[{"id":"acinic-cell-carcinoma-salivary","name":"Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary glands","tldr":"Acinic cell carcinoma is a salivary gland cancer, almost always of the parotid gland, whose cells resemble the gland's normal enzyme-making cells. It is usually low grade and slow, presenting as a painless lump that is easily mistaken for a benign tumour, and surgery cures most; a high-grade minority behaves aggressively and needs radiotherapy too.","route":"/cancers/acinic-cell-carcinoma-salivary/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"acinic-cell-carcinoma-salivary","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"adamantinoma","name":"Adamantinoma of bone","tldr":"Adamantinoma is a very rare, slow-growing bone cancer of young adults that almost always affects the shin bone, made of epithelial cells inside fibrous bone, and listed with the bone sarcomas in the WHO classification. It is cured by cutting it out with a margin; chemotherapy and radiotherapy do not work, and a minority spread to the lungs many years later.","route":"/cancers/adamantinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"adamantinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive","name":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma are the earliest forms of lung cancer of the adenocarcinoma type: small tumours, usually seen as ground-glass spots on a CT scan, that have not yet invaded, or have invaded less than five millimetres. When removed they are effectively cured, with no recurrences in the large series, so the question is how little surgery is enough.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenocarcinoma-in-situ-and-minimally-invasive","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-adenocarcinoma","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and the form that non-smokers usually get; it starts in the mucus-making gland cells of the small airways, most often at the edge of the lung. It is the type in which testing for a driver mutation matters most, because half of cases have one that a tablet can target.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"urethral-adenocarcinoma","name":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra (including clear cell adenocarcinoma)","tldr":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra is a gland-forming type of urethral cancer, more often seen in women, that can start in the small glands beside the urethra or in a pouch (diverticulum) in its wall. The clear cell form is its own entity in the WHO classification. There are no trials, so it is treated by surgery with the parent page's approach to advanced disease.","route":"/cancers/urethral-adenocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"urethral-adenocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"cervical-adenosquamous-carcinoma","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix is an uncommon cervical cancer containing both gland-forming and squamous cancer cells. Like cervical adenocarcinoma it is caught less well by smear screening and does somewhat worse than squamous cancer stage for stage, but it is treated the same way, with surgery when early and chemoradiation when advanced.","route":"/cancers/cervical-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"cervical-adenosquamous-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma","name":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Adenosquamous carcinoma is an uncommon lung cancer that contains both gland-forming and squamous cancer cells, each making up at least a tenth of the tumour. It behaves worse than either pure type, but its gland-forming part often carries an EGFR mutation, so it is tested and treated like adenocarcinoma.","route":"/cancers/lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-adenosquamous-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"bartholin-gland-carcinoma","name":"Bartholin gland carcinoma","tldr":"Bartholin gland carcinoma is a very rare vulvar cancer arising in the lubricating glands at the entrance to the vagina, often mistaken at first for a cyst or abscess in a postmenopausal woman. It can be a squamous cancer, an adenocarcinoma or an adenoid cystic carcinoma, each behaving differently; it is treated with surgery and radiotherapy borrowed from vulvar cancer, having no trials of its own.","route":"/cancers/bartholin-gland-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"bartholin-gland-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung","name":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a variant of squamous lung cancer made of small, dark, tightly packed cells that grow in nests; it has a worse outlook than ordinary squamous cell carcinoma. It is treated the same way, and its high PD-L1 levels suggest immunotherapy should work, though no trial has tested it separately.","route":"/cancers/basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"basaloid-squamous-cell-carcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"burkitt-leukaemia","name":"Burkitt leukaemia","tldr":"Burkitt leukaemia is Burkitt lymphoma presenting mainly in the bone marrow and blood, so that it looks like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia but is a mature B-cell cancer driven by the MYC gene. It is treated as Burkitt lymphoma, with short, very intensive chemotherapy plus rituximab and protection of the brain, and most children and many adults are cured.","route":"/cancers/burkitt-leukaemia/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"burkitt-leukaemia","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"carcinoma-ex-pleomorphic-adenoma","name":"Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma","tldr":"Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a salivary gland cancer that grows out of a long-standing benign pleomorphic adenoma, the commonest salivary tumour, usually in the parotid. Its outlook depends on how far the cancer has grown beyond the old adenoma's capsule: cancers still inside it are cured by surgery, while widely invasive ones need radiotherapy and do poorly.","route":"/cancers/carcinoma-ex-pleomorphic-adenoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"carcinoma-ex-pleomorphic-adenoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"testicular-choriocarcinoma","name":"Choriocarcinoma of the testis","tldr":"Choriocarcinoma is the rarest and most dangerous form of non-seminoma testicular cancer, made of placenta-like cells that pour out the pregnancy hormone hCG and spread early through the blood to the lungs, liver and brain, where they can bleed. Fewer than eight in ten men survive five years, against more than 95 for testicular cancer overall, so it is treated urgently with intensive chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/testicular-choriocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"testicular-choriocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"choroid-plexus-carcinoma","name":"Choroid plexus carcinoma","tldr":"Choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumour of infants and young children that grows from the tissue that makes spinal fluid inside the brain's ventricles, causing fluid build-up and pressure. It is strongly linked to an inherited TP53 fault (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), so families are tested; treatment is surgery, then chemotherapy and, in