","tldr":"New York melanoma doctor who was lead author of BRIM-3, the trial that showed vemurafenib lengthens survival in BRAF-mutant melanoma and launched targeted therapy for the disease.","route":"/people/paul-chapman/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Melanoma medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","href":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/","tip":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma has a single faulty switch that drives it to grow, and two pills, a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor, can shut that switch off and shrink the cancer within weeks. Immunotherapy is usually given first because its effect lasts longer, and the pills are kept for later or given for a year after surgery to prevent relapse."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paul-brown","name":"Paul D. Brown","tldr":"Mayo Clinic radiation oncologist whose trials showed that focused radiosurgery preserves thinking and memory better than whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases, and that sparing the hippocampus reduces cognitive harm when whole-brain treatment is needed.","route":"/people/paul-brown/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Radiation oncologist, Mayo Clinic · Mayo Clinic","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Brain metastases","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Brain metastases","href":"/cancers/secondary-brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain metastases are cancers that have spread to the brain from elsewhere, most often from the lung, breast or skin. Focused radiation aimed at each spot (radiosurgery) has largely replaced radiation to the whole brain, and for some cancers modern targeted drugs and immunotherapy reach the brain well enough to shrink the deposits on their own."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"tags":[{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"paul-paik","name":"Paul K. Paik","tldr":"Lung cancer doctor who was lead author of VISION, the trial that established tepotinib for lung cancers with MET exon 14 skipping mutations.","route":"/people/paul-paik/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Thoracic medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","Non-small-cell lung cancer","Lung cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/met-altered-nsclc/","tip":"MET-driven lung cancer comes in three forms: an exon 14 skipping mutation treated with the pills capmatinib or tepotinib, MET amplification that often arises as an escape route from EGFR drugs, and high c-Met protein levels that the antibody-drug conjugate telisotuzumab vedotin targets."},{"label":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","href":"/cancers/nsclc/","tip":"Non-small-cell lung cancer is the proving ground for precision medicine: a dozen targetable mutations each with a matched pill, immunotherapy for the rest, and ADCs and bispecifics arriving now. Because most cases are still found late, low-dose CT screening is the other half of the story."},{"label":"Lung cancer","href":"/cancers/lung-cancer/","tip":"Lung cancer splits into non-small-cell (about 85 percent) and small-cell (about 15 percent) disease, which behave and are treated very differently. The subtype pages carry the detail; this page covers screening, staging and what the types share."}],"tags":[{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"peter-borchmann","name":"Peter Borchmann","tldr":"Leads the German Hodgkin Study Group and HD21, which made BrECADD the most effective and least toxic regimen for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma.","route":"/people/peter-borchmann/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine and Head of the German Hodgkin Study Group, University Hospital Cologne · Uniklinik Köln (CIO)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, where the goal is now to cure with less toxicity, using brentuximab and, from 2026, first-line nivolumab."}],"tags":[{"label":"hodgkin","href":"/tagged/hodgkin/","tip":"Every record tagged hodgkin."},{"label":"ghsg","href":"/tagged/ghsg/","tip":"Every record tagged ghsg."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"peter-schmid","name":"Peter Schmid","tldr":"Led KEYNOTE-522 and IMpassion130, the trials that brought immunotherapy into triple-negative breast cancer.","route":"/people/peter-schmid/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Cancer Medicine and Lead, Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute · Barts Cancer Institute / Barts Health NHS Trust","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Triple-negative breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Triple-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/tnbc/","tip":"A breast cancer that lacks the three receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, HER2) that other breast cancers can be treated through. It was the hardest subtype for decades; since 2020 immunotherapy and ADCs have changed that."}],"tags":[{"label":"tnbc","href":"/tagged/tnbc/","tip":"Every record tagged tnbc."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"peter-thuss-patience","name":"Peter Thuss-Patience","tldr":"Berlin oncologist who led GATSBY, the trial showing that the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 did not beat taxane chemotherapy in previously treated HER2-positive stomach cancer.","route":"/people/peter-thuss-patience/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin · Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-positive gastric cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive gastric cancer overexpresses the HER2 growth receptor and is treated with trastuzumab added to chemotherapy, now usually with pembrolizumab as well. After progression the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan gives responses that plain chemotherapy cannot."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"philippe-armand","name":"Philippe Armand","tldr":"Boston lymphoma doctor who led KEYNOTE-170, the trial that showed pembrolizumab can control relapsed primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and who helped bring PD-1 blockade to Hodgkin lymphoma.","route":"/people/philippe-armand/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Lymphoma specialist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","Non-Hodgkin lymphoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a fast-growing lymphoma of the thymus behind the breastbone that mostly affects young women. Immunochemotherapy cures about nine in ten, radiotherapy can now be skipped when the end-of-treatment scan is clear, and PD-1 antibodies and CAR-T cells rescue many of those who relapse."},{"label":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","href":"/cancers/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/","tip":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not one disease but a family of about sixty cancers of B cells, T cells or NK cells, from slow-growing follicular lymphoma to aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphomas. This page is the map; each subtype has its own page with its own treatment."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"philippe-moreau","name":"Philippe Moreau","tldr":"Led MajesTEC-1 and CASSIOPEIA, bringing the first bispecific antibody and daratumumab quadruplets to myeloma.","route":"/people/philippe-moreau/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of the Hematology Department, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes · Nantes University Hospital (CHU de Nantes)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"tags":[{"label":"myeloma","href":"/tagged/myeloma/","tip":"Every record tagged myeloma."