[{"id":"1746","kind":"year","name":"1746 in oncology","aka":["1746"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1746: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1746: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1775"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1746,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1746","precision":"year","title":"First description of duodenal carcinoma","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). Hamburger's case report.","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1775","kind":"year","name":"1775 in oncology","aka":["1775"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1775: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1775: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1746","1777"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1775,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1775","precision":"year","title":"Percivall Pott links chimney-sweep soot to scrotal SCC","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. First occupational carcinogen described.","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1777","kind":"year","name":"1777 in oncology","aka":["1777"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1777: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1777: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1775","1806"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1777,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1777","precision":"year","title":"First description","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Maximilian de Stoll describes gallbladder carcinoma at autopsy in Vienna.","from":"gallbladder","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1806","kind":"year","name":"1806 in oncology","aka":["1806"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1806: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1806: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1777","1809"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1806,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1806","precision":"year","title":"Alibert describes mycosis fungoides","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1809","kind":"year","name":"1809 in oncology","aka":["1809"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1809: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1809: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1806","1812"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1809,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1809","precision":"year","title":"Wardrop recommends enucleation for 'fungus haematodes'","note":"Retinoblastoma. First curative approach.","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1812","kind":"year","name":"1812 in oncology","aka":["1812"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1812: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1812: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1809","1814"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1812,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1812","precision":"year","title":"New England Journal of Medicine founded","note":"NEJM Group / Massachusetts Medical Society","from":"nejm","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1814","kind":"year","name":"1814 in oncology","aka":["1814"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1814: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1814: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1812","1823"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1814,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1814","precision":"year","title":"Charles Bell describes the purple, swollen breast that precedes death","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1823","kind":"year","name":"1823 in oncology","aka":["1823"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1823: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1823: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1814","1832"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1823,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1823","precision":"year","title":"The Lancet founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"lancet","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1832","kind":"year","name":"1832 in oncology","aka":["1832"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1832: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1832: 3 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1823","1834"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1832,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1832","precision":"year","title":"MacFarlane describes abdominal wall tumours later called desmoid","note":"Desmoid tumour. Named from the Greek for band-like.","from":"desmoid-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1832","precision":"year","title":"Thomas Hodgkin describes the disease","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["reed-sternberg-cell"]},{"group":"history","date":"1832","precision":"year","title":"Thomas Hodgkin describes the disease; Reed and Sternberg characterise the cell (1898-1902)","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["reed-sternberg-cell"]}]},{"id":"1834","kind":"year","name":"1834 in oncology","aka":["1834"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1834: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1834: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1832","1838"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1834,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1834","precision":"year","title":"First reported case of urethral carcinoma","note":"Urethral cancer. Thiaudierre's description in a woman.","from":"urethral","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1838","kind":"year","name":"1838 in oncology","aka":["1838"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1838: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1838: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1834","1840"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1838,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1838","precision":"year","title":"Johannes Müller names cystosarcoma phyllodes","note":"Phyllodes tumour of the breast","from":"phyllodes-tumour","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1840","kind":"year","name":"1840 in oncology","aka":["1840"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1840: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1840: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1838","1842"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1840,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1840","precision":"year","title":"BMJ founded","note":"BMJ Group","from":"bmj","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1842","kind":"year","name":"1842 in oncology","aka":["1842"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1842: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1842: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1840","1844"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1842,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1842","precision":"year","title":"Rokitansky describes a mucocele of the appendix","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1844","kind":"year","name":"1844 in oncology","aka":["1844"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1844: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1844: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1842","1845"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1844,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1844","precision":"year","title":"First described case (Solly); Bence Jones protein 1847","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1845","kind":"year","name":"1845 in oncology","aka":["1845"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1845: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1845: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1844","1855"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1845,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1845","precision":"year","title":"Virchow names leukaemia","note":"Leukaemia (all types). White blood in a patient's vessels described as a disease of the blood itself.","from":"leukaemia","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1855","kind":"year","name":"1855 in oncology","aka":["1855"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1855: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1855: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1845","1857"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1855,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1855","precision":"year","title":"Rokitansky describes granulosa cell tumour","note":"Adult granulosa cell tumour of the ovary","from":"granulosa-cell-tumour","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1857","kind":"year","name":"1857 in oncology","aka":["1857"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1857: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1857: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1855","1859"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1857,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1857","precision":"year","title":"Virchow describes chordoma","note":"Chordoma. First description of the notochord-derived tumour.","from":"chordoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1859","kind":"year","name":"1859 in oncology","aka":["1859"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1859: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1859: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1857","1869"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1859,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1859","precision":"year","title":"Billroth describes 'cylindroma' (adenoid cystic carcinoma)","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1859","precision":"year","title":"Billroth describes the tumour as cylindroma","note":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","from":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1869","kind":"year","name":"1869 in oncology","aka":["1869"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1869: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1869: 1 landmark and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1859","1870"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1869,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1869","precision":"year","title":"Urticaria pigmentosa described","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. Nettleship and Tay describe the skin lesions; Unna links them to mast cells in 1887.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1869","precision":"year","title":"Nature founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1870","kind":"year","name":"1870 in oncology","aka":["1870"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1870: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1870: 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1869","1872"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1870,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1870","precision":"year","title":"Sartorius founded","note":"Göttingen","from":"sartorius","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1872","kind":"year","name":"1872 in oncology","aka":["1872"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1872: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1872: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1870","1873"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1872,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1872","precision":"year","title":"Moritz Kaposi describes 'idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma of the skin'","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1873","kind":"year","name":"1873 in oncology","aka":["1873"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1873: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1873: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1872","1874"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1873,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1873","precision":"year","title":"Billroth performs the first total laryngectomy","note":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"laryngeal-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1874","kind":"year","name":"1874 in oncology","aka":["1874"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1874: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1874: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1873","1875"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1874,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1874","precision":"year","title":"James Paget describes eczema of the nipple preceding breast cancer","note":"Paget disease of the nipple","from":"paget-disease-of-the-nipple","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1875","kind":"year","name":"1875 in oncology","aka":["1875"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1875: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1875: 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1874","1878"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1875,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1875","precision":"year","title":"Shimadzu founded","note":"Kyoto","from":"shimadzu","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1878","kind":"year","name":"1878 in oncology","aka":["1878"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1878: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1878: 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1875","1879"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1878,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1878","precision":"year","title":"Shionogi founded","note":"Osaka","from":"shionogi","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1879","kind":"year","name":"1879 in oncology","aka":["1879"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1879: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1879: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1878","1880"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1879,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1879","precision":"year","title":"Heuck describes myelofibrosis","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1880","kind":"year","name":"1880 in oncology","aka":["1880"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1880: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1880: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1879","1881"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1880,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1880","precision":"year","title":"Science founded","note":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","from":"science","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1881","kind":"year","name":"1881 in oncology","aka":["1881"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1881: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1881: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1880","1882"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1881,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1881","precision":"year","title":"Billroth performs the first successful gastrectomy for cancer","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["robotic-surgery"]}]},{"id":"1882","kind":"year","name":"1882 in oncology","aka":["1882"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1882: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1882: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1881","1883"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1882,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1882","precision":"year","title":"Carl Langenbuch performs the first cholecystectomy","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Lazarus Hospital, Berlin, July 1882 (Hardy 1993; Traverso 1976). The operation for gallstones through which most gallbladder cancers are still discovered.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["radical-cholecystectomy","incidental-gallbladder-cancer"]}]},{"id":"1883","kind":"year","name":"1883 in oncology","aka":["1883"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1883: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1883: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1882","1884"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1883,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1883","precision":"year","title":"JAMA founded","note":"American Medical Association (JAMA Network)","from":"jama","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1884","kind":"year","name":"1884 in oncology","aka":["1884"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1884: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1884: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1883","1886"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1884,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1884","precision":"year","title":"Werth coins 'pseudomyxoma peritonei'","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1884","precision":"year","title":"Werth coins the term pseudomyxoma peritonei","note":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1886","kind":"year","name":"1886 in oncology","aka":["1886"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1886: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1886: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1884","1887"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1886,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1886","precision":"year","title":"Fränkel describes bilateral adrenal tumours in an 18-year-old","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Later shown by genetic analysis to be a case of MEN2.","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1886","precision":"year","title":"Pierre Marie describes acromegaly","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1887","kind":"year","name":"1887 in oncology","aka":["1887"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1887: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1887: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1886","1888"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1887,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1887","precision":"year","title":"Gowers and Horsley remove a spinal cord tumour","note":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural). The first successful operation for an intradural spinal tumour.","from":"spinal-cord-tumours","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1888","kind":"year","name":"1888 in oncology","aka":["1888"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1888: 2 entries, 2 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1888: 2 companies founded.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1887","1889"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1888,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1888","precision":"year","title":"Abbott Laboratories founded","note":"Abbott Park, IL","from":"abbott","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1888","precision":"year","title":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"sumitomo-heavy-industries","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1889","kind":"year","name":"1889 in oncology","aka":["1889"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1889: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1889: 1 landmark and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1888","1892"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1889,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1889","precision":"year","title":"Paget's seed and soil hypothesis","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Stephen Paget proposed that cancers spread to organs whose environment suits them, the founding idea of metastasis research.","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1889","precision":"year","title":"Metastatic seeding and dormancy models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"metastasis-seeding-models","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1892","kind":"year","name":"1892 in oncology","aka":["1892"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1892: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1892: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1889","1894"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1892,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1892","precision":"year","title":"Vaquez describes the disease","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Louis Henri Vaquez reports a patient with persistent excess red cells and an enlarged spleen.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1894","kind":"year","name":"1894 in oncology","aka":["1894"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1894: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1894: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1892","1896"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1894,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1894","precision":"year","title":"Ballance removes an acoustic neuroma","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). Among the first successful removals of a cerebellopontine angle tumour.","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1894","precision":"year","title":"Halsted radical mastectomy","note":"Breast cancer (all types). The standard operation for seventy years.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1896","kind":"year","name":"1896 in oncology","aka":["1896"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1896: 2 entries, 1 landmark and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1896: 1 landmark and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1894","1898"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1896,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1896","precision":"year","title":"Beatson removes ovaries to treat advanced breast cancer","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer. First hormonal therapy for any cancer.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1896","precision":"year","title":"X-ray radiography and fluoroscopy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"x-ray-radiography-fluoroscopy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1898","kind":"year","name":"1898 in oncology","aka":["1898"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1898: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1898: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1896","1899"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1898,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1898","precision":"year","title":"Abbe describes the cross-lip flap","note":"Lip cancer","from":"lip-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1898","precision":"year","title":"Wertheim performs the first radical abdominal hysterectomy for cervical cancer","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1899","kind":"year","name":"1899 in oncology","aka":["1899"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1899: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1899: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1898","1900"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1899,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1899","precision":"year","title":"Halsted resects an ampullary cancer","note":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater). First successful local resection of a periampullary tumour.","from":"ampullary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1899","precision":"year","title":"Max Wilms's monograph on mixed tumours of the kidney","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1900","kind":"year","name":"1900 in oncology","aka":["1900"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1900: 3 entries, 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1900: 3 technologies.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1899","1901"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1900,"events":[{"group":"technology","date":"1900","precision":"year","title":"Oral solid dose manufacturing (tablets and capsules)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"oral-solid-dose-manufacturing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1900","precision":"year","title":"Palliative radiotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"palliative-radiotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1900","precision":"year","title":"Superficial and orthovoltage radiotherapy for skin cancer","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"superficial-radiotherapy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1901","kind":"year","name":"1901 in oncology","aka":["1901"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1901. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1901. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1900","1902"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1901,"events":[]},{"id":"1902","kind":"year","name":"1902 in oncology","aka":["1902"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1902. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1902. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1901","1903"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1902,"events":[]},{"id":"1903","kind":"year","name":"1903 in oncology","aka":["1903"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1903: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1903: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1902","1904"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1903,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1903","precision":"year","title":"Osler defines a clinical syndrome","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). William Osler collects cases of chronic cyanosis with polycythaemia and splenomegaly.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1904","kind":"year","name":"1904 in oncology","aka":["1904"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1904. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1904. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1903","1905"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1904,"events":[]},{"id":"1905","kind":"year","name":"1905 in oncology","aka":["1905"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1905. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1905. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1904","1906"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1905,"events":[]},{"id":"1906","kind":"year","name":"1906 in oncology","aka":["1906"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1906: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1906: 2 landmarks and 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1905","1907"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1906,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1906","precision":"year","title":"Norgine founded","note":"Amsterdam","from":"norgine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1906","precision":"year","title":"Crile describes radical neck dissection","note":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","from":"oral-cavity-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1906","precision":"year","title":"Crile describes radical neck dissection","note":"Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer","from":"oral-tongue-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1907","kind":"year","name":"1907 in oncology","aka":["1907"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1907: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1907: 3 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1906","1908"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1907,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1907","precision":"year","title":"Oberndorfer coins 'Karzinoid' for small-bowel tumours","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1907","precision":"year","title":"Oberndorfer names the small bowel tumours 'Karzinoid'","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1907","precision":"year","title":"Von Eiselsberg resects an intramedullary tumour","note":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural)","from":"spinal-cord-tumours","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1908","kind":"year","name":"1908 in oncology","aka":["1908"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1908: 4 entries, 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"4 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1908: 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 4 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1907","1909"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1908,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1908","precision":"year","title":"Berner describes acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas as a distinct tumour","note":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","from":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"1908","precision":"year","title":"Miles describes the abdominoperineal resection with permanent colostomy","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["abdominoperineal-resection"]},{"group":"history","date":"1908","precision":"year","title":"Miller and Wynn describe peritoneal mesothelioma","note":"Peritoneal mesothelioma. Among the earliest descriptions of a primary tumour of the peritoneum.","from":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1908","precision":"year","title":"JAMA Internal Medicine founded","note":"American Medical Association (JAMA Network)","from":"jama-internal-medicine","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1909","kind":"year","name":"1909 in oncology","aka":["1909"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1909: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1909: 1 company founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1908","1910"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1909,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1909","precision":"year","title":"Grifols founded","note":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","from":"grifols","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1909","precision":"year","title":"Cushing performs transsphenoidal pituitary surgery","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1910","kind":"year","name":"1910 in oncology","aka":["1910"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1910: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1910: 1 company founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1909","1911"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1910,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1910","precision":"year","title":"Hitachi (particle therapy) founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"hitachi","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1910","precision":"year","title":"James Homer Wright describes neuroblastoma and its rosettes","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1911","kind":"year","name":"1911 in oncology","aka":["1911"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1911: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1911: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1910","1912"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1911,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1911","precision":"year","title":"Tumori founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"tumori","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1912","kind":"year","name":"1912 in oncology","aka":["1912"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1912: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1912: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1911","1913"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1912,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1912","precision":"year","title":"Basset describes radical vulvectomy with en bloc lymphadenectomy","note":"Vulvar cancer. Cure at the cost of severe morbidity; standard for 70 years.","from":"vulvar","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1913","kind":"year","name":"1913 in oncology","aka":["1913"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1913: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1913: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1912","1914"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1913,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1913","precision":"year","title":"Torek performs the first successful oesophagectomy for cancer","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1914","kind":"year","name":"1914 in oncology","aka":["1914"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1914. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1914. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1913","1915"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1914,"events":[]},{"id":"1915","kind":"year","name":"1915 in oncology","aka":["1915"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1915: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1915: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1914","1916"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1915,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1915","precision":"year","title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences founded","note":"National Academy of Sciences","from":"pnas","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1916","kind":"year","name":"1916 in oncology","aka":["1916"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1916. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1916. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1915","1917"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1916,"events":[]},{"id":"1917","kind":"year","name":"1917 in oncology","aka":["1917"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1917: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1917: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1916","1918"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1917,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1917","precision":"year","title":"Cushing publishes his monograph on acoustic neuromas","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1918","kind":"year","name":"1918 in oncology","aka":["1918"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1918. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1918. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1917","1919"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1918,"events":[]},{"id":"1919","kind":"year","name":"1919 in oncology","aka":["1919"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1919: 1 entry, 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1919: 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1918","1920"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1919,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1919","precision":"year","title":"Olympus founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"olympus","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1920","kind":"year","name":"1920 in oncology","aka":["1920"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1920: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1920: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1919","1921"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1920,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1920","precision":"year","title":"Haematologica founded","note":"Ferrata Storti Foundation","from":"haematologica","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1921","kind":"year","name":"1921 in oncology","aka":["1921"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1921: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1921: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1920","1922"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1921,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1921","precision":"year","title":"James Ewing describes 'diffuse endothelioma of bone'","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1921","precision":"year","title":"Regaud and Schmincke describe lymphoepithelioma","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1922","kind":"year","name":"1922 in oncology","aka":["1922"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1922: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1922: 1 company founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1921","1923"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1922,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1922","precision":"year","title":"PTW Freiburg founded","note":"Freiburg","from":"ptw-freiburg","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1922","precision":"year","title":"Cushing coins the term meningioma","note":"Meningioma. Cushing and Eisenhardt's 1938 monograph followed, with the first large surgical series.","from":"meningioma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1923","kind":"year","name":"1923 in oncology","aka":["1923"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1923: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1923: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1922","1924"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1923,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1923","precision":"year","title":"Radiology founded","note":"Radiological Society of North America","from":"radiology","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1924","kind":"year","name":"1924 in oncology","aka":["1924"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1924: 6 entries, 5 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"6 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1924: 5 landmarks and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 6 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1923","1925"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1924,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Berger and Luc describe esthesioneuroepitheliome olfactif","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Darier and Ferrand describe the tumour; Hoffmann names it dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in 1925","note":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","from":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma first described (Berger and Luc)","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Lee and Tannenbaum coin the term inflammatory carcinoma","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Letterer describes the acute disseminated disease of infants","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1924","precision":"year","title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation founded","note":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","from":"jci","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1925","kind":"year","name":"1925 in oncology","aka":["1925"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1925: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1925: 2 landmarks and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1924","1926"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1925,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1925","precision":"year","title":"Bailey and Cushing name medulloblastoma","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1925","precision":"year","title":"Bailey and Cushing name medulloblastoma","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1925","precision":"year","title":"Colposcopes and digital cervical screening devices (DYSIS, EVA System, AVE)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"colposcopes-digital-cervical-screening","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1926","kind":"year","name":"1926 in oncology","aka":["1926"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1926: 6 entries, 3 companies founded and 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"6 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1926: 3 companies founded and 3 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 6 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1925","1927"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1926,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"Guerbet founded","note":"Villepinte","from":"guerbet","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"Toray Industries founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"toray-industries","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"Yuhan Corporation founded","note":"Seoul","from":"yuhan","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"Bailey and Cushing classify gliomas","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma. Histologic classification that lasted, in essence, until 2016.","from":"glioblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"Bailey and Cushing describe oligodendroglioma as a distinct tumour","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1926","precision":"year","title":"First successful resection (Roux in Lausanne, Mayo in Rochester)","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL)","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1927","kind":"year","name":"1927 in oncology","aka":["1927"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1927: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1927: 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1926","1928"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1927,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1927","precision":"year","title":"First large series of male breast cancer","note":"Male breast cancer. Wainwright's review of published cases.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1927","precision":"year","title":"Wilder describes hyperinsulinism from an islet cell tumour; first successful insulinoma resection follows in 1929","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1927","precision":"year","title":"Annals of Internal Medicine founded","note":"American College of Physicians","from":"annals-internal-medicine","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1928","kind":"year","name":"1928 in oncology","aka":["1928"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1928: 1 entry, 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1928: 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1927","1929"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1928,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1928","precision":"year","title":"Maurice Richter describes reticular cell sarcoma arising in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"richter-transformation-cll","refs":["richter-transformation"]}]},{"id":"1929","kind":"year","name":"1929 in oncology","aka":["1929"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1929. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1929. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1928","1930"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1929,"events":[]},{"id":"1930","kind":"year","name":"1930 in oncology","aka":["1930"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1930: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1930: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1929","1931"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1930,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1930","precision":"year","title":"Erdheim and Chester describe 'lipoid granulomatosis'","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms","from":"histiocytoses","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1930","precision":"year","title":"Jakob Erdheim and William Chester describe lipoid granulomatosis","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1931","kind":"year","name":"1931 in oncology","aka":["1931"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1931. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1931. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1930","1932"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1931,"events":[]},{"id":"1932","kind":"year","name":"1932 in oncology","aka":["1932"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1932: 4 entries, 4 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"4 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1932: 4 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 4 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1931","1933"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1932,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1932","precision":"year","title":"Broders defines carcinoma in situ","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The concept of non-invasive cancer confined by the basement membrane.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1932","precision":"year","title":"Cushing describes pituitary basophilism (Cushing disease)","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1932","precision":"year","title":"Cushing names craniopharyngioma","note":"Craniopharyngioma","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1932","precision":"year","title":"Squamous origin and HPV precursors described","note":"Penile cancer. Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat recognised as penile carcinoma in situ.","from":"penile","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1933","kind":"year","name":"1933 in oncology","aka":["1933"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1933: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1933: 3 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1932","1934"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1933,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1933","precision":"year","title":"Evarts Graham performs the first successful pneumonectomy for lung cancer","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["pneumonectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1933","precision":"year","title":"First clear description of parathyroid carcinoma (Sainton and Millot)","note":"Parathyroid carcinoma","from":"parathyroid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1933","precision":"year","title":"Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia first described","note":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","from":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1934","kind":"year","name":"1934 in oncology","aka":["1934"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1934: 2 entries, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1934: 1 company founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1933","1935"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1934,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1934","precision":"year","title":"FUJIFILM Healthcare founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"fujifilm","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1934","precision":"year","title":"Epstein and Goedel describe haemorrhagic thrombocythaemia","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). The first account of a primary platelet disorder with bleeding and clotting.","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1935","kind":"year","name":"1935 in oncology","aka":["1935"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1935: 7 entries, 4 landmarks, 2 companies founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"7 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1935: 4 landmarks, 2 companies founded and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 7 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1934","1936"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1935,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Beckman Coulter founded","note":"Brea, CA","from":"beckman-coulter","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Cipla founded","note":"Mumbai","from":"cipla","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Allen Whipple describes the pancreatoduodenectomy that carries his name","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Whipple describes pancreaticoduodenectomy","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Surgery becomes the only curative option, a status it still holds.","from":"pancreatic","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Whipple describes pancreaticoduodenectomy","note":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","from":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Whipple's pancreatoduodenectomy","note":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater). Allen Whipple reports the operation that became the standard for periampullary cancer.","from":"ampullary","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"paper","date":"1935","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater","note":"Whipple AO, Parsons WB, Mullins CR. Annals of Surgery.","from":"paper-whipple-carcinoma-ampulla-of-vater-ann-surg-1935","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1936","kind":"year","name":"1936 in oncology","aka":["1936"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1936. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1936. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1935","1937"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1936,"events":[]},{"id":"1937","kind":"year","name":"1937 in oncology","aka":["1937"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1937. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1937. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1936","1938"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1937,"events":[]},{"id":"1938","kind":"year","name":"1938 in oncology","aka":["1938"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1938: 3 entries, 1 company founded, 1 landmark and 1 law or regulation. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1938: 1 company founded, 1 landmark and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1937","1939"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1938,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1938","precision":"year","title":"Italfarmaco founded","note":"Milan","from":"italfarmaco","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1938","precision":"year","title":"Mohs micrographic surgery introduced","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1938","precision":"year","title":"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Kefauver-Harris Amendments","note":"United States, statute.","from":"fdca","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1939","kind":"year","name":"1939 in oncology","aka":["1939"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1939: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1939: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1938","1940"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1939,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1939","precision":"year","title":"Blalock: thymectomy improves myasthenia gravis","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1939","precision":"year","title":"First description as inflammatory pseudotumour of the lung","note":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT)","from":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1940","kind":"year","name":"1940 in oncology","aka":["1940"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1940: 3 entries, 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1940: 2 landmarks and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1939","1941"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1940,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1940","precision":"year","title":"Eosinophilic granuloma of bone described by Lichtenstein and Jaffe","note":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","from":"lch-single-system","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1940","precision":"year","title":"Stewart and Treves describe lymphangiosarcoma after mastectomy","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1940","precision":"year","title":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"jnci","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1941","kind":"year","name":"1941 in oncology","aka":["1941"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1941: 9 entries, 5 landmarks, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"9 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1941: 5 landmarks, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded, 1 paper and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 9 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1940","1942"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1941,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Stryker founded","note":"Portage, MI","from":"stryker","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"A cancer is shown to depend on a hormone","note":"Prostate cancer. Huggins and Hodges castrated men with metastatic prostate cancer, or gave them oestrogen, and the disease regressed; androgen injection made it worse.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-huggins-hodges-castration-serum-phosphatases-prostate-1941","androgen-deprivation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma linked to cirrhosis in large autopsy series","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. Establishes the disease-in-a-diseased-organ paradigm.","from":"hcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Huggins shows castration controls metastatic prostate cancer","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["androgen-deprivation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Jaffe describes pigmented villonodular synovitis","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT)","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Tata Memorial Hospital opens in Bombay","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Cancer Research founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Huggins and Hodges 1941: the effect of castration, of oestrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate","note":"Huggins C, Hodges CV. Cancer Research.","from":"paper-huggins-hodges-castration-serum-phosphatases-prostate-1941","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1941","precision":"year","title":"Androgen deprivation & AR pathway inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"androgen-deprivation","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1942","kind":"year","name":"1942 in oncology","aka":["1942"],"tldr":"OnCo holds nothing dated to 1942. That is a gap in what has been read into the corpus, not a claim that the year was quiet, and the year has a page so the gap can be seen rather than passed over.","summary":"No record in OnCo carries a date in 1942. The corpus reads the field through its records, so an empty year means nothing has yet been read into it, and says nothing about what happened.\n\nYears from 1900 onwards all have a page, empty or not, so that a gap in the reading is visible. The timeline shows which parts of the record are thin and why.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1941","1943"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1942,"events":[]},{"id":"1943","kind":"year","name":"1943 in oncology","aka":["1943"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1943: 4 entries, 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"4 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1943: 3 landmarks and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 4 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1942","1944"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1943,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1943","precision":"year","title":"Lichtenstein and Jaffe separate chondrosarcoma from osteosarcoma","note":"Chondrosarcoma","from":"chondrosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1943","precision":"year","title":"Pap smear introduced","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1943","precision":"year","title":"Papanicolaou smear introduced","note":"Cervical cancer. Cytology screening cuts cervical cancer mortality by ~70% where implemented.","from":"cervical","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1943","precision":"year","title":"Gastroenterology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"gastroenterology","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1944","kind":"year","name":"1944 in oncology","aka":["1944"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1944: 2 entries, 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1944: 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 2 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1943","1945"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1944,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1944","precision":"year","title":"Jackson and Parker describe the paragranuloma form of Hodgkin disease","note":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","from":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1944","precision":"year","title":"Waldenström describes the syndrome","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Two patients with hyperviscosity, bleeding and a large serum globulin.","from":"waldenstrom","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1945","kind":"year","name":"1945 in oncology","aka":["1945"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1945: 3 entries, 2 companies founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1945: 2 companies founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1944","1946"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1945,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1945","precision":"year","title":"JW Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Seoul","from":"jw-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1945","precision":"year","title":"Karl Storz founded","note":"Tuttlingen","from":"karl-storz","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1945","precision":"year","title":"Stewart, Foote and Becker name mucoepidermoid tumours of the salivary glands","note":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma","from":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1946","kind":"year","name":"1946 in oncology","aka":["1946"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1946: 12 entries, 4 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 technologies and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"12 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1946: 4 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 journal founded and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 12 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1945","1947"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1946,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Grünenthal founded","note":"Aachen","from":"gruenenthal","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Il-Yang Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Yongin","from":"il-yang-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Kissei Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Matsumoto","from":"kissei","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Rovi founded","note":"Madrid","from":"rovi","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"First patient treated with radioactive iodine for metastatic thyroid cancer","note":"Thyroid cancer. Seidlin, Marinelli, and Oshry: the first theranostic.","from":"thyroid","refs":["radioactive-iodine","radioiodine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Radioactive iodine first treats thyroid cancer","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["radioiodine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Radioactive iodine treats metastatic follicular cancer","note":"Follicular thyroid cancer","from":"follicular-thyroid-cancer","refs":["radioiodine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Radioactive iodine: first theranostic","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Blood founded","note":"American Society of Hematology","from":"blood","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Radioactive iodine (I-131): approval (US)","note":"First therapeutic use in thyroid cancer (Seidlin); formal approval followed","from":"radioactive-iodine","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Cytotoxic chemotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cytotoxic-chemotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1946","precision":"year","title":"Radioiodine therapy and whole-body iodine scanning","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radioiodine-therapy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1947","kind":"year","name":"1947 in oncology","aka":["1947"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1947: 1 entry, 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"1 dated entry in OnCo fall in 1947: 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 1 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1946","1948"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1947,"events":[{"group":"journal","date":"1947","precision":"year","title":"British Journal of Cancer founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"british-journal-of-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1948","kind":"year","name":"1948 in oncology","aka":["1948"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1948: 9 entries, 7 landmarks, 1 journal founded and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"9 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1948: 7 landmarks, 1 journal founded and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 9 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1947","1949"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1948,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Daseler describes the anatomy of inguinal lymphadenectomy for penile cancer","note":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","from":"node-positive-penile-cancer","refs":["lymphadenectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Farber induces remissions in childhood ALL with aminopterin","note":"Leukaemia (all types)","from":"leukaemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Farber induces the first leukaemia remissions","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Aminopterin in children with ALL; the birth of cancer chemotherapy.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Farber produces temporary remissions in childhood leukaemia with aminopterin, the first antifolate","note":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Farber: aminopterin remissions, birth of chemotherapy","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"First chemotherapy remissions in leukaemia","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Farber's aminopterin in childhood ALL; AML remissions follow with 6-MP and cytarabine in the 1960s.","from":"aml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Stewart and Treves describe angiosarcoma in the lymphoedematous arm after mastectomy","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Cancer founded","note":"Wiley","from":"cancer-wiley","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1948","precision":"year","title":"Temporary Remissions in Acute Leukemia in Children Produced by Folic Acid Antagonist, 4-Aminopteroyl-Glutamic Acid (Aminopterin)","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"sidney-farber","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1949","kind":"year","name":"1949 in oncology","aka":["1949"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1949: 6 entries, 2 companies founded, 2 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"6 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1949: 2 companies founded, 2 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 6 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1948","1950"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1949,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"Mechlorethamine (chlormethine) approved in US","note":"Hodgkin disease and other lymphomas, leukaemias, mycosis fungoides (intravenous; discontinued)","from":"mechlorethamine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Therapy Acceleration Program founded","note":"Rye Brook, NY","from":"lls-therapy-acceleration-program","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"Medtronic founded","note":"Dublin","from":"medtronic","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"Ellis describes systemic mastocytosis at autopsy","note":"Indolent and smouldering systemic mastocytosis","from":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"Systemic involvement recognised","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. Ellis reports mast cell infiltration of internal organs at autopsy.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1949","precision":"year","title":"SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS ON ACUTE LEUKEMIA AND OTHER FORMS OF INCURABLE CANCER","note":"Blood","from":"sidney-farber","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1950","kind":"year","name":"1950 in oncology","aka":["1950"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1950: 9 entries, 3 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 papers and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"9 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1950: 3 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 papers and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 9 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1949","1951"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1950,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Norman Barrett describes the columnar-lined oesophagus","note":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","from":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Peters shows extended-field radiotherapy can cure early-stage disease","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Smoking is linked to lung cancer","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Doll and Hill's case-control study of London hospital patients, published in the British Medical Journal in the same year as Wynder and Graham's American s...