older children, radiotherapy.","route":"/cancers/choroid-plexus-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"choroid-plexus-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"clear-cell-papillary-renal-cell-tumour","name":"Clear cell papillary renal cell tumour","tldr":"Clear cell papillary renal cell tumour is a small, low-grade kidney tumour that looks like a mix of clear cell and papillary kidney cancer but behaves harmlessly: no case has been reported to spread. The WHO renamed it from carcinoma to tumour in 2022 for that reason. It is common in people with kidney failure and is cured by removing it.","route":"/cancers/clear-cell-papillary-renal-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"clear-cell-papillary-renal-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"collecting-duct-carcinoma","name":"Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney","tldr":"Collecting duct carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive kidney cancer that starts in the tubes deep in the kidney that collect urine. It is usually found after it has spread, does not respond to the usual kidney cancer drugs, and is treated with the platinum chemotherapy used for bladder cancer, with surgery where possible.","route":"/cancers/collecting-duct-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"collecting-duct-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"colon-cancer","name":"Colon cancer (adenocarcinoma of the colon)","tldr":"Colon cancer is bowel cancer arising in the large bowel above the rectum. It shares its biology with colorectal cancer but is treated differently from rectal cancer: surgery comes first without radiotherapy, chemotherapy afterwards is decided by stage and increasingly by a blood test for leftover tumour DNA, and the side the tumour started on changes which drugs work once it has spread.","route":"/cancers/colon-cancer/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"colon-cancer","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"conjunctival-melanoma","name":"Conjunctival melanoma","tldr":"Conjunctival melanoma is a rare melanoma of the clear membrane over the white of the eye, usually growing out of a flat brown patch called primary acquired melanosis. It is removed with a margin and the edges frozen or treated with chemotherapy drops; about one in five spread within five years, and advanced disease is treated like skin melanoma with targeted or immune drugs.","route":"/cancers/conjunctival-melanoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"conjunctival-melanoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"corticotroph-pitnet","name":"Corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (Cushing disease and silent corticotroph tumour)","tldr":"A corticotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour of the cells that make ACTH. When it secretes it floods the body with cortisol, causing Cushing disease (weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, thin skin); the silent form is found as a large non-functioning mass. Surgery through the nose is the main treatment; cortisol-lowering drugs, repeat surgery or radiotherapy follow for those not cured.","route":"/cancers/corticotroph-pitnet/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"corticotroph-pitnet","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"dedifferentiated-chordoma","name":"Dedifferentiated chordoma","tldr":"Dedifferentiated chordoma is a rare form of chordoma in which part of the tumour has turned into a high-grade sarcoma, usually after recurrence or radiotherapy but sometimes from the start. The sarcoma component decides the outcome, which is much worse than ordinary chordoma, so it is treated with surgery and the chemotherapy used for high-grade sarcomas, not surgery and radiotherapy alone.","route":"/cancers/dedifferentiated-chordoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"dedifferentiated-chordoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"desmoplastic-small-round-cell-tumour","name":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumour","tldr":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumour is a very rare, aggressive sarcoma of adolescents and young men that grows across the lining of the abdomen as many nodules, driven by a fusion of the EWSR1 and WT1 genes. It is treated with intensive chemotherapy, surgery to remove every nodule, sometimes heated chemotherapy into the abdomen, and radiotherapy, yet most patients relapse within three years.","route":"/cancers/desmoplastic-small-round-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"desmoplastic-small-round-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"embryonal-carcinoma-testis","name":"Embryonal carcinoma of the testis","tldr":"Embryonal carcinoma is the most aggressive and most common building block of non-seminoma testicular cancer, made of primitive cells that resemble an early embryo and can turn into the other tumour types. On its own or as the main component it spreads early to lymph nodes and lungs, but it is highly sensitive to cisplatin chemotherapy and most men are cured.","route":"/cancers/embryonal-carcinoma-testis/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"embryonal-carcinoma-testis","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"eosinophilic-solid-cystic-renal-cell-carcinoma","name":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma is a recently named kidney cancer, almost always in women, made of pink cells in solid areas and cysts. It was first seen in people with tuberous sclerosis and then found on its own, it is nearly always confined to the kidney, and surgery cures it in almost every reported case.","route":"/cancers/eosinophilic-solid-cystic-renal-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"eosinophilic-solid-cystic-renal-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"malt-lymphoma","name":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)","tldr":"MALT lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that starts in lymphoid tissue lining an organ, most often the stomach, where it is usually caused by long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection and can be cured with antibiotics alone. Other sites include the eye socket, salivary glands, thyroid, lung and skin; localised disease is treated with low-dose radiotherapy and widespread disease with rituximab.","route":"/cancers/malt-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"malt-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"fh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","name":"Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC-associated)","tldr":"Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive kidney cancer in which the FH gene is lost, most often because the person was born with a faulty copy as part of the HLRCC syndrome, which also causes skin and womb fibroids. It strikes younger adults, is found by a stain for the missing enzyme, and needs family testing; advanced disease gets the usual kidney cancer drugs.","route":"/cancers/fh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"fh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"germ-cell-neoplasia-in-situ","name":"Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS)","tldr":"Germ cell neoplasia in situ is the pre-cancer of testicular germ cell tumours: abnormal fetal-type germ cells