},{"label":"bispecific","href":"/tagged/bispecific/","tip":"Every record tagged bispecific."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"piotr-rutkowski","name":"Piotr Rutkowski","tldr":"Polish surgical oncologist who led the pooled EORTC and SWOG trials showing that imatinib shrinks dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, a rare skin sarcoma driven by a PDGFB fusion.","route":"/people/piotr-rutkowski/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Surgical oncologist and head of soft tissue, bone sarcoma and melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw · Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","Melanoma","Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","href":"/cancers/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/","tip":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the deeper skin that usually appears as a firm plaque or lump on the trunk and is often mistaken for a scar or cyst for years. Surgery with wide margins cures most people; for the few whose tumour cannot be removed or has spread, the pill imatinib works because almost every one is driven by a single gene fusion it blocks."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."},{"label":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","href":"/cancers/gist/","tip":"GIST is a sarcoma of the gut wall driven almost always by a KIT or PDGFRA mutation. It was the proof that a pill can control a solid tumour: imatinib turned a median survival of about a year into one of eight years or more, and the mutation now dictates which drug to use."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."},{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"quincy-chu","name":"Quincy Chu","tldr":"Edmonton oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-483 (CCTG IND.227), the trial that showed adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy lengthens survival in pleural mesothelioma.","route":"/people/quincy-chu/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Edmonton · Cancer Care Alberta (Alberta Health Services)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Pleural mesothelioma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pleural mesothelioma","href":"/cancers/pleural-mesothelioma/","tip":"Pleural mesothelioma grows in the lining of the lung after asbestos exposure and causes breathlessness and chest pain from fluid and thickening. It is rarely curable; the first-line choice is nivolumab with ipilimumab or pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, and surgery to remove the lining is no longer recommended outside trials."}],"tags":[{"label":"mesothelioma","href":"/tagged/mesothelioma/","tip":"Every record tagged mesothelioma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"raajit-rampal","name":"Raajit K. Rampal","tldr":"New York haematologist who led MANIFEST-2, the trial testing whether adding the BET inhibitor pelabresib to ruxolitinib helps people with myelofibrosis more than ruxolitinib alone.","route":"/people/raajit-rampal/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary myelofibrosis","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary myelofibrosis","href":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","tip":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"tags":[{"label":"mpn","href":"/tagged/mpn/","tip":"Every record tagged mpn."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"ralf-gutzmer","name":"Ralf Gutzmer","tldr":"German dermato-oncologist who was lead author of IMspire150, the trial that added atezolizumab to vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF-mutant melanoma.","route":"/people/ralf-gutzmer/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Dermato-oncologist and trial lead","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","href":"/cancers/braf-v600-melanoma/","tip":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma has a single faulty switch that drives it to grow, and two pills, a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor, can shut that switch off and shrink the cancer within weeks. Immunotherapy is usually given first because its effect lasts longer, and the pills are kept for later or given for a year after surgery to prevent relapse."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"melanoma","href":"/tagged/melanoma/","tip":"Every record tagged melanoma."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rashmi-murthy","name":"Rashmi K. Murthy","tldr":"Houston breast cancer doctor who was lead author of HER2CLIMB, the trial that established tucatinib for HER2-positive breast cancer, including in patients with brain metastases.","route":"/people/rashmi-murthy/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Breast medical oncologist, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","HER2-positive breast cancer","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","href":"/cancers/her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases/","tip":"The brain is the weak point of HER2-positive breast cancer: antibodies control the rest of the body but cross poorly into the brain, so up to half of patients with advanced disease develop brain metastases. Tucatinib with trastuzumab and capecitabine was the first drug proven to help, and trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks brain lesions in most patients."},{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"remi-nout","name":"Remi A. Nout","tldr":"Dutch radiation oncologist who was lead author of PORTEC-2, the trial that showed vaginal brachytherapy is as good as pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate-risk endometrial cancer, with fewer side effects.","route":"/people/remi-nout/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","Endometrial cancer","Cervical cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","href":"/cancers/endometrial-nsmp/","tip":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile is the default class: no POLE mutation, intact mismatch repair and normal p53. Most are low-grade, oestrogen-driven tumours cured by hysterectomy, and hormone-blocking drugs are their most natural treatment when they do recur."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."},{"label":"Cervical cancer","href":"/cancers/cervical/","tip":"A cancer that could be eliminated by HPV vaccination and screening. For those who develop it, immunotherapy and a tissue-factor ADC have improved survival."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"radiotherapy","href":"/tagged/radiotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged radiotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"richard-finn","name":"Richard S. Finn","tldr":"Led PALOMA-2, which made palbociclib a first-line breast cancer drug, and IMbrave150, which made immunotherapy the standard for liver cancer.","route":"/people/richard-finn/","kind":"person","logo":"/portraits/richard-finn.jpg","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center · UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."