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians founded","note":"Wiley","from":"ca-cancer-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Doll and Hill 1950: the case-control study that tied smoking to lung cancer","note":"Doll R, Hill AB. BMJ.","from":"paper-doll-hill-smoking-lung-cancer-bmj-1950","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of 684 proved cases","note":"Wynder EL, Graham EA. Journal of the American Medical Association.","from":"paper-wynder-graham-tobacco-bronchiogenic-carcinoma-jama-1950","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Electron beam therapy systems (linac electrons, total skin electron units, mobile electron IORT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"electron-beam-therapy-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Radiotherapy QA phantoms and dosimeters (Sun Nuclear, IBA Dosimetry, PTW)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiotherapy-qa-phantoms-dosimeters","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1950","precision":"year","title":"Small-molecule API synthesis","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"small-molecule-api-synthesis","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1951","kind":"year","name":"1951 in oncology","aka":["1951"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1951: 5 entries, 3 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"5 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1951: 3 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 5 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1950","1952"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1951,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1951","precision":"year","title":"Radioactive iodine (I-131) approved in US","note":"Hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma (first radiopharmaceutical approval)","from":"radioactive-iodine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1951","precision":"year","title":"Dameshek groups the MPNs","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). Proposes that PV, ET, CML and myelofibrosis are related myeloproliferative disorders.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1951","precision":"year","title":"Dameshek groups the myeloproliferative disorders","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). PV, essential thrombocythaemia, myelofibrosis and CML proposed as related diseases of the marrow.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["myeloproliferative-neoplasms"]},{"group":"history","date":"1951","precision":"year","title":"Dameshek groups the myeloproliferative disorders","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":["myeloproliferative-neoplasms"]},{"group":"technology","date":"1951","precision":"year","title":"Cobalt-60 teletherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cobalt-60-teletherapy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1952","kind":"year","name":"1952 in oncology","aka":["1952"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1952: 4 entries, 2 companies founded and 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"4 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1952: 2 companies founded and 2 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 4 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1951","1953"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1952,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1952","precision":"year","title":"Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Taizhou","from":"zhejiang-hisun","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1952","precision":"year","title":"Zydus Lifesciences founded","note":"Ahmedabad","from":"zydus","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1952","precision":"year","title":"Chlorambucil introduced; the standard for forty years","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["chlorambucil"]},{"group":"history","date":"1952","precision":"year","title":"Christopherson, Foote and Stewart name alveolar soft part sarcoma","note":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","from":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1953","kind":"year","name":"1953 in oncology","aka":["1953"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1953: 10 entries, 4 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 approvals and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"10 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1953: 4 landmarks, 3 technologies, 2 approvals and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 10 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1952","1954"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1953,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Mercaptopurine approved in US","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, combination maintenance therapy","from":"mercaptopurine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Methotrexate approved in US","note":"ALL, choriocarcinoma, and later osteosarcoma, breast, head and neck, lung, lymphoma, mycosis fungoides","from":"methotrexate","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Craniospinal irradiation introduced (Paterson and Farr)","note":"Medulloblastoma. First cures.","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Craniospinal irradiation introduced for medulloblastoma","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Lichtenstein unifies eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian and Letterer-Siwe disease as histiocytosis X","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Lichtenstein unifies eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schüller-Christian and Letterer-Siwe disease as histiocytosis X","note":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","from":"lch-single-system","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Advances in cancer research founded","note":"Elsevier (Academic Press)","from":"advances-in-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"C-arm medical linear accelerators (TrueBeam, Versa HD and others)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"c-arm-linac","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Linac, proton system and brachytherapy machine manufacturing","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiotherapy-equipment-manufacturing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1953","precision":"year","title":"Tumour hypoxia: imaging and modification","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tumour-hypoxia-modification","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1954","kind":"year","name":"1954 in oncology","aka":["1954"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1954: 11 entries, 6 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"11 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1954: 6 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 11 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1953","1955"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1954,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Busulfan approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (Myleran tablets)","from":"busulfan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Ethiodized oil approved in US","note":"Lymphangiography and hysterosalpingography; selective hepatic intra-arterial imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma added in 2014","from":"ethiodized-oil","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Carcinoid syndrome described","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["carcinoid-syndrome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Carcinoid syndrome described (Thorson)","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["carcinoid-syndrome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Doll and Hill follow British doctors forward","note":"Lung cancer (all types). The 1950 case-control studies were called artefacts, so a cohort was assembled before anybody was ill and followed to death.","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-doll-hill-mortality-of-doctors-smoking-bmj-1954","paper-wynder-graham-tobacco-bronchiogenic-carcinoma-jama-1950","paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004"]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Radical cholecystectomy proposed","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Glenn and Hays describe en bloc liver-bed resection with lymphadenectomy.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["radical-cholecystectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Wermer describes familial adenomatosis of endocrine glands (MEN1)","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Whole-brain radiotherapy reported for brain metastases","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours). Chao and colleagues describe palliative irradiation of cerebral metastases.","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["wbrt"]},{"group":"paper","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis","note":"ARMITAGE P, DOLL R. British Journal of Cancer.","from":"paper-armitage-br-j-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits; a preliminary report","note":"Doll R, Hill AB. BMJ.","from":"paper-doll-hill-mortality-of-doctors-smoking-bmj-1954","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1954","precision":"year","title":"Surgery for gallbladder cancer: simple versus radical cholecystectomy, re-resection and lymphadenectomy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-surgery","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1955","kind":"year","name":"1955 in oncology","aka":["1955"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1955: 3 entries, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 landmark. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1955: 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 landmark.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1954","1956"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1955,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1955","precision":"year","title":"Prednisone approved in US","note":"Palliative management of leukaemias and lymphomas; hypercalcaemia of malignancy; inflammatory conditions","from":"prednisone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1955","precision":"year","title":"Zeria Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"zeria","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1955","precision":"year","title":"Zollinger and Ellison describe the gastrinoma syndrome","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1956","kind":"year","name":"1956 in oncology","aka":["1956"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1956: 8 entries, 4 landmarks, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"8 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1956: 4 landmarks, 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 paper and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 8 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1955","1957"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1956,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Fluoxymesterone approved in US","note":"Palliation of androgen-responsive advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women (historic label)","from":"fluoxymesterone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"SWOG Cancer Research Network founded","note":"Portland, OR","from":"swog","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Actinomycin D active in Wilms tumour (Farber)","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma). Combined with surgery and radiation, cure rates begin to climb.","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":["dactinomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Methotrexate cures metastatic choriocarcinoma (Li, Hertz, Spencer)","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. The first solid tumour cured by chemotherapy.","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Methotrexate cures metastatic choriocarcinoma at the NCI","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Min Chiu Li cures metastatic choriocarcinoma with methotrexate, the first chemotherapy cure of a solid tumour","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"paper","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"On the origin of cancer cells","note":"WARBURG O. Science.","from":"paper-warburg-science","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1956","precision":"year","title":"Tumour volume doubling time","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tumour-doubling-time","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1957","kind":"year","name":"1957 in oncology","aka":["1957"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1957: 10 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"10 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1957: 5 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval, 1 paper and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 10 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1956","1958"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1957,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Chlorambucil approved in US","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (palliative)","from":"chlorambucil","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"5-Fluorouracil synthesised","note":"Colorectal cancer. Heidelberger; still the backbone of colorectal chemotherapy 70 years later.","from":"colorectal","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Becker describes an infantile pancreatic carcinoma later named pancreatoblastoma","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Hillestad describes acute promyelocytic leukaemia","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Simpson grades completeness of resection and links it to recurrence","note":"Meningioma","from":"meningioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Veterans Administration Lung Study Group defines limited and extensive stage","note":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"limited-stage-sclc","refs":["limited-extensive-stage"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Magyar onkologia founded","note":"Professional Publishing Hungary Kft.","from":"magyar-onkologia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Neoplasma founded","note":"AEPress, s.r.o.","from":"neoplasma","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Cancer; a biological approach. I. The processes of control","note":"BURNET M. BMJ.","from":"paper-burnet-br-med-j","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1957","precision":"year","title":"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"allogeneic-hsct","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1958","kind":"year","name":"1958 in oncology","aka":["1958"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1958: 8 entries, 4 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"8 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1958: 4 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 8 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1957","1959"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1958,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Dexamethasone approved in US","note":"Palliative management of leukaemias and lymphomas; inflammatory and allergic conditions","from":"dexamethasone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"NSABP Foundation founded","note":"Pittsburgh, PA","from":"nsabp-foundation","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Bouroncle describes 'leukemic reticuloendotheliosis'","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Denis Burkitt describes the jaw tumour of African children","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. Later maps its distribution to the malaria belt.","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan introduced; melphalan-prednisone standard for 40 years","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Oestrogen receptor discovered (Jensen)","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer. Basis for predicting hormone responsiveness.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Body-surface-area dosing","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"body-surface-area-dosing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1958","precision":"year","title":"Isolated limb perfusion and infusion","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"isolated-limb-perfusion","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1959","kind":"year","name":"1959 in oncology","aka":["1959"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1959: 6 entries, 3 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 paper listed on a person's page. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"6 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1959: 3 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 6 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1958","1960"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1959,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"Cyclophosphamide approved in US","note":"Lymphomas, leukaemias, multiple myeloma, breast, ovarian, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma and other cancers","from":"cyclophosphamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"Thiotepa approved in US","note":"Breast and ovarian adenocarcinoma; superficial papillary bladder carcinoma (intravesical); malignant effusions","from":"thiotepa","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"Frantz describes the tumour (papillary tumour of the pancreas)","note":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas","from":"solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"Hazard describes medullary thyroid carcinoma as a distinct tumour","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer","from":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"Mitotane (o,p'-DDD) first used in ACC (Bergenstal)","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1959","precision":"year","title":"ACTINOMYCIN D IN CHILDHOOD CANCER","note":"Pediatrics","from":"donald-pinkel","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1960","kind":"year","name":"1960 in oncology","aka":["1960"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1960: 14 entries, 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"14 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1960: 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded and 2 technologies.\n\nOf those, 14 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1959","1961"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1960,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Li and colleagues: actinomycin D, methotrexate and chlorambucil active in GCT","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours","from":"testicular","refs":["methotrexate","dactinomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Mitotane (o,p'-DDD) first used for adrenocortical carcinoma","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Nowell and Hungerford describe the Philadelphia chromosome","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["philadelphia-chromosome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Nowell and Hungerford describe the Philadelphia chromosome","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["philadelphia-chromosome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Philadelphia chromosome","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Nowell and Hungerford describe a minute chromosome in CML: the first consistent chromosomal abnormality in a human cancer.","from":"cml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Philadelphia chromosome discovered in CML","note":"Leukaemia (all types)","from":"leukaemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Wagner links mesothelioma to asbestos in South African miners","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Wagner links pleural mesothelioma to asbestos","note":"Pleural mesothelioma. Thirty-three cases among asbestos miners and their neighbours in South Africa.","from":"pleural-mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics founded","note":"Wiley","from":"clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Gut founded","note":"BMJ Group","from":"gut","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine founded","note":"Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging","from":"journal-of-nuclear-medicine","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Journal of radiation research founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"journal-of-radiation-research","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Research reactors for medical isotopes (Mo-99, Lu-177, I-131)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"research-reactor-isotope-production","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1960","precision":"year","title":"Total skin electron beam therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"total-skin-electron-therapy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1961","kind":"year","name":"1961 in oncology","aka":["1961"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1961: 3 entries, 3 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"3 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1961: 3 landmarks.\n\nOf those, 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1960","1962"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1961,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"1961","precision":"year","title":"Differentiated VIN described as a distinct precursor of keratinising vulvar carcinoma","note":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","from":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1961","precision":"year","title":"House introduces the translabyrinthine microsurgical approach","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). The operating microscope transforms mortality and facial nerve outcomes.","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1961","precision":"year","title":"Sipple describes the association of pheochromocytoma and thyroid carcinoma (MEN2)","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1962","kind":"year","name":"1962 in oncology","aka":["1962"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1962: 8 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"8 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1962: 5 landmarks, 2 approvals and 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 8 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1961","1963"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1962,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Fluorouracil (5-FU) approved in US","note":"Colorectal, breast, gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinoma","from":"fluorouracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Uracil mustard approved in US","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphomas and essential thrombocythaemia (historic label). Discontinued","from":"uracil-mustard","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"EORTC founded","note":"Brussels","from":"curie-nki-eortc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Combination chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pinkel's 'total therapy' at St. Jude: multi-agent induction, cranial irradiation, maintenance; first cures.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Enzinger and Winslow classify liposarcoma","note":"Liposarcoma","from":"liposarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Endoscopy defines early gastric cancer","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"Kaplan's extended-field radiotherapy cures early-stage disease at Stanford","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1962","precision":"year","title":"St Jude Total Therapy: combination chemotherapy with central nervous system-directed treatment begins to cure children","note":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","refs":["st-jude"]}]},{"id":"1963","kind":"year","name":"1963 in oncology","aka":["1963"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1963: 4 entries, 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"4 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1963: 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 4 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1962","1964"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1963,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1963","precision":"year","title":"Vincristine approved in US","note":"Acute leukaemia; Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour","from":"vincristine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1963","precision":"year","title":"Cook Medical founded","note":"Bloomington, IN","from":"cook-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1963","precision":"year","title":"Indian journal of cancer founded","note":"Wolters Kluwer Medknow","from":"indian-journal-of-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1963","precision":"year","title":"GMP, inspections, Form 483s and warning letters","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pharmaceutical-gmp-inspections","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1964","kind":"year","name":"1964 in oncology","aka":["1964"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1964: 15 entries, 7 landmarks, 4 technologies, 2 approvals and 1 law or regulation. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"15 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1964: 7 landmarks, 4 technologies, 2 approvals, 1 law or regulation and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 15 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1963","1965"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1964,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) approved in US","note":"Wilms tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, metastatic testicular cancer, regional perfusion for sarcoma","from":"dactinomycin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system) approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma; non-resectable epithelial ovarian carcinoma","from":"melphalan","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Actinomycin D established as a second single agent","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["dactinomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Epstein-Barr virus discovered in Burkitt lymphoma cells","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. Epstein, Achong and Barr identify the first human tumour virus.","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen discovered (Blumberg)","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nobel Prize 1976; leads to the vaccine.","from":"hcc","refs":["hbv-hcv"]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"MOPP chemotherapy cures advanced Hodgkin lymphoma at the NCI","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"MOPP: first combination chemotherapy cure","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"MOPP: the first combination chemotherapy to cure an advanced cancer (DeVita, NCI)","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"O'Brien and Stout describe malignant fibrous histiocytoma","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Declaration of Helsinki","note":"International, declaration.","from":"declaration-of-helsinki","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"DYNAMICS OF TUMOR GROWTH","note":"LAIRD AK. British Journal of Cancer.","from":"paper-laird-br-j-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Gompertzian tumour growth","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gompertzian-growth-model","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Log-kill hypothesis (Skipper)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"log-kill-hypothesis","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Mathematical models of cancer (mathematical oncology)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mathematical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1964","precision":"year","title":"Remote afterloaders for HDR brachytherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"brachytherapy-afterloaders","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1965","kind":"year","name":"1965 in oncology","aka":["1965"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1965: 12 entries, 7 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"12 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1965: 7 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 12 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1964","1966"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1965,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Vinblastine approved in US","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, breast cancer and others","from":"vinblastine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Pharmacosmos founded","note":"Holbæk","from":"pharmacosmos","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Combination chemotherapy first cures childhood leukaemia","note":"Childhood cancers (all types). Multi-drug regimens at the National Cancer Institute and St Jude turned acute lymphoblastic leukaemia from uniformly fatal to curable.","from":"childhood-cancers","refs":["vincristine","methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Destombes describes the disease in Paris","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Klatskin describes adenocarcinoma at the hepatic duct bifurcation","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Klatskin describes perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Distinct clinicopathologic entity at the hepatic duct confluence.","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Klatskin describes perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","from":"biliary-tract-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Lauren describes intestinal and diffuse types","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["lauren-classification"]},{"group":"history","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Wood dust linked to sinonasal adenocarcinoma","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma). Occupational epidemiology in the UK furniture industry (Acheson).","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"European Journal of Cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"european-journal-of-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Recent results in cancer research founded","note":"Springer","from":"recent-results-in-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1965","precision":"year","title":"Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"intraoperative-radiotherapy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1966","kind":"year","name":"1966 in oncology","aka":["1966"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1966: 11 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 journals founded and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"11 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1966: 5 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 journals founded, 1 company founded and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 11 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1965","1967"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1966,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Pipobroman approved in US","note":"Polycythaemia vera; chronic myeloid leukaemia refractory to busulfan (historic label). Discontinued","from":"pipobroman","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Thioguanine approved in US","note":"Remission induction and consolidation of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemias","from":"thioguanine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Serum Institute of India founded","note":"Pune","from":"serum-institute-of-india","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"EBV antibodies linked to NPC (Old et al.)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Gleason describes his grading system","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["gleason-grade-group"]},{"group":"history","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Gleason grading system published","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["gleason-grade-group"]},{"group":"history","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Lukes and Butler define lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease","note":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","from":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Old and colleagues link Epstein-Barr virus to nasopharyngeal carcinoma","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["ebv-term"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Bulletin du cancer founded","note":"Elsevier Masson","from":"bulletin-du-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"International journal of cancer founded","note":"Wiley","from":"international-journal-of-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1966","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Leukemia and Wilms' Tumor","note":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","from":"sidney-farber","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1967","kind":"year","name":"1967 in oncology","aka":["1967"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1967: 7 entries, 2 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"7 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1967: 2 landmarks, 2 technologies, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 7 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1966","1968"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1967,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) approved in US","note":"CML, head and neck cancer with radiotherapy, melanoma, ovarian cancer (historic labelling)","from":"hydroxyurea","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Mundipharma founded","note":"Limburg an der Lahn","from":"mundipharma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Ishak and Glunz define hepatoblastoma histology","note":"Hepatoblastoma","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Polycythemia Vera Study Group founded","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Louis Wasserman's cooperative group runs the first randomised PV trials, comparing phlebotomy, radiophosphorus and chlorambucil, and shows the leukaemia ri...","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Oncology founded","note":"S. Karger AG","from":"oncology-karger","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Early integrated palliative care","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"palliative-care","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1967","precision":"year","title":"Hospice and end-of-life care","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hospice-end-of-life","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1968","kind":"year","name":"1968 in oncology","aka":["1968"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1968: 6 entries, 2 companies founded, 2 landmarks and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"6 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1968: 2 companies founded, 2 landmarks and 2 technologies.\n\nOf those, 6 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1967","1969"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1968,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"Loccioni founded","note":"Angeli di Rosora, Ancona","from":"loccioni","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"Lupin founded","note":"Mumbai","from":"lupin","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"First reports of lymphoma after kidney transplantation","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Doak and colleagues; Penn's registry (1969) establishes the association with immunosuppression.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"Kleinsasser describes salivary duct carcinoma as a breast-like tumour of the parotid","note":"Salivary duct carcinoma","from":"salivary-duct-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"Gamma Knife","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gamma-knife","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1968","precision":"year","title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, linac SRS)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiosurgery-srs","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1969","kind":"year","name":"1969 in oncology","aka":["1969"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1969: 10 entries, 5 landmarks, 3 approvals, 1 company founded and 1 journal founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"10 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1969: 5 landmarks, 3 approvals, 1 company founded and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 10 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1968","1970"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1969,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3') approved in US","note":"Cytarabine approved for acute leukaemia; 7+3 established 1973","from":"cytarabine-7-3","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Cytarabine approved in US","note":"Remission induction in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia; ALL; blast-phase CML; intrathecal therapy of meningeal leukaemia","from":"cytarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Procarbazine approved in US","note":"Stage III and IV Hodgkin disease in combination (MOPP)","from":"procarbazine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Venrock founded","note":"Palo Alto, CA","from":"venrock","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Leksell treats the first acoustic neuroma with the Gamma Knife","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":["gamma-knife","radiosurgery-srs"]},{"group":"history","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan and prednisone become the first standard for myeloma","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["melphalan","prednisone"]},{"group":"history","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS-1) begins","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma). Cooperative-group model that raised survival from ~30% to ~90% over five trials.","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Rosai and Dorfman define sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Rosai and Dorfman describe sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. Destombes had reported cases in 1965.","from":"histiocytoses","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1969","precision":"year","title":"Journal of surgical oncology founded","note":"Wiley","from":"journal-of-surgical-oncology","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1970","kind":"year","name":"1970 in oncology","aka":["1970"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1970: 14 entries, 5 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 technologies and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"14 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1970: 5 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 technologies, 1 company founded and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 14 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1969","1971"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1970,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Floxuridine approved in US","note":"Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver, by continuous regional intra-arterial infusion","from":"floxuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Fluorouracil (5-FU) approved in US","note":"Topical: actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma","from":"fluorouracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Mitotane approved in US","note":"Inoperable adrenocortical carcinoma (functional and non-functional)","from":"mitotane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Plicamycin approved in US","note":"Disseminated testicular tumours; hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria of malignancy. Discontinued in 2000","from":"plicamycin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"GOG Foundation founded","note":"Philadelphia, PA","from":"gog-foundation","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma (Jaffe, Rosen) turns a 20% survival into 60%","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Amputation alone cures <20%; lung metastases the rule","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Enzinger describes epithelioid sarcoma","note":"Epithelioid sarcoma. Named for its resemblance to carcinoma and granuloma.","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Mitotane approved in the United States","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Therapy-related leukaemia recognised after alkylating agents for Hodgkin lymphoma","note":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-secondary","refs":["secondary-malignancy"]},{"group":"paper","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"The concept of immunological surveillance","note":"Burnet FM. Progress in experimental tumor research.","from":"paper-burnet-prog-exp-tumor-res","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pkpd-modelling","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Radiosensitisers","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiosensitisers","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1970","precision":"year","title":"Total body and total marrow irradiation","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"total-body-irradiation","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1971","kind":"year","name":"1971 in oncology","aka":["1971"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1971: 14 entries, 7 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"14 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1971: 7 landmarks, 2 approvals, 2 papers, 1 company founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 14 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1970","1972"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1971,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Megestrol acetate approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma of the breast or endometrium","from":"megestrol","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD) approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of advanced endometrial and breast cancer (megestrol)","from":"megestrol-progestins","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"IRE (Institut national des Radioéléments) founded","note":"Fleurus","from":"ire","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"DES linked to vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma","note":"Vaginal cancer. Herbst and colleagues (NEJM 1971) report the association; DES is withdrawn for pregnancy the same year.","from":"vaginal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Evans staging of neuroblastoma introduced; stage IV-S recognised as regressing disease","note":"Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)","from":"neuroblastoma-low-risk","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Herbst links vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in young women to prenatal DES exposure; the FDA advises against DES in pregnancy","note":"Vaginal adenocarcinoma (including DES-associated clear cell adenocarcinoma)","from":"vaginal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Knudson's two-hit hypothesis","note":"Retinoblastoma. Statistical analysis of hereditary vs sporadic retinoblastoma predicts tumour-suppressor genes.","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Progestins approved for advanced endometrial cancer","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["megestrol-progestins"]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Progestins approved for advanced endometrial cancer","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["megestrol-progestins"]},{"group":"history","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Spontaneous regression of stage IV-S (now MS) disease recognised (Evans staging)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["inrg-staging"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Japanese journal of clinical oncology founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"japanese-journal-of-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumour appearance in young women","note":"Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-herbst-diethylstilbestrol-vaginal-adenocarcinoma-nejm-1971","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma","note":"Knudson AG. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-knudson-proc-natl-acad-sci-u-s-a","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1971","precision":"year","title":"CT (computed tomography)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ct","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1972","kind":"year","name":"1972 in oncology","aka":["1972"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1972: 9 entries, 5 landmarks, 2 companies founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"9 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1972: 5 landmarks, 2 companies founded, 1 journal founded and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 9 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1971","1973"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1972,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Eurofarma founded","note":"São Paulo","from":"eurofarma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Sofinnova Partners founded","note":"Paris","from":"sofinnova-partners","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Arrigoni defines atypical carcinoid as a separate entity","note":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","from":"lung-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue (Jaffe) and adriamycin (Cortes) show activity","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":["methotrexate","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS-I) begins","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma. Establishes VAC and cooperative-group model.","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"t(8;14) translocation identified (Manolov and Manolova)","note":"Burkitt lymphoma","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Toker describes 'trabecular carcinoma of the skin'","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"Gynecologic Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"gynecologic-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1972","precision":"year","title":"CT, MRI and PET scanner manufacturing","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"medical-imaging-scanner-manufacturing","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1973","kind":"year","name":"1973 in oncology","aka":["1973"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1973: 10 entries, 8 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"10 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1973: 8 landmarks, 1 approval and 1 company founded.\n\nOf those, 10 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1972","1974"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1973,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"Bleomycin approved in US","note":"Squamous cell carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular carcinoma, malignant pleural effusion","from":"bleomycin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"Hanmi Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Seoul","from":"hanmi-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"7+3 induction defined","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Cytarabine 7 days + daunorubicin 3 days (Yates et al.); still the intensive backbone.","from":"aml","refs":["cytarabine-7-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"7+3 regimen","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"Charing Cross hCG surveillance service established","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Model for centralised GTD registries.","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"Charing Cross Hospital centralises registration and treatment in the United Kingdom","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["tumour-markers"]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"Langerhans cell identified as the lesional cell","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Nezelof finds Birbeck granules in the lesions.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"t(9;22) translocation","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Janet Rowley shows the Philadelphia chromosome is a reciprocal translocation.","from":"cml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"VA Lung Study Group defines limited vs extensive stage","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["limited-extensive-stage"]},{"group":"history","date":"1973","precision":"year","title":"WHO recognises clear cell carcinoma as an ovarian type","note":"Clear cell ovarian cancer","from":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1974","kind":"year","name":"1974 in oncology","aka":["1974"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1974: 16 entries, 8 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals and 1 paper. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"16 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1974: 8 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 16 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1973","1975"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1974,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Doxorubicin approved in US","note":"Broad: sarcomas, lymphomas, leukaemias, breast, and other solid tumours","from":"doxorubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Mitomycin C approved in US","note":"Disseminated gastric or pancreatic adenocarcinoma (with other agents)","from":"mitomycin","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Einhorn introduces cisplatin (PVB)","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours. Cure rates in metastatic disease jump from ~10% to ~60-70%.","from":"testicular","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix described as a distinct tumour","note":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","from":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"IESS-I: adjuvant VAC + doxorubicin raises survival from ~10% to ~60%","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":["vincristine","doxorubicin","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Karapandzic describes the neurovascular flap that keeps the mouth working","note":"Lip cancer","from":"lip-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Kyle defines plasma cell leukaemia at 20 percent or 2 x 10^9/L circulating plasma cells","note":"Plasma cell leukaemia","from":"plasma-cell-leukaemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"MD Anderson gives chemotherapy before surgery in inflammatory breast cancer","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":["gabriel-hortobagyi","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Nigro reports complete responses to fluorouracil, mitomycin and radiotherapy, sparing the anus","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["fluorouracil","mitomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Nigro: chemoradiation instead of surgery","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma). Three patients with complete response to 5-FU, mitomycin and radiation; abdominoperineal resection abandoned as first treatment.","from":"anal","refs":["fluorouracil","mitomycin"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Cancer treatment reviews founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"cancer-treatment-reviews","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Cell founded","note":"Cell Press (Elsevier)","from":"cell","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy founded","note":"Gan To Kagaku Ryohosha","from":"gan-to-kagaku-ryoho","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Radiation and environmental biophysics founded","note":"Springer (Springer-Verlag)","from":"radiation-and-environmental-biophysics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Seminars in oncology founded","note":"Elsevier (W. B. Saunders)","from":"seminars-in-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1974","precision":"year","title":"Tumor development after 3-methylcholanthrene in immunologically deficient athymic-nude mice","note":"Stutman O. Science.","from":"paper-stutman-science","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1975","kind":"year","name":"1975 in oncology","aka":["1975"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1975: 17 entries, 8 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 2 papers listed on people's pages and 2 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"17 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1975: 8 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 2 papers listed on people's pages, 2 technologies, 1 approval and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 17 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1974","1976"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1975,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Dacarbazine approved in US","note":"Metastatic malignant melanoma; Hodgkin disease (second line, combination)","from":"dacarbazine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"ABVD introduced (Bonadonna); becomes global standard by the 1990s","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"ABVD introduced in Milan and later shown superior to MOPP","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["abvd-beacopp","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Bismuth and Corlette classify perihilar tumours by ductal extension","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Bonadonna introduces ABVD in Milan","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["abvd-beacopp","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Dacarbazine approved: about one in ten tumours respond","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["dacarbazine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Dacarbazine: ~10% response, standard for 35 years","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Mycosis fungoides staging (TNMB)","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Rai staging system","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Clinical staging by lymphocytosis, nodes, organomegaly, cytopenias; Binet system follows in 1981.","from":"cll","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Cancer letters founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"cancer-letters","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"European Urology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"european-urology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"ijrobp","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells","note":"Mintz B, Illmensee K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-mintz-proc-natl-acad-sci-u-s-a","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"\"Natural\" killer cells in the mouse. I. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells","note":"European Journal of Immunology","from":"rolf-kiessling","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"Genetic control of cell size at cell division in yeast","note":"Nature","from":"paul-nurse","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"PET (positron emission tomography)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pet","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1975","precision":"year","title":"The four Rs and accelerated repopulation","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"fractionation-repopulation-models","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1976","kind":"year","name":"1976 in oncology","aka":["1976"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1976: 22 entries, 11 landmarks, 3 companies founded, 3 papers and 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"22 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1976: 11 landmarks, 3 companies founded, 3 papers, 3 technologies, 1 approval and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 22 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1975","1977"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1976,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Lomustine (CCNU) approved in US","note":"Brain tumours after surgery/radiation; Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"lomustine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"AIO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie) founded","note":"Berlin","from":"aio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"DAHANCA founded","note":"Denmark (seat not stated)","from":"dahanca","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Danish Breast Cancer Group founded","note":"Copenhagen","from":"dbcg","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Bagshawe develops the first prognostic scoring system at Charing Cross","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"CHOP regimen introduced","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone becomes the backbone for aggressive lymphoma.","from":"dlbcl","refs":["doxorubicin","cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin transforms ovarian cancer chemotherapy","note":"Ovarian cancer. First platinum responses in refractory disease; carboplatin follows in the 1980s.","from":"ovarian","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Kadish staging system published","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Kurman, Scully and Norris describe placental-site trophoblastic tumour","note":"Placental-site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","from":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Morales reports intravesical BCG","note":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","from":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["bcg-and-intravesical-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Morales reports intravesical BCG for bladder cancer","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["bcg-intravesical"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Nevin stages gallbladder cancer by depth of invasion","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Sixty-six cases and 399 from the literature; essentially all found incidentally at gallstone surgery.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-nevin-gallbladder-carcinoma-staging-cancer-1976","tnm-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Reed describes acral lentiginous melanoma as a distinct subtype","note":"Acral melanoma","from":"acral-melanoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen shown active in men","note":"Male breast cancer. Early case series establish tamoxifen as the endocrine backbone.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Current problems in cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"current-problems-in-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Carcinoma of the gallbladder: staging, treatment, and prognosis","note":"Nevin JE, Moran TJ, Kay S, King R. Cancer.","from":"paper-nevin-gallbladder-carcinoma-staging-cancer-1976","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Kadish staging: olfactory neuroblastoma, a clinical analysis of 17 cases","note":"Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC. Cancer.","from":"paper-kadish-olfactory-neuroblastoma-staging-cancer-1976","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations","note":"Nowell PC. Science.","from":"paper-nowell-science","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"BCG manufacturing and the bladder cancer BCG shortage","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bcg-vaccine-manufacturing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Clonal evolution and branching models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"clonal-evolution-models","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1976","precision":"year","title":"Cyclotron isotope production (F-18, Ga-68, Cu-64, Zr-89, At-211)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cyclotron-isotope-production","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1977","kind":"year","name":"1977 in oncology","aka":["1977"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1977: 24 entries, 11 landmarks, 5 technologies, 3 companies founded and 2 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"24 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1977: 11 landmarks, 5 technologies, 3 companies founded, 2 approvals, 2 journals founded and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 24 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1976","1978"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1977,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Carmustine approved in US","note":"Brain tumours, multiple myeloma, relapsed Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (BiCNU)","from":"carmustine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen approved in US","note":"Advanced breast cancer","from":"tamoxifen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group founded","note":"Leicester","from":"cclg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Glenmark Pharmaceuticals (Ichnos Glenmark Innovation) founded","note":"Mumbai","from":"glenmark","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Intas Pharmaceuticals (Accord Healthcare) founded","note":"Ahmedabad","from":"intas","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Angervall, Kindblom and Merck describe myxofibrosarcoma","note":"Myxofibrosarcoma","from":"myxofibrosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin combination chemotherapy cures metastatic disease (Einhorn)","note":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","from":"non-seminoma","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin combinations cure disseminated germ cell tumours","note":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour. Einhorn's PVB regimen (cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin) turned a usually fatal cancer into a curable one.","from":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","refs":["cisplatin","vinblastine","bleomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin combinations cure disseminated germ cell tumours","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). Einhorn's PVB regimen in testicular cancer, later adapted to children.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Einhorn's cisplatin combination cures metastatic germ cell tumours","note":"Seminoma","from":"seminoma","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"First allogeneic transplants cure refractory leukaemia","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Thomas (Seattle) reports long-term survival after HLA-matched sibling transplant; Nobel Prize 1990.","from":"aml","refs":["allogeneic-hsct"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Horie coins the term pancreatoblastoma for the childhood tumour with squamoid nests","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate first described","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":["sclc"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"t(15;17) translocation identified","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":["cytogenetics"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen approved","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer. The first targeted cancer drug; later shown to reduce mortality by a third over 15 years.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen approved","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Leukemia research founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"leukemia-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Oncology nursing forum founded","note":"Oncology Nursing Society","from":"oncology-nursing-forum","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"WHO Essential Medicines List for cancer","note":"International, guidance.","from":"who-essential-medicines","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Endocrine therapy (SERMs, AIs, SERDs)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"endocrine-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"MRI","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mri","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Norton-Simon hypothesis and dose-dense chemotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"norton-simon-hypothesis","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"PSK (Krestin) mushroom polysaccharide as adjuvant therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"psk-krestin-adjuvant","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1977","precision":"year","title":"Psycho-oncology and distress screening","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"psycho-oncology","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1978","kind":"year","name":"1978 in oncology","aka":["1978"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1978: 13 entries, 5 companies founded, 3 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"13 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1978: 5 companies founded, 3 journals founded, 2 approvals, 2 landmarks and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 13 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1977","1979"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1978,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Bromocriptine approved in US","note":"Hyperprolactinaemia-associated dysfunction including prolactin-secreting adenomas; acromegaly; Parkinson's disease","from":"bromocriptine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin approved in US","note":"Testicular and ovarian cancer; bladder cancer 1993","from":"cisplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Biocon founded","note":"Bengaluru","from":"biocon","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Biogen founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"biogen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Breast Cancer Trials founded","note":"Newcastle, NSW","from":"breast-cancer-trials","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"German Hodgkin Study Group founded","note":"Cologne","from":"ghsg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Hikma Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"London","from":"hikma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Pylorus-preserving Whipple operation described","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Traverso and Longmire, two patients; their 1980 follow-up of 18 found every patient had exocrine insufficiency and needed enzyme replacement.