sitting inside the seminiferous tubules, which will become seminoma or non-seminoma if left. It is found beside almost every testicular cancer and sometimes on its own in the other testis, where low-dose radiotherapy or surgery prevents a second cancer.","route":"/cancers/germ-cell-neoplasia-in-situ/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"germ-cell-neoplasia-in-situ","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"glucagonoma","name":"Glucagonoma","tldr":"Glucagonoma is a very rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that pours out the hormone glucagon, causing weight loss, diabetes and a distinctive migrating red rash. Because the rash is so characteristic, spotting it early can lead to diagnosis before the tumour has spread to the liver; surgery is the definitive treatment and somatostatin analogues control the symptoms.","route":"/cancers/glucagonoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"glucagonoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"gonadotroph-pitnet","name":"Gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (non-functioning adenoma)","tldr":"A gonadotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour of the cells that normally make the fertility hormones, but it almost never secretes enough to cause symptoms, so it is found as a large non-functioning mass pressing on the optic nerves or by chance. Surgery through the nose is the treatment when it threatens vision or grows; there is no drug for it, and radiotherapy is used for regrowth.","route":"/cancers/gonadotroph-pitnet/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"gonadotroph-pitnet","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"hepatosplenic-t-cell-lymphoma","name":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare, very aggressive lymphoma of young men in which gamma-delta T cells fill the liver, spleen and bone marrow without forming lumps in the nodes. It is linked to long-term immune suppression, above all thiopurines with or without anti-TNF drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and is treated with intensive chemotherapy then a stem cell transplant where possible.","route":"/cancers/hepatosplenic-t-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"hepatosplenic-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"hyperparathyroidism-jaw-tumour-syndrome","name":"Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (CDC73-related parathyroid carcinoma)","tldr":"Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome is an inherited condition in which a faulty CDC73 gene causes parathyroid tumours, and in about one in five people a parathyroid carcinoma, together with bony tumours of the jaw and kidney and womb growths. It matters because it is the commonest inherited route to parathyroid carcinoma and a reason to test the gene in anyone with that cancer.","route":"/cancers/hyperparathyroidism-jaw-tumour-syndrome/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"hyperparathyroidism-jaw-tumour-syndrome","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"intravascular-large-b-cell-lymphoma","name":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma","tldr":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a rare form of large B-cell lymphoma in which the cancer cells grow inside small blood vessels rather than forming lumps, so it causes fevers, confusion, skin patches or breathlessness and is often found late or only after death. Rituximab-based chemotherapy with drugs that reach the brain has turned a nearly always fatal disease into one often controlled.","route":"/cancers/intravascular-large-b-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"intravascular-large-b-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type","name":"Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (invasive ductal carcinoma)","tldr":"Invasive carcinoma of no special type, still widely called invasive ductal carcinoma, is the ordinary form of breast cancer and by far the most common. The name means the tumour has no special pattern that would put it in one of the rarer types; everything on the main breast cancer page and its receptor subpages is written about this type unless it says otherwise.","route":"/cancers/invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-breast-carcinoma-no-special-type","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"breast-carcinoma-medullary-pattern","name":"Invasive breast carcinoma with medullary pattern (medullary carcinoma)","tldr":"Medullary carcinoma is a form of breast cancer with high-grade cells growing in sheets and a dense crowd of immune cells around them. It looks alarming under the microscope and is usually triple-negative, yet it has a better outlook than other triple-negative cancers. Since 2019 it is classed as invasive breast cancer with a medullary pattern and treated as triple-negative disease.","route":"/cancers/breast-carcinoma-medullary-pattern/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"breast-carcinoma-medullary-pattern","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast","name":"Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Invasive cribriform carcinoma is a rare, low-grade type of breast cancer whose cells grow in sieve-like nests, closely related to tubular carcinoma. In its pure form it has an excellent outlook, with no deaths from the cancer in the defining series, and it is treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer with the least treatment possible.","route":"/cancers/invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-cribriform-carcinoma-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-lobular-carcinoma","name":"Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast cancer, about one in seven cases. Its cells have lost the glue protein E-cadherin, so they spread in single files rather than forming a lump, which makes it hard to see on mammograms and to measure. Almost all cases are hormone-receptor positive and are treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer.","route":"/cancers/invasive-lobular-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-lobular-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast","name":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer in which small clusters of cells float inside-out in empty spaces. It spreads to the lymph nodes far more often than ordinary breast cancer of the same size, but once that is allowed for its survival is similar, and it is treated by receptor status like other breast cancer, usually hormone-driven.","route":"/cancers/invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-micropapillary-carcinoma-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung","name":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma is a type of lung cancer whose cells look like stomach or bowel lining and fill the air spaces with mucus, often appearing as pneumonia-like shadows on a scan. Most cases carry a KRAS mutation, and many of the rest carry a gene fusion, including NRG1, that new drugs can target.","route":"/cancers/invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"invasive-mucinous-adenocarcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lactotroph-pitnet","name":"Lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (prolactinoma)","tldr":"A prolactinoma is a pituitary tumour of the cells that make prolactin, the