},{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rob-pieters","name":"Rob Pieters","tldr":"Dutch paediatric oncologist who led the international Interfant trials for babies with leukaemia and helped create the Princess Máxima Center, which brought all Dutch childhood cancer care into one hospital.","route":"/people/rob-pieters/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric oncologist and Chief Medical Officer, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology · Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-infant/","tip":"Leukaemia diagnosed in the first year of life is a different disease from leukaemia in older children: most cases carry a broken KMT2A gene and respond poorly to chemotherapy, and fewer than half of infants were cured for twenty years. One course of the immune drug blinatumomab after induction raised two-year disease-free survival from about half to over 80 percent in a pilot study."},{"label":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","href":"/cancers/all-leukemia/","tip":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the childhood cancer success story, and was the first disease treated with CAR-T and with a T-cell engager."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"leukaemia","href":"/tagged/leukaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged leukaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robert-motzer","name":"Robert J. Motzer","tldr":"The kidney cancer trialist behind sunitinib, CheckMate 214 and CLEAR, three shifts in first-line standard of care.","route":"/people/robert-motzer/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Jack and Dorothy Byrne Chair in Clinical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/rcc/","tip":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan."}],"tags":[{"label":"rcc","href":"/tagged/rcc/","tip":"Every record tagged rcc."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robert-ferris","name":"Robert L. Ferris","tldr":"Surgeon and immunologist who led CheckMate 141, the trial that made nivolumab the first drug to lengthen survival in head and neck cancer after platinum failure, and E3311 on transoral surgery for HPV-positive throat cancer.","route":"/people/robert-ferris/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head and neck surgeon and Director, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center · UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","Oropharyngeal cancer","Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/recurrent-metastatic-hnscc/","tip":"When head and neck cancer comes back where it cannot be removed, or spreads elsewhere, it is treated to extend life rather than cure: pembrolizumab, alone or with chemotherapy, is the first choice, cetuximab-based regimens and cheap oral chemotherapy are alternatives, and antibodies that hit two targets at once are in late-stage trials."},{"label":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","href":"/cancers/hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer/","tip":"Throat cancers caused by HPV are usually cured with chemoradiation or robotic surgery, so trials now ask how much treatment can be taken away: swapping cisplatin for cetuximab failed, cutting the radiation dose has worked only after surgery so far, and blood tests for HPV DNA may pick out the patients who can safely have less."},{"label":"Oropharyngeal cancer","href":"/cancers/oropharyngeal-cancer/","tip":"Cancer of the tonsils and back of the tongue, a head and neck cancer, now comes mostly from HPV infection rather than smoking, and behaves like a different disease: it responds well to chemoradiation, most patients are cured, and the research question is how much treatment can safely be removed."},{"label":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/head-and-neck/","tip":"Cancers of the mouth and throat, increasingly caused by HPV. Immunotherapy is first line for advanced disease and now used before surgery."}],"tags":[{"label":"head-and-neck","href":"/tagged/head-and-neck/","tip":"Every record tagged head-and-neck."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robin-kate-kelley","name":"Robin Kate Kelley","tldr":"San Francisco oncologist who was lead author of KEYNOTE-966, which showed that adding pembrolizumab to gemcitabine and cisplatin helps people with advanced bile duct cancer live longer.","route":"/people/robin-kate-kelley/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal oncologist, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center · UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","Biliary tract cancer","Hepatocellular carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma/","tip":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma starts in the small bile ducts inside the liver and usually appears as a liver mass rather than causing jaundice. It is the biliary cancer with the most drug targets: FGFR2 fusions treated with pemigatinib or futibatinib, IDH1 mutations with ivosidenib, and for everyone chemotherapy with the immunotherapy durvalumab or pembrolizumab."},{"label":"Biliary tract cancer","href":"/cancers/biliary-tract-cancer/","tip":"Biliary tract cancers arise in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver, the gallbladder or the ampulla where the duct meets the bowel. They share a poor outlook and the same first-line chemotherapy with immunotherapy, but differ in causes and in the targetable mutations they carry. Each has its own page."},{"label":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","href":"/cancers/hcc/","tip":"Liver cancer almost always grows in a liver already damaged by hepatitis, alcohol or fatty liver disease. It is one of the most preventable cancers, and since 2020 immunotherapy combinations have roughly doubled how long people with advanced disease live."}],"tags":[{"label":"biliary","href":"/tagged/biliary/","tip":"Every record tagged biliary."},{"label":"hcc","href":"/tagged/hcc/","tip":"Every record tagged hcc."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"robin-jones","name":"Robin L. Jones","tldr":"London sarcoma specialist who led TAPPAS, the trial that tested the anti-angiogenic protein TRC105 with pazopanib in angiosarcoma, and who has led many international sarcoma trials.","route":"/people/robin-jones/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Head of the Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research · The Royal Marsden","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Angiosarcoma","Vascular tumours","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Angiosarcoma","href":"/cancers/angiosarcoma/","tip":"Angiosarcoma is an aggressive vascular tumour, a cancer of the cells that line blood and lymph vessels. It grows as bruise-like patches on the scalp of older people, in breasts treated years earlier with radiotherapy, or inside organs. Surgery and radiotherapy are used where possible, weekly paclitaxel is the most active drug, and immunotherapy helps a minority with the sun-damaged scalp form."},{"label":"Vascular tumours","href":"/cancers/vascular-tumours/","tip":"Vascular tumours range from angiosarcoma, an aggressive cancer of blood vessel lining cells, to the slow-growing EHE and the infant tumour KHE. Angiosarcoma responds to paclitaxel and, in the sun-damaged scalp form, to immunotherapy; EHE and KHE depend on growth signals that the mTOR blocker sirolimus quiets, and EHE without symptoms is watched."