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-traverso-longmire-pylorus-preservation-pancreaticoduodenectomy-sgo-1978","whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Radiotherapy proven to extend survival (BTSG)","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma. Whole-brain then involved-field radiation becomes standard.","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology founded","note":"Springer","from":"cancer-chemotherapy-and-pharmacology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Cancer nursing founded","note":"Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)","from":"cancer-nursing","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Nutrition and cancer founded","note":"Routledge (Taylor & Francis)","from":"nutrition-and-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1978","precision":"year","title":"Preservation of the pylorus in pancreaticoduodenectomy","note":"Traverso LW, Longmire WP. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics.","from":"paper-traverso-longmire-pylorus-preservation-pancreaticoduodenectomy-sgo-1978","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1979","kind":"year","name":"1979 in oncology","aka":["1979"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1979: 9 entries, 3 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"9 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1979: 3 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 paper listed on a person's page and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 9 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1978","1980"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1979,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Daunorubicin approved in US","note":"Remission induction in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (adults) and acute lymphocytic leukaemia (adults and children), in combination","from":"daunorubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Scandinavian Sarcoma Group founded","note":"Lund","from":"scandinavian-sarcoma-group","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin-based therapy cures some 'poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary' (Greco, Hainsworth)","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Recognition of the extragonadal germ cell subset.","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"EMA-CO introduced by Bagshawe for high-risk disease","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":["etoposide","methotrexate","dactinomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Rosen's T-10: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":["limb-salvage-surgery"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-cancer-research-and-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi founded","note":"Chinese Medical Association","from":"chinese-journal-of-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic cancer","note":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics","from":"ajaikumar-b-s","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1979","precision":"year","title":"Goldie-Coldman model of resistance","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"goldie-coldman-model","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1980","kind":"year","name":"1980 in oncology","aka":["1980"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1980: 22 entries, 9 landmarks, 9 technologies, 2 companies founded and 1 approval. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"22 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1980: 9 landmarks, 9 technologies, 2 companies founded, 1 approval and 1 journal founded.\n\nOf those, 22 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1979","1981"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1980,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Aminoglutethimide approved in US","note":"Cushing's syndrome (used off label as medical adrenalectomy in breast and prostate cancer)","from":"aminoglutethimide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Atlas Venture founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"atlas-venture","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"IGEA founded","note":"Carpi, Modena","from":"igea","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Blast crisis defined; median survival months with chemotherapy","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":["blasts"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin and doxorubicin shown active; survival rises from ~30% to ~70%","note":"Hepatoblastoma","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":["cisplatin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures young men with midline poorly differentiated carcinoma, defining the first favourable subset","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","from":"cup-favourable-subsets","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin/5-FU chemoradiation defined (RTOG 85-01 reported 1992)","note":"Oesophageal cancer. Definitive chemoradiation shown superior to radiation alone; 5-year OS 26% vs 0%.","from":"esophageal","refs":["imrt-igrt","platinum"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"EBV linked to PTLD","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Hanto and colleagues show EBV in lymphoproliferations of transplant recipients and regression with reduced immunosuppression.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"High-dose methotrexate shown active in PCNSL","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Kyle and Greipp define smouldering multiple myeloma","note":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","from":"smouldering-myeloma","refs":["smoldering-myeloma"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Limb-salvage surgery shown equivalent to amputation (Rosenberg, NCI)","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["limb-salvage-surgery"]},{"group":"history","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma of thymic origin first described as a distinct clinical entity","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Carcinogenesis founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"carcinogenesis","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic ultrasound and EBUS systems","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"endoscopic-ultrasound-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Generic sterile injectables (the 2023 platinum shortage)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"sterile-injectable-generics-manufacturing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"High-dose-rate brachytherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hdr-brachytherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Hyperthermia systems (BSD-2000, EHY-2000, superficial and interstitial applicators)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hyperthermia-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Limb-salvage surgery and endoprosthetic reconstruction","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"limb-salvage-surgery","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose-rate seed brachytherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ldr-seed-brachytherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Oncology information and record-and-verify systems (ARIA, MOSAIQ)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"oncology-information-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"The linear-quadratic model and fractionation","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"linear-quadratic-model","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1980","precision":"year","title":"Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tace","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1981","kind":"year","name":"1981 in oncology","aka":["1981"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1981: 11 entries, 5 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"11 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1981: 5 landmarks, 3 journals founded, 1 approval, 1 company founded and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 11 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1980","1982"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1981,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Estramustine approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of metastatic or progressive prostate cancer","from":"estramustine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Natco Pharma founded","note":"Hyderabad","from":"natco","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group: fluorouracil chemoradiation lengthens survival over radiotherapy alone in locally advanced disease","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["fluorouracil","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"KS in young gay men heralds the AIDS epidemic (CDC MMWR)","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Masaoka staging system","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Refined by Koga in 1994.","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Masaoka staging system published, later refined by Koga","note":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","from":"thymoma","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"World Health Organization adopts phyllodes tumour with benign, borderline and malignant grades","note":"Phyllodes tumour of the breast","from":"phyllodes-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Anticancer research founded","note":"International Institute of Anticancer Research","from":"anticancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Breast cancer research and treatment founded","note":"Springer","from":"breast-cancer-research-and-treatment","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Cancer treatment and research founded","note":"Springer","from":"cancer-treatment-and-research","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1981","precision":"year","title":"Masaoka staging: follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages","note":"Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Cancer.","from":"paper-masaoka-thymoma-clinical-staging-cancer-1981","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1982","kind":"year","name":"1982 in oncology","aka":["1982"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1982: 27 entries, 16 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"27 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1982: 16 landmarks, 5 journals founded, 2 approvals, 2 papers listed on people's pages, 1 company founded and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 27 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1981","1983"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1982,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Isotretinoin approved in US","note":"Severe recalcitrant nodular acne (use in high-risk neuroblastoma is off-label but standard)","from":"isotretinoin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Streptozocin approved in US","note":"Metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas","from":"streptozocin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"GIMEMA founded","note":"Rome","from":"gimema","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant radiotherapy improves local control after limb-sparing surgery (NCI randomised trial)","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"FAB classification includes CMML within MDS","note":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms","from":"cmml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"FAB classification of MDS","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Bennett and colleagues define refractory anaemia, RARS, RAEB, RAEB-T and CMML.","from":"mds","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Heald describes total mesorectal excision, cutting local recurrence to under 10 percent","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["total-mesorectal-excision"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Hendrickson describes uterine papillary serous carcinoma as a distinct aggressive type","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"KRAS identified as a human oncogene","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Within a decade shown to be mutated in ~90% of pancreatic cancers.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"KRAS identified as a human oncogene","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"KRAS identified as a human oncogene in lung cancer cell lines","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["kras","oncogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Lymphoma recognised as an AIDS-defining illness","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. Aggressive B-cell lymphoma in young men with AIDS reported; added to the CDC case definition in 1985.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"MYC mapped to the translocation breakpoint","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. Dalla-Favera and Taub show MYC is juxtaposed to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus.","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":["myc"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Ohhashi describes mucin-producing pancreatic tumours, later named IPMN","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["endoscopy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Rosenberg NCI trial: limb-sparing surgery plus radiotherapy equals amputation","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["limb-salvage-surgery"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Streptozocin approved for metastatic islet cell carcinoma","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["streptozocin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Total mesorectal excision described","note":"Colorectal cancer. Heald found cancer deposits in the mesorectum several centimetres below the tumour and removed the whole envelope instead of cutting through it; the first 50 cur...","from":"colorectal","refs":["total-mesorectal-excision"]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Weiss and Enzinger define epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma)","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Weiss and Enzinger describe epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","note":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","from":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"American journal of clinical oncology founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"american-journal-of-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy founded","note":"Springer","from":"cancer-immunology-immunotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Cancer metastasis reviews founded","note":"Springer","from":"cancer-metastasis-reviews","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"journal-of-experimental-and-clinical-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute founded","note":"SpringerOpen (Springer Nature)","from":"journal-of-the-egyptian-national-cancer-institute","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: the clue to pelvic recurrence?","note":"Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. British Journal of Surgery.","from":"paper-heald-mesorectum-rectal-cancer-surgery-br-j-surg-1982","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"The National Cancer Chemotherapy Program","note":"Science","from":"emil-frei","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1982","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"ronald-levy","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1983","kind":"year","name":"1983 in oncology","aka":["1983"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1983: 26 entries, 9 landmarks, 9 journals founded, 2 approvals and 2 laws and regulations. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"26 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1983: 9 landmarks, 9 journals founded, 2 approvals, 2 laws and regulations, 1 company founded, 1 paper, 1 paper listed on a person's page and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 26 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1982","1984"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1983,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Etoposide approved in US","note":"Refractory testicular tumours; small-cell lung cancer (1986)","from":"etoposide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Platinum + etoposide (EP / CE) approved in US","note":"Etoposide approved for SCLC; platinum-etoposide became standard in the 1980s","from":"platinum-etoposide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Sun Pharmaceutical Industries founded","note":"Mumbai","from":"sun-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Bokhman's type I / type II model","note":"Endometrial cancer. Oestrogen-driven low-grade versus non-hormonal high-grade tumours; superseded by molecular classes.","from":"endometrial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Bokhman's type I oestrogen-driven endometrial cancer, the ancestor of this class","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Helicobacter pylori identified (Marshall and Warren)","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer. Later classified as a class I carcinogen (1994); eradication shown to reduce gastric cancer incidence.","from":"gastric","refs":["chemoprevention"]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"High-dose melphalan with autologous marrow rescue (McElwain)","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Isaacson and Wright describe MALT lymphoma","note":"Marginal zone lymphoma","from":"marginal-zone-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Large gallstones linked to cancer","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Diehl's case-control study finds an odds ratio of 10.1 for stones of 3 cm or more.","from":"gallbladder","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"McElwain: high-dose melphalan produces remissions in myeloma","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["melphalan"]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"MYCN amplification linked to aggressive disease (Brodeur, Schwab)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["mycn-amplification"]},{"group":"history","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"zur Hausen identifies HPV16 in cervical cancer","note":"Cervical cancer. HPV18 follows in 1984; Nobel Prize 2008.","from":"cervical","refs":["dkfz","hpv-vaccine"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Cancer investigation founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"cancer-investigation","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Clinical & experimental metastasis founded","note":"Springer","from":"clinical-and-experimental-metastasis","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"critical-reviews-in-oncology-hematology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Hematological oncology founded","note":"Wiley","from":"hematological-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology founded","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","from":"jco","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Journal of neuro-oncology founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-neuro-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Journal of psychosocial oncology founded","note":"Routledge (Taylor & Francis)","from":"journal-of-psychosocial-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Nature Biotechnology founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-biotechnology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Radiotherapy and Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"radiotherapy-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Orphan Drug Act 1983","note":"United States, statute.","from":"orphan-drug-act","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Orphan drug designation","note":"United States, guidance.","from":"orphan-designation","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts","note":"Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B. Nature.","from":"paper-feinberg-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Molecular cloning of a cDNA specific for the murine p53 cellular tumor antigen","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","from":"moshe-oren","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1983","precision":"year","title":"Autologous stem cell transplant (high-dose therapy)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"autologous-stem-cell-transplant","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1984","kind":"year","name":"1984 in oncology","aka":["1984"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1984: 17 entries, 6 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 journals founded and 2 laws and regulations. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"17 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1984: 6 companies founded, 4 landmarks, 2 journals founded, 2 laws and regulations, 2 papers listed on people's pages and 1 paper.\n\nOf those, 17 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1983","1985"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1984,"events":[{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Active Biotech founded","note":"Lund","from":"active-biotech","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group founded","note":"Vienna","from":"abcsg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Daehwa Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Seoul","from":"daehwa-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Dr. Reddy's Laboratories founded","note":"Hyderabad","from":"dr-reddys","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"iCAD (RadNet) founded","note":"Nashua, NH","from":"icad","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"ICU Medical founded","note":"San Clemente, CA","from":"icu-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Interferon alfa: first effective therapy","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":["interferon-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"t(14;18) links BCL2 to follicular lymphoma","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Tsujimoto and Croce clone the breakpoint; BCL2 becomes the first anti-apoptotic oncogene.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["bcl2"]},{"group":"history","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Taiwan begins universal HBV vaccination","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. Childhood HCC incidence later falls ~70%.","from":"hcc","refs":["hpv-vaccine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Weiss histologic criteria","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology founded","note":"Begell House","from":"journal-of-environmental-pathology-toxicology-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Tumour biology founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"tumour-biology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Hatch-Waxman Act 1984","note":"United States, statute.","from":"hatch-waxman","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"US regulatory exclusivity periods","note":"United States, statute.","from":"us-regulatory-exclusivity","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system","note":"Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM, et al. International journal of cancer.","from":"paper-trojani-int-j-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"An alteration of the human c-abl protein in K562 leukemia cells unmasks associated tyrosine kinase activity","note":"Cell","from":"owen-witte","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1984","precision":"year","title":"Participation of p53 cellular tumour antigen in transformation of normal embryonic cells","note":"Nature","from":"moshe-oren","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1985","kind":"year","name":"1985 in oncology","aka":["1985"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1985: 25 entries, 11 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 3 approvals and 3 technologies. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"25 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1985: 11 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 3 approvals, 3 technologies, 2 companies founded, 1 paper and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 25 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1984","1986"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1985,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Dronabinol approved in US","note":"Nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed conventional antiemetics","from":"dronabinol","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer","from":"leuprolide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Nabilone approved in US","note":"Nausea and vomiting from cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed conventional antiemetics","from":"nabilone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Hologic founded","note":"Marlborough, MA","from":"hologic","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"HOVON founded","note":"Rotterdam","from":"hovon","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"131I-MIBG therapy first used in relapsed neuroblastoma","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["mibg-theranostics"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Bromocriptine and later cabergoline establish medical therapy of prolactinoma","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin plus etoposide becomes the standard chemotherapy","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["platinum-etoposide","cisplatin","etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Iodine-131 MIBG therapy first given for neuroblastoma","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["i131-mibg","mibg-theranostics"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Jennings reviews intracranial germ cell tumours and their site and age patterns","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous)","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"MVAC chemotherapy established for advanced disease","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-06: lumpectomy plus radiotherapy equals mastectomy","note":"Breast cancer (all types)","from":"breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Platinum-etoposide becomes the standard regimen","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"RET proto-oncogene identified; MEN2 germline RET mutations follow (1993)","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["ret"]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Screening mammography makes DCIS common","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Incidence rises several-fold in screened populations.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Thoenes describes chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","note":"Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","from":"chromophobe-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"European journal of surgical oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"european-journal-of-surgical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"International journal of hyperthermia founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"international-journal-of-hyperthermia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Lung cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"lung-cancer-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Seminars in oncology nursing founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"seminars-in-oncology-nursing","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison","note":"Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-moertel-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Etoposide (VP-16-213). Current status of an active anticancer drug","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"peter-odwyer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Cannabinoids for chemotherapy nausea (dronabinol, nabilone, medical cannabis)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cannabinoids-nausea","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"MIBG imaging and 131I-MIBG therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mibg-theranostics","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1985","precision":"year","title":"Tumour control and normal tissue complication probability (TCP and NTCP)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tumour-control-probability-models","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1986","kind":"year","name":"1986 in oncology","aka":["1986"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1986: 16 entries, 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 1 approval and 1 company founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"16 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1986: 8 landmarks, 4 journals founded, 1 approval, 1 company founded, 1 paper and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 16 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1985","1987"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1986,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Interferon alfa-2a/2b approved in US","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"interferon-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"ARCH Venture Partners founded","note":"Chicago, IL","from":"arch-venture-partners","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"EMA-CO reported as a regimen for high-risk disease","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["etoposide","methotrexate","dactinomycin","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Frierson and colleagues define sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma","note":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","from":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Frierson describes sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"ISSVD recognises vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia as the precursor lesion","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"PSA test approved for monitoring; screening spreads in the 1990s","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["psa"]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Randomised proof that adjuvant chemotherapy cures (Link, NEJM; MIOS)","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"RB1 cloned (Friend, Weinberg, Dryja)","note":"Retinoblastoma. The first tumour-suppressor gene identified.","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":["tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"The circumferential resection margin explains local recurrence","note":"Colorectal cancer. Quirke sliced 52 rectal specimens transversely: 14 had tumour at the lateral margin and 12 of those recurred locally, which redefined recurrence as a problem of...","from":"colorectal","refs":["circumferential-resection-margin"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Journal of cancer education founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-cancer-education","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Pediatric hematology and oncology founded","note":"Taylor & Francis (Informa UK)","from":"pediatric-hematology-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie founded","note":"Springer Nature (Springer Medizin)","from":"strahlentherapie-und-onkologie","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"The International journal of biological markers founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"international-journal-of-biological-markers","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing","note":"Dvorak HF. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-dvorak-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1986","precision":"year","title":"Cancer pain management","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pain-management","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1987","kind":"year","name":"1987 in oncology","aka":["1987"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1987: 30 entries, 14 landmarks, 7 journals founded, 4 papers and 2 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"30 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1987: 14 landmarks, 7 journals founded, 4 papers, 2 companies founded, 1 approval, 1 law or regulation and 1 paper listed on a person's page.\n\nOf those, 30 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1986","1988"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1987,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Mitoxantrone approved in US","note":"Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in adults (combination); later hormone-refractory prostate cancer pain (with corticosteroids) and multiple sclerosis","from":"mitoxantrone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"ANSTO (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation) founded","note":"Lucas Heights, Sydney","from":"ansto","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Canfield Scientific founded","note":"Parsippany, NJ","from":"canfield-scientific","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"ATRT described as distinct from medulloblastoma","note":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (ATRT). Rorke and colleagues recognise the rhabdoid tumour of the CNS.","from":"atrt","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"BEP becomes the standard (etoposide replaces vinblastine)","note":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","from":"non-seminoma","refs":["etoposide","bleomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"BEP replaces PVB","note":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour. Etoposide in place of vinblastine gave equal cure with less neurotoxicity in the Indiana and SECSG trials.","from":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","refs":["etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"BEP replaces PVB (Williams, NEJM)","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours. Etoposide substitutes vinblastine with better efficacy and less neurotoxicity.","from":"testicular","refs":["etoposide","bleomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin-5-FU induction and larynx preservation trials begin","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. VA Larynx study establishes organ preservation with chemoradiation.","from":"head-and-neck","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Extracorporeal photopheresis approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["methoxsalen-ecp"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"HER2 amplification found in 30 percent of breast cancers and tied to early relapse","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Slamon and colleagues, 189 tumours. With the oestrogen and progesterone receptor assays it completed the three tests whose absence defines tri...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-slamon-her2-amplification-science-1987","her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Histiocyte Society founded; disease renamed Langerhans cell histiocytosis","note":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","from":"lch-single-system","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Lewis-negative patients shown unable to make CA 19-9","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Tempero and colleagues, 20 patients: a normal marker never rules the cancer out.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-tempero-ca19-9-lewis-antigens-cancer-res-1987","ca19-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Octreotide approved","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Prostate-specific antigen becomes a marker","note":"Prostate cancer. Stamey measured the antigen in 2,200 samples from 699 patients: it tracked tumour volume, fell to undetectable after prostatectomy with a half-life of 2.2 days, an...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-stamey-psa-serum-marker-nejm-1987"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Slamon shows HER2 amplification marks aggressive disease, and a drug target","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer. Science paper identifying HER2/neu amplification in 25-30% of breast cancers.","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Slamon: HER2 amplification marks aggressive disease","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"The 4 mm margin is measured rather than agreed","note":"Skin cancer (all types). 117 basal cell carcinomas marked in 2 mm increments before Mohs surgery showed that 4 mm clears more than 95 per cent of tumours under 2 cm; the 1992 compa...","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["surgical-margins-keratinocyte-cancer"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Acta oncologica founded","note":"Medical Journals Sweden AB (MJS Publishing)","from":"acta-oncologica","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Genes & Development founded","note":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","from":"genes-and-development","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Hematology/oncology clinics of North America founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"hematology-oncology-clinics-of-north-america","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"In vivo founded","note":"International Institute of Anticancer Research (IIAR)","from":"in-vivo","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Leukemia founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Oncogene founded","note":"Springer Nature (Nature Portfolio)","from":"oncogene-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Oncology (Williston Park) founded","note":"MJH Life Sciences","from":"oncology-williston-park","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Expanded access (compassionate use)","note":"United States, regulation.","from":"expanded-access","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate","note":"Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-stamey-psa-serum-marker-nejm-1987","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Relationship of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and Lewis antigens in pancreatic cancer","note":"Tempero MA, Uchida E, Takasaki H, et al. Cancer Research.","from":"paper-tempero-ca19-9-lewis-antigens-cancer-res-1987","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Slamon 1987: HER2 gene amplification marks an aggressive form of breast cancer","note":"Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, et al. Science.","from":"paper-slamon-her2-amplification-science-1987","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of disseminated germ cell tumours with cisplatin, bleomycin and either vinblastine or etoposide","note":"Williams SD, Birch R, Einhorn LH, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-williams-bep-vs-pvb-nejm-1987","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1987","precision":"year","title":"Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene","note":"Science","from":"dennis-slamon","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1988","kind":"year","name":"1988 in oncology","aka":["1988"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1988: 26 entries, 11 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 companies founded and 3 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"26 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1988: 11 landmarks, 4 approvals, 3 companies founded, 3 papers, 3 papers listed on people's pages and 2 journals founded.\n\nOf those, 26 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1987","1989"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1988,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Ifosfamide approved in US","note":"Germ cell testicular cancer; widely used off-label in sarcoma","from":"ifosfamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Interferon alfa-2a/2b approved in US","note":"AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma","from":"interferon-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Mesna approved in US","note":"Prophylaxis of ifosfamide-induced haemorrhagic cystitis (oral tablets 2002)","from":"mesna","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) approved in US","note":"Carcinoid syndrome symptoms (octreotide)","from":"octreotide-lanreotide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"AngioDynamics founded","note":"Latham, NY","from":"angiodynamics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Oncotherm founded","note":"Troisdorf","from":"oncotherm","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Telik founded","note":"Palo Alto, CA","from":"telik","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"All-trans retinoic acid produces remissions in Shanghai: the first differentiation therapy","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":["tretinoin-atra"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"ATRA induces differentiation in APL","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Shanghai group shows all-trans retinoic acid remissions; arsenic follows in the 1990s. First differentiation therapy.","from":"aml","refs":["differentiation-syndrome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine chemotherapy reported at the NIH","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["cyclophosphamide","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Hyams grading of esthesioneuroblastoma","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma)","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Hyams grading system introduced","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"KRAS codon 12 mutations in 21 of 22 pancreatic cancers","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Almoguera and Perucho, by polymerase chain reaction; the most uniform driver in any common cancer.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-almoguera-kras-codon-12-pancreatic-cell-1988","kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"KRAS mutations found in almost all pancreatic adenocarcinomas (Almoguera and Perucho)","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["kras","oncogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Octreotide approved for carcinoid syndrome","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Octreotide approved for carcinoid syndrome symptoms","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Pleuropulmonary blastoma described as a distinct entity","note":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours). Manivel and colleagues separate PPB from adult pulmonary blastoma; the International PPB Reg...","from":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"The genetic model of colorectal tumourigenesis","note":"Colorectal cancer. Four alterations measured across 172 specimens accumulate in step with progression: ras in 58% of adenomas over 1 cm, 18q loss in 73% of carcinomas, 17p loss alm...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988","apc","kras"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Klinická onkologie founded","note":"Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkyně (Care Comm s.r.o.)","from":"klinicka-onkologie","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Molecular carcinogenesis founded","note":"Wiley","from":"molecular-carcinogenesis","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development","note":"Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-vogelstein-genetic-alterations-colorectal-tumor-development-nejm-1988","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes","note":"Almoguera C, Shibata D, Forrester K, et al. Cell.","from":"paper-almoguera-kras-codon-12-pancreatic-cell-1988","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"The hazard of accelerated tumor clonogen repopulation during radiotherapy","note":"Withers HR, Taylor JM, Maciejewski B. Acta oncologica.","from":"paper-withers-acta-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"A Letter from Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross","note":"Journal of Palliative Care","from":"elisabeth-kubler-ross","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells: cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement","note":"Cell","from":"giulio-draetta","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1988","precision":"year","title":"Human cdc2 protein kinase is a major cell-cycle regulated tyrosine kinase substrate","note":"Nature","from":"giulio-draetta","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1989","kind":"year","name":"1989 in oncology","aka":["1989"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1989: 30 entries, 6 approvals, 6 journals founded, 5 landmarks and 5 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"30 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1989: 6 approvals, 6 journals founded, 5 landmarks, 5 papers listed on people's pages, 4 papers, 3 companies founded and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 29 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1988","1990"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1989,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin approved in US","note":"Ovarian cancer (now broad use)","from":"carboplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Epoetin alfa approved in US","note":"Anaemia of chronic kidney disease","from":"epoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Flutamide approved in US","note":"Locally advanced (B2 to C) and metastatic (D2) prostate cancer in combination with an LHRH agonist","from":"flutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression) approved in US","note":"Advanced breast cancer (goserelin); prostate cancer","from":"goserelin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists approved in US","note":"Depot formulation (Lupron Depot)","from":"leuprolide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Vinorelbine approved in EU","note":"NSCLC, metastatic breast cancer","from":"vinorelbine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Idera Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"idera-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Ionis Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Carlsbad, CA","from":"ionis","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"TROG Cancer Research founded","note":"Newcastle, NSW","from":"trog","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"BEP ×3 sufficient for good-risk disease (Einhorn)","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours","from":"testicular","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin approved; platinum-free interval emerges as the guide to re-treatment","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"CCG-943: chemotherapy adds to radiotherapy in childhood high-grade glioma","note":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma). Sposto and colleagues, the first randomised evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy in children.","from":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"HHV-8 and EBV linked to AIDS lymphomas","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. EBV in CNS lymphoma; HHV-8 (KSHV) identified in 1994 and linked to primary effusion lymphoma in 1995.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":["ebv-term"]},{"group":"history","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"US EPA asbestos ban partly overturned (1991); many countries ban asbestos over the following decades","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Clinical oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"clinical-oncology-rcr","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Critical reviews in oncogenesis founded","note":"Begell House","from":"critical-reviews-in-oncogenesis","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Current opinion in oncology founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"current-opinion-in-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Genes, chromosomes & cancer founded","note":"Wiley","from":"genes-chromosomes-and-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Head & neck founded","note":"Wiley","from":"head-and-neck-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Leukemia & lymphoma founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"leukemia-and-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function","note":"Calvert AH, Newell DR, Gumbrell LA, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-calvert-j-clin-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","note":"Gross G, Waks T, Eshhar Z. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-gross-eshhar-chimeric-receptor-pnas-1989","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Slamon 1989: HER2/neu in human breast and ovarian cancer","note":"Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, et al. Science.","from":"paper-slamon-her2-breast-ovarian-science-1989","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889","note":"Paget S. Cancer metastasis reviews.","from":"paper-paget-cancer-metastasis-rev","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Bone marrow autotransplantation for solid tumors--prospects.","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"emil-frei","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia","note":"Nature","from":"judah-folkman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"The Purine Path to Chemotherapy","note":"Science","from":"gertrude-elion","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"The Purine Path to Chemotherapy (Nobel Lecture)","note":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English","from":"gertrude-elion","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1989","precision":"year","title":"Tumor necrosis factor: still a promising agent.","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"emil-frei","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1989-03-03","precision":"day","title":"Carboplatin: approval (US)","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"carboplatin","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1990","kind":"year","name":"1990 in oncology","aka":["1990"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1990: 45 entries, 23 landmarks, 8 technologies, 4 journals founded and 3 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"45 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1990: 23 landmarks, 8 technologies, 4 journals founded, 3 approvals, 3 companies founded, 2 papers and 2 papers listed on people's pages.\n\nOf those, 45 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1989","1991"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1990,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Altretamine approved in US","note":"Persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer after first-line cisplatin or alkylating agent combinations","from":"altretamine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Idarubicin approved in US","note":"Adult acute myeloid leukaemia, as a component of combination induction chemotherapy","from":"idarubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Intravesical BCG approved in US","note":"Carcinoma in situ of the bladder (TICE BCG)","from":"bcg-intravesical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Insys Therapeutics founded","note":"Chandler, AZ","from":"insys-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"jcog","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Mediso founded","note":"Budapest","from":"mediso","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy becomes standard for stage III; the Lynch genes are cloned","note":"Colorectal cancer. Fluorouracil with levamisole improved survival after resection of node-positive colon cancer (1990); MSH2 and MLH1 were cloned in 1993.","from":"colorectal","refs":["lynch-syndrome","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Anaplastic cancer classified as stage IV in every case","note":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer","from":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Axillary node adenocarcinoma in women recognised as occult breast cancer","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","from":"cup-favourable-subsets","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"BCG approved for carcinoma in situ of the bladder","note":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","from":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["bcg-and-intravesical-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"BCG approved for carcinoma in situ; SWOG maintenance schedule follows (2000)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["bcg-intravesical"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"BCR-ABL causes CML in mice","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Daley, Van Etten and Baltimore demonstrate the fusion kinase is sufficient to cause a CML-like disease.","from":"cml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"BCR-ABL shown to cause leukaemia in mice","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["bcr-abl"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"CALGB 8433: chemotherapy before radiotherapy beats radiotherapy alone in stage III","note":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","refs":["cisplatin","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin-based JEb adopted in the United Kingdom","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). UKCCSG shows carboplatin can replace cisplatin in children with less hearing and kidney toxicity.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy after radiation improves survival (Packer)","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":["cisplatin","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Cladribine: durable remissions after one course (Piro, NEJM)","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":["cladribine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic mucosal resection for early oesophageal cancer (Japan)","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["endoscopic-resection"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin with mitotane (Berruti regimen) developed in Italy","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["etoposide","doxorubicin","cisplatin","mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Japan and Korea institute endoscopic screening programmes","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer. Shift to early-stage diagnosis and 5-year survival >60%.","from":"gastric","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"LMB89 establishes short intensive therapy","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. French SFOP protocol cures most children including stage IV.","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":["cyclophosphamide","methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"NF1 gene cloned","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Patchell: surgery plus whole-brain radiotherapy beats radiotherapy alone for a single metastasis (NEJM)","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Risk-adapted therapy standardised","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. NCI/Rome criteria (age, white count); paediatric cooperative groups reach ~70% cure.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Separate groin incisions replace en bloc dissection","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEL-1 introduces PRETEXT staging and pre-operative chemotherapy","note":"Hepatoblastoma","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Teenage Cancer Trust opens the first dedicated teenage cancer unit in the United Kingdom","note":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","from":"aya-cancers","refs":["teenage-cancer-trust"]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Two decades of negative chemotherapy trials begin","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). Radiation-only remains standard as more than 200 agents fail to add benefit.","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"WT1 cloned (Call, Gessler)","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma). First Wilms tumour gene; also links to WAGR and Denys-Drash.","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Annals of Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"annals-of-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Cancer causes & control founded","note":"Springer","from":"cancer-causes-and-control","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"jnci-monographs","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Seminars in cancer biology founded","note":"Elsevier (Academic Press)","from":"seminars-in-cancer-biology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis","note":"Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. Cell.","from":"paper-fearon-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma","note":"Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-moertel-levamisole-fluorouracil-adjuvant-colon-nejm-1990","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"In search of the 'missing self': MHC molecules and NK cell recognition","note":"Immunology Today","from":"hans-gustaf-ljunggren","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a therapeutic strategy","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"timothy-eberlein","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Colorectal cancer screening (colonoscopy, FIT, stool DNA, blood)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"colorectal-screening","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Downstream purification (Protein A capture, viral clearance, polishing)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"downstream-purification-chromatography","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic resection (EMR / ESD)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"endoscopic-resection","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Gamma probes, handheld gamma cameras and dose calibrators","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gamma-probes-dose-calibrators","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"HIPEC perfusion pumps and PIPAC nebulisers","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hipec-pipac-devices","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Immunonutrition before cancer surgery","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"immunonutrition-perioperative","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"In vivo dosimetry and patient-specific quality assurance","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"in-vivo-dosimetry","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1990","precision":"year","title":"Proton therapy machines: cyclotrons, synchrotrons and single-room systems","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"proton-therapy-systems","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1991","kind":"year","name":"1991 in oncology","aka":["1991"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1991: 40 entries, 9 landmarks, 8 papers listed on people's pages, 6 approvals and 5 journals founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"40 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1991: 9 landmarks, 8 papers listed on people's pages, 6 approvals, 5 journals founded, 4 companies founded, 4 papers, 3 technologies and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 40 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1990","1992"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1991,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Filgrastim (G-CSF) approved in US","note":"Reduction of febrile neutropenia in non-myeloid malignancies on myelosuppressive chemotherapy; later AML induction, transplantation, stem cell mobilisation, severe chronic neutrope...","from":"filgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Fludarabine approved in US","note":"B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia after at least one alkylating-agent regimen","from":"fludarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Ondansetron approved in US","note":"Prevention of nausea and vomiting from highly emetogenic chemotherapy; later moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, radiotherapy and post-operative nausea","from":"ondansetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Pamidronate approved in US","note":"Hypercalcaemia of malignancy","from":"pamidronate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Pentostatin approved in US","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia (initially alpha-interferon-refractory; later untreated disease)","from":"pentostatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Sargramostim approved in US","note":"Myeloid reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplant; later AML post-induction, stem cell mobilisation, allogeneic transplant, graft failure and acute radiation syndrome","from":"sargramostim","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group founded","note":"Sydney","from":"agitg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Camurus founded","note":"Lund","from":"camurus","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Mindray founded","note":"Shenzhen","from":"mindray","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Myriad Genetics founded","note":"Salt Lake City, UT","from":"myriad-genetics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"131I-MIBG therapy in malignant pheochromocytoma reported","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["i131-mibg","mibg-theranostics"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Elston and Ellis make breast grading reproducible","note":"Breast cancer (all types). The Nottingham revision of Bloom and Richardson's grade scores tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic count separately and adds them.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["nottingham-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"First reports of aggressive midline carcinoma with t(15;19) in children","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement)","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Histiocyte Society launches LCH-I","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). First international randomised trial in LCH.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"LCH-I opens as the first international randomised trial in the disease","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["vinblastine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Mast cell leukaemia and aggressive mastocytosis defined as distinct categories","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Moertel: cisplatin with etoposide produces responses in anaplastic neuroendocrine carcinoma","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":["platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"The 4.0 threshold, and the start of population testing","note":"Prostate cancer. Catalona screened 1,653 healthy men over 50 and biopsied those at or above 4.0 micrograms per litre.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991"]},{"group":"history","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"VA Larynx trial: induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy preserve the larynx in two thirds","note":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"laryngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"cancer-epidemiology-biomarkers-prevention","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"European journal of cancer prevention founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"european-journal-of-cancer-prevention","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"International journal of gynecological cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"international-journal-of-gynecological-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Melanoma research founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"melanoma-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Seminars in radiation oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"seminars-in-radiation-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"The Common Rule (45 CFR 46)","note":"United States, regulation.","from":"common-rule","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study: induction chemotherapy plus radiation versus surgery plus radiation","note":"Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group, Wolf GT, Fisher SG, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-va-larynx-induction-chemotherapy-nejm-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Hollstein 1991: p53 mutations in human cancers","note":"Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. Science.","from":"paper-hollstein-p53-mutations-science-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Martuza 1991: the first genetically engineered virus built to treat a cancer","note":"Martuza RL, Malick A, Markert JM, Ruffner KL, Coen DM. Science.","from":"paper-martuza-engineered-hsv-glioma-science-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer","note":"Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-catalona-psa-screening-test-nejm-1991","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial comparing radiation therapy versus concomitant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus","note":"Cancer","from":"roberto-de-almeida-gil","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial of chemotherapy followed by pelvic radiation therapy in stage IIIB carcinoma of the cervix.","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"roberto-de-almeida-gil","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Ablation of tolerance and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice","note":"Cell","from":"pamela-ohashi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Adoptive T cell therapy of tumors: mechanisms operative in the recognition and elimination of tumor cells","note":"Advances in Immunology","from":"philip-greenberg","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant","note":"Science","from":"robert-martuza","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancer","note":"Virology","from":"harald-zur-hausen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21","note":"Science","from":"kenneth-kinzler","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Viruses in Human Cancers","note":"Science","from":"harald-zur-hausen","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"antiemetic-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Electrochemotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"electrochemotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1991","precision":"year","title":"Growth factors: G-CSF and febrile neutropenia prevention","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"g-csf-growth-factors","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1992","kind":"year","name":"1992 in oncology","aka":["1992"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1992: 36 entries, 15 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 4 papers listed on people's pages and 3 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"36 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1992: 15 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 4 papers listed on people's pages, 3 approvals, 2 laws and regulations, 2 papers, 1 company founded and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 35 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1991","1993"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1992,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) approved in US","note":"Metastatic renal cell carcinoma","from":"aldesleukin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel approved in US","note":"Ovarian cancer (now broad)","from":"paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Teniposide approved in US","note":"Refractory childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, in combination induction","from":"teniposide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Vion Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"New Haven, CT","from":"vion-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Bonetti and colleagues propose the perivascular epithelioid cell concept","note":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa)","from":"pecoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Cyclin D1 and t(11;14) define MCL","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma recognised as a distinct entity (REAL classification 1994).","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Dulguerov and Calcaterra propose a TNM-based staging","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Escalated BEACOPP developed by the German Hodgkin Study Group","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["gbg"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"EWSR1-FLI1 fusion cloned (Delattre, Nature)","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"High-dose IL-2 approved","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"High-dose IL-2 approved: first immunotherapy for RCC, with rare cures","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["cytokine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"High-dose interleukin-2 produces rare durable cures","note":"Melanoma. The first evidence that the immune system alone could eradicate metastatic melanoma.","from":"melanoma","refs":["cytokine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Klimstra and colleagues define the clinicopathological features of acinar cell carcinoma","note":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","from":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Meta-analysis: adding thoracic radiotherapy to chemotherapy improves survival in limited stage","note":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"limited-stage-sclc","refs":["chemoradiation","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Meta-analysis: thoracic radiotherapy improves survival in limited-stage disease","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Methotrexate before radiotherapy doubles survival (DeAngelis)","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Registry data define the lifetime risk in DES-exposed daughters at about one in a thousand","note":"Vaginal adenocarcinoma (including DES-associated clear cell adenocarcinoma)","from":"vaginal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 85-01: chemoradiation beats radiotherapy alone","note":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"The Nottingham Prognostic Index is published","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Nine candidate factors were tested in 387 patients and three survived: size, node stage and grade.