milk hormone; it is the commonest hormone-producing pituitary tumour and causes missed periods, infertility, milk production or, in men, low testosterone. Almost uniquely among tumours it is treated first with a tablet, cabergoline, which shrinks it in most people; surgery is kept for those the drug fails.","route":"/cancers/lactotroph-pitnet/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lactotroph-pitnet","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"large-cell-lung-carcinoma","name":"Large cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Large cell carcinoma is the name for a non-small-cell lung cancer whose cells look neither glandular nor squamous under the microscope. Since 2015 pathologists use protein stains to sort most of these tumours into adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, so a true large cell diagnosis is now rare and is treated like adenocarcinoma.","route":"/cancers/large-cell-lung-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"large-cell-lung-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"leydig-cell-tumour","name":"Leydig cell tumour of the testis","tldr":"Leydig cell tumour is the commonest testicular tumour that is not a germ cell tumour; it grows from the hormone-making cells between the seminiferous tubules. It often makes testosterone or oestrogen, causing early puberty in boys or breast growth in men, and about nine in ten are benign and cured by surgery; the malignant minority responds poorly to chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/leydig-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"leydig-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lobular-carcinoma-in-situ","name":"Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)","tldr":"Lobular carcinoma in situ is not an invasive breast cancer but a marker that a woman is at higher risk of one: abnormal cells fill the milk-producing lobules without spreading. About one in five women develop breast cancer within ten years, in either breast and of any type; preventive tamoxifen cuts that to about one in fourteen, and the pleomorphic form is excised like ductal carcinoma in situ.","route":"/cancers/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lobular-carcinoma-in-situ","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung","name":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung is a rare lung cancer, seen mostly in East Asian non-smokers, in which cancer cells sit in a dense crowd of immune cells and usually carry the Epstein-Barr virus, like nasopharyngeal cancer. It is treated as a squamous lung cancer, and its high PD-L1 levels have made immunotherapy a natural choice.","route":"/cancers/lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lymphoepithelial-carcinoma-lung","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lymphomatoid-granulomatosis","name":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis","tldr":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare Epstein-Barr virus-driven disease of B cells that invades and destroys blood vessels, almost always in the lungs and often the brain and skin, in people whose immune control of the virus is weak. Low-grade disease can be treated with interferon and high-grade disease as a large B-cell lymphoma with rituximab-based chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/lymphomatoid-granulomatosis/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lymphomatoid-granulomatosis","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mediastinal-germ-cell-tumour","name":"Mediastinal germ cell tumour","tldr":"A mediastinal germ cell tumour is a germ cell tumour that starts in the chest, between the lungs, rather than in the testis. Seminomas here are cured almost as often as testicular seminoma, but non-seminomas of the chest are the hardest germ cell tumours to cure, so they get four cycles of chemotherapy and surgery for what is left.","route":"/cancers/mediastinal-germ-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mediastinal-germ-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"colorectal-medullary-carcinoma","name":"Medullary carcinoma of the colon","tldr":"Medullary carcinoma is a very rare form of bowel cancer in which sheets of poorly formed cells are packed with immune cells; almost all cases are mismatch-repair deficient and it occurs mostly in older women on the right side. Despite its ugly appearance it does at least as well as ordinary bowel cancer, and because of its immune features it is a natural candidate for immunotherapy.","route":"/cancers/colorectal-medullary-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"colorectal-medullary-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"urethral-melanoma","name":"Melanoma of the urethra","tldr":"Melanoma of the urethra is a very rare urethral cancer that starts in pigment cells of the urethral lining, usually near its outer opening, in older adults. It is a form of mucosal melanoma, so it is removed surgically and, when it spreads, treated with the immunotherapy drugs used for melanoma elsewhere.","route":"/cancers/urethral-melanoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"urethral-melanoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"micronodular-thymoma","name":"Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma","tldr":"Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma is a rare, benign-behaving thymoma made of small nests of spindle-shaped epithelial cells separated by abundant B lymphocytes, unlike other thymomas whose lymphocytes are T cells. It is cured by surgery; its curiosity is that a third harbour a clonal B-cell population, and a few develop a low-grade lymphoma within the tumour.","route":"/cancers/micronodular-thymoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"micronodular-thymoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia","name":"Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia","tldr":"Mixed-phenotype acute leukaemia is a rare acute leukaemia whose cells carry markers of both lymphoid and myeloid lines, so it fits neither acute lymphoblastic nor acute myeloid leukaemia. Pooled evidence favours starting with the drugs used for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, adding a targeted drug when the Philadelphia chromosome is present, and a stem cell transplant in first remission.","route":"/cancers/mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mixed-phenotype-acute-leukaemia","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma","name":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","tldr":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma is a form of bowel cancer, about one in ten cases, in which more than half the tumour is made of mucus produced by the cancer cells. It favours the right side of the colon, is often mismatch-repair deficient, tends to be found at a later stage and does somewhat worse than ordinary bowel cancer, but it is treated the same way.","route":"/cancers/colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"colorectal-mucinous-adenocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mucinous-carcinoma-breast","name":"Mucinous carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Mucinous carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer in which the cancer cells float in pools of mucus they have made. It is usually hormone-receptor