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rona-yaeger","name":"Rona Yaeger","tldr":"New York oncologist who was lead author of the KRYSTAL-1 colorectal report, which showed adagrasib with cetuximab shrinks KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer and led to the combination's approval.","route":"/people/rona-yaeger/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","Colorectal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/kras-g12c-colorectal/","tip":"KRAS G12C bowel cancer carries a mutation that was undruggable for forty years. The first KRAS drugs work only weakly on their own in the bowel, because the tumour switches EGFR back on, so they are given with an anti-EGFR antibody: sotorasib with panitumumab and adagrasib with cetuximab are both approved after chemotherapy."},{"label":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/braf-v600e-colorectal/","tip":"BRAF V600E bowel cancer carries the same mutation as many melanomas, but BRAF drugs alone did nothing here because the tumour re-routes its growth signal through EGFR. Blocking both with encorafenib and cetuximab, now given with chemotherapy from the start, has doubled survival in a subtype that used to be the worst."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rossella-elisei","name":"Rossella Elisei","tldr":"Pisa endocrinologist who led EXAM, the trial that established cabozantinib for progressive medullary thyroid cancer, and who has studied RET mutations in the disease for decades.","route":"/people/rossella-elisei/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Endocrinology, University of Pisa · University of Pisa / Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Medullary thyroid cancer","Thyroid cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Medullary thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/","tip":"Medullary thyroid cancer comes from the calcitonin-making C cells, not the thyroid hormone cells, so radioactive iodine does not work. Surgery is the only cure, a quarter of cases run in families through the RET gene, and the RET-selective drug selpercatinib has transformed treatment of advanced disease."},{"label":"Thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/thyroid/","tip":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"thyroid","href":"/tagged/thyroid/","tip":"Every record tagged thyroid."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"rupert-bartsch","name":"Rupert Bartsch","tldr":"Vienna oncologist who led TUXEDO-1, the small trial that showed trastuzumab deruxtecan can shrink active brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer.","route":"/people/rupert-bartsch/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Medical University of Vienna · Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna / AKH","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","HER2-positive breast cancer","Breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","href":"/cancers/her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases/","tip":"The brain is the weak point of HER2-positive breast cancer: antibodies control the rest of the body but cross poorly into the brain, so up to half of patients with advanced disease develop brain metastases. Tucatinib with trastuzumab and capecitabine was the first drug proven to help, and trastuzumab deruxtecan shrinks brain lesions in most patients."},{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu."},{"label":"Breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-cancer/","tip":"Breast cancer is not one disease. Which of three receptor patterns the tumour carries decides its treatment: hormone receptor-positive (about 70 percent), HER2-positive (about 15 percent) or triple-negative (about 15 percent). The pages for each type hold the detail; this page holds what they share."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"brain-metastases","href":"/tagged/brain-metastases/","tip":"Every record tagged brain-metastases."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"salah-eddin-al-batran","name":"Salah-Eddin Al-Batran","tldr":"German oncologist who led FLOT4, the trial that made the FLOT chemotherapy regimen the standard before and after surgery for stomach and oesophago-gastric junction cancer.","route":"/people/salah-eddin-al-batran/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and trial lead, Krankenhaus Nordwest and Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Frankfurt · Krankenhaus Nordwest / Institute of Clinical Cancer Research (IKF)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","HER2-positive gastric cancer","Oesophageal cancer","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/oesophageal-adenocarcinoma/","tip":"Adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and junction grows out of Barrett's oesophagus, the change in the lining caused by long-standing acid reflux. Chemotherapy or chemoradiation before surgery is standard, and HER2, PD-L1 and claudin 18.2 now guide drugs for advanced disease as they do in stomach cancer."},{"label":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive gastric cancer overexpresses the HER2 growth receptor and is treated with trastuzumab added to chemotherapy, now usually with pembrolizumab as well. After progression the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan gives responses that plain chemotherapy cannot."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."},{"label":"oesophageal","href":"/tagged/oesophageal/","tip":"Every record tagged oesophageal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"salvatore-siena","name":"Salvatore Siena","tldr":"Milan oncologist who co-led HERACLES and was lead author of DESTINY-CRC01, which showed trastuzumab deruxtecan is active in HER2-positive colorectal cancer, and a leader of the anti-EGFR antibody trials in the disease.","route":"/people/salvatore-siena/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medical Oncology, University of Milan, and Niguarda Cancer Center · Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","Colorectal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/her2-amplified-colorectal/","tip":"A few bowel cancers make too much of the HER2 protein, the same target as in HER2-positive breast cancer. Two HER2 drugs together, tucatinib and trastuzumab, shrink about four in ten of these tumours after chemotherapy has failed, and the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan works even when other HER2 drugs have stopped."},{"label":"Colorectal cancer","href":"/cancers/colorectal/","tip":"The cancer where screening works best and where immunotherapy can make some tumours disappear entirely, yet most metastatic disease still depends on chemotherapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"samuel-wells","name":"Samuel A. Wells Jr.","tldr":"American surgeon who pioneered removing the thyroid in children with inherited RET mutations before cancer develops, led ZETA, the trial that established vandetanib for medullary thyroid cancer, and chaired the American Thyroid Association guideline for the disease.","route":"/people/samuel-wells/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Endocrine surgeon and clinical investigator · National Cancer Institute (NIH)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Medullary thyroid cancer","Thyroid cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Medullary thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/","tip":"Medullary thyroid cancer comes from the calcitonin-making C cells, not the thyroid hormone cells, so radioactive iodine does not work. Surgery is the only cure, a quarter of cases run in families through the RET gene, and the RET-selective drug selpercatinib has transformed treatment of advanced disease."},{"label":"Thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/thyroid/","tip":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors."}],"tags":[{"label":"thyroid","href":"/tagged/thyroid/","tip":"Every record tagged thyroid."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sandra-swain","name":"Sandra M. Swain","tldr":"Led CLEOPATRA, which showed dual HER2 blockade with pertuzumab gives an unprecedented 16-month survival gain in metastatic disease.","route":"/people/sandra-swain/","kind":"person","logo":"/portraits/sandra-swain.jpg","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean for Research Development, Georgetown University Medical Center · Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HER2-positive breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HER2-positive breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-her2-positive/","tip":"HER2-positive breast cancer was once the most aggressive subtype and is now one of the most treatable, thanks to trastuzumab and, more recently, Enhertu."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."},{"label":"her2","href":"/tagged/her2/","tip":"Every record tagged her2."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sant-chawla","name":"Sant P. Chawla","tldr":"The Santa Monica medical oncologist whose sarcoma practice has run many of the field's early and late phase drug trials, including the aldoxorubicin programme.","route":"/people/sant-chawla/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical Director, Sarcoma Oncology Center · Sarcoma Oncology Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Sarcomas","Osteosarcoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."},{"label":"Osteosarcoma","href":"/cancers/osteosarcoma/","tip":"Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer, mostly in teenagers. Chemotherapy plus surgery cures about two-thirds when it has not spread; because no new drug has beaten that chemotherapy in a large trial in 30 years, the next gains are being sought in cellular therapy against GD2, HER2 and B7-H3."}],"tags":[{"label":"leadership","href":"/tagged/leadership/","tip":"Every record tagged leadership."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sarah-leary","name":"Sarah E. S. Leary","tldr":"Seattle paediatric neuro-oncologist who led COG ACNS0332, the trial that found adding carboplatin to radiotherapy improves survival in children with high-risk group 3 medulloblastoma but isotretinoin does not help.","route":"/people/sarah-leary/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Paediatric neuro-oncologist, Seattle Children's Hospital · Seattle Children's Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma","Medulloblastoma","Childhood cancers"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma-group-3-4/","tip":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma are the two commonest forms of this cerebellar brain tumour and the ones without a druggable driver. Group 3 strikes young children, often with extra copies of MYC and spread through the spinal fluid; group 4 affects older boys. Both get surgery, craniospinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy; trials showed the radiation dose cannot be cut for young children."},{"label":"Medulloblastoma","href":"/cancers/medulloblastoma/","tip":"Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumour, arising in the cerebellum. Surgery, radiation to the whole brain and spine, and chemotherapy cure about 70%, at a heavy cost to thinking and growth; treatment is now being tailored to four molecular subgroups so that the low-risk children get less."},{"label":"Childhood cancers","href":"/cancers/childhood-cancers/","tip":"Cancer in children is rare and different from adult cancer: the common types are leukaemias, brain tumours, lymphomas and embryonal tumours such as neuroblastoma and Wilms tumour, most are curable in well-resourced health systems, and the great challenge is bringing the same cures to the majority of children who live where they are not available."}],"tags":[{"label":"paediatric","href":"/tagged/paediatric/","tip":"Every record tagged paediatric."},{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"scott-plotkin","name":"Scott R. Plotkin","tldr":"Boston neuro-oncologist who showed that bevacizumab can shrink vestibular schwannomas and restore hearing in people with neurofibromatosis type 2.","route":"/people/scott-plotkin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Neuro-oncologist and Director of the Family Center for Neurofibromatosis, Massachusetts General Hospital · Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Vestibular schwannoma","Brain and spinal cord tumours"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Vestibular schwannoma","href":"/cancers/vestibular-schwannoma/","tip":"A vestibular schwannoma is a benign brain tumour, a growth on the balance and hearing nerve, deep in the skull. It is rarely dangerous, so many are simply watched with scans; growing tumours are treated with either an operation or a single precisely focused dose of radiation, and people with the inherited condition NF2, who develop tumours on both sides, can be helped by the drug bevacizumab."},{"label":"Brain and spinal cord tumours","href":"/cancers/brain-tumours/","tip":"Brain and spinal cord tumours range from slow-growing meningiomas and low-grade gliomas to glioblastoma, the commonest malignant brain tumour in adults, and a distinct set of childhood tumours such as medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma. Molecular markers now define them, and treatment is surgery, radiotherapy and, for some, drugs chosen by those markers."}],"tags":[{"label":"brain","href":"/tagged/brain/","tip":"Every record tagged brain."},{"label":"rare-cancers","href":"/tagged/rare-cancers/","tip":"Every record tagged rare-cancers."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sebastian-bauer","name":"Sebastian Bauer","tldr":"German sarcoma specialist who was lead author of INTRIGUE, the trial that compared ripretinib with sunitinib as second-line treatment for GIST.","route":"/people/sebastian-bauer/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen · West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Imatinib-resistant GIST","Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","href":"/cancers/gist-imatinib-resistant/","tip":"Imatinib-resistant GIST is disease that has grown through the first drug, usually because the tumour has acquired a second KIT mutation that imatinib cannot block. Sunitinib, regorafenib and ripretinib are given in turn; ripretinib, in the INVICTUS trial, extended progression-free survival from 1 to 6 months in patients who had exhausted the other three."},{"label":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour","href":"/cancers/gist/","tip":"GIST is a sarcoma of the gut wall driven almost always by a KIT or PDGFRA mutation. It was the proof that a pill can control a solid tumour: imatinib turned a median survival of about a year into one of eight years or more, and the mutation now dictates which drug to use."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"gist","href":"/tagged/gist/","tip":"Every record tagged gist."},{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"shailender-bhatia","name":"Shailender Bhatia","tldr":"Seattle oncologist who led STAMP, the trial that showed pembrolizumab after surgery reduces recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and aggressive skin cancer.","route":"/people/shailender-bhatia/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Merkel cell carcinoma","Skin cancer","Melanoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Merkel cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/merkel-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing skin cancer, usually caused by a common virus (Merkel cell polyomavirus) or by sun damage. It was almost untreatable once it spread; PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy now gives lasting responses in about half of patients."