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["nottingham-prognostic-index"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"International journal of oncology founded","note":"Spandidos Publications","from":"international-journal-of-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Nature Genetics founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-genetics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Oncology research founded","note":"Tech Science Press","from":"oncology-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Psycho-oncology founded","note":"Wiley","from":"psycho-oncology-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Radiology and oncology founded","note":"Association of Radiology and Oncology (Ljubljana), on the Sciendo platform","from":"radiology-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Surgical oncology clinics of North America founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"surgical-oncology-clinics-of-north-america","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Surgical oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"surgical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"The Breast founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"the-breast","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"340B Drug Pricing Program","note":"United States, statute.","from":"340b-program","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Accelerated approval","note":"United States, regulation.","from":"accelerated-approval","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours","note":"Delattre O, Zucman J, Plougastel B, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-delattre-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Klimstra 1992: acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, a clinicopathologic study of 28 cases","note":"Klimstra DS, Heffess CS, Oertel JE, Rosai J. American Journal of Surgical Pathology.","from":"paper-klimstra-acinar-cell-carcinoma-pancreas-28-cases-ajsp-1992","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex","note":"Nature","from":"bruce-stillman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles that are highly immunogenic","note":"PNAS","from":"douglas-lowy","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Relative risk trees for censored survival data","note":"Biometrics","from":"michael-leblanc","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1992","precision":"year","title":"Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones","note":"Science","from":"stanley-riddell","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1992-12-29","precision":"day","title":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel: approval (US)","note":"Refractory ovarian cancer","from":"paclitaxel","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1993","kind":"year","name":"1993 in oncology","aka":["1993"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1993: 43 entries, 21 landmarks, 6 companies founded, 5 papers and 5 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"43 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1993: 21 landmarks, 6 companies founded, 5 papers, 5 papers listed on people's pages, 4 approvals, 1 journal founded and 1 trial reported.\n\nOf those, 43 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1992","1994"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1993,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Cladribine approved in US","note":"Active hairy cell leukaemia","from":"cladribine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Epoetin alfa approved in US","note":"Anaemia due to concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy in non-myeloid malignancies","from":"epoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Granisetron approved in US","note":"Prevention of nausea and vomiting from emetogenic chemotherapy (Kytril; radiotherapy later)","from":"granisetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Megestrol acetate approved in US","note":"Anorexia, cachexia or unexplained weight loss in AIDS (oral suspension)","from":"megestrol","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Agennix founded","note":"Princeton, NJ","from":"agennix","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"AGO Study Group founded","note":"Wiesbaden","from":"ago-study-group","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"ARCAGY-GINECO founded","note":"Paris","from":"arcagy-gineco","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"FibroGen founded","note":"San Francisco, California, United States","from":"fibrogen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Hetero Drugs founded","note":"Hyderabad","from":"hetero","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Syngene International founded","note":"Bengaluru","from":"syngene","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin-vincristine established for progressive childhood low-grade glioma","note":"Paediatric low-grade glioma. Packer and colleagues show chemotherapy can defer radiotherapy in young children.","from":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","refs":["carboplatin","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"CHOP proves equal to more intensive regimens; IPI published","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["ipi-score"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"H. pylori eradication induces regression of gastric MALT lymphoma (Wotherspoon)","note":"Marginal zone lymphoma","from":"marginal-zone-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"KIT D816V identified in mastocytosis","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. Nagata and colleagues (1995) confirm the activating mutation in most patients.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Mayo Clinic begins neoadjuvant chemoradiation and transplant for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["liver-transplant-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"MDM2 amplification found in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma","note":"Liposarcoma","from":"liposarcoma","refs":["mdm2"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair genes discovered in Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["msi","lynch-syndrome","bert-vogelstein"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Microsatellite instability discovered in colorectal cancer and linked to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["msi","lynch-syndrome"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"NF2 gene cloned","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). Trofatter and Rouleau identify the merlin tumour suppressor on chromosome 22.","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"NF2 gene identified on chromosome 22","note":"Meningioma. Trofatter and Rouleau clone the gene whose loss drives most meningiomas and schwannomas.","from":"meningioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-17: radiotherapy after lumpectomy for DCIS","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Halves local recurrence; no survival difference.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["lumpectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"PAX3-FOXO1 fusion identified (Galili, Barr)","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":["gene-fusion"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Polypectomy prevents cancer, and screening prevents death","note":"Colorectal cancer. The National Polyp Study found 76 to 90 percent fewer cancers than expected in 1,418 patients whose adenomas were removed; in the same year the Minnesota trial s...","from":"colorectal","refs":["adenoma-carcinoma-sequence","colonoscopy","colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Randomised trial confirms autologous transplantation improves outcomes in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"RET mutations cause MEN2A","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4). Mulligan and colleagues, Nature; Donis-Keller and colleagues.","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["ret"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"RET mutations found to cause MEN2","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer","from":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["ret"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"RET mutations identified in MEN2; VHL gene cloned","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":["ret","hereditary-cancer-syndromes"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Stool blood testing cuts bowel cancer deaths","note":"Colorectal cancer. Nottingham (1996, 152,850 people, 15 percent reduction) and Funen (1996, 18 percent) follow the Minnesota result and build the case for national programmes.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993","paper-hardcastle-nottingham-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996","paper-kronborg-funen-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996"]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"VHL gene identified","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"VHL gene identified","note":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural). Haemangioblastoma of the cord and cerebellum recognised as a hallmark of the syndrome.","from":"spinal-cord-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"VHL gene identified; the molecular basis of clear-cell RCC","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["hif2a"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Supportive care in cancer founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"supportive-care-in-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Aaronson 1993: the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire","note":"Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-aaronson-eortc-qlq-c30-jnci-1993","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Cella 1993: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G) quality of life scale","note":"Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-cella-fact-g-jco-1993","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"El-Deiry 1993: WAF1, the gene through which p53 stops cell division","note":"El-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE, et al. Cell.","from":"paper-el-deiry-waf1-p21-cell-1993","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Minnesota trial: a yearly stool blood test cuts bowel cancer deaths by a third","note":"Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-minnesota-fobt-nejm-1993","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Regression of primary low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","note":"Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-wotherspoon-h-pylori-malt-lancet-1993","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity","note":"The Lancet","from":"r-r-w-j-van-der-hulst","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Head and neck cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"everett-vokes","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Specific activation and targeting of cytotoxic lymphocytes through chimeric single chains consisting of antibody-binding domains and the gamma or zeta subunits...","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","from":"zelig-eshhar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Survival Trees by Goodness of Split","note":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","from":"michael-leblanc","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- 30 Years' Experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"donald-pinkel","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"1993","precision":"year","title":"Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study reported","note":"Thirteen-year colorectal cancer mortality 5.88 per 1,000 with annual screening against 8.83 in controls, a 33 percent reduction.","from":"minnesota-fob","refs":["colorectal"]}]},{"id":"1994","kind":"year","name":"1994 in oncology","aka":["1994"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1994: 50 entries, 15 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 7 papers listed on people's pages and 6 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"50 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1994: 15 landmarks, 8 journals founded, 7 papers listed on people's pages, 6 companies founded, 4 approvals, 4 papers, 4 technologies, 1 law or regulation and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 49 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1993","1995"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1994,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) approved in US","note":"ALL (pegaspargase, hypersensitivity to native); first line 2006","from":"asparaginase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) approved in US","note":"First FDG NDA (neurology and cardiology indications)","from":"fludeoxyglucose-f18","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Pilocarpine approved in US","note":"Dry mouth caused by radiotherapy for head and neck cancer","from":"pilocarpine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Vinorelbine approved in US","note":"Advanced NSCLC as single agent or with cisplatin","from":"vinorelbine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Can-Fite BioPharma founded","note":"Petah Tikva","from":"can-fite","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"CSL Limited founded","note":"Melbourne","from":"csl","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Deerfield Management founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"deerfield-management","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) founded","note":"Paris","from":"ifm","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Medigene founded","note":"Planegg","from":"medigene","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-fosun-pharmaceutical-industrial-development","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"111In-octreotide scintigraphy (OctreoScan) approved","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours. First SSTR imaging; later replaced by PET.","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["sstr-pet"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"ALK fusion in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). NPM-ALK identified by Morris et al.; ALK-positive ALCL becomes the good-prognosis PTCL.","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["alk"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"BRCA1 cloned; hereditary ovarian cancer explained","note":"Ovarian cancer. BRCA2 in 1995; germline testing enters clinical practice over the next decade.","from":"ovarian","refs":["brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"BRCA1 identified; BRCA2 follows in 1995 and is linked to pancreatic cancer risk","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Dargent describes radical vaginal trachelectomy for fertility preservation","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Donor-derived EBV-specific T cells prevent and treat PTLD","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Rooney, Heslop and colleagues (Lancet 1995) after stem cell transplant.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":["allogeneic-cell-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Doxorubicin-ifosfamide becomes the reference first-line regimen for soft-tissue sarcoma","note":"Leiomyosarcoma","from":"leiomyosarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Dynamic sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer","note":"Penile cancer. Horenblas and colleagues (Netherlands Cancer Institute) introduce lymphatic mapping.","from":"penile","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Dynamic sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer introduced in Amsterdam","note":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","from":"localised-penile-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Intestinal and pancreatobiliary subtypes described","note":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater). Kimura and colleagues link histological type to prognosis.","from":"ampullary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"KSHV/HHV-8 discovered (Chang and Moore, Science)","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Neutron therapy trial (RTOG-MRC) in unresectable salivary cancer","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"PSA approved for early detection in the United States","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["psa"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"REAL classification separates nodular lymphocyte-predominant from classical Hodgkin lymphoma","note":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","from":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["lymphoma-type"]},{"group":"history","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"SS18-SSX fusion identified","note":"Synovial sarcoma","from":"synovial-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Annals of surgical oncology founded","note":"Springer","from":"annals-of-surgical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Breast cancer founded","note":"Springer","from":"breast-cancer-jbcs","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Cancer control founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"cancer-control","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Cancer gene therapy founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"cancer-gene-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Current oncology founded","note":"MDPI","from":"current-oncology-mdpi","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Endocrine-related cancer founded","note":"Bioscientifica","from":"endocrine-related-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Medical oncology founded","note":"Springer (Springer Nature)","from":"medical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Oncology reports founded","note":"Spandidos Publications","from":"oncology-reports","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration","note":"International, treaty.","from":"trips-doha","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice","note":"Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-lapidot-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Darnell, Kerr and Stark 1994: JAK-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation by interferons","note":"Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR. Science.","from":"paper-darnell-jak-stat-science-1994","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Identification of SYT and SSX, the genes fused by the t(X;18) translocation in synovial sarcoma","note":"Clark J, Rocques PJ, Crew AJ, et al. Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-clark-syt-ssx-synovial-sarcoma-nat-genet-1994","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Nonlinear dynamics of immunogenic tumors: parameter estimation and global bifurcation analysis","note":"Kuznetsov VA, Makalkin IA, Taylor MA, et al. Bulletin of mathematical biology.","from":"paper-kuznetsov-bull-math-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Cancer registration in Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry, India","note":"European Journal of Cancer","from":"shanta-v","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Confirmation of BRCA1 by analysis of germline mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer in ten families","note":"Nature Genetics","from":"mary-claire-king","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"DNA Strand Breaks: the DNA Template Alterations That Trigger p53-Dependent DNA Damage Response Pathways","note":"Molecular and Cellular Biology","from":"william-nelson","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Familial melanoma and p16 — a hung jury","note":"Nature Genetics","from":"brandon-wainwright","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Interaction of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 capsid proteins with HPV DNA requires an intact L2 N-terminal sequence","note":"Journal of Virology","from":"jian-zhou","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer","note":"Annals of Surgery","from":"armando-giuliano","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes","note":"Cancer Research","from":"alberto-gabizon","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Carbon-ion synchrotrons and facilities","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"carbon-ion-synchrotrons","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cyberknife","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Intraoperative MRI and CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"intraoperative-mri-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1994","precision":"year","title":"Tumour-immune dynamics models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"immune-tumour-dynamics-models","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1994-04-13","precision":"day","title":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel: approval (US)","note":"Metastatic breast cancer","from":"paclitaxel","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1995","kind":"year","name":"1995 in oncology","aka":["1995"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1995: 50 entries, 12 landmarks, 10 approvals, 7 journals founded and 6 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"50 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1995: 12 landmarks, 10 approvals, 7 journals founded, 6 papers, 5 companies founded, 5 papers listed on people's pages and 5 technologies.\n\nOf those, 50 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1994","1996"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1995,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Amifostine approved in US","note":"Reduction of cumulative cisplatin renal toxicity in advanced ovarian cancer","from":"amifostine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Anastrozole approved in US","note":"Advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women after tamoxifen","from":"anastrozole","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Bicalutamide approved in EU","note":"Advanced prostate cancer; 150 mg for locally advanced","from":"bicalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Bicalutamide approved in US","note":"Metastatic prostate cancer with LHRH analogue","from":"bicalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Dexrazoxane approved in US","note":"Reduction of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy in women with metastatic breast cancer after 300 mg/m2 cumulative dose (Zinecard)","from":"dexrazoxane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Interferon alfa-2a/2b approved in US","note":"Adjuvant high-risk melanoma (high-dose)","from":"interferon-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Pamidronate approved in US","note":"Osteolytic bone metastases of breast cancer and osteolytic lesions of multiple myeloma, with antineoplastic therapy","from":"pamidronate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin approved in US","note":"AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma after prior chemotherapy (Doxil, NDA 050718)","from":"pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Porfimer sodium approved in US","note":"Palliation of completely or partially obstructing oesophageal cancer; later endobronchial NSCLC and Barrett's high-grade dysplasia","from":"porfimer-sodium","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) approved in US","note":"Induction of remission in APL (t(15;17)/PML-RARA)","from":"tretinoin-atra","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"AIDS Malignancy Consortium founded","note":"United States (seat not stated)","from":"aids-malignancy-consortium","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group founded","note":"Madrid","from":"geicam","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"GlobeImmune founded","note":"Louisville, Colorado","from":"globeimmune","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Hansoh Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Lianyungang, Jiangsu","from":"hansoh-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"SOLTI Cancer Research Group founded","note":"Barcelona","from":"solti","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"BRCA2 linked to male breast cancer","note":"Male breast cancer. Wooster and colleagues identify BRCA2; male breast cancer is one of its hallmark phenotypes.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":["brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Castration resistance is shown to be an adaptation, not an escape","note":"Prostate cancer. Visakorpi found androgen receptor gene amplification in 7 of 23 tumours recurring on androgen deprivation and in none of the pre-treatment samples from the same me...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-visakorpi-androgen-receptor-amplification-nat-genet-1995","paper-chen-androgen-receptor-overexpression-antiandrogen-resistance-nat-med-2004"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy is shown to help, a little","note":"Lung cancer (all types). 9,387 patients from 52 randomised trials: a 27 percent reduction in the risk of death when chemotherapy was added to supportive care, and 5 percent absolut...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-nsclc-collaborative-group-chemotherapy-meta-analysis-bmj-1995"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"How a repair defect becomes a cancer","note":"Colorectal cancer. TGFBR2, the growth brake, is destroyed by slippage in a short repeat in mismatch repair deficient colon cancer lines.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-markowitz-tgfbr2-inactivation-msi-colon-science-1995","tgfbr2"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"KIT D816V identified as the driver mutation","note":"Indolent and smouldering systemic mastocytosis","from":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal doxorubicin approved for AIDS-KS","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":["pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Lung Cancer Study Group: lobectomy beats limited resection, setting the standard for 30 years","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["lobectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Oligometastasis proposed","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Hellman and Weichselbaum argue that some patients have a limited metastatic state that local treatment could control, the idea SABR-COME...","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["sbrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Sugarbaker describes peritonectomy procedures and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy","note":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","refs":["hipec","hipec-procedure"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Sugarbaker develops cytoreduction with HIPEC","note":"Peritoneal mesothelioma. Peritonectomy procedures and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy applied to peritoneal surface malignancy.","from":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","refs":["hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Sugarbaker's peritonectomy procedures and HIPEC","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":["hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"The receptor can also be rewired to read the wrong hormone","note":"Prostate cancer. In the same year as the amplification finding, ligand-binding-domain mutations that let progesterone, oestrogen and the antiandrogen itself switch the receptor on...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-taplin-ar-mutation-androgen-independent-prostate-nejm-1995","androgen-receptor"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Clinical Cancer Research founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"clinical-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Journal of oncology pharmacy practice founded","note":"SAGE Publications","from":"journal-of-oncology-pharmacy-practice","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"journal-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Nature Medicine founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-medicine","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Pathology oncology research founded","note":"Frontiers Media SA","from":"pathology-and-oncology-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"The breast journal founded","note":"Wiley (Hindawi)","from":"the-breast-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Urologic oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"urologic-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials","note":"Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. BMJ.","from":"paper-nsclc-collaborative-group-chemotherapy-meta-analysis-bmj-1995","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer","note":"Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, et al. Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-visakorpi-androgen-receptor-amplification-nat-genet-1995","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Inactivation of the type II TGF-beta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability","note":"Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, et al. Science.","from":"paper-markowitz-tgfbr2-inactivation-msi-colon-science-1995","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Klimstra 1995: pancreatoblastoma, a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature","note":"Klimstra DS, Wenig BM, Adair CF, Heffess CS. American Journal of Surgical Pathology.","from":"paper-klimstra-pancreatoblastoma-clinicopathologic-study-ajsp-1995","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer","note":"Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-taplin-ar-mutation-androgen-independent-prostate-nejm-1995","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: an intergroup study","note":"Grever M, Kopecky K, Foucar MK, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-grever-j-clin-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"AML1 and the 8;21 and 3;21 translocations in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia","note":"Blood","from":"janet-rowley","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"judah-folkman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25)","note":"Journal of Immunology","from":"shimon-sakaguchi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4","note":"Science","from":"tak-mak","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Prenatal hormonal therapy improves pulmonary compliance in the nitrofen-induced CDH rat model","note":"Journal of Pediatric Surgery","from":"jay-schnitzer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Active surveillance","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"active-surveillance","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Bone-modifying agents (bisphosphonates, denosumab)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bone-modifying-agents","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Multidisciplinary tumour boards","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"multidisciplinary-tumour-board","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Photodynamic therapy lasers and light sources","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"photodynamic-therapy-lasers","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1995","precision":"year","title":"Radioprotectors and normal-tissue sparing drugs","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radioprotectors","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1996","kind":"year","name":"1996 in oncology","aka":["1996"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1996: 70 entries, 24 landmarks, 11 approvals, 11 papers and 10 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"70 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1996: 24 landmarks, 11 approvals, 11 papers, 10 papers listed on people's pages, 5 companies founded, 4 journals founded, 2 laws and regulations, 2 trials reported and 1 technology.\n\nOf those, 70 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1995","1997"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1996,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Acitretin approved in US","note":"Severe psoriasis (oncology use as chemoprevention of squamous cell carcinoma is off-label)","from":"acitretin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Cabergoline approved in US","note":"Hyperprolactinaemic disorders, idiopathic or due to pituitary adenomas","from":"cabergoline","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Carmustine approved in US","note":"Recurrent glioblastoma as an adjunct to surgery (Gliadel Wafer); newly diagnosed high-grade glioma with surgery and radiation added 2003","from":"carmustine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Docetaxel approved in US","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after chemotherapy (Taxotere, NDA 020449)","from":"docetaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved in US","note":"Pancreatic cancer","from":"gemcitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Ibandronic acid approved in EU","note":"Tumour-induced hypercalcaemia; prevention of skeletal events in breast cancer with bone metastases (Bondronat)","from":"ibandronic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after 5-FU; first line with 5-FU/LV 2000","from":"irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Nilutamide approved in US","note":"Metastatic (stage D2) prostate cancer in combination with surgical castration","from":"nilutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Oxaliplatin approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer","from":"oxaliplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan approved in US","note":"Relapsed SCLC (IV)","from":"topotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Toremifene approved in EU","note":"First-line hormonal treatment of hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women","from":"toremifene","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"German CLL Study Group founded","note":"Cologne","from":"german-cll-study-group","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Philogen S.p.A. founded","note":"Siena","from":"philogen-s-p-a","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Polaris Partners founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"polaris-partners","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Scancell founded","note":"Oxford","from":"scancell","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"United Therapeutics founded","note":"Silver Spring, MD","from":"united-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"A prevention trial finds harm","note":"Lung cancer (all types). CARET gave beta carotene and retinol to 18,314 smokers and asbestos workers and was stopped 21 months early: relative risk of lung cancer 1.28 and of lung...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-caret-beta-carotene-retinol-lung-cancer-nejm-1996"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin-paclitaxel becomes standard (GOG 111 and successors)","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. Incidence of AIDS-related NHL falls sharply; survival after lymphoma improves as immune function is preserved.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Combination ART causes KS regression; incidence collapses","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"ECOG 1684: high-dose interferon alfa becomes the first adjuvant therapy","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["interferon-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 24891: induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy preserve the larynx without loss of survival","note":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"FLT3 internal tandem duplications described in AML","note":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-flt3","refs":["flt3"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Germline PTCH1 mutations found in Gorlin syndrome, linking hedgehog signalling to medulloblastoma","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Hydroxyurea beats etoposide in CMML","note":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms. GFM randomised trial (Wattel et al., Blood).","from":"cmml","refs":["hydroxyurea"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"IFM 90: autologous transplant beats conventional chemotherapy","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"IFM 90: transplant improves survival over chemotherapy","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Mazzaferro defines the Milan criteria for liver transplantation in HCC","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["liver-transplant-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Milan criteria for liver transplantation","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. Mazzaferro: ~70% five-year survival for small tumours.","from":"hcc","refs":["liver-transplant-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"National Cancer Institute risk criteria by age and white count adopted","note":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Paclitaxel-cisplatin becomes standard (GOG-111)","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["paclitaxel","platinum"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Paclitaxel-cisplatin standard","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"PTCH1 identified as the Gorlin syndrome gene","note":"Basal cell carcinoma. Hahn et al. and Johnson et al.: links human BCC to the Drosophila hedgehog pathway.","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"PTCH1 identified as the Gorlin syndrome gene, linking basal cell carcinoma to hedgehog signalling","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["hedgehog"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Systemic chemoreduction with focal therapy replaces radiation (Shields, Gallie)","note":"Retinoblastoma","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan and later pegylated liposomal doxorubicin approved for relapsed ovarian cancer","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["topotecan","pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan approved for relapsed disease","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["topotecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan approved for relapsed small-cell lung cancer","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["topotecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"UKCCCR ACT I and EORTC: chemoradiation beats radiation alone","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","from":"anal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"UKCCCR ACT I: chemoradiotherapy beats radiotherapy alone","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["chemoradiation"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals founded","note":"SAGE Publications (formerly Mary Ann Liebert)","from":"cancer-biotherapy-and-radiopharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"International journal of clinical oncology founded","note":"Springer (Springer Japan)","from":"international-journal-of-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-mammary-gland-biology-and-neoplasia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"The oncologist founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"the-oncologist","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)","note":"United States, statute.","from":"hipaa","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"ICH good clinical practice (E6)","note":"International, guidance.","from":"ich-gcp","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial of hydroxyurea versus VP16 in adult chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Groupe Français des Myélodysplasies and European CMML Group","note":"Wattel E, Guerci A, Hecquet B, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-wattel-blood","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial of minoxidil in chemotherapy-induced alopecia","note":"Duvic M, Lemak NA, Valero V, et al. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.","from":"paper-duvic-j-am-acad-dermatol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Bischoff 1996: the adenovirus that was said to replicate only where p53 was lost","note":"Bischoff JR, Kirn DH, Williams A, et al. Science.","from":"paper-bischoff-onyx-015-science-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease","note":"Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-caret-beta-carotene-retinol-lung-cancer-nejm-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 24891: larynx preservation with induction chemotherapy in pyriform sinus (hypopharyngeal) cancer","note":"Lefebvre JL, Chevalier D, Luboinski B, et al. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-eortc-24891-larynx-preservation-lefebvre-jnci-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Leach, Krummel and Allison: releasing the CTLA-4 brake makes mice reject tumours","note":"Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP. Science.","from":"paper-leach-allison-ctla4-blockade-science-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis (the Milan criteria)","note":"Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-mazzaferro-milan-criteria-nejm-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Myxofibrosarcoma: clinicopathological analysis of 75 cases with emphasis on the low-grade variant","note":"Mentzel T, Calonje E, Wadden C, et al. American Journal of Surgical Pathology.","from":"paper-myxofibrosarcoma-mentzel-ajsp-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Preneoplastic lesions and gallbladder cancer: an estimate of the period required for progression","note":"Roa I, Araya JC, Villaseca M, et al. Gastroenterology.","from":"paper-roa-dysplasia-to-carcinoma-interval-gastroenterology-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer (Nottingham)","note":"Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-hardcastle-nottingham-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test (Funen)","note":"Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. The Lancet.","from":"paper-kronborg-funen-faecal-occult-blood-lancet-1996","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"A prognostic model for predicting 10-year survival in patients with primary melanoma. The Pigmented Lesion Group","note":"Annals of Internal Medicine","from":"lynn-schuchter","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Abnormal heart rate variability as a manifestation of autonomic dysfunction in hemispheric brain infarction","note":"Stroke","from":"juha-korpelainen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"AML1, the Target of Multiple Chromosomal Translocations in Human Leukemia, Is Essential for Normal Fetal Liver Hematopoiesis","note":"Cell","from":"james-r-downing","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Breast-duct endoscopy to study stages of cancerous breast disease","note":"The Lancet","from":"susan-love","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","note":"Science","from":"james-allison","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Long-term results of a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcoma","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"peter-pisters","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Phase II trial of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","note":"Blood","from":"steven-rosen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Prenatal glucocorticoid therapy reverses pulmonary immaturity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal sheep","note":"Annals of Surgery","from":"jay-schnitzer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Prognostic Variables and Survival in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias: Cancer Institute Experience","note":"Pediatric Hematology and Oncology","from":"shanta-v","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Roots and perspectives of contemporary papillomavirus research","note":"Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology","from":"harald-zur-hausen","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Liver transplantation for cancer (Milan criteria and beyond)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"liver-transplant-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Funen faecal occult blood screening trial reported","note":"Colorectal cancer mortality ratio 0.82 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.99) over ten years, with unchanged incidence.","from":"funen-fob","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"1996","precision":"year","title":"Nottingham faecal occult blood screening trial reported","note":"Colorectal cancer deaths 360 in the screened group against 420 in the control group, a 15 percent reduction in cumulative mortality (odds ratio 0.85, 0.74 to 0.98, p = 0.026).","from":"nottingham-fob","refs":["colorectal"]}]},{"id":"1997","kind":"year","name":"1997 in oncology","aka":["1997"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1997: 76 entries, 25 landmarks, 15 papers, 11 companies founded and 10 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"76 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1997: 25 landmarks, 15 papers, 11 companies founded, 10 approvals, 6 journals founded, 4 trials reported, 2 papers listed on people's pages, 1 law or regulation, 1 technology and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 75 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1996","1998"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1997,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Anagrelide approved in US","note":"Thrombocythaemia secondary to myeloproliferative neoplasms","from":"anagrelide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Dolasetron approved in US","note":"Prevention of nausea and vomiting from moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (oral); intravenous chemotherapy indication removed in 2010","from":"dolasetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Imiquimod approved in US","note":"External genital and perianal warts","from":"imiquimod","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors) approved in US","note":"Advanced breast cancer after tamoxifen (letrozole)","from":"letrozole","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Oprelvekin approved in US","note":"Prevention of severe thrombocytopenia and reduction of platelet transfusions after myelosuppressive chemotherapy in non-myeloid malignancies. Withdrawn in 2011","from":"oprelvekin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Raloxifene approved in US","note":"Treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis","from":"raloxifene","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab approved in US","note":"Relapsed follicular lymphoma; first antibody approved for cancer","from":"rituximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Samarium-153 lexidronam approved in US","note":"Relief of pain in patients with confirmed osteoblastic metastatic bone lesions that enhance on radionuclide bone scan","from":"samarium-153-lexidronam","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Talc (intrapleural) approved in US","note":"Prevention of recurrence of malignant pleural effusion after drainage (Sclerosol aerosol; sterile powder 2003)","from":"talc-sclerosant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Toremifene approved in US","note":"Metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with ER-positive or unknown tumours","from":"toremifene","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"4SC founded","note":"Planegg-Martinsried","from":"4sc","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Argos Therapeutics founded","note":"Durham, NC","from":"argos-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"CSPC Pharmaceutical Group founded","note":"Shijiazhuang","from":"cspc","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Berkeley Heights, NJ","from":"cyclacel","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Endo (now Keenova Therapeutics and Par Health) founded","note":"Ireland","from":"endo","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"GERCOR founded","note":"Paris","from":"gercor","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"German Breast Group (GBG) founded","note":"Neu-Isenburg","from":"gbg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"GTx founded","note":"Memphis, TN","from":"gtx","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group founded","note":"Bellinzona","from":"ielsg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Italian Sarcoma Group founded","note":"Bologna","from":"italian-sarcoma-group","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Oakwood Laboratories founded","note":"Oakwood Village, OH","from":"oakwood-laboratories","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"ASTRO consensus defines PSA failure after radiotherapy","note":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","from":"prostate-bcr","refs":["psa"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin-paclitaxel established as empirical therapy in phase 2 trials","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"COL1A1-PDGFB fusion identified as the driver (Simon and colleagues, Nature Genetics)","note":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","from":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","refs":["pdgfrb"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"CTNNB1 and APC mutations link desmoid to the WNT pathway","note":"Desmoid tumour. Tejpar and colleagues.","from":"desmoid-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Delahunt and Eble separate type 1 and type 2 papillary carcinoma","note":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","from":"papillary-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22863: adding three years of hormone therapy to radiotherapy improves survival","note":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","from":"prostate-high-risk","refs":["androgen-deprivation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Founder BRCA mutations: 56 percent breast cancer risk by 70 in Ashkenazi carriers","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Struewing and colleagues, 5,318 volunteers, three founder variants carried by over 2 percent of the population; Górski described the Polish BR...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997","paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000","brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clinical benefit response over 5-FU; the standard for 14 years.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved after showing clinical benefit over fluorouracil (Burris)","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["gemcitabine","paper-burris-gemcitabine-pancreatic-jco-1997"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"IGCCCG classification","note":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour. The International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group defined good, intermediate and poor risk; a mediastinal non-seminomatous primary alone places...","from":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"IGCCCG prognostic classification","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours. Updated in 2021 with LDH and age refinements.","from":"testicular","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"IGCCCG risk classification published","note":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","from":"non-seminoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"International Prognostic Scoring System for MDS","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"IPSS risk score","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Greenberg's International Prognostic Scoring System combines blasts, cytogenetics and cytopenias.","from":"mds","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Matsutani proposes the Japanese good, intermediate and poor prognosis grouping","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous). Basis for risk-adapted therapy in Japan and later international trials.","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"MEN1 gene cloned","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4). Chandrasekharappa and colleagues, Science; menin identified.","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["menin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Paclitaxel approved for AIDS-KS","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":["paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab approved","note":"Follicular lymphoma. First monoclonal antibody for cancer, in relapsed indolent lymphoma.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab approved, the first antibody for a cancer","note":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types). Anti-CD20 rituximab for relapsed follicular lymphoma; added to CHOP it raised cure rates in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.","from":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab: first antibody for cancer","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab: first monoclonal antibody approved for cancer","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["cd20","monoclonal-antibody"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Surgery beats radiotherapy for facial basal cell carcinoma","note":"Skin cancer (all types). 347 patients randomised at the Institut Gustave Roussy: four-year failure 0.7 against 7.5 per cent and a better cosmetic result after surgery on four of fi...","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: radiotherapy before surgery","note":"Colorectal cancer. 1,168 patients; five-year local recurrence 11 versus 27 percent and overall survival 58 versus 48 percent, against surgery that was not standardised.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"The map that made PSMA imaging possible","note":"Prostate cancer. An immunohistochemical survey shows PSMA is detectable in prostatic epithelium, duodenal mucosa and some renal tubules and almost nowhere else, while falling in de...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-silver-psma-expression-normal-malignant-tissues-ccr-1997","psma"]},{"group":"history","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Two kinds of instability","note":"Colorectal cancer. Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancers gain or lose chromosomes above 10^-2 per chromosome per division, a dominant and continuing defect distinct from mismatc...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-lengauer-genetic-instability-colorectal-nature-1997"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Brain tumor pathology founded","note":"Springer (Springer-Verlag Tokyo)","from":"brain-tumor-pathology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Cancer radiothérapie founded","note":"Elsevier Masson","from":"cancer-radiotherapie","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Clinical journal of oncology nursing founded","note":"Oncology Nursing Society","from":"clinical-journal-of-oncology-nursing","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Journal of immunotherapy founded","note":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer)","from":"journal-of-immunotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Oral oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"oral-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases founded","note":"Springer Nature (Nature Portfolio)","from":"prostate-cancer-and-prostatic-diseases","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Fast Track and RMAT designations","note":"United States, guidance.","from":"fast-track-rmat","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Burris 1997: gemcitabine becomes the first standard treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer","note":"Burris HA 3rd, Moore MJ, Andersen J, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-burris-gemcitabine-pancreatic-jco-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Cancer-susceptibility genes. Gatekeepers and caretakers","note":"Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Nature.","from":"paper-kinzler-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Deregulation of the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain gene via fusion with COL1A1 in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","note":"Simon MP, Pedeutour F, Sirvent N, et al. Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-simon-col1a1-pdgfb-dfsp-nat-genet-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"EMA/CO for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumours: results from a cohort of 272 patients","note":"Bower M, Newlands ES, Holden L, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-bower-ema-co-high-risk-gtn-charing-cross-jco-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22863: improved survival with radiotherapy plus goserelin in locally advanced prostate cancer","note":"Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-bolla-eortc-22863-nejm-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Genetic instability in colorectal cancers","note":"Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Nature.","from":"paper-lengauer-genetic-instability-colorectal-nature-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell","note":"Bonnet D, Dick JE. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-bonnet-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer (Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial)","note":"Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial, Cedermark B, Dahlberg M, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-swedish-rectal-cancer-trial-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers","note":"Unknown. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-igcccg-classification-jco-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Levine 1997: p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division","note":"Levine AJ. Cell.","from":"paper-levine-p53-gatekeeper-cell-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"North American Intergroup: all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukaemia","note":"Tallman MS, Andersen JW, Schiffer CA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-tallman-atra-apl-nejm-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy.","note":"Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-overgaard-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues","note":"Silver DA, Pellicer I, Fair WR, Heston WD, Cordon-Cardo C. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-silver-psma-expression-normal-malignant-tissues-ccr-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies","note":"Weaver VM, Petersen OW, Wang F, et al. The Journal of cell biology.","from":"paper-weaver-j-cell-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews","note":"Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-struewing-brca-founder-mutations-ashkenazi-nejm-1997","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Monoclonal antibodies against the 4-1BB T-cell activation molecule eradicate established tumors","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"ignacio-melero","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer","note":"Science","from":"ramon-parsons","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Monoclonal antibodies","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"monoclonal-antibody","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"CHART reported","note":"24 percent reduction in the relative risk of death and an absolute two-year survival gain of nine percentage points, from 20 to 29 percent (p = 0.004); in squamous cancers a 34 per...","from":"chart-lung","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer","lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"DBCG 82b and 82c reported","note":"82b: 10-year locoregional recurrence 9% vs 32%; overall survival 54% vs 45%.","from":"dbcg-82bc","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Surgery against radiotherapy for basal cell carcinoma of the face reported","note":"Four-year failure rate 0.7 per cent after surgery against 7.5 per cent after radiotherapy (p=0.003), with a good cosmetic result in 87 against 69 per cent by the patient's judgemen...","from":"avril-surgery-versus-radiotherapy-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"1997","precision":"year","title":"Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial reported","note":"Five-year local recurrence 11 against 27 percent, with better overall survival.","from":"swedish-rectal-cancer-trial","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1997-07-25","precision":"day","title":"Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors): approval (US)","note":"Letrozole approved for advanced breast cancer","from":"letrozole","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1998","kind":"year","name":"1998 in oncology","aka":["1998"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1998: 62 entries, 20 landmarks, 13 approvals, 9 companies founded and 8 papers. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"62 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1998: 20 landmarks, 13 approvals, 9 companies founded, 8 papers, 6 papers listed on people's pages, 3 journals founded, 1 technology, 1 trial reported and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 61 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1997","1999"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1998,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) approved in US","note":"Metastatic melanoma","from":"aldesleukin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Capecitabine approved in US","note":"Metastatic breast cancer after anthracycline and taxane; later adjuvant and metastatic colorectal cancer, rectal chemoradiotherapy","from":"capecitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Celecoxib approved in US","note":"Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis pain (oncology use in metronomic regimens is off-label)","from":"celecoxib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved in US","note":"NSCLC with cisplatin","from":"gemcitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH) approved in US","note":"HercepTest: HER2 overexpression to select trastuzumab in breast cancer (first companion diagnostic)","from":"her2-testing-assays","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) approved in US","note":"Sickle cell anaemia (Droxia)","from":"hydroxyurea","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Imiquimod approved in EU","note":"Genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis (Aldara)","from":"imiquimod","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Samarium-153 lexidronam approved in EU","note":"Relief of bone pain from multiple painful osteoblastic skeletal metastases (Quadramet)","from":"samarium-153-lexidronam","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen approved in US","note":"Risk reduction in high-risk women","from":"tamoxifen","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Thalidomide approved in US","note":"Erythema nodosum leprosum","from":"thalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Thyrotropin alfa approved in US","note":"Adjunctive diagnostic tool for thyroglobulin testing in well-differentiated thyroid cancer; pre-therapeutic stimulation for radioiodine remnant ablation added 2007","from":"thyrotropin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab approved in US","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Valrubicin approved in US","note":"Intravesical therapy of BCG-refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder when immediate cystectomy is not acceptable","from":"valrubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"ALFA (Acute Leukemia French Association) founded","note":"France (seat not stated)","from":"alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Emergent BioSolutions founded","note":"Gaithersburg, MD","from":"emergent-biosolutions","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Halozyme Therapeutics founded","note":"San Diego, CA","from":"halozyme","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Isarna Therapeutics founded","note":"Munich","from":"isarna-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Korean Cancer Study Group founded","note":"Seoul","from":"kcsg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation and Myeloma Investment Fund founded","note":"Norwalk, CT","from":"mmrf-myeloma-investment-fund","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"OrbiMed founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"orbimed","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"PTC Therapeutics founded","note":"South Plainfield, NJ","from":"ptc-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Sunesis Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"South San Francisco, CA","from":"sunesis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Anastrozole and letrozole approved; tamoxifen for prevention","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["letrozole","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Cairncross links 1p/19q loss to chemosensitivity","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted. Journal of the National Cancer Institute report that codeleted anaplastic oligodendrogliomas respond to PCV and live longer.","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["procarbazine","lomustine","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Children's Cancer Group: augmented BFM therapy improves outcome for slow early responders","note":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-high-risk","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"EBCTCG overview: five years of tamoxifen cuts recurrence and death","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"High-dose interleukin-2 approved for rare durable remissions","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["aldesleukin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Hirota identifies gain-of-function KIT mutations in GIST","note":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","from":"gist-kit-exon-11","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib enters the clinic","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Druker's phase 1 trial of STI571: complete haematologic responses in nearly every chronic-phase patient.","from":"cml","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib enters the clinic: remissions in nearly every chronic-phase patient","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Intergroup 0099: concurrent cisplatin chemoradiotherapy improves survival","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["cisplatin","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Intergroup 0099: concurrent cisplatin-RT improves survival (Al-Sarraf)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"KIT mutations discovered in GIST (Hirota, Science)","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"KIT mutations discovered in GIST (Hirota)","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"MRC AML10: four intensive courses without maintenance become the paediatric standard","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Shih and Kurman define epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","note":"Placental-site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","from":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"SMARCB1 (hSNF5/INI1) identified as the rhabdoid tumour gene","note":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (ATRT). Versteege and colleagues (Nature) find biallelic loss, the first chromatin-remodelling tumour suppressor.","from":"atrt","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Sporadic mismatch repair deficiency is epigenetic","note":"Colorectal cancer. MLH1 promoter hypermethylation explains most sporadic microsatellite-unstable cancers and is reversible in the laboratory.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-herman-mlh1-promoter-hypermethylation-colorectal-pnas-1998","mlh1"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Sugarbaker reports cytoreduction with intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal carcinomatosis","note":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","from":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","refs":["hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab approved for HER2-overexpressing disease","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":["trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab approved for metastatic disease","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer. First antibody for a solid tumour; OS benefit with chemotherapy.","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab approved for metastatic disease","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["trastuzumab"]},{"group":"journal","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"European journal of oncology nursing founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"european-journal-of-oncology-nursing","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Gastric cancer founded","note":"Springer (Springer Japan)","from":"gastric-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Zhongguo fei ai za zhi founded","note":"Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer (Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and Chinese Antituberculosis Association)","from":"chinese-journal-of-lung-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma.","note":"Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Overgaard M, et al. Radiotherapy and Oncology.","from":"paper-overgaard-radiother-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning","note":"Fraass B, Doppke K, Hunt M, et al. Medical physics.","from":"paper-fraass-med-phys","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Coffey 1998: reovirus grows in cells with an activated Ras pathway, which describes a great many cancers","note":"Coffey MC, Strong JE, Forsyth PA, Lee PW. Science.","from":"paper-coffey-reovirus-ras-science-1998","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"D'Amico risk groups: biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy","note":"D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-damico-risk-groups-jama-1998","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumours","note":"Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al. Science.","from":"paper-hirota-kit-gist-science-1998","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Genetic instability of cancer cells is proportional to their degree of aneuploidy","note":"Duesberg P, Rausch C, Rasnick D, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-duesberg-proc-natl-acad-sci-u-s-a","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma","note":"Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-herman-mlh1-promoter-hypermethylation-colorectal-pnas-1998","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Intergroup 0099: chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer","note":"Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-intergroup-0099-chemoradiotherapy-nasopharyngeal-jco-1998","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for use in quality of life research in life-threatening illness","note":"Psycho-Oncology","from":"jimmie-holland","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer","note":"JAMA","from":"anthony-damico","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17.","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"bernard-fisher","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Rapid screening for psychologic distress in men with prostate carcinoma","note":"Cancer","from":"jimmie-holland","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Rapid-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and intraoperative radiation therapy for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"peter-pisters","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"THE CRITICAL ROLE OF CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATIONS IN HUMAN LEUKEMIAS","note":"Annual Review of Genetics","from":"janet-rowley","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"Angiogenesis and vascular normalisation models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"angiogenesis-models","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"1998","precision":"year","title":"DAHANCA 5 reported","note":"5-year locoregional control 49% (nimorazole) vs 33% (placebo).","from":"dahanca-5","refs":["head-and-neck","nimorazole"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"1998-09-25","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer: first targeted antibody for a solid tumour","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"1999","kind":"year","name":"1999 in oncology","aka":["1999"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 1999: 74 entries, 25 landmarks, 16 approvals, 10 papers listed on people's pages and 8 companies founded. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"74 dated entries in OnCo fall in 1999: 25 landmarks, 16 approvals, 10 papers listed on people's pages, 8 companies founded, 5 journals founded, 5 papers, 3 technologies and 2 trials reported.\n\nOf those, 74 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1998","2000"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":1999,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Alitretinoin approved in US","note":"Cutaneous lesions of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (topical gel)","from":"alitretinoin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Amifostine approved in US","note":"Reduction of moderate to severe xerostomia from post-operative radiotherapy for head and neck cancer","from":"amifostine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Aminolevulinic acid (topical, for photodynamic therapy) approved in US","note":"Actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with blue-light photodynamic therapy (Levulan Kerastick)","from":"aminolevulinic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Bexarotene approved in US","note":"Cutaneous manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma refractory to at least one systemic therapy","from":"bexarotene","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Busulfan approved in US","note":"Conditioning with cyclophosphamide before allogeneic HPC transplantation for CML (Busulfex)","from":"busulfan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Celecoxib approved in US","note":"Reduction of adenomatous colorectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis (accelerated approval; indication withdrawn 2011)","from":"celecoxib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Denileukin diftitox approved in US","note":"Persistent or recurrent CD25-positive CTCL (Ontak; withdrawn 2014)","from":"denileukin-diftitox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Epirubicin approved in US","note":"Adjuvant therapy for axillary node-positive breast cancer","from":"epirubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Exemestane approved in US","note":"Advanced breast cancer after tamoxifen","from":"exemestane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Methoxsalen (extracorporeal photopheresis) approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of skin manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma unresponsive to other therapy, by extracorporeal photopheresis","from":"methoxsalen-ecp","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin approved in US","note":"Ovarian cancer refractory to platinum and paclitaxel","from":"pegylated-liposomal-doxorubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Sirolimus approved in US","note":"Prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney transplant recipients","from":"sirolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Tasonermin approved in EU","note":"Irresectable soft-tissue sarcoma of the limbs with melphalan via isolated limb perfusion, as an adjunct to surgery or for palliation","from":"tasonermin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1) approved in JP","note":"Gastric cancer; later colorectal, head and neck, lung, pancreatic, biliary and breast cancer (TS-1)","from":"tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide approved in EU","note":"Temodal; malignant glioma (recurrent 1999; newly diagnosed glioblastoma with radiotherapy 2005); 26 Jan 1999","from":"temozolomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide approved in US","note":"Refractory anaplastic astrocytoma","from":"temozolomide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Breast International Group (BIG) founded","note":"Brussels","from":"big","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Cellectis founded","note":"Paris","from":"cellectis","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Flagship Pioneering founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"flagship-pioneering","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"GORTEC founded","note":"Tours","from":"gortec","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique founded","note":"Paris","from":"ifct","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"NewLink Genetics (now Lumos Pharma) founded","note":"Ames, Iowa, United States","from":"newlink-genetics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Perceptive Advisors founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"perceptive-advisors","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Versant Ventures founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"versant-ventures","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"ALK rearrangements found in IMT","note":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT). Griffin and colleagues identify 2p23 rearrangements, the first ALK fusions outside lymphoma.","from":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging published (Llovet)","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["bclc-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"BCLC staging system published","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["bclc-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Bexarotene approved","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["bexarotene"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"CCG-3891: myeloablative therapy with autologous rescue and 13-cis-retinoic acid each improve event-free survival","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"CCG-3891: myeloablative therapy with autologous rescue and isotretinoin improve survival","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin chemoradiation becomes the cervical cancer standard","note":"Vaginal cancer. Five randomised trials; the approach is extrapolated to vaginal cancer.","from":"vaginal","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Cisplatin chemoradiotherapy becomes standard in cervical cancer and is adopted for vaginal cancer","note":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","from":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["cisplatin","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"IGHV mutational status predicts outcome","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hamblin and Damle show unmutated IGHV means aggressive disease.","from":"cll","refs":["ighv-status"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Interfant-99 opens: the first international infant ALL trial","note":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","from":"all-infant","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Korea launches national gastric cancer screening","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"NCI clinical alert: cisplatin chemoradiation improves survival in five trials","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["cisplatin","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"NCI clinical alert: cisplatin with radiation","note":"Cervical cancer. Five randomised trials show 30-50% mortality reduction; chemoradiation becomes standard for locally advanced disease.","from":"cervical","refs":["cisplatin","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-24: tamoxifen after lumpectomy plus radiotherapy","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Plasma EBV DNA quantified as a tumour marker (Lo, Cancer Res)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation improves survival in complete responders","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["prophylactic-cranial-irradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Sedlis criteria define intermediate-risk features that warrant adjuvant radiotherapy","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Small-cell lung cancer gets its two advances","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy raised five-year survival from 16 to 26 percent in limited-stage disease, and the prophylactic cranial irradiation overvi...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999","paper-auperin-prophylactic-cranial-irradiation-sclc-nejm-1999"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide approved (anaplastic astrocytoma)","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Thalidomide shown active in refractory myeloma (Singhal, NEJM)","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Turrisi: twice-daily 45 Gy improves five-year survival to 26 percent; Aupérin meta-analysis: prophylactic cranial irradiation improves survival","note":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"limited-stage-sclc","refs":["prophylactic-cranial-irradiation","platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Twice-daily 45 Gy (Turrisi) sets the limited-stage radiotherapy standard","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification separates thymic carcinoma (then type C) from thymoma","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"WHO histologic classification of thymic epithelial tumours","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"WHO histological classification of thymic epithelial tumours (types A to C)","note":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","from":"thymoma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Breast cancer research founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"breast-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Clinical lung cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"clinical-lung-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Current oncology reports founded","note":"Springer","from":"current-oncology-reports","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Neoplasia founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"neoplasia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Neuro-Oncology founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"neuro-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"GOG 120: concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy with radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer","note":"Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-rose-cisplatin-chemoradiation-cervical-nejm-1999","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission","note":"Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-auperin-prophylactic-cranial-irradiation-sclc-nejm-1999","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Sherr and Roberts 1999: CDK inhibitors as regulators of the G1 phase","note":"Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. Genes and Development.","from":"paper-sherr-roberts-cdk-inhibitors-genesdev-1999","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide","note":"Turrisi AT, Kim K, Blum R, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-turrisi-twice-daily-thoracic-radiotherapy-limited-sclc-nejm-1999","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer-treatment trials","note":"Hutchins LF, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-hutchins-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"lieping-chen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases","note":"Annals of Surgery","from":"yuman-fong","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Discovery of a small molecule insulin mimetic with antidiabetic activity in mice","note":"Science","from":"fernando-pelaez","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide","note":"Journal of Pathology","from":"nubia-munoz","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Long-term survival in metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma and prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy","note":"JCO","from":"dean-bajorin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring","note":"Science","from":"todd-golub","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Papillomavirus Capsid Protein Expression Level Depends on the Match between Codon Usage and tRNA Availability","note":"Journal of Virology","from":"jian-zhou","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive impairment and neurological deficits","note":"Stroke","from":"juha-korpelainen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Randomized Trial of Radiation Therapy Versus Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Advanced-Stage Oropharynx Carcinoma","note":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute","from":"philippe-bergerot","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid.","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"katherine-matthay","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Closed-system transfer devices for hazardous drugs (PhaSeal, ChemoLock, Equashield)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"closed-system-transfer-devices","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Gastric cancer endoscopic screening (East Asia)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gastric-endoscopic-screening","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"SPECT/CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"spect-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Intergroup 0096 (Turrisi): twice-daily versus once-daily thoracic radiotherapy reported","note":"Median survival 23 against 19 months (p=0.04); five-year survival 26 against 16 percent; grade 3 oesophagitis 27 against 11 percent.","from":"turrisi-intergroup-0096","refs":["limited-stage-sclc","cisplatin","etoposide","platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"1999","precision":"year","title":"Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview (Auperin meta-analysis) reported","note":"Relative risk of death 0.84 (95 percent confidence interval 0.73 to 0.97, p=0.01); three-year survival 20.7 against 15.3 percent.","from":"pci-overview-1999","refs":["limited-stage-sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","sclc"]}]},{"id":"2000","kind":"year","name":"2000 in oncology","aka":["2000"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2000: 82 entries, 25 landmarks, 13 companies founded, 11 papers and 11 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"82 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2000: 25 landmarks, 13 companies founded, 11 papers, 11 papers listed on people's pages, 8 journals founded, 7 technologies, 5 approvals, 1 law or regulation and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 81 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["1999","2001"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2000,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Arsenic trioxide approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory APL","from":"arsenic-trioxide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG) approved in US","note":"Oncology: assessment of abnormal glucose metabolism to assist in evaluating malignancy","from":"fludeoxyglucose-f18","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin approved in US","note":"Relapsed CD33+ AML (withdrawn 2010)","from":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Thyrotropin alfa approved in EU","note":"Thyroglobulin testing and radioiodine imaging in thyroid cancer follow-up; pre-therapeutic stimulation for radioiodine ablation","from":"thyrotropin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Triptorelin approved in US","note":"Palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer","from":"triptorelin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Achieve Life Sciences (formerly OncoGenex) founded","note":"Bothell, WA","from":"achieve-life-sciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Biocon Biologics founded","note":"Bengaluru","from":"biocon-biologics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Children's Oncology Group (COG) founded","note":"Monrovia, CA","from":"childrens-oncology-group","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"General Catalyst founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"general-catalyst","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Hutchmed founded","note":"Hong Kong / Shanghai","from":"hutchmed","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Immunitor founded","note":"Ulaanbaatar","from":"immunitor","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Immunovaccine (IMV) founded","note":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","from":"immunovaccine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Lightspeed Venture Partners founded","note":"Menlo Park, CA","from":"lightspeed-venture-partners","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Lux Capital founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"lux-capital","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Merrimack Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"merrimack-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Modulight founded","note":"Tampere","from":"modulight","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"West Japan Oncology Group founded","note":"Osaka","from":"wjog","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"WuXi AppTec founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"wuxi-apptec","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Arsenic trioxide approved for relapsed APL","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":["arsenic-trioxide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Autologous transplant standard for relapse; late-effects registries reveal cardiac and second-cancer burden","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant","cardio-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"COG Rare Tumors committee established","note":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella). Creates a registry and protocols for infrequent tumours.","from":"rare-childhood-cancers","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Concurrent cisplatin chemoradiation becomes standard for locally advanced disease","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Meta-analysis (MACH-NC) confirms ~6.5% absolute survival gain.","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["imrt-igrt","platinum"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Döhner hierarchical FISH model","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. del(17p) and del(11q) adverse; del(13q) favourable.","from":"cll","refs":["cytogenetics-fish","del17p-tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of sinonasal cancer established","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma). Series from Pittsburgh and Europe show equivalence to open surgery.","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection developed in Japan","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":["endoscopic-resection"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"FIGO 2000 staging and prognostic score","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"FIGO adopts the combined anatomical stage and prognostic score","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"FIGO combines anatomical stage and prognostic score","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"First 90Y- and 177Lu-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PRRT series (Rotterdam, Basel)","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["prrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, the first ADC","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Accelerated approval in relapsed CD33+ AML; withdrawn 2010 after SWOG S0106 toxicity.","from":"aml","refs":["gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab: first ADC","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml","refs":["gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Gene-expression profiling defines GCB and ABC subtypes","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["cell-of-origin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Gillison links HPV16 to a distinct subset of oropharyngeal cancers","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"HPV linked to oropharyngeal cancer","note":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue). Gillison and colleagues show HPV16 in a distinct subset of tumours.","from":"oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib transforms Ph-positive leukaemia","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. First BCR::ABL1 inhibitor; Ph+ ALL survival doubles when added to chemotherapy.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["imatinib","bcr-abl"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib: dramatic response in a single GIST patient (Joensuu, NEJM 2001)","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Irinotecan and oxaliplatin combinations","note":"Colorectal cancer. FOLFIRI and FOLFOX double median metastatic survival from ~12 to ~20 months.","from":"colorectal","refs":["folfox","folfiri"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Molecular portraits define the basal-like subtype","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Perou and Sørlie's expression profiling separates basal-like from luminal breast cancers.","from":"tnbc","refs":["rna-seq"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Molecular subtypes described","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Perou and Sorlie's expression profiling defines luminal, HER2-enriched and basal-like breast cancers.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["basal-like","pam50"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"PAX8-PPARG fusion discovered","note":"Follicular thyroid cancer","from":"follicular-thyroid-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab in PTLD","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Case series and the French multicentre trial (Blood 2006) establish anti-CD20 therapy.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"SDHD mutations found in familial head and neck paraganglioma; SDHB follows in 2001","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":["sdh-deficiency"]},{"group":"history","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"SDHD mutations in hereditary paraganglioma","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Baysal and colleagues, Science: metabolic enzyme genes as tumour suppressors.","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention founded","note":"Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (APOCP), hosted by the West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention","from":"asian-pacific-journal-of-cancer-prevention","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Cancer imaging founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"cancer-imaging","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Cancer research and treatment founded","note":"Korean Cancer Association","from":"cancer-research-and-treatment","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Clinical breast cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"clinical-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Current treatment options in oncology founded","note":"Springer","from":"current-treatment-options-in-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Familial cancer founded","note":"Springer","from":"familial-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"The cancer journal founded","note":"Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)","from":"the-cancer-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"The Lancet Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"lancet-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Regulation (EC) No 141/2000: EU orphan medicines","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-orphan-regulation","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"A quantitative model for differential motility of gliomas in grey and white matter","note":"Swanson KR, Alvord EC, Murray JD. Cell proliferation.","from":"paper-swanson-cell-prolif","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus hyperthermia in locally advanced pelvic tumours: a prospective, randomised, multicentre trial.","note":"van der Zee J, González González D, van Rhoon GC, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-van-der-zee-lancet","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling","note":"Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-alizadeh-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer","note":"Górski B, Byrski T, Huzarski T, et al. American Journal of Human Genetics.","from":"paper-gorski-brca1-founder-mutations-poland-ajhg-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: estimation from 5,265 patients at two large centres","note":"Gotoda T, Yanagisawa A, Sasako M, et al. Gastric cancer.","from":"paper-gotoda-endoscopic-resection-criteria-gastric-cancer-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Molecular portraits of human breast tumours","note":"Perou CM, Sørlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-perou-molecular-portraits-breast-tumours-nature-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies","note":"Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, et al. BMJ.","from":"paper-peto-smoking-cessation-lung-cancer-uk-bmj-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Stojdl 2000: cancer cells that stopped answering interferon cannot stop a virus either","note":"Stojdl DF, Lichty B, Knowles S, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-stojdl-vsv-interferon-defect-natmed-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"The Hallmarks of Cancer: six capabilities every tumour must acquire","note":"Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Cell.","from":"paper-hallmarks-of-cancer-cell-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Therasse 2000: RECIST, the standard rules for measuring whether a tumour responds","note":"Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-therasse-recist-jnci-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Vogelstein, Lane and Levine 2000: surfing the p53 network","note":"Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ. Nature.","from":"paper-vogelstein-surfing-p53-network-nature-2000","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"A chemical switch for inhibitor-sensitive alleles of any protein kinase","note":"Nature","from":"kevan-shokat","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Aphasia, depression, and non-verbal cognitive impairment in ischaemic stroke","note":"Cerebrovasc Dis","from":"juha-korpelainen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 6 capsid antibody responses following incident infection","note":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","from":"denise-galloway","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Differential role of caspase-8 and BID activation during radiation- and CD95-induced apoptosis","note":"Oncogene","from":"claus-belka","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"chak-sing-lau","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation","note":"Journal of Experimental Medicine","from":"gordon-freeman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Exploiting tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolytic virus","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"john-bell","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Incidental Prostate Cancer: The Importance of Complete Prostatic Removal at Cystoprostatectomy for Bladder Cancer","note":"Urologia Internationalis","from":"farhat-abbas","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer","note":"JCO","from":"aimery-de-gramont","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi","note":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","from":"nikhil-tandon","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"The Founder Mutations in the BRCA1 , BRCA2 , and ATM Genes in Moroccan Jewish Women with Breast Cancer","note":"Genetic Testing","from":"yitshak-kreiss","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"adc","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Patient positioning and surface guidance systems (AlignRT, Catalyst, ExacTrac Dynamic)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"patient-positioning-surface-guidance-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Proliferation-invasion (reaction-diffusion) models of glioma","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"reaction-diffusion-glioma-model","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Quantitative imaging biomarkers (RECIST, PERCIST, SUV, ADC)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"quantitative-imaging-biomarkers","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Respiratory gating and tumour tracking systems (RPM, ABC, Calypso, Synchrony)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"respiratory-gating-tumour-tracking-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Respiratory motion management (4D-CT, gating, breath-hold, tracking)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"respiratory-motion-management","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2000","precision":"year","title":"Surgical robots: da Vinci, Hugo, Versius and single-port systems","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"surgical-robot-platforms","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2000-05-17","precision":"day","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed CD33+ AML in older patients; first ADC ever approved","from":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2001","kind":"year","name":"2001 in oncology","aka":["2001"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2001: 85 entries, 16 landmarks, 15 papers, 15 papers listed on people's pages and 13 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"85 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2001: 16 landmarks, 15 papers, 15 papers listed on people's pages, 13 approvals, 13 companies founded, 6 journals founded, 4 technologies, 2 trials reported and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 84 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2000","2002"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2001,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Alemtuzumab approved in EU","note":"B-CLL after fludarabine (MabCampath; authorisation withdrawn 2012)","from":"alemtuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Alemtuzumab approved in US","note":"B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (single agent)","from":"alemtuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Bexarotene approved in EU","note":"Skin manifestations of advanced-stage CTCL refractory to at least one systemic treatment","from":"bexarotene","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Capecitabine approved in EU","note":"Colorectal, gastric and breast cancer","from":"capecitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Darbepoetin alfa approved in EU","note":"Anaemia of chronic renal failure; symptomatic anaemia in adults with non-myeloid malignancies receiving chemotherapy (Aranesp)","from":"darbepoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Darbepoetin alfa approved in US","note":"Anaemia of chronic kidney disease","from":"darbepoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved in UK","note":"Pancreatic cancer: NICE TA25 (8 May 2001), since replaced by the NG85 guideline, which recommends gemcitabine alone for people not well enough for combination chemotherapy (1.9.6)...","from":"gemcitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved in US","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia","from":"imatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Rasburicase approved in EU","note":"Treatment and prophylaxis of acute hyperuricaemia in haematological malignancy with high tumour burden (Fasturtec)","from":"rasburicase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Temoporfin approved in EU","note":"Palliative treatment of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma failing prior therapy and unsuitable for radiotherapy, surgery or chemotherapy","from":"temoporfin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"UroVysion Bladder Cancer Kit approved in US","note":"Monitoring for recurrence in patients with previously diagnosed bladder cancer","from":"urovysion","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Zoledronic acid approved in EU","note":"Prevention of skeletal-related events in advanced malignancies involving bone; tumour-induced hypercalcaemia","from":"zoledronic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Zoledronic acid approved in US","note":"Hypercalcaemia of malignancy","from":"zoledronic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Aeterna Zentaris founded","note":"Frankfurt","from":"aeterna-zentaris","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Alligator Bioscience founded","note":"Lund","from":"alligator-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Aurigene Oncology founded","note":"Bengaluru","from":"aurigene","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"CellSeed founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"cellseed","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Chipscreen Biosciences founded","note":"Shenzhen","from":"chipscreen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Diffusion Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Charlottesville, VA","from":"diffusion-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"EnGeneIC founded","note":"Sydney","from":"engeneic","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Infinity Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"infinity-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Pacific Edge founded","note":"Dunedin","from":"pacific-edge","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Pieris Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Boston, Massachusetts","from":"pieris-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Takeda Ventures founded","note":"Cambridge, MA","from":"takeda-ventures","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Threshold Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"threshold-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Vision RT founded","note":"London","from":"vision-rt","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Adsay and colleagues define colloid carcinoma of the pancreas (17 cases)","note":"Colloid (mucinous non-cystic) carcinoma of the pancreas","from":"pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion identified as the defining alteration","note":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","from":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Beta-catenin and APC alterations link pancreatoblastoma to the Wnt pathway and to familial adenomatous polyposis","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["wnt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"COMS: brachytherapy equals enucleation for medium tumours","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Cytoreductive nephrectomy improves survival with interferon (SWOG 8949)","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Dutch TME trial separates local control from survival","note":"Colorectal cancer. 1,861 patients; two-year local recurrence 2.4 versus 8.2 percent with preoperative radiotherapy, two-year survival identical at 82.0 versus 81.8 percent.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 10873: breast conservation with radiotherapy for Paget disease","note":"Paget disease of the nipple","from":"paget-disease-of-the-nipple","refs":["lumpectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"First GIST patient treated with imatinib responds (Joensuu)","note":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","from":"gist-kit-exon-11","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). FDA approval in under three months; IRIS (2003) confirms superiority over interferon-cytarabine.","from":"cml","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved","note":"Leukaemia (all types). The first kinase inhibitor and the model for targeted therapy.","from":"leukaemia","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved for chronic myeloid leukaemia","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib produces responses in blast phase, though short-lived","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"PanIN nomenclature agreed for the microscopic precursor lesions","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eight pathologists had used more than 70 terms for 35 duct lesions; the working group adopted pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1 to 3...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["panin","paper-hruban-panin-nomenclature-ajsp-2001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification lists primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma as a separate entity","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["non-hodgkin-lymphoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of mastocytosis","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. Valent criteria; imatinib found inactive against D816V.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"WHO creates the MDS/MPN category","note":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms. CMML, atypical CML and JMML grouped as overlap neoplasms.","from":"cmml","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"BMC cancer founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"bmc-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Clinical colorectal cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"clinical-colorectal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Current cancer drug targets founded","note":"Bentham Science Publishers","from":"current-cancer-drug-targets","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Expert review of anticancer therapy founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"expert-review-of-anticancer-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"molecular-cancer-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Nature Reviews Cancer founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-reviews-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Balkwill and Mantovani 2001: inflammation and cancer, back to Virchow?","note":"Balkwill F, Mantovani A. The Lancet.","from":"paper-balkwill-mantovani-inflammation-virchow-lancet-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction","note":"Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-macdonald-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"EGFR and cancer prognosis","note":"Nicholson RI, Gee JM, Harper ME. European Journal of Cancer.","from":"paper-egfr-gastric-eur-j-cancer-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review","note":"Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-dulguerov-esthesioneuroblastoma-meta-analysis-lancet-oncol-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"First imatinib trial: a pill that switched off the enzyme driving chronic myeloid leukaemia","note":"Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-druker-imatinib-phase1-nejm-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications","note":"Sørlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-sorlie-breast-carcinoma-subclasses-pnas-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"IFNgamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity","note":"Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-shankaran-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a new nomenclature and classification system for pancreatic duct lesions","note":"Hruban RH, Adsay NV, Albores-Saavedra J, et al. American Journal of Surgical Pathology.","from":"paper-hruban-panin-nomenclature-ajsp-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer (Dutch TME trial)","note":"Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-kapiteijn-dutch-tme-preoperative-radiotherapy-nejm-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Reya 2001: stem cells, cancer and cancer stem cells","note":"Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Nature.","from":"paper-reya-cancer-stem-cells-nature-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Slamon 2001: adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","note":"Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-slamon-trastuzumab-nejm-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"The der(17)t(X;17) of alveolar soft part sarcoma fuses TFE3 to ASPL","note":"Ladanyi M, Lui MY, Antonescu CR, et al. Oncogene.","from":"paper-ladanyi-aspl-tfe3-oncogene-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"The effect of group psychosocial support on survival in metastatic breast cancer","note":"Goodwin PJ, Leszcz M, Ennis M, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-goodwin-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"The first PROTAC: a chimeric molecule that tags a protein for destruction","note":"Sakamoto KM, Kim KB, Kumagai A, Mercurio F, Crews CM, Deshaies RJ. PNAS.","from":"paper-protac-concept-sakamoto-pnas-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Yarden and Sliwkowski 2001: untangling the ErbB signalling network","note":"Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.","from":"paper-yarden-sliwkowski-erbb-network-nrmcb-2001","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited","note":"Nature Reviews Cancer","from":"janet-rowley","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Chronic hypoxia modulates tumour cell radioresponse through cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase","note":"Br J Cancer","from":"mark-de-ridder","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification","note":"Science","from":"charles-sawyers","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"hoff-paulo","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"HIFα targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing","note":"Science","from":"william-kaelin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Impaired healing of pancreatic anastomoses (in Czech)","note":"Rozhledy v chirurgii","from":"petr-poloucek","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Involvement of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor c-met and of Bcl-xL in the resistance of oropharyngeal cancer to ionizing radiation","note":"International Journal of Cancer","from":"daniel-aebersold","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"maurice-van-den-bosch","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation","note":"Nature Immunology","from":"gordon-freeman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging","note":"JCO","from":"wolfgang-weber","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Radiation induced CNS toxicity – molecular and cellular mechanisms","note":"British Journal of Cancer","from":"claus-belka","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Studies on human colon cancer gene APC by targeted expression in Drosophila","note":"Oncogene","from":"ls-shashidhara","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women With Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2","note":"JAMA","from":"mary-claire-king","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"The Evolution of Palliative Care","note":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","from":"cicely-saunders","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"dennis-slamon","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Capsule endoscopy (PillCam, EndoCapsule, CapsoCam)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"capsule-endoscopy-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Enhanced recovery (ERAS) and perioperative nutrition","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"eras-perioperative-nutrition","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"PET/CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pet-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Small-molecule kinase inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"kinase-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"Dutch TME trial reported","note":"Local recurrence at two years 2.4 against 8.2 percent; no survival difference.","from":"dutch-tme-trial","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2001","precision":"year","title":"INT-0116 (Macdonald trial) reported","note":"Median overall survival 36 vs 27 months (hazard ratio 0.74).","from":"int-0116","refs":["gastric","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2001-05-10","precision":"day","title":"Imatinib: approval (US)","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia: first targeted kinase inhibitor, approved in under 3 months","from":"imatinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2002","kind":"year","name":"2002 in oncology","aka":["2002"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2002: 90 entries, 28 landmarks, 17 papers, 12 approvals and 12 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"90 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2002: 28 landmarks, 17 papers, 12 approvals, 12 papers listed on people's pages, 8 companies founded, 7 journals founded, 3 trials reported, 1 law or regulation, 1 technology and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 89 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2001","2003"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2002,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Amrubicin approved in JP","note":"Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer","from":"amrubicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Anastrozole approved in US","note":"Adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer","from":"anastrozole","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Arsenic trioxide approved in EU","note":"APL","from":"arsenic-trioxide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Darbepoetin alfa approved in US","note":"Anaemia due to concomitant myelosuppressive chemotherapy in non-myeloid malignancies","from":"darbepoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Fulvestrant approved in US","note":"HR+ advanced breast cancer after antioestrogen therapy","from":"fulvestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Ibritumomab tiuxetan approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular or transformed B-cell NHL including rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma","from":"ibritumomab-tiuxetan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved in US","note":"KIT+ GIST","from":"imatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Oxaliplatin approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer with 5-FU/LV","from":"oxaliplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Pegfilgrastim approved in EU","note":"Reduction in duration of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy (Neulasta); biosimilars from 2018","from":"pegfilgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Pegfilgrastim approved in US","note":"Decrease in febrile neutropenia in non-myeloid malignancies on myelosuppressive chemotherapy (acute radiation syndrome added 2015)","from":"pegfilgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Rasburicase approved in US","note":"Initial management of plasma uric acid in paediatric patients with leukaemia, lymphoma or solid tumours at risk of tumour lysis (adults added 2009)","from":"rasburicase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Zoledronic acid approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma and bone metastases from solid tumours, with antineoplastic therapy","from":"zoledronic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Advanced Accelerator Applications (Novartis) founded","note":"Saint-Genis-Pouilly","from":"advanced-accelerator-applications","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Amneal Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Bridgewater, New Jersey","from":"amneal","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Carl Zeiss Meditec founded","note":"Jena","from":"carl-zeiss-meditec","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"OBI Pharma founded","note":"Taipei","from":"obi-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"photonamic founded","note":"Wedel","from":"photonamic","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"RA Capital Management founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"ra-capital","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Sinocelltech founded","note":"Beijing","from":"sinocelltech","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Takara Bio founded","note":"Kusatsu","from":"takara-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"B2222 phase 2 and FDA approval of imatinib for metastatic GIST","note":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","from":"gist-kit-exon-11","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Beta-catenin mutations found in almost all solid pseudopapillary tumours","note":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas","from":"solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm","refs":["wnt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"BRAF mutations discovered in human cancer (Davies, Nature)","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"BRAF mutations found in about half of melanomas (Davies and colleagues, Nature)","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E mutations discovered across cancers, including a small share of lung cancers","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"braf-v600e-nsclc","refs":["braf","braf-v600-mutation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E mutations discovered in ~50% of melanomas","note":"Melanoma. Davies et al., Nature.","from":"melanoma","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Consensus diagnostic criteria (IWWM-2)","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","from":"waldenstrom","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"E1594: four chemotherapy regimens, one result","note":"Lung cancer (all types). 1,207 patients, a 19 percent response rate and a median survival of 7.9 months whichever platinum doublet was used.","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-schiller-ecog-1594-four-chemotherapy-regimens-nejm-2002"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"England centralises penile cancer surgery in supra-regional centres","note":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","from":"localised-penile-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"First reports of imatinib responses in metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","note":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","from":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"FLCN identified as the Birt-Hogg-Dube gene","note":"Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","from":"chromophobe-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Fulvestrant: first SERD","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["fulvestrant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Fumarate hydratase mutations found in HLRCC","note":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","from":"papillary-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib approved; dramatic responses in a minority","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"GELA LNH-98.5: R-CHOP improves survival over CHOP","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Rituximab added to CHOP raises cure rates by ~15 points; the standard for the next twenty years.","from":"dlbcl","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"HRPT2 (CDC73) identified as the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome gene","note":"Parathyroid carcinoma. Carpten and colleagues, Nat Genet.","from":"parathyroid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved for advanced GIST","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved for GIST: the first solid tumour controlled by a targeted pill","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib for GIST","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"International pooled analysis of extragonadal germ cell tumours","note":"Extragonadal germ cell tumour. Bokemeyer and colleagues pool 635 patients from eleven centres: seminomas do as well as testicular disease, mediastinal non-seminomas do worst, and p...","from":"extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","refs":["cisplatin","etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Llovet and Lo randomised trials: chemoembolisation prolongs survival","note":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","from":"hcc-intermediate","refs":["tace"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"NCIC SR2: preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy give equal control, with different toxicities","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"TACE proven to prolong survival (Llovet, Lo)","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["tace"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Twenty-year results: keeping the breast costs nothing in survival","note":"Breast cancer (all types). NSABP B-06 and Milan I both report at twenty years and NSABP B-04 at twenty-five, none of them finding a survival advantage for the larger operation.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["nsabp-b06","milan-i","nsabp-b04"]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"WHO abandons malignant fibrous histiocytoma as a diagnosis in favour of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"WHO recognises myxofibrosarcoma as a distinct entity","note":"Myxofibrosarcoma","from":"myxofibrosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"WHO recognises PEComa as a tumour family","note":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa)","from":"pecoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Zoledronic acid approved for bone metastases","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Bisphosphonates, then denosumab, cut fractures and other skeletal events from bone metastases.","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["zoledronic-acid","denosumab"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Cancer biology & therapy founded","note":"Taylor & Francis (formerly Landes Bioscience)","from":"cancer-biology-and-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Cancer Cell founded","note":"Cell Press (Elsevier)","from":"cancer-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Integrative cancer therapies founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"integrative-cancer-therapies","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Molecular cancer founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"molecular-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Molecular cancer research founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"molecular-cancer-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-reviews-drug-discovery","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Technology in cancer research & treatment founded","note":"SAGE Publishing","from":"technology-in-cancer-research-and-treatment","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Paediatric drug laws: BPCA and PREA","note":"United States, statute.","from":"bpca-prea","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","note":"Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-llovet-tace-lancet-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape","note":"Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Nature immunology.","from":"paper-dunn-nat-immunol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-schiller-ecog-1594-four-chemotherapy-regimens-nejm-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Coussens and Werb 2002: inflammation and cancer","note":"Coussens LM, Werb Z. Nature.","from":"paper-coussens-werb-inflammation-cancer-nature-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"DNA replication in eukaryotic cells","note":"Bell SP, Dutta A. Annual review of biochemistry.","from":"paper-bell-annu-rev-biochem","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism","note":"Mathijssen RH, Verweij J, de Bruijn P, et al. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-mathijssen-j-natl-cancer-inst","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours","note":"Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-demetri-imatinib-gist-nejm-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"FIGO staging for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia 2000","note":"FIGO Oncology Committee. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.","from":"paper-figo-2000-staging-gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia-ijgo-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy","note":"Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, et al. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics.","from":"paper-jaffray-int-j-radiat-oncol-biol-phys","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with unresectable leiomyosarcoma: results of a phase 2 trial","note":"Hensley ML, Maki R, Venkatraman E, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-hensley-gemcitabine-docetaxel-leiomyosarcoma-jco-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Germline mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma","note":"Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-neumann-germline-mutations-nonsyndromic-pheochromocytoma-nejm-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States","note":"Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-birkmeyer-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Iwai and Honjo: tumours use PD-L1 to escape T cells, and blocking it restores attack","note":"Iwai Y, Ishida M, Tanaka Y, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Minato N. PNAS.","from":"paper-iwai-pdl1-tumour-escape-pnas-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"NCIC SR2: preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma of the limbs","note":"O'Sullivan B, Davis AM, Turcotte R, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-ncic-sr2-preoperative-vs-postoperative-radiotherapy-osullivan-lancet-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Paget disease of the nipple as a marker of multifocal, higher-risk underlying breast cancer","note":"Kothari AS, Beechey-Newman N, Hamed H, et al. Cancer.","from":"paper-kothari-paget-disease-nipple-multifocal-cancer-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Thiery 2002: epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression","note":"Thiery JP. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-thiery-emt-tumour-progression-nrc-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Veber 2002: molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates","note":"Veber DF, Johnson SR, Cheng HY, Smith BR, Ward KW, Kopple KD. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.","from":"paper-veber-oral-bioavailability-jmedchem-2002","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Adenoviral transfer of HSP-70 into pulmonary epithelium ameliorates experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome","note":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","from":"yoram-weiss","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Concurrent Chemotherapy-Radiotherapy Compared With Radiotherapy Alone in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Progression-Free Survival Analysis of...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"anthony-chan","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Development of the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341","note":"The Oncologist","from":"julian-adams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors","note":"NEJM","from":"george-demetri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"History of Psycho-Oncology: Overcoming Attitudinal and Conceptual Barriers","note":"Psychosomatic Medicine","from":"jimmie-holland","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Metabolic characterization of childhood brain tumors: comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine positron emission tomography","note":"Cancer","from":"sirkku-jyrkkio","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: an analysis of 1,702 patients treated on neoadjuvant cooperative osteosarcoma study g...","note":"JCO","from":"stefan-bielack","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) Study","note":"Stroke","from":"maurice-van-den-bosch","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis","note":"Seminars in Oncology","from":"judah-folkman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Tamoxifen, Radiation Therapy, or Both for Prevention of Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence After Lumpectomy in Women With Invasive Breast Cancers of One Centim...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"bernard-fisher","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"lieping-chen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Twenty-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Lumpectomy plus Irradiation for the Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"bernard-fisher","refs":["norman-wolmark"]},{"group":"technology","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radioembolisation-tare","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"Milan I (quadrantectomy against radical mastectomy) reported","note":"Twenty-year same-breast recurrence 8.8 percent after quadrantectomy against 2.3 percent after radical mastectomy, with identical survival (death from any cause 41.7 against 41.2 pe...","from":"milan-i","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-04 reported","note":"No significant difference in disease-free, relapse-free, distant-disease-free or overall survival between radical mastectomy, total mastectomy with irradiation and total mastectomy...","from":"nsabp-b04","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2002","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-06 reported","note":"Twenty-year recurrence in the treated breast 14.3 percent with lumpectomy and irradiation against 39.2 percent with lumpectomy alone; no difference in overall survival between any...","from":"nsabp-b06","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2002-02-01","precision":"day","title":"Imatinib: approval (US)","note":"KIT+ gastrointestinal stromal tumour","from":"imatinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2003","kind":"year","name":"2003 in oncology","aka":["2003"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2003: 104 entries, 30 landmarks, 24 papers listed on people's pages, 20 papers and 9 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"104 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2003: 30 landmarks, 24 papers listed on people's pages, 20 papers, 9 approvals, 9 companies founded, 6 journals founded, 3 technologies and 3 trials reported.\n\nOf those, 104 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2002","2004"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2003,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Abarelix approved in US","note":"Advanced symptomatic prostate cancer in men who cannot take GnRH agonists (restricted programme). Withdrawn from the US market in 2005","from":"abarelix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Aprepitant (and fosaprepitant) approved in EU","note":"Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Emend); Ivemend 2008","from":"aprepitant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Aprepitant (and fosaprepitant) approved in US","note":"Prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with highly emetogenic chemotherapy (moderately emetogenic added 2005; paediatric suspension 2015)","from":"aprepitant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma (accelerated)","from":"bortezomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Busulfan approved in EU","note":"Conditioning before haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (Busilvex)","from":"busulfan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib approved in US","note":"NSCLC after chemotherapy (accelerated; restricted 2005)","from":"gefitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Memantine approved in US","note":"Moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (use as a neuroprotectant during whole-brain radiotherapy is off-label)","from":"memantine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Palonosetron approved in US","note":"Acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with moderately emetogenic chemotherapy; acute with highly emetogenic chemotherapy (paediatric from 1 month added 2014)","from":"palonosetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Pegvisomant approved in US","note":"Acromegaly with inadequate response to surgery or radiotherapy and other medical therapies","from":"pegvisomant","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Agendia founded","note":"Amsterdam / Irvine, CA","from":"agendia","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Ambrx founded","note":"La Jolla, California","from":"ambrx","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Aosaikang Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Nanjing","from":"aosaikang-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Betta Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Hangzhou","from":"betta","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC) founded","note":"Villejuif","from":"itcc","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"MDxHealth founded","note":"Irvine, CA / Herstal","from":"mdxhealth","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Nanobiotix founded","note":"Paris, France","from":"nanobiotix","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Nobelpharma founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"nobelpharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"SARC (Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration) founded","note":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","from":"sarc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib approved for relapsed myeloma: the first proteasome inhibitor","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["bortezomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib approved; proteasome inhibition enters induction","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["bortezomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib: first proteasome inhibitor approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["bortezomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in ~45% of papillary thyroid cancers","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in papillary thyroid cancer","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Brain as the first site of progression on trastuzumab described","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"BRCA1 carriers' tumours shown to be basal-like","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Sørlie's independent data sets and Foulkes's cytokeratin 5/6 stain (odds ratio 9.0) linked hereditary and basal-like disease; Atchley (2008) f...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-sorlie-repeated-observation-subtypes-brca1-basal-pnas-2003","paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003","paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008","germline-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"BRD4-NUT fusion cloned","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). French and colleagues identify the fusion gene.","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"CRTC1-MAML2 fusion identified as the defining genetic event","note":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma","from":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"CRTC1-MAML2 fusion in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (Tonon)","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":["gene-fusion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Cytoreduction with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal disease","note":"Colorectal cancer. Verwaal, 105 patients: median survival 22.3 versus 12.6 months, at 8 percent treatment-related mortality.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-verwaal-cytoreduction-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-jco-2003","hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"EMPHACIS: pemetrexed-cisplatin improves survival","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["pemetrexed"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Fan describes the six growth patterns that predict behaviour","note":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","from":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Favourable subsets codified (Pavlidis, Fizazi)","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Gene expression profiling shows its kinship with classical Hodgkin lymphoma and the 9p24.1 lesion","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","pdl1","jak2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"GHSG HD9: escalated BEACOPP improves outcomes over standard regimens","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["abvd-beacopp","gbg"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Heinrich identifies PDGFRA mutations in KIT wild-type GIST","note":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","from":"gist-pdgfra-d842v","refs":["pdgfra"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"INT-0091: adding ifosfamide-etoposide improves survival (Grier, NEJM)","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":["ifosfamide","etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"INT-0091: ifosfamide-etoposide added to Ewing sarcoma therapy","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["int-0091"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"IRIS: imatinib beats interferon plus cytarabine","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Neoadjuvant MVAC improves survival before cystectomy (SWOG 8710)","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"PDGFRA mutations in KIT-wild-type GIST (Heinrich, Science)","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["pdgfra"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Pemetrexed-cisplatin improves survival","note":"Pleural mesothelioma","from":"pleural-mesothelioma","refs":["pemetrexed"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 91-11: concurrent cisplatin chemoradiation best for larynx preservation","note":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"laryngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-91-11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 91-11: concurrent cisplatin chemoradiation preserves the larynx best","note":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-91-11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Seidman shows most 'mucinous ovarian cancers' are metastases from the gut","note":"Mucinous ovarian cancer","from":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"SIOP PNET3: chemotherapy before radiotherapy improves event-free survival","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Somatic and germline CDC73 mutations in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma","note":"Parathyroid carcinoma. Shattuck and colleagues, NEJM.","from":"parathyroid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"SWOG 8710: neoadjuvant MVAC before cystectomy improves survival","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Cancer science founded","note":"Wiley","from":"cancer-science","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Clinical advances in hematology & oncology founded","note":"Millennium Medical Publishing","from":"clinical-advances-in-hematology-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Esophagus founded","note":"Springer","from":"esophagus-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network founded","note":"Harborside","from":"jnccn","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Veterinary and comparative oncology founded","note":"Wiley","from":"veterinary-and-comparative-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"World journal of surgical oncology founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"world-journal-of-surgical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study of RMP-7 in combination with carboplatin administered intravenously for the treatment of recurrent...","note":"Prados MD, Schold SC, Fine HA, et al. Neuro-Oncology.","from":"paper-carboplatin-glioblastoma-neuro-oncol-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Al-Hajj 2003: prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells","note":"Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-al-hajj-breast-cancer-stem-cells-pnas-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Calle 2003: overweight, obesity and death from cancer in 900,000 US adults","note":"Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-calle-obesity-cancer-mortality-nejm-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Congestive heart failure in patients treated with doxorubicin: a retrospective analysis of three trials","note":"Swain SM, Whaley FS, Ewer MS. Cancer.","from":"paper-swain-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Development of potent monoclonal antibody auristatin conjugates for cancer therapy","note":"Doronina SO, Toki BE, Torgov MY, et al. Nature Biotechnology.","from":"paper-doronina-nat-biotechnol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer","note":"Foulkes WD, Stefansson IM, Chappuis PO, et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-foulkes-brca1-basal-phenotype-jnci-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"IRIS: imatinib versus interferon plus cytarabine as first treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia","note":"O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-iris-imatinib-nejm-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour","note":"Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Demetri GD, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-heinrich-kit-mutation-imatinib-response-jco-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours","note":"Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing A, et al. Science.","from":"paper-heinrich-pdgfra-gist-science-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Phase 3 trial of pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in malignant pleural mesothelioma","note":"Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-vogelzang-pemetrexed-mesothelioma-jco-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Randomized trial of cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy and palliative surgery in patients with peritoneal...","note":"Verwaal VJ, van Ruth S, de Bree E, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-verwaal-cytoreduction-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-jco-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of...","note":"Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. 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Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-tonon-crtc1-maml2-nat-genet-2003","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Translation of highly promising basic science research into clinical applications","note":"Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Ntzani E, Ioannidis JP. The American journal of medicine.","from":"paper-contopoulos-ioannidis-am-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch","note":"Bergers G, Benjamin LE. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-bergers-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks Due to Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2","note":"Science","from":"mary-claire-king","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells preserve graft-versus-tumor activity while inhibiting graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"robert-negrin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"CD56bright natural killer cells are present in human lymph nodes and are activated by T cell-derived IL-2: a potential new link between adaptive and innate immu...","note":"Blood","from":"michael-caligiuri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Cognitive Outcome of Long-Term Survivors of Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Single-Institution, 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yeast","note":"Nature","from":"erin-oshea","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast","note":"Nature","from":"erin-oshea","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Granzyme B: pro-apoptotic, antiviral and antitumor functions","note":"Current Opinion in Immunology","from":"trapani-joseph","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis","note":"Nature","from":"gianvito-martino","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Late toxicity results of the GORTEC 94-01 randomized trial comparing radiotherapy with concomitant radiochemotherapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma: co...","note":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics","from":"philippe-bergerot","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Metástases intestinais de melanoma","note":"Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões","from":"flavio-tomasich","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Multicomponent analysis of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression model using a pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue microarray","note":"Modern Pathology","from":"anirban-maitra","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"New prognostic factors and developing therapy of cutaneous melanoma","note":"Annals of Medicine","from":"pia-vihinen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"NF-kappaB inhibition impairs the radioresponse of hypoxic EMT-6 tumour cells through downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase","note":"Br J Cancer","from":"mark-de-ridder","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Phase III Trial of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Compared With Cisplatin and Paclitaxel in Patients With Optimally Resected Stage III Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"robert-mannel","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Positron emission tomography in non-small-cell lung cancer: prediction of response to chemotherapy by quantitative assessment of glucose use","note":"JCO","from":"wolfgang-weber","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Primary cutaneous lymphomas: a review with current treatment options","note":"Blood Reviews","from":"steven-rosen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer 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treatment-related mortality.","from":"netherlands-hipec","refs":["colorectal","mitomycin","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2003","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 91-11 reported","note":"Larynx preservation at 2 years 88% (concurrent) vs 75% (induction) vs 70% (radiotherapy alone).","from":"rtog-91-11","refs":["head-and-neck","laryngeal-cancer","cisplatin","fluorouracil"]}]},{"id":"2004","kind":"year","name":"2004 in oncology","aka":["2004"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2004: 129 entries, 28 landmarks, 26 papers listed on people's pages, 23 papers and 19 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"129 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2004: 28 landmarks, 26 papers listed on people's pages, 23 papers, 19 approvals, 10 trials reported, 8 companies founded, 5 journals founded, 5 regulatory events, 3 technologies and 2 laws and regulations.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day, 3 to the month and 125 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2003","2005"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2004,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Anagrelide approved in EU","note":"Elevated platelet counts in at-risk essential thrombocythaemia intolerant of or inadequately controlled by current therapy (Xagrid)","from":"anagrelide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Azacitidine approved in US","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic colorectal cancer with 5-FU chemotherapy","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in EU","note":"EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer; later restricted to RAS wild-type. Erbitux marketing authorisation issued 29 June 2004.","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in US","note":"EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (later restricted to RAS wild-type)","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Cinacalcet approved in US","note":"Hypercalcaemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma; secondary hyperparathyroidism on dialysis; primary hyperparathyroidism when surgery is not possible","from":"cinacalcet","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Cladribine approved in EU","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia (Litak, subcutaneous)","from":"cladribine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Clofarabine approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory ALL in patients aged 1 to 21 after at least two prior regimens (accelerated)","from":"clofarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Docetaxel approved in US","note":"Metastatic CRPC (with prednisone)","from":"docetaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Erlotinib approved in US","note":"Locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC after chemotherapy","from":"erlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) approved in US","note":"Adjuvant stage III colon cancer (oxaliplatin, MOSAIC)","from":"folfox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved in US","note":"Metastatic breast cancer with paclitaxel","from":"gemcitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Ibritumomab tiuxetan approved in EU","note":"Rituximab-relapsed or refractory CD20-positive follicular lymphoma; first-line consolidation added 2008","from":"ibritumomab-tiuxetan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Imiquimod approved in US","note":"Actinic keratosis; superficial basal cell carcinoma in immunocompetent adults","from":"imiquimod","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Methyl aminolevulinate approved in US","note":"Thin non-hyperkeratotic actinic keratoses of the face and scalp, with red light photodynamic therapy","from":"methyl-aminolevulinate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Mitotane approved in EU","note":"Advanced adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"mitotane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Oxaliplatin approved in US","note":"Adjuvant stage III colon cancer","from":"oxaliplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Palifermin approved in US","note":"Reduction of severe oral mucositis in haematological malignancies with myelotoxic therapy and autologous stem cell support","from":"palifermin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Pemetrexed approved in US","note":"Unresectable pleural mesothelioma with cisplatin","from":"pemetrexed","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Amgen Ventures founded","note":"Thousand Oaks, CA","from":"amgen-ventures","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Bellicum Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Houston, TX","from":"bellicum","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"C-RAD founded","note":"Uppsala","from":"c-rad","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Khosla Ventures founded","note":"Menlo Park, CA","from":"khosla-ventures","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Molecular Partners founded","note":"Zurich","from":"molecular-partners","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Nerviano Medical Sciences founded","note":"Nerviano","from":"nerviano-medical-sciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Allist Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"allist","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"ViewRay (MRIdian) founded","note":"Denver, CO","from":"viewray","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Azacitidine approved","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). 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Lynch, Paez, and Pao identify activating EGFR mutations; the birth of lung cancer precision medicine.","from":"nsclc","refs":["egfr","egfr-exon19-l858r"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"EGFR mutations explain gefitinib responses","note":"Lung cancer (all types)","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["gefitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"EGFR mutations found to explain gefitinib responses in Boston (Lynch, Paez, Pao)","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["gefitinib","thomas-lynch","daniel-haber","egfr"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-1: adjuvant chemotherapy helps, chemoradiotherapy harms","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 289 patients; five-year survival 21 versus 8 percent with chemotherapy, 10 versus 20 percent with chemoradiotherapy.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-espac-1-chemoradiotherapy-chemotherapy-resected-pancreatic-nejm-2004"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"FLIPI prognostic index","note":"Follicular lymphoma","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Gene-expression classes 1 and 2 predict metastasis (Onken, Harbour)","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Habr-Gama reports watch and wait after complete clinical response in Sao Paulo","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["angelita-habr-gama","organ-preservation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"HER2 kinase domain mutations found in lung adenocarcinoma","note":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"her2-mutant-nsclc","refs":["her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"KIT mutations and imatinib responses described in thymic carcinoma","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"MA.17: letrozole after five years of tamoxifen reduces late recurrence","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["letrozole"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"More receptor is enough on its own","note":"Prostate cancer. A modest rise in androgen receptor expression, with no mutation, is shown to be necessary and sufficient for antiandrogen resistance and to turn antagonists into a...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-chen-androgen-receptor-overexpression-antiandrogen-resistance-nat-med-2004","androgen-receptor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Oncotype DX launched","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer. Gene-expression recurrence score enters practice.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["oncotype-dx"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Pemetrexed approved: first mesothelioma drug","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["pemetrexed"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Pemetrexed-cisplatin approved","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9508: radiosurgery boost improves function and, for single lesions, survival","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["radiosurgery-srs"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Surveillance for stage I paediatric testicular tumours","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). POG/CCG intergroup studies show surgery alone is safe for low-stage disease.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"TAX 327: docetaxel is the first drug to lengthen life in castration-resistant disease","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"The first drug to extend survival after hormone therapy fails","note":"Prostate cancer. TAX 327 gave median survival of 18.9 months with three-weekly docetaxel against 16.5 with mitoxantrone, and improved pain and quality of life; SWOG 9916 reported 1...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-tannock-tax-327-docetaxel-prednisone-nejm-2004","paper-petrylak-swog-9916-docetaxel-estramustine-nejm-2004","docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Two-tier grading separates low-grade from high-grade serous cancer (MD Anderson)","note":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Cancer genomics & proteomics founded","note":"International Institute of Anticancer Research","from":"cancer-genomics-and-proteomics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Experimental oncology founded","note":"Akademperiodyka (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)","from":"experimental-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-reviews-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer founded","note":"Wiley","from":"pediatric-blood-and-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"PLOS Medicine founded","note":"Public Library of Science","from":"plos-medicine","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"EU data and market protection (8+2+1)","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-data-exclusivity","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Regulation (EC) No 726/2004: the EU centralised procedure","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-regulation-726-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer","note":"Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, et al. 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New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-bernier-eortc-22931-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Fifty years of the British Doctors Study: smokers lose ten years of life, quitting gives most of it back","note":"Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. BMJ.","from":"paper-doll-peto-50-year-doctors-bmj-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour","note":"Wistuba II, Gazdar AF. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-wistuba-gazdar-gallbladder-cancer-lessons-nat-rev-cancer-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Hurwitz 2004: bevacizumab with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, the first anti-angiogenic drug to extend life","note":"Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-hurwitz-bevacizumab-crc-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women 70 years of age or older with early breast cancer","note":"Hughes KS, Schnaper LA, Berry D, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-hughes-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Mesothelin: a new target for immunotherapy","note":"Hassan R, Bera T, Pastan I. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-mesothelin-mesothelioma-clin-cancer-res-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy","note":"Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-chen-androgen-receptor-overexpression-antiandrogen-resistance-nat-med-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results","note":"Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Nadalin W, et al. Annals of Surgery.","from":"paper-habr-gama-nonoperative-stage-0-rectal-ann-surg-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (MOSAIC)","note":"André T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-mosaic-oxaliplatin-adjuvant-colon-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9501: postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","note":"Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-cooper-rtog-9501-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Sauer 2004: chemoradiotherapy before rather than after surgery for rectal cancer (CAO/ARO/AIO-94)","note":"Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-sauer-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-rectal-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"SEMPET: FDG-PET as a predictor of viable tumour in post-chemotherapy seminoma residuals","note":"De Santis M, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-sempet-de-santis-jco-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Singh 2004: identification of human brain tumour initiating cells","note":"Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-singh-brain-tumour-initiating-cells-nature-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"SWOG 9916: docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer","note":"Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-petrylak-swog-9916-docetaxel-estramustine-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"TAX 327: docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer","note":"Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-tannock-tax-327-docetaxel-prednisone-nejm-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"The stroma as a crucial target in rat mammary gland carcinogenesis","note":"Maffini MV, Soto AM, Calabro JM, et al. Journal of cell science.","from":"paper-maffini-j-cell-sci","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Xia 2004: the randomised trial behind China's approval of the oncolytic adenovirus H101","note":"Xia ZJ, Chang JH, Zhang L, et al. Ai Zheng (Chinese Journal of Cancer).","from":"paper-xia-h101-head-neck-aizheng-2004","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"[18F]FLT-PET in oncology: current status and opportunities","note":"European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging","from":"lukas-b-been","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant Interferon Therapy for Melanoma: High-Dose, Low-Dose, No Dose, Which Dose?","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"lynn-schuchter","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia","note":"PNAS","from":"chen-saijuan","refs":["chen-zhu"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Anatomy of the nipple and breast ducts revisited","note":"Cancer","from":"susan-love","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Carbon ion radiotherapy for chordomas and low-grade chondrosarcomas of the skull base","note":"Cancer","from":"juergen-debus","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Conversion to sirolimus: a successful treatment for posttransplantation Kaposi???s sarcoma12","note":"Transplantation","from":"josep-maria-campistol","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Development of the Proteasome Inhibitor Velcade™ (Bortezomib)","note":"Cancer Investigation","from":"julian-adams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Differentiated and dose-related cardiovascular effects of a dual endothelin receptor antagonist in endotoxin shock","note":"Critical Care Medicine","from":"patrik-rossi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination","note":"Mutat Res","from":"miroslav-chovanec","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer (TAX 327)","note":"NEJM","from":"ian-tannock","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Enzymic activation and transfer of fatty acids as acyl-adenylates in mycobacteria","note":"Nature","from":"rajesh-gokhale","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Genetic Determinants of Susceptibility to UV Light-Associated Skin Cancer","note":"Exogenous Dermatology","from":"eli-sprecher","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers","note":"Science","from":"yardena-samuels","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Is There a Link Between DNA Polymerase Beta and Cancer?","note":"Cell Cycle","from":"joann-sweasy","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","note":"BMJ","from":"richard-peto","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"NRPS-PKS: a knowledge-based resource for analysis of NRPS/PKS megasynthases","note":"Nucleic Acids Res","from":"rajesh-gokhale","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children at the National Cancer Institute, Egypt","note":"Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology","from":"sherif-abouel-naga","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Pericardial synovial sarcoma: 14-year survival with multimodality therapy","note":"The Annals of Thoracic Surgery","from":"paul-herijgers","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Phase 1 study of HPV16-specific immunotherapy with E6E7 fusion protein and ISCOMATRIX? adjuvant in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","note":"Vaccine","from":"ian-frazer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Phase I study of stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer","note":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics","from":"albert-koong","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Followed by Radiotherapy and Concurrent Cisplatin in Patients With Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharynge...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"anthony-chan","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Prevention of cervical cancer through papillomavirus vaccination","note":"Nature Reviews Immunology","from":"ian-frazer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Risk of thrombosis in patients with malignancy and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia","note":"American Journal of Hematology","from":"lucie-opatrny","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"The development of proteasome inhibitors as anticancer drugs","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"julian-adams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Transition from meningeal melanocytoma to primary cerebral melanoma","note":"Journal of Neurosurgery","from":"florian-roser","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of children with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: a single center experience","note":"Leukemia","from":"biju-george","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin: approval (US)","note":"First generics","from":"carboplatin","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Anti-angiogenic therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"antiangiogenic","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"CellSearch circulating tumour cell count","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cellsearch-ctc-count","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Circulating tumour cell capture","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ctc-capture","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"AVF2107g reported","note":"Median overall survival 20.3 against 15.6 months, hazard ratio 0.66.","from":"avf2107g","refs":["colorectal","bevacizumab","irinotecan","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Big Lung Trial reported","note":"In advanced disease, chemotherapy gave a hazard ratio for death of 0.77 and a median gain of nine weeks; in the surgical and radical radiotherapy settings there was no survival ben...","from":"big-lung-trial","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"CALGB 9343 reported","note":"10-year locoregional recurrence 10% (tamoxifen alone) vs 2% (tamoxifen plus radiotherapy); no survival difference.","from":"calgb-9343","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"CAO/ARO/AIO-94 (German Rectal Cancer Study) reported","note":"5-year local recurrence 6% (preoperative) vs 13% (postoperative); overall survival unchanged.","from":"cao-aro-aio-94","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"Dutch Bone Metastasis Study reported","note":"Pain response to initial treatment 71 percent after a single 8 Gy fraction against 73 percent after 24 Gy in multiple fractions (p=0.84); retreatment raised the single-fraction fig...","from":"dutch-bone-metastasis-study","refs":["nsclc","sclc","lung-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-1 reported","note":"Five-year survival 21 percent with adjuvant chemotherapy against 8 percent without (p 0.009); 10 percent with chemoradiotherapy against 20 percent without (p 0.05).","from":"espac-1","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"IALT (International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial) reported","note":"Five-year survival 44.5 against 40.4 percent (hazard ratio for death 0.86).","from":"ialt","refs":["resectable-nsclc","cisplatin","etoposide","vinorelbine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"MOSAIC reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 78.2 against 72.9 percent (hazard ratio 0.77); six-year overall survival benefit in stage III only.","from":"mosaic","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","folfox","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"SWOG 9916 reported","note":"Median overall survival 17.5 against 15.6 months (hazard ratio for death 0.80, 95 percent confidence interval 0.67 to 0.97, p=0.02) and time to progression 6.3 against 3.2 months...","from":"swog-9916","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","docetaxel","estramustine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2004","precision":"year","title":"TAX 327 reported","note":"Median survival 18.9 months with three-weekly docetaxel against 16.5 months with mitoxantrone (hazard ratio for death 0.76, 95 percent confidence interval 0.62 to 0.94, p=0.009), w...","from":"tax-327","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","docetaxel","mitoxantrone"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2004-01","precision":"month","title":"Oncotype DX: filing (US)","note":"Launched as a laboratory-developed test","from":"oncotype-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2004-02","precision":"month","title":"Bevacizumab: approval (US)","note":"First anti-angiogenic approval (AVF2107)","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2004-02","precision":"month","title":"Cetuximab: approval (US)","note":"Initial approval in EGFR-expressing mCRC (BOND trial)","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2004-05-19","precision":"day","title":"Azacitidine: approval (US)","note":"First hypomethylating agent approved (MDS)","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2005","kind":"year","name":"2005 in oncology","aka":["2005"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2005: 135 entries, 37 landmarks, 34 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers and 14 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"135 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2005: 37 landmarks, 34 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers, 14 approvals, 7 journals founded, 6 technologies, 5 companies founded, 5 trials reported and 3 regulatory events.\n\nOf those, 3 to the day and 132 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2004","2006"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2005,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Avastin marketing authorisation issued 12 January 2005.","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Erlotinib approved in US","note":"Pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine","from":"erlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Exemestane approved in US","note":"Adjuvant after 2-3 years of tamoxifen","from":"exemestane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"H101 oncolytic adenovirus approved in CN","note":"Late-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with chemotherapy","from":"h101-oncolytic-adenovirus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved in US","note":"Transfusion-dependent anaemia in low-risk MDS with del(5q)","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors) approved in US","note":"Adjuvant early breast cancer (letrozole)","from":"letrozole","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Nab-paclitaxel approved in US","note":"Metastatic breast cancer after combination chemotherapy. FDA label (DailyMed): https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=24d10449-2936-4cd3-b7db-a7683db721e4","from":"nab-paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Nelarabine approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory T-ALL and T-LBL after at least two regimens (accelerated)","from":"nelarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Palifermin approved in EU","note":"Same (Kepivance)","from":"palifermin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Palonosetron approved in EU","note":"Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Aloxi)","from":"palonosetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Recombinant human endostatin approved in CN","note":"Advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, with vinorelbine and cisplatin","from":"recombinant-human-endostatin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC","from":"sorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed glioblastoma with radiotherapy","from":"temozolomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"UroVysion Bladder Cancer Kit approved in US","note":"Aid to diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with haematuria","from":"urovysion","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"European Myeloma Network founded","note":"Rotterdam","from":"european-myeloma-network","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Founders Fund founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"founders-fund","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative founded","note":"San Francisco, California, United States","from":"quantum-leap-healthcare-collaborative","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"SymBio Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"symbio-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Y Combinator founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"y-combinator","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"1p/16q LOH predicts relapse (NWTS-5, Grundy)","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"A gene fusion is found in a common carcinoma","note":"Prostate cancer. Tomlins found TMPRSS2 fused to ERG or ETV1 in 23 of 29 prostate tumours, putting a growth gene under the control of the hormone the prostate lives in.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-tomlins-tmprss2-ets-fusion-science-2005","erg","tmprss2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"A second mutation in the same gene explains resistance","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. EGFR T790M is found in a patient relapsing after two years on gefitinib, and independently in progressing tumours that had not carried it before treatme...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-kobayashi-egfr-t790m-gefitinib-resistance-nejm-2005","paper-pao-egfr-t790m-acquired-resistance-plos-med-2005","egfr-t790m"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant trastuzumab halves recurrence (HERA, B-31/N9831)","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["hera-b31-n9831"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin ×1 equals radiotherapy for stage I seminoma (MRC TE19)","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours","from":"testicular","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Curtin and Bastian: distinct genetic pattern with few mutations and many amplifications in acral melanoma","note":"Acral melanoma","from":"acral-melanoma","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"D842V shown to confer primary imatinib resistance","note":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","from":"gist-pdgfra-d842v","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"HERA, NSABP B-31 and N9831: a year of adjuvant trastuzumab","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["hera-b31-n9831","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"HIT-SKK'92: infants with desmoplastic medulloblastoma cured with chemotherapy and no radiotherapy","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":["methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Interferon alfa shown to prolong survival in a retrospective series","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":["interferon-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JAK2 V617F discovered","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). Four groups report the mutation in most PV and half of ET/PMF; the first molecular marker for BCR-ABL1-negative MPN.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["jak2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JAK2 V617F discovered","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Four groups report the mutation in almost all PV; the first molecular marker for BCR-ABL1-negative MPN and the target for the JAK inhibitors that followed.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["jak2","jak2-v617f"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JAK2 V617F discovered in most polycythaemia vera and half of myelofibrosis","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":["jak2","jak2-v617f"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JAK2 V617F found in half of ET","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET)","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":["jak2-v617f"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Kerala screening trial shows visual inspection cuts oral cancer deaths in high-risk people","note":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","from":"oral-cavity-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Kerala trial: visual screening cuts oral cancer deaths in high-risk people","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["kerala-oral-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide for del(5q)","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Transfusion independence in two-thirds of del(5q) patients (List et al.).","from":"mds","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide produces transfusion independence in del(5q) MDS","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Menin shown to be required by KMT2A fusion leukaemia","note":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","refs":["menin","kmt2a"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"MRC TE19: single-dose carboplatin equals radiotherapy in stage I","note":"Seminoma","from":"seminoma","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"New-onset diabetes after 50 carries a 1 percent three-year risk of pancreatic cancer","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Chari's Minnesota cohort of 2,122; observed-to-expected ratio 7.94.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-chari-pancreatic-cancer-following-diabetes-gastroenterology-2005","idea-pdac-new-onset-diabetes-risk-score-pathway"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"NPM1 mutations described in a third of adult AML","note":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","refs":["npm1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Nuclear beta-catenin and CTNNB1 mutations define adamantinomatous tumours","note":"Craniopharyngioma","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"PARP inhibition shown to kill BRCA-deficient cells (synthetic lethality)","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["parp-inhibitor","synthetic-lethality-map"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Phoenix definition: nadir plus 2 ng/mL","note":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","from":"prostate-bcr","refs":["psa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"PT-1: hydroxyurea beats anagrelide","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). In 809 high-risk patients hydroxyurea plus aspirin gave fewer arterial clots, less bleeding and less progression to myelofibrosis than anagrelide p...","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":["pt-1","hydroxyurea","anagrelide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab controversy","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. AMC 010 shows excess infection deaths with rituximab at very low CD4; later analyses restrict the risk to CD4 under 50.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Secondary KIT mutations identified as the mechanism of imatinib resistance (Antonescu, Heinrich)","note":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","from":"gist-imatinib-resistant","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"SMARCB1/INI1 loss recognised","note":"Epithelioid sarcoma. Modena and colleagues link the tumour to SWI/SNF deficiency.","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib and sunitinib open the anti-angiogenic era","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved: first VEGF-pathway TKI in RCC","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["antiangiogenic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib/sunitinib: VEGF era","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Stupp regimen: temozolomide + RT","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Synthetic lethality of PARP inhibition in BRCA-deficient cells","note":"Ovarian cancer. Farmer and Bryant papers in Nature set up the PARP inhibitor era.","from":"ovarian","refs":["parp","synthetic-lethality"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Synthetic lethality of PARP inhibition in BRCA-deficient cells","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["parp-inhibitor","brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Systematic profiling of SBA begins","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). Registry analyses show the distinct site distribution and association with Crohn's, coeliac and FAP.","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide chemoradiation becomes the glioblastoma standard","note":"Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types). The Stupp trial showed radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide prolonged survival.","from":"brain-tumours","refs":["temozolomide"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Asia-Pacific journal of clinical oncology founded","note":"Wiley (Blackwell Publishing Asia)","from":"asia-pacific-journal-of-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Cancer biomarkers founded","note":"SAGE Publications (formerly IOS Press)","from":"cancer-biomarkers","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Clinical & translational oncology founded","note":"Springer","from":"clinical-and-translational-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Clinical genitourinary cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"clinical-genitourinary-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Future oncology founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"future-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JCO Oncology Practice founded","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","from":"jco-oncology-practice","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Journal of cancer research and therapeutics founded","note":"Wolters Kluwer (Medknow Publications)","from":"journal-of-cancer-research-and-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders","note":"Kralovics R, Passamonti F, Buser AS, et al. 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Endocrine-related cancer.","from":"paper-braf-thyroid-endocr-relat-cancer-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients","note":"Taixiang W, Munro AJ, Guanjian L. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.","from":"paper-taixiang-cochrane-database-syst-rev","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Cytoplasmic nucleophosmin in acute myeloid leukaemia with a normal karyotype","note":"Falini B, Mecucci C, Tiacci E, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-falini-npm1-nejm-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Definition of subtypes of essential thrombocythaemia and relation to polycythaemia vera based on JAK2 V617F mutation status: a prospective study","note":"Campbell PJ, Scott LM, Buck G, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-jak2-polycythaemia-vera-lancet-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma","note":"Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-curtin-melanoma-genetic-alterations-nejm-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia","note":"Michor F, Hughes TP, Iwasa Y, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-michor-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India","note":"Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-sankaranarayanan-oral-screening-lancet-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib","note":"Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, et al. 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New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-stupp-temozolomide-nejm-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype","note":"Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, et al. Cancer Cell.","from":"paper-paszek-cancer-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-hera-b31-n9831-n-engl-j-med-2005","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. 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Nature.","from":"paper-kaplan-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"ross-levine","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant docetaxel for node-positive breast cancer (BCIRG 001)","note":"NEJM","from":"miguel-martin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Antiviral defense by APOBEC3 Family Proteins","note":"Uirusu","from":"akifumi-takaori","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"kenneth-anderson","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib therapy alone and in combination with dexamethasone for 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control","note":"Science","from":"erin-oshea","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Phase II study to assess the efficacy of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy followed by a stereotactic radiosurgery boost in patients with locally advance...","note":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics","from":"albert-koong","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus placebo compared with cisplatin plus cetuximab in metastatic/recurrent head and neck cancer: an Eastern Cooperative...","note":"JCO","from":"barbara-burtness","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Prevención de eventos cardiovasculares en hipertensos mayores de 65 años bajo el cuidado de un programa de control: Estudio de cohorte","note":"Anales de Medicina 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first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Single-use bioprocessing systems","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"single-use-bioprocessing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"UGT1A1 genotyping before irinotecan","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ugt1a1-genotyping","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 26981 / NCIC CE.3 (Stupp trial) reported","note":"OS 14.6 vs 12.1 months, HR 0.63.","from":"eortc-26981","refs":["glioblastoma","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"HERA, NSABP B-31 & NCCTG N9831 (adjuvant trastuzumab) reported","note":"B-31/N9831 10-year OS 84% vs 75.2%, HR 0.63.","from":"hera-b31-n9831","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"JBR.10 (NCIC CTG) reported","note":"Adjuvant vinorelbine and cisplatin prolonged disease-free and overall survival in completely resected stage IB to II disease; grade 3-4 neutropenia in 88 percent.","from":"jbr-10","refs":["resectable-nsclc","vinorelbine","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"Kerala oral cancer visual screening trial (Trivandrum) reported","note":"Oral cancer mortality rate ratio 0.66 in tobacco/alcohol users after 3 rounds; 81% reduction in users who attended all 4 rounds at 15 years.","from":"kerala-oral-screening","refs":["head-and-neck","oral-cavity-cancer","buccal-mucosa-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2005","precision":"year","title":"PT-1 (Primary Thrombocythaemia 1) reported","note":"Composite of thrombosis, serious haemorrhage or vascular death more 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Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"147 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2006: 42 landmarks, 33 papers listed on people's pages, 24 papers, 15 approvals, 9 companies founded, 6 technologies, 6 trials reported, 5 journals founded, 4 regulatory events and 3 laws and regulations.\n\nOf those, 3 to the day, 1 to the month and 143 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2005","2007"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2006,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"NSCLC; later ovarian, cervical, RCC, glioblastoma, HCC","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in US","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with radiation","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Clofarabine approved in EU","note":"Relapsed or refractory ALL in children after at least two prior regimens (Evoltra)","from":"clofarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Dasatinib approved in US","note":"CML and Ph+ ALL resistant or intolerant to imatinib","from":"dasatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Decitabine approved in US","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes, all FAB subtypes and IPSS intermediate-1 to high risk","from":"decitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine approved in US","note":"Ovarian cancer with carboplatin","from":"gemcitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"HPV quadrivalent vaccine (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) approved in EU","note":"Prevention of premalignant genital lesions, cervical cancer and genital warts from age 9 (Gardasil); anal lesions and cancer added later","from":"hpv-quadrivalent-vaccine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"HPV quadrivalent vaccine (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) approved in US","note":"Prevention of cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers and precancers and genital warts caused by HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 in females 9 to 26 (males 2009; anal cancer 2010); superseded by...","from":"hpv-quadrivalent-vaccine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Human normal immunoglobulin (IVIg) approved in EU","note":"Replacement therapy in hypogammaglobulinaemia with recurrent bacterial infections in CLL (after failed antibiotic prophylaxis) and plateau-phase multiple myeloma (after failed pneu...","from":"human-normal-immunoglobulin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma with dexamethasone","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Panitumumab approved in US","note":"EGFR-expressing mCRC after chemotherapy (later RAS wild-type)","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC; 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Vujovic and colleagues show near-universal nuclear brachyury expression.","from":"chordoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Carolina Breast Cancer Study: basal-like tumours in 39 percent of young African American women","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Carey and colleagues, 496 cases; 16 percent in other women.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006","paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007","idea-tnbc-disparities-in-access-and-outcomes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab + radiation improves survival (Bonner)","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. First targeted agent in HNSCC.","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["egfr"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab + RT","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved for head and neck cancer","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["cetuximab","bonner-cetuximab-rt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab with radiotherapy (Bonner) includes hypopharyngeal tumours","note":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","refs":["bonner-cetuximab-rt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab with radiotherapy improves survival (Bonner)","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["bonner-cetuximab-rt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Chile guarantees preventive cholecystectomy for gallstones at ages 35 to 49","note":"Gallbladder cancer. The GES programme, the world's only national prophylactic cholecystectomy policy against gallbladder cancer; 284,139 notifications by 2024.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["prophylactic-cholecystectomy","paper-samaniego-chile-ges-programme-evaluation-rev-med-chile-2024"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"CIMP defined, and tied to BRAF","note":"Colorectal cancer. 