positive, slow-growing and less likely to reach the lymph nodes than ordinary breast cancer, so its outlook is good and it is treated like other hormone-driven breast cancer.","route":"/cancers/mucinous-carcinoma-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mucinous-carcinoma-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"mucinous-tubular-spindle-cell-carcinoma","name":"Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney","tldr":"Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma is a rare, usually slow-growing kidney cancer, commoner in women, whose cells form small tubes and spindles in a mucus-rich background. It is driven by loss of the Hippo growth-control pathway rather than the faults of common kidney cancer, and surgery cures most cases.","route":"/cancers/mucinous-tubular-spindle-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"mucinous-tubular-spindle-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"men1-syndrome","name":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)","tldr":"MEN1 is an inherited condition, one of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, in which a faulty MEN1 gene lets tumours grow in the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary. Each tumour is treated much as it would be in anyone else, but because there are many of them and they come back, families are followed for life in specialist clinics.","route":"/cancers/men1-syndrome/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"men1-syndrome","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"men2-syndrome","name":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2A and MEN2B)","tldr":"MEN2 is an inherited condition, one of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, in which a faulty RET gene causes medullary thyroid cancer in almost every carrier, often with adrenal tumours and overactive parathyroids. Because the thyroid cancer is so predictable, children who inherit the gene have the thyroid removed at an age set by which RET mutation they carry.","route":"/cancers/men2-syndrome/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"men2-syndrome","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"myeloid-leukaemia-of-down-syndrome","name":"Myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome","tldr":"Myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome is a form of acute myeloid leukaemia in young children with Down syndrome, driven by a GATA1 mutation on top of the extra chromosome 21 and often preceded by a transient leukaemia-like illness in the newborn. Its cells are unusually sensitive to chemotherapy, so children are cured about nine times in ten with gentler treatment than other childhood leukaemia.","route":"/cancers/myeloid-leukaemia-of-down-syndrome/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"myeloid-leukaemia-of-down-syndrome","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast","name":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast","tldr":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast are rare breast cancers whose cells make hormone-like granules, ranging from slow-growing tumours to small cell carcinoma like that of the lung. They are easily mistaken for ordinary breast cancer or for spread from elsewhere; slow-growing forms are treated like hormone-driven breast cancer and small cell forms with the lung small cell regimens.","route":"/cancers/neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"neuroendocrine-neoplasms-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma","name":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"Nodal marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma of the lymph nodes that looks like the MALT and splenic types under the microscope but has no organ or spleen involvement to explain it. It lacks a diagnostic marker, so it is diagnosed by excluding the other small B-cell lymphomas, and it is treated like follicular lymphoma with rituximab-based therapy.","route":"/cancers/nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma","name":"Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type (angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma)","tldr":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, now called nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma of angioimmunoblastic type, is one of the commonest T-cell lymphomas and mostly affects people over 60. It presents with widespread swollen nodes, fever, rash and immune upsets such as anaemia; about four in ten people are alive five years after chemotherapy, more after a transplant in first remission.","route":"/cancers/angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"angioimmunoblastic-t-cell-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"optic-pathway-glioma","name":"Optic pathway glioma","tldr":"Optic pathway glioma is a slow-growing childhood brain tumour of the nerves that carry sight, often in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. It rarely kills but can take away vision, so treatment aims to preserve sight: watching if stable, chemotherapy such as carboplatin and vincristine if vision is threatened, or the MEK-blocking tablet selumetinib, with radiotherapy avoided in young children.","route":"/cancers/optic-pathway-glioma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"optic-pathway-glioma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"papillary-carcinoma-breast","name":"Papillary carcinomas of the breast (encapsulated, solid and invasive papillary)","tldr":"Papillary carcinomas are rare breast cancers, about one in a hundred, that grow as finger-like fronds on stalks, often inside a cyst, mostly in older women. The encapsulated and solid forms behave almost like non-invasive disease and have an excellent outlook; the truly invasive papillary form is treated like ordinary hormone-driven breast cancer.","route":"/cancers/papillary-carcinoma-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"papillary-carcinoma-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"papillary-tumour-pineal-region","name":"Papillary tumour of the pineal region","tldr":"Papillary tumour of the pineal region is a rare brain tumour of young adults arising near the pineal gland from cells of the embryonic subcommissural organ. It usually presents with raised pressure from blocked spinal fluid, is removed surgically and often given radiotherapy, and it has a marked tendency to come back locally.","route":"/cancers/papillary-tumour-pineal-region/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"papillary-tumour-pineal-region","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pineoblastoma","name":"Pineoblastoma","tldr":"Pineoblastoma is a rare, aggressive brain tumour of the pineal gland, mostly in children, made of primitive cells like those of medulloblastoma. It is treated with surgery, radiotherapy to the whole brain and spine in children old enough, and chemotherapy; infants do worst, and molecular subgroups discovered in 2020, including ones linked to the DICER1 gene, are starting to guide treatment.","route":"/cancers/pineoblastoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pineoblastoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pineal-parenchymal-tumours","name":"Pineocytoma and pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation","tldr":"Pineocytoma and pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation are rare brain tumours of the pineal gland in adults, sitting between the benign end and the aggressive pineoblastoma. Pineocytoma is cured by surgery; the intermediate tumour recurs and spreads through the spinal fluid more often, so radiotherapy is usually added after surgery.","route":"/cancers/pineal-parenchymal-tumours/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pineal-parenchymal-tumours","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma-dicer1","name":"Pleuropulmonary blastoma (types I, Ir, II and III)","tldr":"Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare lung cancer of young children, and the signature tumour of the inherited DICER1 syndrome. It starts as a lung cyst (type I) that can turn into a solid, aggressive tumour (types II and III). Cysts are removed surgically with an excellent outlook; solid tumours need chemotherapy as well, and every family is offered DICER1 testing.","route":"/cancers/pleuropulmonary-blastoma-dicer1/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma-dicer1","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"poorly-differentiated-chordoma","name":"Poorly differentiated chordoma (SMARCB1-deficient)","tldr":"Poorly differentiated chordoma is a rare, aggressive form of chordoma of children and young adults, mostly at the base of the skull or in the neck, defined by loss of the SMARCB1 (INI1) protein. It grows faster and spreads more than ordinary chordoma, and the SMARCB1 loss makes it a candidate for drugs that block EZH2, though surgery and radiotherapy remain the treatment.","route":"/cancers/poorly-differentiated-chordoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"poorly-differentiated-chordoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma","name":"Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma","tldr":"Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma of germinal-centre B cells that stays in the skin, usually as lumps on the head or trunk. Its outlook is excellent, with about 95 in 100 people alive at five years, and radiotherapy or excision is usually all that is needed; the important thing is not to mistake it for the aggressive leg-type large B-cell lymphoma.","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"primary-cutaneous-follicle-centre-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma","name":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma is a very slow-growing lymphoma that appears as pink or purple lumps in the skin, usually on the arms or trunk, and almost never spreads inside the body. WHO-HAEM5 now calls it a lymphoproliferative disorder because it behaves so well; surgery or radiotherapy clears most lesions, and relapses in the skin are common but harmless.","route":"/cancers/primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"primary-cutaneous-marginal-zone-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pulmonary-blastoma","name":"Pulmonary blastoma (adult)","tldr":"Pulmonary blastoma is a very rare lung cancer of adults that mixes a fetal-looking gland component with a primitive sarcoma-like component, and so belongs with the sarcomatoid lung cancers. It is different from the pleuropulmonary blastoma of young children. Surgery is the treatment; chemotherapy has no proven benefit and the outlook is poor.","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-blastoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pulmonary-blastoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"renal-medullary-carcinoma","name":"Renal medullary carcinoma (SMARCB1-deficient)","tldr":"Renal medullary carcinoma is a very rare, very aggressive kidney cancer of young people who carry the sickle cell trait, driven by loss of the SMARCB1 gene. Most patients have spread at diagnosis and live about a year on average; chemotherapy and removal of the kidney are the main treatments, and better drugs are urgently needed.","route":"/cancers/renal-medullary-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"renal-medullary-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"retroperitoneal-germ-cell-tumour","name":"Retroperitoneal germ cell tumour","tldr":"A retroperitoneal germ cell tumour is a germ cell tumour found in the back of the abdomen with no obvious tumour in the testis. Many turn out to be spread from a tiny testicular tumour that has scarred over, so the testes are examined closely; treatment and cure rates are close to those of testicular disease.","route":"/cancers/retroperitoneal-germ-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"retroperitoneal-germ-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma","name":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare, aggressive form of lung cancer in which part or all of the tumour looks like a sarcoma, with spindle-shaped or giant cells. It is treated like other non-small-cell lung cancers, but is worth testing for a MET gene fault, which is found in a sizeable minority and can be treated with a tablet.","route":"/cancers/pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"pulmonary-sarcomatoid-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma","name":"Serrated adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum","tldr":"Serrated adenocarcinoma is a form of bowel cancer that grows out of sessile serrated polyps rather than ordinary adenomas, keeping their saw-tooth pattern. Most cases carry a KRAS or BRAF mutation and the BRAF-mutant ones are often mismatch-repair deficient. It is treated like other bowel cancer, with the BRAF and mismatch repair results guiding drugs when it has spread.","route":"/cancers/colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"colorectal-serrated-adenocarcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sertoli-cell-tumour","name":"Sertoli cell tumour of the testis","tldr":"Sertoli cell tumour is a rare testicular tumour arising from the cells that support sperm production. Most are benign and cured by removing the testis; about one in ten spread, and there is no good treatment for those. A calcifying form occurs in boys with Peutz-Jeghers or Carney syndromes, usually with breast enlargement.","route":"/cancers/sertoli-cell-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"sertoli-cell-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sezary-syndrome","name":"Sezary syndrome","tldr":"Sezary syndrome is the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma: the whole skin turns red and scaly, the lymph nodes swell, and malignant T cells circulate in the blood. It is treated to control rather than cure, with photopheresis, the antibody mogamulizumab, and drugs such as bexarotene and interferon, and a stem cell transplant is the only treatment that can cure it in fit patients.","route":"/cancers/sezary-syndrome/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"sezary-syndrome","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma","name":"Signet ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum","tldr":"Signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare form of bowel cancer, about one in a hundred, in which the cells fill with mucus that pushes the nucleus aside, like a ring. It occurs in younger people, favours the right colon, is usually found at an advanced stage and often spreads across the lining of the abdomen, so its outlook is poor; it is treated like other bowel cancer for want of trials of its own.","route":"/cancers/colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"colorectal-signet-ring-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"colorectal","href":"/tagged/colorectal/","tip":"Every record tagged colorectal."