},{"label":"Skin cancer","href":"/cancers/skin-cancer/","tip":"Skin cancer covers the very common and rarely dangerous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, the less common but more serious melanoma, and rarer tumours such as Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Almost all of it is caused by ultraviolet light and most of it is found and cured by simple surgery."},{"label":"Melanoma","href":"/cancers/melanoma/","tip":"The skin cancer that proved immunotherapy works: half of advanced patients now live 10 years. Also the first with an approved TIL therapy, an oncolytic virus, and a positive phase 3 personalised vaccine."}],"tags":[{"label":"skin","href":"/tagged/skin/","tip":"Every record tagged skin."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"shannon-westin","name":"Shannon N. Westin","tldr":"Houston gynaecologic oncologist who led DUO-E, the trial that added durvalumab, with or without olaparib, to first-line chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer.","route":"/people/shannon-westin/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic oncologist, MD Anderson Cancer Center · MD Anderson Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","Endometrial cancer","Ovarian cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/","tip":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer has spread beyond the uterus or come back after treatment. Chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint antibody is now the first treatment for everyone, with the biggest gains in mismatch-repair-deficient tumours, and lenvatinib with pembrolizumab is the standard when platinum chemotherapy stops working."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"srdan-verstovsek","name":"Srdan Verstovsek","tldr":"Haematologist who led the COMFORT-I trial that established ruxolitinib, the first drug approved for myelofibrosis, and MOMENTUM, which established momelotinib for patients with anaemia.","route":"/people/srdan-verstovsek/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Haematologist and trial lead, myeloproliferative neoplasms","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Primary myelofibrosis","Myeloproliferative neoplasms"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Primary myelofibrosis","href":"/cancers/primary-myelofibrosis/","tip":"Primary myelofibrosis is a blood cancer in which the marrow scars over, the spleen swells and patients become anaemic and exhausted. JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib first (COMFORT) and then fedratinib, pacritinib and momelotinib (MOMENTUM), shrink the spleen and relieve symptoms; only a donor stem cell transplant can cure it."},{"label":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms","href":"/cancers/myeloproliferative-neoplasms/","tip":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms are slow-growing blood cancers in which the marrow overproduces red cells (polycythaemia vera), platelets (essential thrombocythaemia) or scar tissue (myelofibrosis). Almost all carry a mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL; treatment aims to prevent clots and control symptoms, and only transplant cures myelofibrosis."}],"tags":[{"label":"mpn","href":"/tagged/mpn/","tip":"Every record tagged mpn."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"stephen-boorjian","name":"Stephen A. Boorjian","tldr":"Mayo Clinic urologist who led the trial of nadofaragene firadenovec, the first gene therapy approved for bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG.","route":"/people/stephen-boorjian/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chair of Urology, Mayo Clinic · Mayo Clinic","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","Bladder & urothelial cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","href":"/cancers/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/","tip":"Most bladder cancers are found while still confined to the lining. They are scraped out through the urethra and, when higher risk, treated with BCG instilled into the bladder; the challenge is the frequent recurrences and the patients whose tumours stop responding to BCG."},{"label":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","href":"/cancers/urothelial/","tip":"Bladder cancer went from 40 years of cisplatin to an ADC-immunotherapy combination that nearly doubled survival, and in 2026 the first blood-test-guided drug approval."}],"tags":[{"label":"urothelial","href":"/tagged/urothelial/","tip":"Every record tagged urothelial."},{"label":"gene-therapy","href":"/tagged/gene-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged gene-therapy."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"stephen-freedland","name":"Stephen J. Freedland","tldr":"Los Angeles urologist who was lead author of EMBARK, the trial that established enzalutamide for men whose prostate cancer is returning fast after surgery or radiotherapy.","route":"/people/stephen-freedland/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Urologist, Cedars-Sinai Cancer · Cedars-Sinai Cancer","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","Prostate cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate-bcr/","tip":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer is a rising PSA after surgery or radiotherapy with nothing yet visible on scans. Salvage radiotherapy can still cure it after surgery, and for a fast-doubling PSA the EMBARK trial showed that enzalutamide with or without hormone therapy delays spread."},{"label":"Prostate cancer","href":"/cancers/prostate/","tip":"Prostate cancer is the home of theranostics: PSMA PET finds it, PSMA radioligands treat it. Hormonal therapy remains the foundation, with PARP and AKT inhibitors added by genotype."}],"tags":[{"label":"prostate","href":"/tagged/prostate/","tip":"Every record tagged prostate."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"stephen-johnston","name":"Stephen Johnston","tldr":"Chief investigator of monarchE, the trial that added abemaciclib to adjuvant endocrine therapy for high-risk early breast cancer.","route":"/people/stephen-johnston/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Breast Cancer Medicine, Royal Marsden and Institute of Cancer Research · The Royal Marsden","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","href":"/cancers/breast-hr-positive/","tip":"HR-positive breast cancer is the most common breast cancer, driven by oestrogen. It was treated for years with hormone-blocking pills, now joined by CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K-pathway drugs, degraders, and ADCs."}],"tags":[{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"susana-banerjee","name":"Susana Banerjee","tldr":"London gynaecological oncologist who led RAMP 201, the trial that established the avutometinib and defactinib combination for recurrent KRAS-mutant low-grade serous ovarian cancer.","route":"/people/susana-banerjee/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Consultant medical oncologist, The Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research · The Royal Marsden","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","Ovarian cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer/","tip":"Low-grade serous cancer is the slow-growing, chemotherapy-resistant cousin of the common ovarian cancer. Surgery and hormone therapy are its mainstays, and MEK inhibitors, alone or combined with a FAK inhibitor, are the first drugs shown to shrink it reliably."},{"label":"Ovarian cancer","href":"/cancers/ovarian/","tip":"Usually found late. PARP inhibitors transformed maintenance therapy, and ADCs against folate receptor and CDH6 are arriving for platinum-resistant disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"ovarian","href":"/tagged/ovarian/","tip":"Every record tagged ovarian."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sylvie-bonvalot","name":"Sylvie Bonvalot","tldr":"Paris surgeon who championed compartmental resection for retroperitoneal sarcoma and led STRASS, the trial that showed preoperative radiotherapy does not improve abdominal recurrence-free survival overall.","route":"/people/sylvie-bonvalot/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Surgical oncologist, Institut Curie, Paris · Institut Curie","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Retroperitoneal sarcoma","Liposarcoma","Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","href":"/cancers/retroperitoneal-sarcoma/","tip":"Retroperitoneal sarcomas grow silently at the back of the abdomen until they are the size of a melon. The treatment is one carefully planned operation in a sarcoma centre that removes the tumour with the neighbouring organs it touches. The STRASS trial showed radiotherapy before surgery does not help overall; a second trial is testing chemotherapy before surgery in the most aggressive types."},{"label":"Liposarcoma","href":"/cancers/liposarcoma/","tip":"Liposarcoma is a cancer of fat cells that comes in four different forms: two driven by extra copies of the MDM2 gene, one by a fusion gene that makes it unusually sensitive to radiotherapy and trabectedin, and one that behaves like other aggressive sarcomas. Surgery is the mainstay and MDM2 inhibitors are the most promising drugs in trials."},{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thierry-conroy","name":"Thierry Conroy","tldr":"Led the FOLFIRINOX trials that gave pancreatic cancer its most active chemotherapy in both metastatic and adjuvant settings.","route":"/people/thierry-conroy/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical Oncologist, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine; Professor, University of Lorraine · Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."}],"tags":[{"label":"pancreatic","href":"/tagged/pancreatic/","tip":"Every record tagged pancreatic."},{"label":"chemotherapy","href":"/tagged/chemotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged chemotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thierry-facon","name":"Thierry Facon","tldr":"Led MAIA, which made daratumumab-lenalidomide-dexamethasone the standard for older patients with myeloma.","route":"/people/thierry-facon/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Hematology, Lille University Hospital (CHU Lille) · Lille University Hospital (CHU de Lille)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Multiple myeloma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Multiple myeloma","href":"/cancers/multiple-myeloma/","tip":"Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell cancer with more new drug classes than any other: proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, CD38 antibodies, BCMA CAR-T, bispecifics, and an ADC."}],"tags":[{"label":"myeloma","href":"/tagged/myeloma/","tip":"Every record tagged myeloma."},{"label":"older-patients","href":"/tagged/older-patients/","tip":"Every record tagged older-patients."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thomas-powles","name":"Thomas Powles","tldr":"Led EV-302, NIAGARA and IMvigor011, the trials that transformed bladder cancer from chemotherapy-only to ADC, immunotherapy and ctDNA-guided care.","route":"/people/thomas-powles/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Genitourinary Oncology and Director, Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London · Barts Cancer Institute / Barts Health NHS Trust","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Bladder & urothelial cancer","Renal cell carcinoma"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","href":"/cancers/urothelial/","tip":"Bladder cancer went from 40 years of cisplatin to an ADC-immunotherapy combination that nearly doubled survival, and in 2026 the first blood-test-guided drug approval."},{"label":"Renal cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/rcc/","tip":"Kidney cancer is where anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy came together, and where a Nobel-winning oxygen-sensing pathway yielded a drug, belzutifan."}],"tags":[{"label":"urothelial","href":"/tagged/urothelial/","tip":"Every record tagged urothelial."},{"label":"adc","href":"/tagged/adc/","tip":"Every record tagged adc."},{"label":"ctdna","href":"/tagged/ctdna/","tip":"Every record tagged ctdna."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"uwe-platzbecker","name":"Uwe Platzbecker","tldr":"Led MEDALIST and COMMANDS, which made luspatercept a first-line treatment for anaemia in lower-risk MDS.","route":"/people/uwe-platzbecker/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Director, Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Leipzig · Leipzig University Hospital / University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL)","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","Acute myeloid leukaemia"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms","href":"/cancers/mds/","tip":"Bone-marrow disorders where blood cells are made badly and too few reach the blood; a third progress to acute leukaemia. Treatment ranges from transfusions and growth factors to hypomethylating drugs and, for the fit, transplant."},{"label":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","href":"/cancers/aml/","tip":"Acute myeloid leukaemia is an aggressive blood cancer where, after 40 years of the same chemotherapy, a wave of targeted drugs (FLT3, IDH, BCL-2, menin) arrived."}],"tags":[{"label":"mds","href":"/tagged/mds/","tip":"Every record tagged mds."},{"label":"anaemia","href":"/tagged/anaemia/","tip":"Every record tagged anaemia."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"vicky-makker","name":"Vicky Makker","tldr":"New York oncologist who led KEYNOTE-775, the trial that established lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for advanced endometrial cancer after chemotherapy.","route":"/people/vicky-makker/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gynaecologic medical oncologist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","Endometrial cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer/","tip":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer has spread beyond the uterus or come back after treatment. Chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint antibody is now the first treatment for everyone, with the biggest gains in mismatch-repair-deficient tumours, and lenvatinib with pembrolizumab is the standard when platinum chemotherapy stops working."},{"label":"Endometrial cancer","href":"/cancers/endometrial/","tip":"The gynaecological cancer where immunotherapy has had the biggest impact, guided by molecular classification."}],"tags":[{"label":"endometrial","href":"/tagged/endometrial/","tip":"Every record tagged endometrial."},{"label":"gynaecological","href":"/tagged/gynaecological/","tip":"Every record tagged gynaecological."