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"cervical-small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma","name":"Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix","tldr":"Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare, aggressive cervical cancer that behaves like small cell lung cancer, spreading early to nodes and distant organs even when the tumour is small. Fewer than four in ten women with early disease are alive at five years, and treatment combines the cervical cancer approach with the chemotherapy used for small cell lung cancer.","route":"/cancers/cervical-small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"cervical-small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"somatostatinoma","name":"Somatostatinoma","tldr":"Somatostatinoma is one of the rarest neuroendocrine tumours, arising in the pancreas or the duodenum and secreting somatostatin, a hormone that switches off digestion, which can cause mild diabetes, gallstones and fatty diarrhoea. Duodenal cases are often linked to neurofibromatosis type 1 and rarely cause symptoms. Surgery is the main treatment and the outlook depends on site and grade.","route":"/cancers/somatostatinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"somatostatinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"somatotroph-pitnet","name":"Somatotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (acromegaly)","tldr":"A somatotroph tumour is a pituitary tumour that makes too much growth hormone, causing acromegaly in adults (enlarging hands, feet and face, diabetes, heart and joint disease) or gigantism in children. Surgery through the nose comes first; if hormone levels stay high, somatostatin analogue injections, the blocker pegvisomant or radiotherapy bring them down, restoring a normal life expectancy.","route":"/cancers/somatotroph-pitnet/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"somatotroph-pitnet","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"spermatocytic-tumour","name":"Spermatocytic tumour of the testis","tldr":"Spermatocytic tumour, once called spermatocytic seminoma, is a rare testicular germ cell tumour of older men that arises from maturing sperm precursors rather than from the fetal germ cells behind ordinary testicular cancer. It almost never spreads, so removing the testis is the whole treatment and no chemotherapy or radiotherapy is needed.","route":"/cancers/spermatocytic-tumour/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"spermatocytic-tumour","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"splenic-b-cell-lymphoma-leukaemia-prominent-nucleoli","name":"Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia with prominent nucleoli (formerly B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant)","tldr":"Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia with prominent nucleoli is the new WHO name for a rare group of B-cell leukaemias of older adults with a big spleen, large cells with obvious nucleoli and a poor response to standard treatment; it absorbs the old diagnoses B-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia variant. It is treated with rituximab-based chemotherapy or newer targeted drugs.","route":"/cancers/splenic-b-cell-lymphoma-leukaemia-prominent-nucleoli/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"splenic-b-cell-lymphoma-leukaemia-prominent-nucleoli","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma","name":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma","tldr":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a slow-growing lymphoma that grows in the spleen and bone marrow, causing a very large spleen and a raised lymphocyte count but rarely swollen lymph nodes. Many people need no treatment for years; when they do, rituximab has largely replaced removal of the spleen, and hepatitis C should be treated first where it is present.","route":"/cancers/splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"splenic-marginal-zone-lymphoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of lung cancer and the one most tightly linked to smoking; it starts in the flat cells lining the large central airways. Unlike adenocarcinoma it rarely carries a mutation a tablet can target, so treatment rests on chemotherapy with immunotherapy, and pemetrexed and bevacizumab are not used.","route":"/cancers/lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"lung","href":"/tagged/lung/","tip":"Every record tagged lung."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"urethral-squamous-cell-carcinoma","name":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra","tldr":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra is the type of urethral cancer that grows in the outer part of the urethra, where the lining is skin-like; in some cases HPV is involved. It is treated like anal or vulval cancer of the same cell type, with chemotherapy and radiotherapy together to avoid removing the urethra.","route":"/cancers/urethral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"urethral-squamous-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"sdh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","name":"Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a very rare kidney cancer of younger adults who carry a faulty SDH gene, the same fault that causes hereditary paraganglioma and some stomach stromal tumours. Most are low grade and cured by surgery, but a minority spread years later, so patients and relatives need gene testing and follow-up.","route":"/cancers/sdh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"sdh-deficient-renal-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"t-large-granular-lymphocytic-leukaemia","name":"T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia","tldr":"T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia is a slow, usually non-fatal leukaemia in which a clone of cytotoxic T cells builds up in the blood and marrow and turns the immune system against the body, causing low neutrophil counts, anaemia and often rheumatoid arthritis. It is treated only when it causes problems, with low-dose immune-suppressing drugs rather than chemotherapy.","route":"/cancers/t-large-granular-lymphocytic-leukaemia/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"t-large-granular-lymphocytic-leukaemia","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"t-cell-prolymphocytic-leukaemia","name":"T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia","tldr":"T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia is a rare, aggressive leukaemia of mature T cells in older adults, with a very high white cell count, a big spleen and liver, swollen nodes and sometimes skin changes. The antibody alemtuzumab given into a vein clears it in most people, but it returns within a year or two unless a stem cell transplant is done in remission.","route":"/cancers/t-cell-prolymphocytic-leukaemia/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"t-cell-prolymphocytic-leukaemia","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"haematologic","href":"/tagged/haematologic/","tip":"Every record tagged haematologic."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"tfe3-rearranged-renal-cell-carcinoma","name":"TFE3-rearranged (translocation) renal cell carcinoma","tldr":"Translocation renal cell carcinoma is a rare kidney cancer, more often seen in children and young adults, driven by a rearrangement of the TFE3 gene (or its relative TFEB). It can look like clear cell or papillary kidney cancer under the microscope, so it is found by testing for the gene. There is no standard treatment for advanced disease, which is treated with the usual kidney cancer drugs.","route":"/cancers/tfe3-rearranged-renal-cell-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"tfe3-rearranged-renal-cell-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"kidney","href":"/tagged/kidney/","tip":"Every record tagged kidney."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thyrotroph-pitnet","name":"Thyrotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (TSH-secreting)","tldr":"A thyrotroph tumour is a very rare pituitary tumour that secretes TSH, driving the thyroid to overactivity with a TSH level that is not suppressed. It is often mistaken for common hyperthyroidism and wrongly treated by destroying the thyroid, which makes the pituitary tumour grow. Surgery is the treatment of choice; somatostatin analogues control most of the rest.","route":"/cancers/thyrotroph-pitnet/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"thyrotroph-pitnet","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"tubular-carcinoma-breast","name":"Tubular carcinoma of the breast","tldr":"Tubular carcinoma is a rare, slow-growing type of breast cancer made of small, well-formed tubes, usually found small on a screening mammogram. Its outlook is excellent, better even than other grade 1 breast cancers, and it is treated with surgery, radiotherapy where the breast is kept, and hormone therapy.","route":"/cancers/tubular-carcinoma-breast/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"tubular-carcinoma-breast","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"breast","href":"/tagged/breast/","tip":"Every record tagged breast."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thymoma-type-a-ab","name":"Type A and type AB thymoma","tldr":"Type A and type AB thymoma are the indolent end of thymoma, tumours of the thymus gland made of spindle-shaped epithelial cells (type A) or mixed with lymphocyte-rich areas (type AB), mostly in older adults and driven by a GTF2I mutation. Nine in ten are found at an early stage and almost none come back after complete surgery, so surgery alone is usually the whole treatment.","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-a-ab/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"thymoma-type-a-ab","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thymoma-type-b1-b2","name":"Type B1 and type B2 thymoma","tldr":"Type B1 and type B2 thymoma are thymus gland tumours in which the epithelial tumour cells are mixed with many immature lymphocytes, resembling the normal thymic cortex; B2 is the commonest thymoma of all. They are strongly linked to myasthenia gravis, are usually cured by surgery, and get radiotherapy when they have grown beyond the gland or could not be fully removed.","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-b1-b2/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"thymoma-type-b1-b2","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"thymoma-type-b3","name":"Type B3 thymoma","tldr":"Type B3 thymoma is the most aggressive thymoma, a thymus gland tumour made mostly of epithelial cells with few lymphocytes, sitting at the border with thymic carcinoma. More than a third have already grown into the chest structures when found, so it is treated with surgery plus radiotherapy, and chemotherapy before surgery when it is too large to remove at once.","route":"/cancers/thymoma-type-b3/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"thymoma-type-b3","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"urethral-urothelial-carcinoma","name":"Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra","tldr":"Urothelial carcinoma of the urethra is the type of urethral cancer that grows from the same lining as bladder cancer, usually in the part of the urethra nearest the bladder or running through the prostate. It is treated by borrowing from bladder cancer: surgery, and chemotherapy with cisplatin before surgery when the disease is advanced.","route":"/cancers/urethral-urothelial-carcinoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"urethral-urothelial-carcinoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"vaginal-melanoma","name":"Vaginal melanoma","tldr":"Vaginal melanoma is a very rare, aggressive melanoma of the vaginal lining in older women, usually found late because it is hidden, with the worst outlook of any melanoma site. It is treated with surgery where the tumour can be removed and radiotherapy where it cannot; advanced disease gets the drugs used for mucosal melanoma. Unlike skin melanoma it is as common in black as in white women.","route":"/cancers/vaginal-melanoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"vaginal-melanoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"vipoma","name":"VIPoma","tldr":"VIPoma is a very rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing litres of watery diarrhoea a day with dangerous loss of potassium. Most have spread to the liver by diagnosis. Fluid replacement and somatostatin analogues control the diarrhoea, surgery cures the few caught early, and the usual neuroendocrine tumour treatments are used for spread.","route":"/cancers/vipoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"vipoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"vulvar-melanoma","name":"Vulvar melanoma","tldr":"Vulvar melanoma is the second most common vulvar cancer, a melanoma of the mucosal skin of the vulva in older women that is usually found late and has a poorer outlook than skin melanoma. It is removed with a margin, staged like skin melanoma by thickness, and treated when advanced with the immunotherapy and, for the quarter with a BRAF or KIT mutation, the targeted drugs used for other melanomas.","route":"/cancers/vulvar-melanoma/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"vulvar-melanoma","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}},{"id":"yolk-sac-tumour-postpubertal","name":"Yolk sac tumour of the testis, postpubertal type","tldr":"Yolk sac tumour is a germ cell tumour whose cells copy the yolk sac of an early embryo and make the protein alpha-fetoprotein, which is measured in the blood to track it. In adults it almost always occurs mixed with other non-seminoma components and is cured with cisplatin chemotherapy; the pure infant form is a different, gentler disease covered on the childhood page.","route":"/cancers/yolk-sac-tumour-postpubertal/","kind":"cancer","cancerIcon":"yolk-sac-tumour-postpubertal","facets":{"kind":["Cancer"],"cancers":[],"year":[]},"cols":{"kind":{"facet":"kind","value":"Cancer","tip":"One page per disease: state of the art, history, and what is coming."},"cancers":[],"tags":[{"label":"subtype-page","href":"/tagged/subtype-page/","tip":"Every record tagged subtype-page."},{"label":"testicular","href":"/tagged/testicular/","tip":"Every record tagged testicular."},{"label":"rare","href":"/tagged/rare/","tip":"Every record tagged rare."}]},"sortKeys":{"year":0}}]