},{"label":"immunotherapy","href":"/tagged/immunotherapy/","tip":"Every record tagged immunotherapy."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"vivek-subbiah","name":"Vivek Subbiah","tldr":"Early-phase trialist who led the study showing dabrafenib and trametinib work in BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer, the first approved treatment for that disease, and many of the RET inhibitor trials.","route":"/people/vivek-subbiah/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Medical oncologist and Chief of Early-Phase Drug Development, Sarah Cannon Research Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Anaplastic thyroid cancer","Thyroid cancer","Medullary thyroid cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/anaplastic-thyroid-cancer/","tip":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the rare, fast-growing form that presents as a rapidly enlarging neck mass threatening the airway. It was almost uniformly fatal within months; combining BRAF-targeted drugs, immunotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy has lifted survival for the first time."},{"label":"Thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/thyroid/","tip":"Thyroid cancer is usually curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, the original theranostic. Rare aggressive forms respond to RET and BRAF inhibitors."},{"label":"Medullary thyroid cancer","href":"/cancers/medullary-thyroid-cancer/","tip":"Medullary thyroid cancer comes from the calcitonin-making C cells, not the thyroid hormone cells, so radioactive iodine does not work. Surgery is the only cure, a quarter of cases run in families through the RET gene, and the RET-selective drug selpercatinib has transformed treatment of advanced disease."}],"tags":[{"label":"thyroid","href":"/tagged/thyroid/","tip":"Every record tagged thyroid."},{"label":"targeted-therapy","href":"/tagged/targeted-therapy/","tip":"Every record tagged targeted-therapy."},{"label":"early-phase","href":"/tagged/early-phase/","tip":"Every record tagged early-phase."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"william-tap","name":"William D. Tap","tldr":"Sarcoma oncologist who led ANNOUNCE and the pexidartinib trial that produced the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour.","route":"/people/william-tap/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Chief, Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Sarcomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Sarcomas","href":"/cancers/sarcoma/","tip":"Sarcomas are dozens of rare cancers of bone and connective tissue. GIST was the first solid tumour cured-in-practice by a targeted pill; synovial sarcoma got the first TCR-T therapy."}],"tags":[{"label":"sarcoma","href":"/tagged/sarcoma/","tip":"Every record tagged sarcoma."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"youn-kim","name":"Youn H. Kim","tldr":"Stanford dermatologist who led MAVORIC, the trial that established mogamulizumab for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome after earlier treatment.","route":"/people/youn-kim/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Dermatologist and Director of the Multidisciplinary Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, Stanford · Stanford Health Care / Stanford Cancer Institute","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","Peripheral T-cell lymphomas"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","href":"/cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Mycosis fungoides is a lymphoma that lives in the skin, looking like eczema or psoriasis for years before it is diagnosed. It is treated with creams, light and skin-directed radiotherapy for as long as possible, then with antibodies such as mogamulizumab and brentuximab vedotin when it spreads to the blood or lymph nodes."},{"label":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas","href":"/cancers/peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma/","tip":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are lymphomas of T cells rather than B cells. They are rarer, more varied and, apart from a few subtypes, harder to treat than B-cell lymphomas; several new drugs help only defined subtypes."}],"tags":[{"label":"lymphoma","href":"/tagged/lymphoma/","tip":"Every record tagged lymphoma."},{"label":"dermatology","href":"/tagged/dermatology/","tip":"Every record tagged dermatology."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"yuichiro-doki","name":"Yuichiro Doki","tldr":"Japanese surgeon who was lead author of CheckMate 648, which established nivolumab-based first-line treatment for advanced oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.","route":"/people/yuichiro-doki/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Gastrointestinal surgeon, Osaka University · Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine / Osaka University Hospital","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","Oesophageal cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","href":"/cancers/oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","tip":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, the world's commonest form, is linked to smoking, alcohol and very hot drinks and sits in the upper and middle gullet. It is treated with chemoradiation, with or without surgery, and immunotherapy has recently joined chemotherapy for advanced disease."},{"label":"Oesophageal cancer","href":"/cancers/esophageal/","tip":"Oesophageal cancer is really two diseases sharing one organ: squamous cell carcinoma, which dominates in Asia, and adenocarcinoma, which dominates in the West and is treated like gastric cancer. Immunotherapy is now standard, and the bispecific ADC iza-bren posted a positive phase 3 in the squamous type in 2026."}],"tags":[{"label":"oesophageal","href":"/tagged/oesophageal/","tip":"Every record tagged oesophageal."},{"label":"surgery","href":"/tagged/surgery/","tip":"Every record tagged surgery."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"zev-wainberg","name":"Zev A. Wainberg","tldr":"Led NAPOLI 3, the trial that made NALIRIFOX a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer.","route":"/people/zev-wainberg/","kind":"person","round":true,"avatar":"person","sub":"Professor of Medicine and Co-Director, GI Oncology Program, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center · UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","facets":{"kind":["Person"],"cancers":["Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer"],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Person","tip":"The clinicians and scientists doing the work: specialisms, bios, papers, and where to find them."},"cancers":[{"label":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","href":"/cancers/pancreatic/","tip":"Almost every pancreatic tumour carries a KRAS mutation, and for the first time drugs against it work: daraxonrasib nearly doubled survival in previously treated disease in 2026. Pancreatic cancer has been the hardest common cancer to treat once advanced; that is what is starting to change."},{"label":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","href":"/cancers/gastric/","tip":"A cancer with three new targets in five years: Claudin 18.2, FGFR2b, and HER2 with new ADCs, plus immunotherapy in first line."}],"tags":[{"label":"pancreatic","href":"/tagged/pancreatic/","tip":"Every record tagged pancreatic."},{"label":"gastric","href":"/tagged/gastric/","tip":"Every record tagged gastric."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}}]