195 methylation markers across 295 tumours: CIMP-positive tumours are a distinct subset encompassing almost all BRAF-mutant cancers (odds ratio 203), and are whe...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-weisenberger-cimp-braf-mlh1-colorectal-nat-genet-2006","braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"CSF1 translocation identified","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). West and colleagues show a CSF1-expressing neoplastic minority recruits the macrophage majority (PNAS).","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Curtin and Bastian: KIT alterations found in mucosal and acral melanoma","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["kit"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Dasatinib and nilotinib approved for resistant disease, later first line","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["dasatinib","nilotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"First dedicated inflammatory breast cancer clinic and research programme opens at MD Anderson","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":["massimo-cristofanilli","naoto-ueno"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"First HPV vaccine (Gardasil) approved","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["gardasil-9","hpv-vaccine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Gene-expression studies first separate a WNT subgroup of medulloblastoma","note":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-wnt","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"HPV vaccine approved","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["hpv-vaccine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"HPV vaccine approved","note":"Vaginal cancer. Protects against the HPV types that cause most vaginal, cervical and vulvar cancers.","from":"vaginal","refs":["hpv-vaccine","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"HPV vaccine approved with protection against vaginal precancer","note":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","from":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["hpv-vaccine","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved for unresectable, recurrent or metastatic disease","note":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","from":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MAGIC: perioperative chemotherapy for GEJ adenocarcinoma","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MAGIC: perioperative chemotherapy improves survival (ECF)","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["cytotoxic-chemotherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MD Anderson defines borderline resectable disease by degrees of vessel contact","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["resectability"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Median survival passes twelve months","note":"Lung cancer (all types). ECOG 4599 added bevacizumab to chemotherapy in 878 patients with non-squamous disease: 12.3 against 10.3 months, with a risk of increased treatment-related...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-sandler-ecog-4599-bevacizumab-nsclc-nejm-2006"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MERCURY: magnetic resonance imaging predicts the surgical margin","note":"Colorectal cancer. In 408 patients across 11 European units, high-resolution pelvic magnetic resonance imaging predicted a clear circumferential margin with 92 percent specificity...","from":"colorectal","refs":["mri","circumferential-resection-margin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"NCCN adopts a definition of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Vessel contact on CT starts to decide who has surgery first and who has treatment first; the definition was revised yearly until the 2017 internat...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["nccn-resectability-criteria-pancreatic","resectability"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"NCI and LIVESTRONG Progress Review Group defines AYA oncology as ages 15 to 39 and documents the survival gap","note":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","from":"aya-cancers","refs":["aya-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Population analysis shows survival matched by stage is equal after breast conservation and mastectomy","note":"Paget disease of the nipple","from":"paget-disease-of-the-nipple","refs":["mastectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Quadrivalent HPV vaccine approved; later trials show protection against anal precancer","note":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (precursor)","from":"anal-hsil-precursor","refs":["hpv-vaccine","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Randomised trial shows radiofrequency ablation equals resection for small tumours (Chen)","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["radiofrequency-ablation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Reduced-dose CSI (23.4 Gy) safe for average risk with chemotherapy (CCG 9892/ACNS0331)","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9402 and EORTC 26951 report: PCV lengthens progression-free but not yet overall survival","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["rtog-9402","eortc-26951"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Second-generation TKIs","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Dasatinib (2006) and nilotinib (2007) approved for resistance; later first line (DASISION, ENESTnd).","from":"cml","refs":["dasatinib","nilotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sendai consensus guidelines for the management of IPMN and MCN","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["resectability"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved after imatinib failure","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved after imatinib failure","note":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","from":"gist-imatinib-resistant","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved; replaces interferon","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Temozolomide responses in aggressive pituitary tumours reported","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":["temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Thalidomide with melphalan-prednisone improves survival in older patients","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["thalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Vorinostat: first HDAC inhibitor approved for any cancer","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["vorinostat"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Current hematologic malignancy reports founded","note":"Springer","from":"current-hematologic-malignancy-reports","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"journal-of-thoracic-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Radiation oncology founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"radiation-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery founded","note":"Bentham Science Publishers","from":"recent-patents-on-anti-cancer-drug-discovery","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Targeted oncology founded","note":"Springer Nature (Adis)","from":"targeted-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Conditional marketing authorisation (EU)","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"conditional-approval","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Medicare coverage with evidence development","note":"United States, guidance.","from":"medicare-ced","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006: EU paediatric medicines","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-paediatric-regulation","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting","note":"Ezzo JM, Richardson MA, Vickers A, et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.","from":"paper-ezzo-cochrane-database-syst-rev","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Bao 2006: glioma stem cells resist radiotherapy by activating the DNA damage response","note":"Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-bao-glioma-stem-cells-radioresistance-nature-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process","note":"Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, et al. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-merlo-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Carcinoma of the vagina: FIGO 26th Annual Report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer","note":"Beller U, Benedet JL, Creasman WT, et al. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.","from":"paper-figo-annual-report-carcinoma-of-the-vagina-ijgo-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer","note":"Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-oeffinger-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer","note":"Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, et al. Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-weisenberger-cimp-braf-mlh1-colorectal-nat-genet-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of centrally randomized c...","note":"Sakamoto J, Morita S, Oba K, et al. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy.","from":"paper-sakamoto-cancer-immunol-immunother","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Enhanced activity of monomethylauristatin F through monoclonal antibody delivery: effects of linker technology on efficacy and toxicity","note":"Doronina SO, Mendelsohn BA, Bovee TD, et al. Bioconjugate chemistry.","from":"paper-doronina-bioconjug-chem","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"EORTC risk tables for recurrence and progression in Ta and T1 bladder cancer","note":"Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, et al. European Urology.","from":"paper-sylvester-eortc-risk-tables-eur-urol-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial","note":"Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-stummer-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Galon 2006: the type, density and location of immune cells in colorectal tumours predict outcome","note":"Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, et al. Science.","from":"paper-galon-immune-contexture-colorectal-science-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation without in vitro T-cell depletion for the treatment of hematological malignancies","note":"Huang XJ, Liu DH, Liu KY, et al. Bone marrow transplantation.","from":"paper-huang-bone-marrow-transplant","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a r...","note":"Brune M, Castaigne S, Catalano J, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-study-0201-blood-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MicroRNA signatures in human cancers","note":"Calin GA, Croce CM. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-calin-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-sandler-ecog-4599-bevacizumab-nsclc-nejm-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Preneoplastic lesions in gallbladder cancer","note":"Roa I, de Aretxabala X, Araya JC, Roa J. Journal of Surgical Oncology.","from":"paper-roa-gallbladder-preneoplastic-lesions-jso-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study","note":"Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-carey-race-breast-cancer-subtypes-cbcs-jama-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck","note":"Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-bonner-cetuximab-radiotherapy-nejm-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Semisynthetic maytansine analogues for the targeted treatment of cancer","note":"Widdison WC, Wilhelm SD, Cavanagh EE, et al. Journal of medicinal chemistry.","from":"paper-widdison-j-med-chem","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Somatic activation of KIT in distinct subtypes of melanoma","note":"Curtin JA, Busam K, Pinkel D, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-curtin-kit-melanoma-jco-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib","note":"Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-demetri-sunitinib-gist-lancet-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Systemic therapy in the palliative management of advanced salivary gland cancers (review)","note":"Laurie SA, Licitra L. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-laurie-licitra-salivary-systemic-jco-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer","note":"Feinberg AP, Ohlsson R, Henikoff S. Nature reviews. Genetics.","from":"paper-feinberg-nat-rev-genet-2006","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76","note":"Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, et al. Medical physics.","from":"paper-keall-med-phys","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Estrogen Receptor α–Positive Breast Cancer Cells In vitro Induces an In vivo Molecular Phenotype of Estrogen R...","note":"Cancer Research","from":"dorraya-el-ashry","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Airflow limitation and airway dimensions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","note":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine","from":"yasuyuki-nasuhara","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Brief posturographic test as an indicator of fatigue","note":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci","from":"erez-barenboim","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes","note":"Science","from":"steven-rosenberg","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ T reg cells","note":"Journal of Experimental Medicine","from":"jeffrey-bluestone","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"CD25 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase are up-regulated by prostaglandin E2 and expressed by tumor-associated dendritic cells in vivo: additional mechanisms of T-...","note":"Blood","from":"michael-von-bergwelt","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of a single indicator and gravimetric technique for estimation of extravascular lung water in endotoxemic pigs","note":"Critical Care Medicine","from":"patrik-rossi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Diagnostic architectural and dynamic features at breast MR imaging: multicenter study","note":"Radiology","from":"mitchell-schnall","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Discovery and validation of new protein biomarkers for urothelial cancer: a prospective analysis","note":"The Lancet Oncology","from":"dan-theodorescu","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Effect of an extended scope physiotherapy service on patient satisfaction and the outcome of soft tissue injuries in an adult emergency department","note":"Emergency Medicine Journal","from":"jonathan-benger","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial","note":"Lancet","from":"george-demetri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Estrategias para un control eficaz de la hipertensión arterial en España. Documento de consenso","note":"Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología","from":"alvaro-bonet-pla","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer","note":"JCO","from":"robert-timmerman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"EZH2 expression is associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive tumor subgroups in cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the endometrium, prostate, and br...","note":"J Clin Oncol","from":"oddbjorn-straume","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Five-Year Follow-up of Patients Receiving Imatinib for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"brian-druker","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Frontal Sinus Fractures: A Treatment 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Research","from":"louis-chesler","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Is Base Excision Repair a Tumor Suppressor Mechanism?","note":"Cell Cycle","from":"joann-sweasy","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Key stages in mammary gland development - The alveolar switch: coordinating the proliferative cues and cell fate decisions that drive the formation of lobuloalv...","note":"Breast Cancer Research","from":"samantha-oakes","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia","note":"The Oncologist","from":"thomas-loughran","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Long term morbidity and health related quality of life after multi-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis","note":"European Journal of Cancer","from":"vasanta-nanduri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Molecular imaging in the development of cancer therapeutics","note":"Annual Review of Medicine","from":"johannes-czernin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer (MAGIC)","note":"NEJM","from":"david-cunningham","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate canc...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"eric-small","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Platensimycin is a selective FabF inhibitor with potent antibiotic properties","note":"Nature","from":"fernando-pelaez","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medullo...","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"amar-gajjar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Role of DNA hypomethylation in the development of the resistance to doxorubicin in human MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells","note":"Cancer Lett","from":"vasyl-f-chekhun","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Salivary gland neoplasms in children: The experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan","note":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer","from":"marco-guzzo","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Temporal and biological trends in liver cancers at a University hospital in Southwest Nigeria","note":"Tropical Doctor","from":"jesse-otegbayo","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Ten-year multi-institutional results of breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy in BRCA1/2-associated stage I/II breast cancer","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"lori-pierce","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Biosimilar manufacturing and comparability","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"biosimilar-manufacturing","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Dual-energy and spectral CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"dual-energy-spectral-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Electrochemotherapy devices (Cliniporator)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"electrochemotherapy-devices","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Evidence-based integrative oncology","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states 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axil...","from":"almanac","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"ANITA (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association) reported","note":"Median survival 65.7 against 43.7 months (hazard ratio 0.80); five-year overall survival improved by 8.6 percent.","from":"anita","refs":["resectable-nsclc","vinorelbine","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Bonner trial (cetuximab plus radiotherapy) reported","note":"Median overall survival 49.0 vs 29.3 months (hazard ratio 0.74).","from":"bonner-cetuximab-rt","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","laryngeal-cancer","hypopharyngeal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"JROSG 99-1 (Aoyama): stereotactic radiosurgery with or without whole-brain radiotherapy reported","note":"Median survival 7.5 against 8.0 months (p=0.42); twelve-month brain recurrence 46.8 percent with whole-brain radiotherapy against 76.4 percent without.","from":"jrosg-99-1","refs":["nsclc","sclc","lung-cancer","secondary-brain-tumours"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"MERCURY reported","note":"Magnetic resonance imaging predicted a clear circumferential resection margin correctly in 327 of 349 patients (94 percent), with 92 percent specificity, reproducibly across 11 uni...","from":"mercury","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2006","precision":"year","title":"Study 0201 reported","note":"Leukaemia-free survival improved over observation in the full population (n=320, P<.01); in first complete remission, 3-year leukaemia-free survival 40% with histamine plus interle...","from":"study-0201","refs":["aml","histamine-dihydrochloride","aldesleukin"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2006-06-08","precision":"day","title":"Nonavalent HPV vaccine: approval (US)","note":"Original quadrivalent Gardasil approved","from":"gardasil-9","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2006-06-29","precision":"day","title":"Lenalidomide: approval (US)","note":"Myeloma with dexamethasone","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2006-09","precision":"month","title":"Panitumumab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, refractory mCRC","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2006-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant HER2+ early breast cancer (HERA, NSABP B-31/N9831)","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2007","kind":"year","name":"2007 in oncology","aka":["2007"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2007: 129 entries, 37 papers listed on people's pages, 26 landmarks, 25 papers and 18 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"129 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2007: 37 papers listed on people's pages, 26 landmarks, 25 papers, 18 approvals, 6 companies founded, 6 journals founded, 5 trials reported, 4 technologies, 1 law or regulation and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 128 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2006","2008"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2007,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery) approved in EU","note":"Visualisation of malignant tissue during surgery for WHO grade III-IV glioma","from":"aminolevulinic-acid-gleolan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Dexrazoxane approved in US","note":"Anthracycline extravasation (Totect)","from":"dexrazoxane","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Epoetin alfa approved in EU","note":"First epoetin alfa biosimilars (Binocrit, Abseamed, Epoetin alfa Hexal) including chemotherapy-induced anaemia","from":"epoetin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Erlotinib approved in EU","note":"Metastatic pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine (Tarceva product information: factors associated with prolonged survival should be taken into account when prescribing; 100 mg daily)...","from":"erlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"HPV bivalent vaccine (types 16 and 18) approved in EU","note":"Prevention of premalignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer caused by HPV 16 and 18 from age 9 (Cervarix); anal lesions added later","from":"hpv-bivalent-vaccine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Ixabepilone approved in US","note":"Metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer after anthracycline and taxane (with capecitabine) or after anthracycline, taxane and capecitabine (monotherapy)","from":"ixabepilone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Lapatinib approved in US","note":"HER2+ advanced breast cancer with capecitabine after trastuzumab","from":"lapatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"MammaPrint (70-gene signature) approved in US","note":"FDA 510(k) clearance for recurrence risk in early breast cancer","from":"mammaprint","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Nelarabine approved in EU","note":"T-ALL and T-LBL after at least two regimens (Atriance)","from":"nelarabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Nilotinib approved in EU","note":"Ph+ CML","from":"nilotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Nilotinib approved in US","note":"Ph+ CML, chronic or accelerated phase, resistant/intolerant to imatinib","from":"nilotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Panitumumab approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer; RAS wild-type from 2013. Vectibix marketing authorisation issued 3 December 2007.","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Raloxifene approved in US","note":"Reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or at high risk","from":"raloxifene","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved in US","note":"Unresectable HCC","from":"sorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Temsirolimus approved in EU","note":"Advanced RCC (poor risk); relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma added 2009","from":"temsirolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Temsirolimus approved in US","note":"Advanced renal cell carcinoma","from":"temsirolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan approved in US","note":"Relapsed SCLC (oral)","from":"topotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in EU","note":"Advanced soft-tissue sarcoma after anthracycline/ifosfamide","from":"trabectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Acacia Pharma founded","note":"Cambridge","from":"acacia-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"BioAtla founded","note":"San Diego, California","from":"bioatla","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group founded","note":"Guangzhou","from":"ctong","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"P-Cure founded","note":"Jerusalem","from":"p-cure","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Stella Pharma founded","note":"Osaka","from":"stella-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Third Rock Ventures founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"third-rock-ventures","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"'Triple-negative' enters clinical vocabulary","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Defined by absence of ER, PR, HER2; recognised as the subtype with the fewest treatment options, which set the research agenda that followed.","from":"tnbc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant mitotane associated with longer recurrence-free survival (Terzolo, NEJM)","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Cladribine reported as active in advanced mastocytosis","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["cladribine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"CONKO-001: adjuvant gemcitabine after resection lengthens disease-free survival","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["gemcitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"CONKO-001: adjuvant gemcitabine doubles disease-free survival","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 368 patients; 13.4 versus 6.9 months.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-observation-jama-2007","conko-001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"EML4-ALK fusion discovered","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Soda et al.; crizotinib approved 2011.","from":"nsclc","refs":["alk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"EML4-ALK fusion discovered in lung cancer (Soda and Mano, Japan)","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"alk-positive-nsclc","refs":["alk","gene-fusion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"EML4-ALK: the second driver","note":"Lung cancer (all types). A small inversion on chromosome 2p, found in 5 of 75 tumours, transformed fibroblasts.","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-soda-eml4-alk-fusion-nature-2007","paper-kwak-crizotinib-alk-nsclc-nejm-2010"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Fallopian tube fimbria identified as the origin of serous cancer","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Fallopian tube identified as origin of high-grade serous cancer","note":"Ovarian cancer. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma described in BRCA carriers' prophylactic specimens; leads to salpingectomy-based prevention.","from":"ovarian","refs":["hgsoc","risk-reducing-salpingectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0161: ifosfamide-paclitaxel improves survival over ifosfamide alone","note":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","from":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","refs":["ifosfamide","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Interfant-99 reports four-year event-free survival of 47 percent","note":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","from":"all-infant","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Lapatinib: first HER2 pill","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["lapatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Mayo series: about 10 percent a year progress in the first five years","note":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","from":"smouldering-myeloma","refs":["smoldering-myeloma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"QUASAR measures the stage II benefit","note":"Colorectal cancer. 3,239 patients, 91 percent node-negative: relative risk of death 0.82, an absolute survival gain of about 3.6 percent.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-quasar-adjuvant-chemotherapy-vs-observation-lancet-2007"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Residual cancer burden score; the relapse curve that peaks at three years","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Symmans graded residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Dent's Toronto cohort showed distant relapse hazard ratio 2.6 peaking at three...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-symmans-j-clin-oncol","paper-dent-tnbc-clinical-features-recurrence-ccr-2007","rcb"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Residual disease found in 46 percent of re-resections for incidental cancer","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Pawlik and colleagues, six centres, 115 patients: the observational basis for re-resecting T1b or deeper tumours.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-pawlik-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-residual-disease-jgs-2007","radical-cholecystectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Resistance without touching the target","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. MET amplification restores the growth signal through ERBB3 in 4 of 18 lung cancers resistant to an EGFR inhibitor, defining bypass resistance as a categ...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-engelman-met-amplification-gefitinib-resistance-science-2007","met"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Retrospective Italian-German study associates adjuvant mitotane with longer recurrence-free survival","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"ROS1 fusions identified in lung cancer","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["ros1","gene-fusion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"SHARP: sorafenib, the first systemic therapy","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["sharp","sorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Slotman: prophylactic cranial irradiation improves survival in extensive stage when brain imaging is not routine","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["slotman-pci-es-sclc","prophylactic-cranial-irradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib: first systemic therapy","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in Europe for soft-tissue sarcoma","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["trabectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in Europe for soft-tissue sarcoma","note":"Leiomyosarcoma","from":"leiomyosarcoma","refs":["trabectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Triple-negative defined as a clinical entity","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Cell Stem Cell founded","note":"Cell Press (Elsevier)","from":"cell-stem-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Head and neck pathology founded","note":"Springer","from":"head-and-neck-pathology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Journal of cancer survivorship founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-cancer-survivorship","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Journal of gastrointestinal cancer founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"journal-of-gastrointestinal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Molecular oncology founded","note":"Wiley on behalf of FEBS","from":"molecular-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"The Gulf journal of oncology founded","note":"Gulf Federation for Cancer Control","from":"gulf-journal-of-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Abigail Alliance v. von Eschenbach (2007)","note":"United States, court ruling.","from":"abigail-alliance","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"A randomized clinical trial of a brief hypnosis intervention to control side effects in breast surgery patients","note":"Montgomery GH, Bovbjerg DH, Schnur JB, et al. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.","from":"paper-montgomery-j-natl-cancer-inst","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study (QUASAR)","note":"Quasar Collaborative Group, Gray R, Barnwell J, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-quasar-adjuvant-chemotherapy-vs-observation-lancet-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial","note":"Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-conko-001-adjuvant-gemcitabine-observation-jama-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Alemtuzumab compared with chlorambucil as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia","note":"Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-hillmen-j-clin-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Aneuploidy acts both oncogenically and as a tumor suppressor","note":"Weaver BA, Silk AD, Montagna C, et al. Cancer Cell.","from":"paper-weaver-cancer-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: pathogenic role, molecular bases, and clinical implications","note":"Xing M. Endocrine reviews.","from":"paper-braf-thyroid-endocr-rev-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-neg...","note":"Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, et al. Cancer.","from":"paper-bauer-triple-negative-california-registry-cancer-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Effect of visual screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Tamil Nadu, India: a cluster-randomised trial","note":"Sankaranarayanan R, Esmy PO, Rajkumar R, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-sankaranarayanan-lancet","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer","note":"Oba K, Teramukai S, Kobayashi M, et al. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy.","from":"paper-oba-cancer-immunol-immunother","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia","note":"Dewey A, Baughan C, Dean T, et al. 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JAMA.","from":"paper-whel-jama-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Interfant-99: a treatment protocol for infants under one year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","note":"Pieters R, Schrappe M, De Lorenzo P, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-interfant-99-lancet-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Jemal 2007: Cancer statistics, 2007","note":"Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.","from":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2007-cacancer-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Kelly and Russell 2007: a century of trying to treat cancer with viruses, and why it kept stopping","note":"Kelly E, Russell SJ. 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Science.","from":"paper-engelman-met-amplification-gefitinib-resistance-science-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer","note":"Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-slotman-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome (ISCL/EORTC)","note":"Olsen E, Vonderheid E, Pimpinelli N, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-olsen-mycosis-fungoides-staging-blood-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Role of JAK2 in the pathogenesis and therapy of myeloproliferative disorders","note":"Levine RL, Pardanani A, Tefferi A, et al. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-jak2-polycythaemia-vera-nat-rev-cancer-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer","note":"Goonetilleke KS, Siriwardena AK. European Journal of Surgical Oncology.","from":"paper-goonetilleke-ca19-9-systematic-review-ejso-2007","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time","note":"Musacchio A, Salmon ED. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology.","from":"paper-musacchio-nat-rev-mol-cell-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence","note":"Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al. 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recently diagnosed breast cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"mitchell-schnall","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer (ACRIN 6667)","note":"NEJM","from":"constance-lehman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"OLFACTORY GROOVE MENINGIOMAS","note":"Neurosurgery","from":"florian-roser","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"PET to assess early metabolic response and to guide treatment of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction: the MUNICON phase II trial","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"florian-lordick","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Prognostic impact of immunohistochemically defined germinal center phenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with immunochemotherapy","note":"Blood","from":"sirpa-leppa","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Programmed anuclear cell death delimits platelet life span","note":"Cell","from":"benjamin-kile","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Proposal for standardized definitions for efficacy end points in adjuvant breast cancer trials: the STEEP system","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"clifford-hudis","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Serum VEGF-C is associated with metastatic site in patients with malignant melanoma","note":"Acta Oncologica","from":"pia-vihinen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma","note":"NEJM","from":"robert-motzer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Surgical removal of an embolised patent ductus arteriosus amplatzer occluding device in a 4-year-old girl","note":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg","from":"sulaiman-shahabuddin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"TGF-β signaling alterations and susceptibility to colorectal cancer","note":"Human Molecular Genetics","from":"boris-pasche","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab--mechanism of action and use in clinical practice","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"clifford-hudis","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Tumor-suppressive miR-34a induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","from":"nakagama-hitoshi","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Bariatric surgery and cancer incidence","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bariatric-surgery-cancer-incidence","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"her2-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy systems (NeuroBlate, Visualase)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"litt-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical screening","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"via-cervical-screening","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 08993 (Slotman): prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer reported","note":"Symptomatic brain metastases at 1 year 14.6% vs 40.4%; 1-year survival 27.1% vs 13.3%.","from":"slotman-pci-es-sclc","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"NCIC CO.17 reported","note":"Overall survival hazard ratio 0.77 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.92, p=0.005) against best supportive care alone; benefit confined to KRAS wild-type tumours.","from":"co-17","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"Photodynamic therapy against surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma reported","note":"Five-year recurrence 14 per cent after methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy against 4 per cent after excision (sustained complete response 76 against 96 per cent, p=0.01), w...","from":"mal-pdt-versus-surgery-nodular-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","methyl-aminolevulinate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"QUASAR reported","note":"Relative risk of death 0.82 (0.70 to 0.95, p = 0.008) and of recurrence 0.78 (0.67 to 0.91, p = 0.001) with adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid; an absolute five-year survival g...","from":"quasar","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2007","precision":"year","title":"WHEL (Women's Healthy Eating and Living) reported","note":"Breast cancer events 16.7% vs 16.9%; no effect on recurrence or mortality despite large dietary change.","from":"whel","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2007-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Sorafenib: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable HCC on SHARP","from":"sorafenib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2008","kind":"year","name":"2008 in oncology","aka":["2008"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2008: 150 entries, 37 papers listed on people's pages, 34 landmarks, 33 papers and 16 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"150 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2008: 37 papers listed on people's pages, 34 landmarks, 33 papers, 16 approvals, 8 companies founded, 8 trials reported, 6 journals founded, 6 technologies, 1 law or regulation and 1 regulatory event.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 149 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2007","2009"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2008,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Aprepitant (and fosaprepitant) approved in US","note":"Fosaprepitant intravenous prodrug for the same indications","from":"aprepitant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Bendamustine approved in US","note":"CLL; indolent B-cell NHL progressed within 6 months of rituximab","from":"bendamustine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Bortezomib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed myeloma","from":"bortezomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Degarelix approved in US","note":"Advanced prostate cancer","from":"degarelix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Eltrombopag approved in US","note":"Chronic immune thrombocytopenia with insufficient response to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins or splenectomy.","from":"eltrombopag","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Fentanyl (transmucosal, for breakthrough cancer pain) approved in EU","note":"Breakthrough pain in adults receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic cancer pain. Effentora authorised 4 Apr 2008 (Phoenix Labs); Instanyl 20 Jul 2009 (Istituto Gentili); P...","from":"fentanyl","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Filgrastim (G-CSF) approved in EU","note":"First biosimilar filgrastims (Tevagrastim, Ratiograstim, Biograstim); Zarzio 2009","from":"filgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Granisetron approved in US","note":"Transdermal system for chemotherapy of up to five consecutive days (Sancuso)","from":"granisetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Histamine dihydrochloride approved in EU","note":"Maintenance with interleukin-2 for adults with AML in first remission (exceptional circumstances)","from":"histamine-dihydrochloride","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Methylnaltrexone approved in EU","note":"Opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness receiving palliative care when laxatives are insufficient (Relistor)","from":"methylnaltrexone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Methylnaltrexone approved in US","note":"Opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness receiving palliative care (chronic non-cancer pain and oral tablets added 2014 to 2016)","from":"methylnaltrexone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Nab-paclitaxel approved in EU","note":"Metastatic breast cancer; later pancreatic (2013) and non-small-cell lung cancer (2015). EMA EPAR: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/abraxane","from":"nab-paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Pemetrexed approved in US","note":"Non-squamous NSCLC first line","from":"pemetrexed","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Plerixafor approved in US","note":"Stem cell mobilisation with filgrastim for autologous transplantation in NHL and multiple myeloma","from":"plerixafor","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Romiplostim approved in US","note":"Immune thrombocytopenia with insufficient response to corticosteroids, immunoglobulins or splenectomy.","from":"romiplostim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Thalidomide approved in EU","note":"Untreated multiple myeloma ≥65 or transplant-ineligible, with melphalan-prednisone","from":"thalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Alphamab Oncology founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"alphamab","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ANZUP Cancer Trials Group founded","note":"Sydney","from":"anzup","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Cancer Prevention Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Tucson, AZ","from":"cancer-prevention-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Lumicell founded","note":"Newton, MA","from":"lumicell","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Netris Pharma founded","note":"Lyon","from":"netris-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Profound Medical founded","note":"Mississauga, ON","from":"profound-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Rhythm Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Boston, Massachusetts","from":"rhythm-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Xuanzhu Biopharmaceutical founded","note":"Beijing","from":"xuanzhu-biopharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"163 resected MCNs: cancer in 17.5 percent, all 40 mm or larger or with nodules","note":"Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN-associated carcinoma)","from":"mcn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["distal-pancreatectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ALK mutations identified as a hereditary and somatic driver","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["alk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX: weekly paclitaxel established as active in angiosarcoma","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":["angiotax","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX: weekly paclitaxel in angiosarcoma","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma). Penel and colleagues, JCO, phase 2.","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":["paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Castration-resistant disease is proved to be still hormone driven","note":"Prostate cancer. Attard's phase 1 of abiraterone in 21 men resistant to multiple hormonal therapies produced prostate-specific antigen falls of at least 50 percent in 12 of them, l...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-attard-abiraterone-phase-1-cyp17-jco-2008"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Claudin 18.2 identified as a tumour-exposed target (Sahin and colleagues)","note":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Core signalling pathways from the first pancreatic exomes","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Twenty-four cancers carried an average of 63 alterations hitting twelve pathways in 67 to 100% of tumours.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-jones-pancreatic-core-pathways-science-2008","kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 55874: adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy does not improve survival in uterine sarcoma","note":"Uterine sarcoma","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXPeRT founded","note":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella). European Cooperative Study Group for Paediatric Rare Tumours pools national registries (Italy, Germany, France, Poland, UK).","from":"rare-childhood-cancers","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXTREME defines first-line therapy for recurrent/metastatic disease","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["extreme"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXTREME: cetuximab with platinum-fluorouracil first line","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["extreme"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXTREME: first survival gain in recurrent disease","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["extreme"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Fukase trial: Helicobacter pylori eradication reduces metachronous cancer after endoscopic resection","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"German NB97: spontaneous regression in about half of observed infant tumours","note":"Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)","from":"neuroblastoma-low-risk","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V I: sentinel node biopsy is safe in early vulvar cancer","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V I: sentinel node biopsy safe in early vulvar cancer","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Histology chooses the drug, and the adjuvant rule is fixed","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Pemetrexed beat gemcitabine in adenocarcinoma (12.6 against 10.9 months) and lost in squamous disease (9.4 against 10.8); LACE pooled 4,584 resected patien...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-scagliotti-cisplatin-pemetrexed-histology-jco-2008","paper-lace-adjuvant-cisplatin-pooled-analysis-jco-2008"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"IDH1 mutations discovered in glioma","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma. Parsons/Vogelstein glioblastoma genome sequencing; reclassification follows.","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"IDH1 mutations found in glioma","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4). Parsons and colleagues sequence glioblastoma exomes (Science) and find IDH1 mutations concentrated in younger patients and secondary tumour...","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"INT-0133: mifamurtide improves overall survival; EU approval 2009","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":["mifamurtide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Intra-arterial melphalan via ophthalmic artery (Abramson)","note":"Retinoblastoma","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":["melphalan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"KIAA1549-BRAF fusion discovered","note":"Paediatric low-grade glioma. Tandem duplication at 7q34 found in most pilocytic astrocytomas (Jones and colleagues), defining pLGG as a MAPK-pathway disease.","from":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","refs":["braf","ras-mapk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"KRAS as a negative predictive biomarker","note":"Colorectal cancer. Cetuximab improved survival only in K-ras wild-type tumours (9.5 against 4.8 months) and did nothing in mutant ones, creating the first negative predictive bioma...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-karapetis-kras-cetuximab-colorectal-nejm-2008","kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"KRAS mutations shown to predict failure of cetuximab and panitumumab","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["cetuximab","panitumumab","kras"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"LACE meta-analysis: adjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy adds about 5 percent to five-year survival","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["cisplatin","vinorelbine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Merkel cell polyomavirus discovered","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma. Feng, Chang and Moore find clonally integrated MCPyV in most MCC using digital transcriptome subtraction.","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"MIPI prognostic index","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Propranolol for infantile haemangioma","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma). Léauté-Labrèze and colleagues, NEJM: serendipitous discovery.","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 98-11: mitomycin-based chemoradiotherapy beats induction cisplatin","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["mitomycin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"SHARP: sorafenib is the first drug to extend survival in advanced HCC","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["sharp","sorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Tang classification separates typical goblet cell carcinoid from adenocarcinoma ex goblet cell carcinoid","note":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","from":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"The only randomised trial of Mohs surgery reports at five years","note":"Skin cancer (all types). Mohs surgery better for recurrent facial basal cell carcinoma (2.4 against 12.1 per cent) and not significantly better for primary tumours; the ten-year re...","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"The residual disease paradox and the brain metastasis rate","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Liedtke: pathological complete response 22 vs 11 percent yet worse survival, driven by residual disease.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-liedtke-neoadjuvant-response-survival-tnbc-jco-2008","paper-lin-tnbc-cns-metastases-dfci-cancer-2008","brain-metastases"]},{"group":"history","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"WHO names BPDCN","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). Reclassified from 'CD4+/CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm' as a distinct entity.","from":"bpdcn","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Cancer prevention research founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"cancer-prevention-research","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy founded","note":"Wolters Kluwer Medknow","from":"hematology-oncology-and-stem-cell-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Journal of gynecologic oncology founded","note":"Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology","from":"journal-of-gynecologic-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Journal of hematology & oncology founded","note":"BMC (Springer Nature)","from":"journal-of-hematology-and-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology founded","note":"Wiley","from":"journal-of-medical-imaging-and-radiation-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Pigment cell & melanoma research founded","note":"Wiley","from":"pigment-cell-and-melanoma-research","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2008)","note":"United States, statute.","from":"gina","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"A history of cancer chemotherapy","note":"DeVita VT, Chu E. Cancer Research.","from":"paper-devita-cancer-res","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX: phase 2 trial of weekly paclitaxel for unresectable angiosarcoma","note":"Penel N, Bui BN, Bay JO, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-angiotax-paclitaxel-angiosarcoma-penel-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog","note":"Epstein EH. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-epstein-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"CA 19-9 tumour-marker response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer enrolled in a randomised controlled trial","note":"Hess V, Glimelius B, Grawe P, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-hess-ca19-9-response-chemotherapy-lancet-oncol-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Cancer as an overhealing wound: an old hypothesis revisited","note":"Schäfer M, Werner S. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology.","from":"paper-schafer-nat-rev-mol-cell-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer","note":"Atchley DP, Albarracin CT, Lopez A, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-atchley-brca-status-triple-negative-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Concerning the origin of malignant tumours by Theodor Boveri. Translated and annotated by Henry Harris","note":"Boveri T. Journal of cell science.","from":"paper-boveri-j-cell-sci","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses","note":"Jones S, Zhang X, Parsons DW, et al. Science.","from":"paper-jones-pancreatic-core-pathways-science-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis","note":"Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-khorana-blood","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells","note":"Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-quintana-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXTREME: platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer","note":"Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-extreme-vermorken-nejm-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V: sentinel node dissection is safe in early-stage vulvar cancer","note":"Van der Zee AG, Oonk MH, De Hullu JA, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-groinss-v-sentinel-node-vulvar-cancer-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Jemal 2008: Cancer statistics, 2008","note":"Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.","from":"paper-jemal-cancer-statistics-2008-cacancer-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer","note":"Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-karapetis-kras-cetuximab-colorectal-nejm-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the Internet","note":"Saper RB, Phillips RS, Sehgal A, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-saper-jama","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group","note":"Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-lace-adjuvant-cisplatin-pooled-analysis-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Mani 2008: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells","note":"Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, et al. Cell.","from":"paper-mani-emt-stem-cell-properties-cell-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Massage therapy versus simple touch to improve pain and mood in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized trial","note":"Kutner JS, Smith MC, Corbin L, et al. Annals of Internal Medicine.","from":"paper-kutner-ann-intern-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness (MNTX 302)","note":"Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-mntx-302-thomas-nejm-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Mistletoe therapy in oncology","note":"Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.","from":"paper-horneber-cochrane-database-syst-rev","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Phase 1 trial of abiraterone acetate confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven","note":"Attard G, Reid AH, Yap TA, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-attard-abiraterone-phase-1-cyp17-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cance...","note":"Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-scagliotti-cisplatin-pemetrexed-histology-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based stu...","note":"Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-prado-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Randomized trial of a hypnosis intervention for treatment of hot flashes among breast cancer survivors","note":"Elkins G, Marcus J, Stearns V, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-elkins-j-clin-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer","note":"Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-liedtke-neoadjuvant-response-survival-tnbc-jco-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"SHARP: sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","note":"Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-sharp-sorafenib-nejm-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Single-strand break repair and genetic disease","note":"Caldecott KW. Nature reviews. Genetics.","from":"paper-caldecott-nat-rev-genet","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases","note":"Lin NU, Claus E, Sohl J, et al. Cancer.","from":"paper-lin-tnbc-cns-metastases-dfci-cancer-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"The functional loss of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor is a common event in basal-like and luminal B breast carcinomas","note":"Herschkowitz JI, He X, Fan C, Perou CM. Breast Cancer Research.","from":"paper-herschkowitz-rb1-loss-basal-like-bcr-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Theories of carcinogenesis: an emerging perspective","note":"Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Seminars in cancer biology.","from":"paper-sonnenschein-semin-cancer-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Translational research: crossing the valley of death","note":"Butler D. Nature.","from":"paper-butler-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","note":"Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-kras-colorectal-j-clin-oncol-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Wisnoski 2008: 672 patients with acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, a population-based comparison to pancreatic adenocarcinoma","note":"Wisnoski NC, Townsend CM, Nealon WH, Freeman JL, Riall TS. Surgery.","from":"paper-wisnoski-acinar-cell-carcinoma-672-patients-seer-surgery-2008","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial","note":"JAMA","from":"anthony-damico","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer (JCOG 9501)","note":"NEJM","from":"mitsuru-sasako","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome","note":"Nature","from":"timothy-ley","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Down-regulated NF-E2-related factor 2 in pulmonary macrophages of aged smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","note":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","from":"yasuyuki-nasuhara","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy of gemcitabine plus axitinib compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: an open-label randomised phase II study","note":"Lancet","from":"jean-philippe-spano","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Emergence of MRSA in positive blood cultures from patients with febrile neutropenia—a cause for concern","note":"Supportive Care in Cancer","from":"patrick-morris","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Epidermal Growth Factor Gene Functional Polymorphism and the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis","note":"JAMA","from":"kenneth-tanabe","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Genomic Analysis of the Clonal Origins of Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","note":"Science","from":"james-r-downing","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Cancer: Good Cop, Bad Cop?","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"jim-woodgett","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Human natural killer cells","note":"Blood","from":"michael-caligiuri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"yoram-weiss","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene","note":"Nature","from":"john-maris","refs":["yael-mosse"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing","note":"Nature Genetics","from":"matthew-hurles","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes","note":"Nature","from":"jeffrey-bluestone","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Laparoscopic and Robotic Assisted Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: A Critical Analysis","note":"European Urology","from":"georges-pascal-haber","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Leiomiossarcoma primário de adrenal","note":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia","from":"flavio-tomasich","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Long-term results from a randomized phase II trial of standard- versus higher-dose imatinib mesylate for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestin...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"charles-blanke","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Marginal Zone Lymphomas","note":"Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America","from":"franco-cavalli","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"miR‐15b and miR‐16 modulate multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human gastric cancer cells","note":"International Journal of Cancer","from":"fan-daiming","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"One hundred years after 'carcinoid': epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States","note":"JCO","from":"james-yao","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Patient Benefit From Endoscopically Assisted Fixation of Condylar Neck Fractures—A Randomized Controlled Trial","note":"Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery","from":"chen-chien-tzung","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Phase I study of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, AG014699, in combination with temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"ruth-plummer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Phase III randomized, intergroup trial assessing imatinib mesylate at two dose levels in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"charles-blanke","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Platinum-Based Chemotherapy plus Cetuximab in Head and Neck Cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"andrzej-kawecki","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer (EXTREME)","note":"NEJM","from":"jan-vermorken","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Preoperative Chemotherapy: Updates of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols B-18 and B-27","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"priya-rastogi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Primary atrial fibrosarcoma of the heart","note":"Cardiovascular Pathology","from":"paul-herijgers","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Radiation-Induced CXCL16 Release by Breast Cancer Cells Attracts Effector T Cells","note":"The Journal of Immunology","from":"sandra-demaria","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","note":"Cell","from":"shimon-sakaguchi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Retrospective Analysis of Locally Advanced Noninflammatory Breast Cancer From Chennai, South India, 1990–1999","note":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics","from":"shanta-v","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Role of extent of resection in the long-term outcome of low-grade hemispheric gliomas","note":"JCO","from":"mitchel-berger","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Sentinel Node Dissection Is Safe in the Treatment of Early-Stage Vulvar Cancer","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"ate-van-der-zee","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SHARP)","note":"NEJM","from":"josep-llovet","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Speeding up the evaluation of new agents in cancer","note":"JNCI","from":"mahesh-parmar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Symptom concerns and quality of life in hepatobiliary cancers","note":"Oncology Nursing Forum","from":"virginia-sun","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs","note":"Genome Research","from":"ewan-birney","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: a case-crossover study in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico","note":"Int J Epidemiol","from":"victor-hugo-borja-aburto","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Bimatoprost for eyelash and eyebrow regrowth","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bimatoprost-eyelash-regrowth","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for skin (VivaScope, VivoSight, deepLive)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"confocal-oct-skin-imaging","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"CT body composition and sarcopenia measurement","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ct-body-composition-sarcopenia","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Hypofractionated radiotherapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hypofractionated-radiotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Pencil-beam scanning and intensity-modulated proton therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"intensity-modulated-proton-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"vmat","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX reported","note":"Primary endpoint met: most patients progression-free at two months; responses mainly in cutaneous scalp and face disease.","from":"angiotax","refs":["angiosarcoma","vascular-tumours","sarcoma","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"EXTREME reported","note":"OS 10.1 vs 7.4 months; HR 0.80.","from":"extreme","refs":["head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"LACE (Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation) pooled analysis reported","note":"Hazard ratio for death 0.89 (95 percent confidence interval 0.82 to 0.96), a 5.4 percent absolute five-year survival benefit; no benefit, and possible harm, in stage IA.","from":"lace-pooled-analysis","refs":["resectable-nsclc","cisplatin","vinorelbine","etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"MNTX 302 reported","note":"Laxation within four hours of the first dose 48% vs 15% on placebo; laxation after two or more of the first four doses 52% vs 8% (P<0.001 for both).","from":"mntx-302","refs":["methylnaltrexone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"Photodynamic therapy against cryotherapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma reported","note":"Five-year recurrence 20 per cent after cryotherapy against 22 per cent after methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (p=0.86), with an excellent cosmetic outcome in 16 against...","from":"mal-pdt-versus-cryotherapy-superficial-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","methyl-aminolevulinate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 92-02 reported","note":"At 10 years, 24 extra months of goserelin improved disease-free survival (22.5 against 13.2 percent), disease-specific survival (88.7 against 83.9 percent) and distant metastasis (...","from":"rtog-9202","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","goserelin","flutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"SHARP reported","note":"OS 10.7 vs 7.9 months, HR 0.69.","from":"sharp","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2008","precision":"year","title":"START-B (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy) reported","note":"10-year local-regional relapse 4.3% vs 5.5%; fewer late normal-tissue effects with 40 Gy in 15 fractions.","from":"start-b","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2008-12-19","precision":"day","title":"Imatinib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant GIST","from":"imatinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2009","kind":"year","name":"2009 in oncology","aka":["2009"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2009: 190 entries, 49 landmarks, 49 papers listed on people's pages, 47 papers and 17 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"190 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2009: 49 landmarks, 49 papers listed on people's pages, 47 papers, 17 approvals, 13 trials reported, 5 companies founded, 4 journals founded, 4 technologies and 2 laws and regulations.\n\nOf those, 190 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2008","2010"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2009,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) approved in US","note":"Recurrent glioblastoma (accelerated; full approval 2017)","from":"bevacizumab-glioma","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Catumaxomab approved in EU","note":"Malignant ascites in EpCAM-positive carcinomas when standard therapy is unavailable (Removab; withdrawn 2017)","from":"catumaxomab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Degarelix approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"degarelix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Epoetin theta approved in EU","note":"Symptomatic anaemia in adult cancer patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving chemotherapy; anaemia of chronic renal failure.","from":"epoetin-theta","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC after sunitinib or sorafenib","from":"everolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib approved in EU","note":"EGFR-mutant NSCLC","from":"gefitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"HPV bivalent vaccine (types 16 and 18) approved in US","note":"Prevention of cervical cancer and precursor lesions caused by HPV 16 and 18 in females 10 to 25 (discontinued in the US 2016)","from":"hpv-bivalent-vaccine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Ibritumomab tiuxetan approved in US","note":"Consolidation after first-line chemotherapy in previously untreated follicular NHL","from":"ibritumomab-tiuxetan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Mifamurtide approved in EU","note":"High-grade resectable non-metastatic osteosarcoma after complete resection, with chemotherapy, ages 2-30","from":"mifamurtide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Ofatumumab approved in US","note":"CLL refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab (accelerated)","from":"ofatumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Pazopanib approved in US","note":"Advanced renal cell carcinoma","from":"pazopanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Plerixafor approved in EU","note":"Stem cell mobilisation with G-CSF in lymphoma and multiple myeloma with poor mobilisation (Mozobil)","from":"plerixafor","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Pralatrexate approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma","from":"pralatrexate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Romidepsin approved in US","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma after ≥1 systemic therapy","from":"romidepsin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Topotecan approved in England (NICE)","note":"Relapsed small-cell lung cancer, oral topotecan, only where re-treatment with the first-line regimen is inappropriate and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine is contraind...","from":"topotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in EU","note":"Relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer with PLD","from":"trabectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Vinflunine approved in EU","note":"Advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract after failure of a platinum-containing regimen","from":"vinflunine","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Andreessen Horowitz Bio + Health founded","note":"Menlo Park, CA","from":"a16z-bio-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Atossa Therapeutics founded","note":"Seattle, WA","from":"atossa-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"ETOP IBCSG Partners Foundation founded","note":"Bern","from":"etop-ibcsg","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"GV (Google Ventures) founded","note":"Mountain View, CA","from":"gv","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"zelgen","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"AALL0031: continuous imatinib with chemotherapy gives 80 percent three-year event-free survival","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"ACOSOG Z9001: one year of adjuvant imatinib reduces recurrence","note":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","from":"gist-kit-exon-11","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"AZA-001: azacitidine lengthens survival in higher-risk MDS","note":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-higher-risk","refs":["azacitidine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Bethesda System for thyroid cytology standardises nodule reporting","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["bethesda-category","thyroid-fna-molecular"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab accelerated approval at recurrence","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma. Radiographic response without survival benefit.","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["bevacizumab-glioma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab shrinks NF2 vestibular schwannomas and improves hearing","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). Plotkin and colleagues (NEJM).","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":["bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"CAPOX phase 2 establishes oxaliplatin-fluoropyrimidine as first-line therapy","note":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","from":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":["capox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Charing Cross series identifies an interval of over four years as the strongest predictor of death","note":"Placental-site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","from":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Conformal radiotherapy safe and effective in young children","note":"Ependymoma. St Jude RT1 (Merchant, Lancet Oncology) shows tumour-bed irradiation controls disease with preserved cognition.","from":"ependymoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"DICER1 germline mutations cause familial PPB","note":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours). Hill and colleagues (Science) identify the first microRNA-processing gene tumour syndrome.","from":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"ENSAT staging","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"ENSAT staging system published","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"EPCAM deletions as a cause of Lynch syndrome","note":"Colorectal cancer. Loss of the 3' exons of EPCAM silences the neighbouring MSH2 gene by transcriptional read-through, in EpCAM-expressing tissue only.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-ligtenberg-epcam-deletion-msh2-silencing-nat-genet-2009","epcam"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus approved second line (RECORD-1)","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["everolimus"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"First report of a metastatic medulloblastoma responding to a smoothened inhibitor","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"FOXL2 C134W mutation found in almost all adult granulosa cell tumours","note":"Adult granulosa cell tumour of the ovary","from":"granulosa-cell-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Germline TBXT duplication in familial chordoma","note":"Chordoma. Yang and colleagues (Nat Genet).","from":"chordoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"GNAQ mutations discovered (Van Raamsdonk); GNA11 in 2010","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0204: cisplatin-paclitaxel confirmed as the reference doublet","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["cisplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Gronchi and Bonvalot report improved local control with extended en bloc resection","note":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","from":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"HPV vaccination shown to prevent external genital lesions in men","note":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","from":"localised-penile-cancer","refs":["hpv-vaccine","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"IDH1 and IDH2 mutations define a glioma lineage","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4). Yan and colleagues (NEJM) show IDH mutations in most grade 2 and 3 gliomas and their better prognosis.","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"IDH1 mutations found in AML after their discovery in glioma","note":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-idh","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"INRG classification defines the intermediate-risk group by stage, age and biology","note":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","refs":["inrg-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"INRG classification unifies international risk grouping","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["inrg-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"International Neuroblastoma Risk Group classification published","note":"Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)","from":"neuroblastoma-low-risk","refs":["inrg-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"IPASS: gefitinib beats chemotherapy in EGFR-mutant patients, worse in others; testing becomes mandatory","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["gefitinib","tony-mok"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"IPASS: the biomarker, not the population","note":"Lung cancer (all types). 1,217 East Asian never-smokers and light former smokers randomised between gefitinib and chemotherapy; the benefit lived entirely in the EGFR-mutant subgro...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-mok-ipass-gefitinib-pulmonary-adenocarcinoma-nejm-2009","paper-lynch-egfr-activating-mutations-gefitinib-nejm-2004","paper-paez-egfr-mutations-gefitinib-science-2004"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"LAP2: laparoscopic hysterectomy equivalent to open surgery","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["robotic-surgery"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Long-course beats short-course androgen deprivation with radiotherapy in high-risk disease","note":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","from":"prostate-high-risk","refs":["androgen-deprivation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MACH-NC update: concomitant chemotherapy adds about 6.5 points to five-year survival","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MRC CR07 settles the timing of rectal radiotherapy","note":"Colorectal cancer. 1,350 patients; local recurrence 61 percent lower with short-course radiotherapy before surgery than with selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy, with no surv...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-sebag-montefiore-cr07-preoperative-radiotherapy-lancet-2009"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MRD becomes the key risk factor","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. AIEOP-BFM 2000 and UKALL 2003 show end-of-induction MRD outperforms every clinical factor; MRD-directed therapy adopted.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["flow-cytometry-mrd","mrd-negative-cr"]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Multi-institutional registry of 405 patients","note":"Peritoneal mesothelioma. Yan and colleagues report median survival of 53 months after cytoreduction and HIPEC.","from":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MYB-NFIB fusion identified as the defining genetic event","note":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","from":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MYB-NFIB fusion in adenoid cystic carcinoma (Persson, PNAS)","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"NUT immunohistochemistry validated","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). 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cancer","note":"JAMA","from":"monica-morrow","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"The biology of chromatin remodeling complexes","note":"Annual Review of Biochemistry","from":"bradley-cairns","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"The IASLC lung cancer staging project: a proposal for a new international lymph node map in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung c...","note":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology","from":"valerie-rusch","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"susan-cohn","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"The LKB1–AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression","note":"Nature Reviews Cancer","from":"reuben-shaw","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"The R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Score: A Comprehensive Standardized System for Quantitating Renal Tumor Size, Location and Depth","note":"Journal of Urology","from":"robert-uzzo","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Tratamiento combinado con antagonistas del calcio e inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de angiotensina (IECA) como terapia inicial preferible a diuréticos e...","note":"FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria","from":"alvaro-bonet-pla","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation (Total Therapy XV)","note":"NEJM","from":"ching-hon-pui","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Tumor Suppression by LKB1: SIK-ness Prevents Metastasis","note":"Science Signaling","from":"reuben-shaw","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Vasa Vasorum and Plaque Neovascularization on Contrast-Enhanced Carotid Ultrasound Imaging Correlates With Cardiovascular Disease and Past Cardiovascular Events","note":"Stroke","from":"daniel-staub","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Adaptive therapy (evolution-based dosing)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"adaptive-therapy-dynamics","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pi3k-akt-mtor-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Radiogenomics: predicting radiation sensitivity from genes","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiogenomics","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Transoral robotic surgery (TORS)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tors","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Aplidin (Plitidepsin) 3 h iv in Subjects With Relapsing or Refractory Multiple Myeloma reported","from":"nct00229203","refs":["multiple-myeloma","plitidepsin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"AZA-001 reported","note":"Azacitidine improved overall survival over conventional care regimens in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes.","from":"aza-001","refs":["mds-higher-risk","mds","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"CRYSTAL & FIRE-3 reported","note":"CRYSTAL KRAS-WT OS 23.5 vs 20.0 months; FIRE-3 OS 28.7 vs 25.0 months.","from":"crystal-fire3","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","bevacizumab","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22961 reported","note":"Five-year overall mortality 19.0 percent with 6 months of androgen suppression against 15.2 percent with 3 years; hazard ratio 1.42, non-inferiority not shown (p=0.65).","from":"eortc-22961","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"MRC CR07 reported","note":"Local recurrence at three years 4.4 percent with short-course preoperative radiotherapy against 10.6 percent with selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio 0.39, 0.27...","from":"cr07","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"Osmanabad cervical screening trial (HPV testing vs cytology vs VIA) reported","note":"Cervical cancer deaths HR 0.52 with one round of HPV testing; no significant effect of cytology or VIA.","from":"osmanabad-hpv-screening","refs":["cervical"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"PATRICIA reported","note":"Vaccine efficacy against CIN2+ associated with HPV-16/18 92.9% (96.1% CI 79.9 to 98.3) in the according-to-protocol efficacy cohort; 98.1% with HPV-type causality assigned.","from":"patricia","refs":["cervical","hpv-bivalent-vaccine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"PETACC-3 reported","note":"Five-year disease-free survival 56.7 against 54.3 percent (p=0.106); no overall survival gain.","from":"petacc-3","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","irinotecan","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"PLCO, prostate component (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial) reported","note":"Prostate cancer death rate 2.0 against 1.7 per 10,000 person-years, rate ratio 1.13 (95 percent confidence interval 0.75 to 1.70), not significant; control-group PSA testing rose f...","from":"plco-prostate","refs":["prostate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"PROMID reported","note":"TTP 14.3 vs 6.0 months, HR 0.34.","from":"promid","refs":["neuroendocrine","small-intestinal-net","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEL-3 reported","note":"Complete resection 95 percent with cisplatin alone against 93 percent with cisplatin plus doxorubicin; three-year overall survival 95 against 93 percent; grade 3 or 4 toxicity 20.6...","from":"siopel-3","refs":["hepatoblastoma","childhood-cancers","cisplatin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"SPCG-7/SFUO-3 reported","note":"Ten-year prostate cancer mortality 11.9 percent with hormones plus radiotherapy against 23.9 percent with hormones alone (relative risk 0.44, 95 percent confidence interval 0.30 to...","from":"spcg-7","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","flutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2009","precision":"year","title":"SWOG 8794 reported","note":"Metastasis-free survival hazard ratio 0.71 (95 percent confidence interval 0.54 to 0.94, p=0.016) and overall survival hazard ratio 0.72 (0.55 to 0.96, p=0.023) with adjuvant radio...","from":"swog-8794","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr"]}]},{"id":"2010","kind":"year","name":"2010 in oncology","aka":["2010"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2010: 228 entries, 62 landmarks, 57 papers listed on people's pages, 50 papers and 15 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"228 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2010: 62 landmarks, 57 papers listed on people's pages, 50 papers, 15 trials reported, 14 approvals, 10 companies founded, 8 journals founded, 8 technologies, 2 laws and regulations and 2 regulatory events.\n\nOf those, 2 to the day and 226 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2009","2011"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2010,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Bendamustine approved in EU","note":"CLL, indolent NHL, multiple myeloma (national approvals)","from":"bendamustine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Cabazitaxel approved in US","note":"mCRPC after docetaxel","from":"cabazitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Denosumab approved in US","note":"Prevention of skeletal-related events in bone metastases from solid tumours (Xgeva); postmenopausal osteoporosis and treatment-induced bone loss (Prolia)","from":"denosumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Eribulin approved in US","note":"Metastatic breast cancer after ≥2 regimens including an anthracycline and a taxane","from":"eribulin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH) approved in US","note":"HER2 testing extended to gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma with trastuzumab (ToGA)","from":"her2-testing-assays","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Hexaminolevulinate approved in US","note":"Cystoscopic detection of non-muscle-invasive papillary bladder cancer, with blue-light cystoscopy","from":"hexaminolevulinate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Lapatinib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2+ metastatic breast cancer with letrozole","from":"lapatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Nilotinib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML chronic phase","from":"nilotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Ofatumumab approved in EU","note":"CLL refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab (conditional; authorisation since withdrawn)","from":"ofatumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab approved in US","note":"CLL with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide","from":"rituximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Sipuleucel-T approved in US","note":"Asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"sipuleucel-t","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Thiotepa approved in EU","note":"Conditioning before haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for haematological diseases and solid tumours (Tepadina)","from":"thiotepa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Tocilizumab approved in US","note":"Rheumatoid arthritis (first approval)","from":"tocilizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab approved in US","note":"HER2+ gastric cancer","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"AbClon founded","note":"Seoul","from":"abclon","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Blaze Bioscience founded","note":"Seattle, WA","from":"blaze-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Carthera founded","note":"Lyon","from":"carthera","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Fondazione Italiana Linfomi founded","note":"Alessandria","from":"fondazione-italiana-linfomi","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Longwood Fund founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"longwood-fund","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"On Target Laboratories founded","note":"West Lafayette, IN","from":"on-target-laboratories","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Rakuten Medical founded","note":"San Diego","from":"rakuten-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Sichuan Huiyu Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Neijiang, Sichuan","from":"sichuan-huiyu-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Wuhan YZY Biopharma founded","note":"Wuhan","from":"wuhan-yzy-biopharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"WuXi Biologics founded","note":"Wuxi / Shanghai","from":"wuxi-biologics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"A second line opens","note":"Prostate cancer. TROPIC gave cabazitaxel after docetaxel: 15.1 against 12.7 months, with grade 3 or higher neutropenia in 82 percent.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-de-bono-tropic-cabazitaxel-lancet-2010"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"A3961: biology-based reduction to four or eight cycles gives 96 percent three-year survival","note":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","refs":["carboplatin","etoposide","cyclophosphamide","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ABC-02: gemcitabine plus cisplatin becomes the standard for advanced biliary cancer","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["abc-02","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ABC-02: gemcitabine plus cisplatin standard for advanced biliary cancer","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["abc-02","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ABC-02: gemcitabine-cisplatin becomes standard","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["abc-02","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ABC-02: gemcitabine-cisplatin becomes standard","note":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","from":"biliary-tract-cancer","refs":["abc-02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"AMC 034: rituximab with EPOCH is safe and effective","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. Sparano and colleagues (Blood 2010) establish concurrent R-EPOCH.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab","etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0032: anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF and interleukin-2 raises two-year event-free survival from 46 to 66 percent","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["anbl0032","dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0032: anti-GD2 immunotherapy raises survival ~20 points (NEJM)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["anbl0032","dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Ang shows HPV status is the dominant prognostic factor","note":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue). RTOG 0129 analysis: three-year survival 82 versus 57 percent.","from":"oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Anti-GD2 (ch14.18) improves EFS","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ARID1A mutations discovered in clear cell carcinoma","note":"Clear cell ovarian cancer","from":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"BAP1 loss drives metastasis (Harbour, Science)","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"BET inhibitor JQ1 induces differentiation of NUT carcinoma cells","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). Filippakopoulos and colleagues, Nature: proof of concept for BET inhibition.","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E discovered in Langerhans cell histiocytosis","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["braf","ras-mapk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E discovered in LCH","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Badalian-Very and colleagues (Blood) show LCH is a clonal MAPK-driven neoplasm.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":["braf","ras-mapk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in over half of lesions","note":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","from":"lch-single-system","refs":["braf","ras-mapk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Cabazitaxel and sipuleucel-T approved","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["cabazitaxel","sipuleucel-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Claudin-low described as a breast cancer subtype","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Mostly triple-negative tumours with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem-cell features (Prat, Breast Cancer Research); re-defined as...","from":"tnbc","refs":["claudin-low"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"CLL8: fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab lengthens life, the first regimen to do so","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["fludarabine","rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Copy-number burden as a risk measure","note":"Prostate cancer. Profiling 218 tumours on three platforms identifies NCOA2 as an oncogene in 11% and shows that counting copy-number changes separates high- from low-risk disease b...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-taylor-integrative-genomic-profiling-cancer-cell-2010","ncoa2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib response in ALK-positive IMT","note":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT). Butrynski and colleagues, NEJM case report.","from":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Cystic duct cancer joins gallbladder staging","note":"Gallbladder cancer. The AJCC 7th edition stages carcinoma of the cystic duct with gallbladder cancer.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["cystic-duct-carcinoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Drug-eluting bead TACE (PRECISION V) matches conventional TACE with less toxicity","note":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","from":"hcc-intermediate","refs":["tace"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Early palliative care trial","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Temel and colleagues randomise newly diagnosed metastatic lung cancer patients to early palliative care with standard oncology: better q...","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["palliative-care"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection shown equivalent to craniofacial resection in series","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 62961: regional hyperthermia with chemotherapy improves survival in high-risk STS","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["hyperthermia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"FCR: first regimen to improve survival","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CLL8 shows fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab beats FC on OS; rituximab approved in CLL.","from":"cll","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Fusion-negative alveolar RMS behaves like embryonal (Williamson, JCO)","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma. Leads to fusion-based risk stratification.","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"G-PCNSL-SG-1: omitting WBRT does not shorten survival","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma. Sets the stage for radiation-free strategies.","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine and cisplatin become the biliary standard","note":"Gallbladder cancer. ABC-02 (NEJM 2010) in a mixed biliary population including gallbladder cancer.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["abc-02","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Gene-expression tissue-of-origin classifiers reach clinical use","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","from":"cup-favourable-subsets","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"GHSG HD10: two ABVD and 20 Gy suffice for early favourable disease","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["abvd-beacopp","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy shown to reduce xerostomia and improve control","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab is the first drug to extend survival in metastatic melanoma","note":"Melanoma. Hodi et al., NEJM.","from":"melanoma","refs":["ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab is the first drug to lengthen survival in advanced melanoma","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ITMIG founded; global retrospective database","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Johns Hopkins series: 10 percent of resected adenocarcinomas are IPMN-associated, five-year survival 42 against 19 percent","note":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)","from":"ipmn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Kuma Hospital reports safe observation of microcarcinomas","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer. Ito and Miyauchi's series of over a thousand patients.","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma with ETV6-NTRK3 described (Skálová)","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":["ntrk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"MD Anderson phase 2: neoadjuvant TIP produces responses in half of men with bulky nodes","note":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","from":"node-positive-penile-cancer","refs":["paclitaxel","ifosfamide","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Metastasis shown to occur late","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A decade from the initiating mutation to the founder clone and five more years to metastatic ability: the quantitative case for early detection.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-yachida-metastasis-late-genetic-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2010"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"MYC amplification found in radiation-associated and lymphoedema angiosarcoma","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-32: the sentinel node replaces axillary clearance","note":"Breast cancer (all types). 5,611 women; eight-year overall survival 90.3 against 91.8 percent, and in ALMANAC lymphoedema at a year fell from 13 to 5 percent.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["nsabp-b32","almanac"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"One flexible sigmoidoscopy, and the adenoma detection rate","note":"Colorectal cancer. Atkin, 170,432 people: incidence down 23 percent and mortality 31 percent, still holding at 17 years.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-atkin-once-only-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-lancet-2010","paper-atkin-flexible-sigmoidoscopy-17-year-follow-up-lancet-2017","paper-kaminski-adenoma-detection-rate-interval-cancer-nejm-2010"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Pooled EORTC 62027 and SWOG S0345: imatinib responses in about half of patients (JCO)","note":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans","from":"dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-2: vaginal brachytherapy replaces pelvic radiation for intermediate risk","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-2: vaginal brachytherapy replaces pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate risk","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0129 analysis: HPV status is the strongest prognostic factor","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-0129"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0129: HPV status is the dominant prognostic factor","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["rtog-0129","hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Sirolimus responses reported in malignant PEComa with TSC loss","note":"Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa)","from":"pecoma","refs":["mtor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"The first tractable target in squamous lung cancer","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Focal FGFR1 amplification in 22% of squamous cell lung cancers, with selective killing of amplified cell lines by FGFR inhibition.","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-weiss-fgfr1-amplification-squamous-lung-sci-transl-med-2010","fgfr1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"The serrated pathway is accepted as a second route to cancer","note":"Colorectal cancer. Sessile serrated lesions and traditional serrated adenomas, with promoter methylation and BRAF or KRAS mutation, account for about 30 percent of colorectal carci...","from":"colorectal","refs":["serrated-pathway","colorectal-polyp-types"]},{"group":"history","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"TIP neoadjuvant chemotherapy","note":"Penile cancer. 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Trials","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"katz-artur","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Predictors and survival of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin: A population‐based study","note":"International Journal of Cancer","from":"valery-lemmens","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Preoperative MRI and surgical management in patients with nonpalpable breast cancer: The MONET – Randomised controlled trial","note":"European Journal of Cancer","from":"maurice-van-den-bosch","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Probing the probes: fitness factors for small molecule tools","note":"Chemistry & Biology","from":"paul-workman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Prognostic and predictive value of the 21-gene recurrence score assay in postmenopausal women with node-positive, oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer on c...","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"kathy-albain","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from Pr...","note":"JCO","from":"anthony-zietman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Recent advances in neuroblastoma","note":"NEJM","from":"john-maris","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD10)","note":"NEJM","from":"andreas-engert","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Selenium: a double-edged sword for defense and offence in cancer","note":"Arch Toxicol","from":"miroslav-chovanec","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer (RTOG 0236)","note":"JAMA","from":"robert-timmerman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"cornelis-van-de-velde","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Telomeres and telomerase in cancer","note":"Carcinogenesis","from":"steven-artandi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA)","note":"Lancet","from":"bang-yung-jue","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology working group (RANO)","note":"JCO","from":"patrick-wen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2)","note":"Lancet","from":"carien-creutzberg","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Vandetanib plus docetaxel versus docetaxel as second-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ZODIAC): a double-blind, randomised...","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"john-heymach","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Vitamin D and cancer","note":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","from":"candace-johnson","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Adaptive radiotherapy (online replanning)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"adaptive-radiotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Dendritic cell vaccines","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"dendritic-cell-vaccines","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Hand-held and point-of-care ultrasound","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hand-held-ultrasound","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"HER2 PET","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"her2-pet","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (chemosaturation)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"PET/MRI","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"pet-mri","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Prehabilitation before cancer surgery","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"prehabilitation","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Surface-guided radiotherapy (SGRT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"surface-guided-radiotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"A Single Agent Phase II Study of Romidepsin (Depsipeptide, FK228) in the Treatment of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (CTCL) reported","from":"nct00106431","refs":["cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","romidepsin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ABC-02 reported","note":"OS 11.7 vs 8.1 months, HR 0.64.","from":"abc-02","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","gallbladder","biliary-tract-cancer","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ALL R3 (UKALLR3) reported","note":"Three-year progression-free survival 64.6 percent with mitoxantrone against 35.9 percent with idarubicin, and overall survival 69.0 against 45.2 percent; the randomisation was stop...","from":"ukallr3","refs":["all-paediatric-relapsed","all-leukemia","leukaemia","mitoxantrone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"COG ANBL0032 reported","note":"2-year EFS 66% vs 46%; OS 86% vs 75%.","from":"anbl0032","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk","dinutuximab","isotretinoin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of Fulvestrant (FASLODEX™) 250 mg and 500 mg in Postmenopausal Women With Oestrogen Receptor Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Progressing or Relapsing...","from":"nct00099437","refs":["breast-hr-positive","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"DASISION reported","note":"Dasatinib produced higher confirmed complete cytogenetic and major molecular response rates at 12 months than imatinib, with no difference in five-year overall survival.","from":"dasision","refs":["cml-chronic-phase","cml","dasatinib","imatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22863 reported","note":"Ten-year overall survival 58.1 against 39.8 percent (hazard ratio 0.60, 95 percent confidence interval 0.45 to 0.80) and prostate cancer mortality 10.3 against 30.4 percent (0.38...","from":"eortc-22863","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","goserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-3 reported","note":"Median overall survival 23.0 months with fluorouracil plus folinic acid against 23.6 months with gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0.94, p 0.39); treatment-related serious adverse events 1...","from":"espac-3","refs":["resectable-pdac","pancreatic","ampullary","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"IMPACT (sipuleucel-T) reported","note":"Median overall survival 25.8 against 21.7 months (hazard ratio 0.78, 95 percent confidence interval 0.61 to 0.98, p=0.03) with no difference in time to objective disease progressio...","from":"impact-sipuleucel-t","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","sipuleucel-t"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-32 reported","note":"Eight-year overall survival 90.3 percent with sentinel node biopsy alone against 91.8 percent with added clearance (hazard ratio 1.20, 0.96 to 1.50, p=0.12); regional recurrence 14...","from":"nsabp-b32","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-2 reported","note":"Vaginal brachytherapy gave similar vaginal control and survival to external beam radiotherapy with less gastrointestinal toxicity.","from":"portec-2","refs":["endometrial-nsmp","endometrial-pole-ultramutated","endometrial"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0129 (HPV analysis) reported","note":"3-year OS 82.4% (HPV+) vs 57.1% (HPV-).","from":"rtog-0129","refs":["head-and-neck","hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"ToGA reported","note":"OS 13.8 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.74.","from":"toga","refs":["gastric","gastric-her2-positive","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"TROPIC reported","note":"Median survival 15.1 against 12.7 months (hazard ratio 0.70, 95 percent confidence interval 0.59 to 0.83); grade 3 or higher neutropenia in 82 percent and febrile neutropenia in 8...","from":"tropic","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","cabazitaxel","mitoxantrone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2010","precision":"year","title":"UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial reported","note":"Colorectal cancer incidence 23 percent lower and mortality 31 percent lower in those invited to a single flexible sigmoidoscopy (33 percent and 43 percent among attenders); the 17-...","from":"ukfss","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2010-06-21","precision":"day","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: withdrawal (US)","note":"Voluntary withdrawal after confirmatory trial showed no benefit and excess deaths","from":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2010-10-20","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ metastatic gastric cancer (ToGA)","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2011","kind":"year","name":"2011 in oncology","aka":["2011"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2011: 222 entries, 58 papers, 56 landmarks, 46 papers listed on people's pages and 18 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"222 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2011: 58 papers, 56 landmarks, 46 papers listed on people's pages, 18 approvals, 12 trials reported, 10 companies founded, 9 technologies, 6 journals founded, 5 regulatory events and 2 laws and regulations.\n\nOf those, 5 to the day and 217 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2010","2012"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2011,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate approved in US","note":"mCRPC after docetaxel","from":"abiraterone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Aminolevulinic acid (topical, for photodynamic therapy) approved in EU","note":"Actinic keratosis; superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma added 2017 (Ameluz)","from":"aminolevulinic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved in US","note":"Relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic ALCL","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in US","note":"ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Denosumab approved in EU","note":"Prevention of skeletal-related events in bone metastases and, later, multiple myeloma; giant cell tumour of bone (Xgeva)","from":"denosumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Eribulin approved in EU","note":"Metastatic breast cancer; liposarcoma (2016)","from":"eribulin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus approved in US","note":"Progressive pancreatic NETs","from":"everolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"FOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX approved in Global","note":"Metastatic PDAC (PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11; component drugs generic)","from":"folfirinox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Icotinib approved in China","note":"Advanced NSCLC after failure of at least one chemotherapy regimen (ICOGEN)","from":"icotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab approved in US","note":"Metastatic melanoma","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) approved in US","note":"Recurrent glioblastoma (newly diagnosed 2015)","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Peginterferon alfa-2b approved in US","note":"Adjuvant treatment of melanoma with nodal involvement after complete resection (Sylatron). Discontinued; superseded by adjuvant checkpoint and targeted therapy","from":"peginterferon-alfa-2b","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Romidepsin approved in US","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma after ≥1 therapy. Withdrawn 2021 after Ro-CHOP","from":"romidepsin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved in US","note":"Intermediate/high-risk myelofibrosis","from":"ruxolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved in US","note":"Progressive pancreatic NETs","from":"sunitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil (S-1) approved in EU","note":"Advanced gastric cancer with cisplatin; metastatic colorectal cancer intolerant of other fluoropyrimidines added 2022 (Teysuno)","from":"tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Vandetanib approved in US","note":"Symptomatic or progressive medullary thyroid cancer","from":"vandetanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib approved in US","note":"Unresectable or metastatic BRAF V600E melanoma","from":"vemurafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology founded","note":"Chicago, IL","from":"alliance-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Butterfly Network founded","note":"Burlington, Massachusetts, United States","from":"butterfly-network","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"DCVC founded","note":"Palo Alto, CA","from":"dcvc","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Foresite Capital founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"foresite-capital","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Haihe Biopharma founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"haihe-biopharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Hookipa Pharma founded","note":"Vienna","from":"hookipa-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Innovent Biologics founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"innovent","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Nonagen Bioscience founded","note":"Irvine, CA","from":"nonagen-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"SBI Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Tokyo","from":"sbi-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"TaiRx founded","note":"Taipei","from":"tairx","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone approved after docetaxel","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["abiraterone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone approved; enzalutamide follows in 2012","note":"Prostate cancer. Proof that castration-resistant disease is still AR-driven.","from":"prostate","refs":["abiraterone","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Beltran finds AURKA and MYCN amplification in neuroendocrine prostate cancer","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":["myc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab improves PFS (GOG-0218, ICON7)","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["gog-0218-icon7","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab improves progression-free survival (GOG-0218, ICON7)","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in all classic HCL (Tiacci, NEJM)","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved for ALCL","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved for relapsed disease; CD30 validated as an ADC target","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin","cd30"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma after transplant","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin","cd30"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"BRIM-3: vemurafenib beats dacarbazine; first BRAF inhibitor approved","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["vemurafenib","dacarbazine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab activity in unresectable cSCC (phase 2)","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab phase 2: responses in about a quarter of unresectable tumours","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["cetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Chest radiography is shown to do nothing","note":"Lung cancer (all types). PLCO randomised 154,901 people to four annual chest X-rays or usual care: 1,213 lung cancer deaths against 1,230 after 13 years.","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-plco-chest-radiograph-lung-cancer-mortality-jama-2011","paper-nlst-nejm-2011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Colloid versus tubular histology shown to decide the outcome of invasive IPMN","note":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)","from":"ipmn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved four years after the fusion was found","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"alk-positive-nsclc","refs":["crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus (RADIANT-3) and sunitinib approved for pancreatic NETs","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["radiant-3-4","everolimus","sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"EXPeRT pooled analysis defines outcomes and the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and complete resection","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["cisplatin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"FOLFIRINOX proves active in metastatic disease and is taken up as a neoadjuvant regimen","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["folfirinox","paper-conroy-folfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"FOLFIRINOX result in metastatic disease is adopted as induction for locally advanced tumours","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["folfirinox","paper-conroy-folfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"FOLFIRINOX: OS 11.1 vs 6.8 months","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11 establishes combination chemotherapy for fit patients.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"GNAS mutations define the IPMN pathway; the first expression subtypes","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. GNAS R201 in 66% of IPMNs and carried into the invasive cancer; Collisson's classical, quasi-mesenchymal and exocrine-like classes.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-wu-gnas-ipmn-sci-transl-med-2011","paper-wu-pancreatic-cyst-exomes-rnf43-pnas-2011","paper-collisson-pancreatic-subtypes-nat-med-2011","gnas"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"GNAS mutations found in IPMNs, distinguishing them from other cysts","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["cgp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"GOG 174: pulsed actinomycin D beats weekly methotrexate on complete response","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["dactinomycin","methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"HER2 amplification identified as a cause of anti-EGFR resistance in patient-derived xenografts","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["her2","egfr"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"IDH1 and IDH2 mutations found in chondrosarcoma and enchondroma","note":"Chondrosarcoma","from":"chondrosarcoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib phase 2 trials in KIT-mutant melanoma, many of them acral","note":"Acral melanoma","from":"acral-melanoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib phase 2 trials show responses in KIT-mutant melanoma","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"International expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Invasive IPMN outcome shown to depend on colloid versus tubular histology","note":"Colloid (mucinous non-cystic) carcinoma of the pancreas","from":"pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma","refs":["ipmn-associated-carcinoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab and vemurafenib approved","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab and vemurafenib approved","note":"Melanoma. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy arrive in the same year.","from":"melanoma","refs":["vemurafenib","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab and vemurafenib approved for advanced melanoma","note":"Skin cancer (all types). The first checkpoint inhibitor and the first BRAF inhibitor, the two routes that transformed melanoma.","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["ipilimumab","vemurafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Japan Pancreas Society series of 156 MCNs with ovarian-type stroma","note":"Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN-associated carcinoma)","from":"mcn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Long-term follow-up of the DES cohort confirms continued excess of clear cell adenocarcinoma and other harms","note":"Vaginal adenocarcinoma (including DES-associated clear cell adenocarcinoma)","from":"vaginal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"MARS 1: extrapleural pneumonectomy shows harm; practice shifts to lung-sparing surgery","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["pleurectomy-decortication"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Neuroendocrine prostate cancer gets a molecular identity","note":"Prostate cancer. AURKA and MYCN are co-amplified in 40% of neuroendocrine prostate cancers against 5% of adenocarcinomas, and Aurora kinase inhibition switches off the neuroendocri...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-beltran-nepc-aurka-mycn-cancer-discov-2011","aurka","mycn"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"NLST: low-dose CT screening cuts lung cancer mortality by 20 percent, finding more early-stage tumours","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["nlst-nelson","low-dose-ct-screening","paper-nlst-nejm-2011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"NLST: low-dose CT screening reduces mortality 20%","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["nlst-nelson","low-dose-ct-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"PRIMA: rituximab maintenance","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Two years of maintenance doubles PFS after chemo-immunotherapy.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 4/ACCORD 11: FOLFIRINOX lengthens survival over gemcitabine in fit patients","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["folfirinox","thierry-conroy","paper-conroy-folfirinox-pancreatic-nejm-2011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Prospective observation cohorts published","note":"Desmoid tumour. 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COMFORT-I/II: spleen and symptom benefit in myelofibrosis; the first JAK inhibitor.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved: the first JAK inhibitor, after COMFORT-I and II","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":["ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Six molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 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analyses of ovarian carcinoma","note":"Nature","from":"douglas-levine","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Integrated Transcript and Genome Analyses Reveal NKX2-1 and MEF2C as Potential Oncogenes in T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"wouter-de-laat","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma","note":"JAMA","from":"richard-carvajal","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Long-term effect of aspirin on cancer risk in carriers of hereditary colorectal cancer: an analysis from the CAPP2 randomised controlled trial","note":"Lancet","from":"john-burn","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Long-term prognostic significance of response in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation","note":"Blood","from":"joaquin-martinez-lopez","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Mortality in an elderly type 2 diabetic patients’ cohort who attended a self-management educational workshop","note":"Primary care diabetes","from":"esteban-langlois","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Oligometastases revisited","note":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology","from":"ralph-weichselbaum","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Pain treatment after craniotomy:  where is the (procedure-specific) evidence? A qualitative systematic review","note":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","from":"jannick-brennum","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Perioperative Chemotherapy Compared With Surgery Alone for Resectable Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: An FNCLCC and FFCD Multicenter Phase III Trial","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"marc-ychou","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Perioperative nutrition in malnourished surgical cancer patients – A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial","note":"Clinical Nutrition","from":"stanislaw-klek","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Phase I study of dasatinib (BMS‐354825) in Japanese patients with solid tumors","note":"Cancer Science","from":"takahashi-shunji","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Conformal Hypofractionated Radiotherapy With Concurrent Gemcitabine in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"ananya-choudhury","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Phase II, Open-Label, Single-Arm Trial of Imatinib Mesylate in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma Harboring c-Kit Mutation or Amplification","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"guo-jun","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Pretreatment mitochondrial priming correlates with clinical response to cytotoxic chemotherapy","note":"Science","from":"anthony-letai","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Protection from colorectal cancer after colonoscopy: a population-based, case-control study","note":"Annals of Internal Medicine","from":"hermann-brenner","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Randomized Phase III Placebo-Controlled Trial of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel With or Without the Vascular Disrupting Agent Vadimezan (ASA404) in Advanced Non–Sma...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"primo-lara","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening (NLST)","note":"NEJM","from":"denise-aberle","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Risk stratification analysis of operative mortality in isolated coronary artery bypass graft patients in Pakistan: comparison between additive and logistic Euro...","note":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg","from":"sulaiman-shahabuddin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA)","note":"Lancet","from":"gilles-salles","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"RNAi screen identifies Brd4 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"Nature","from":"christopher-vakoc","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Sagopilone (ZK-EPO, ZK 219477) for recurrent glioblastoma. A phase II multicenter trial by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC...","note":"Annals of Oncology","from":"denis-lacombe","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development","note":"Nature","from":"lars-zender","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Sensitization of BCL-2–expressing breast tumors to chemotherapy by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","from":"samantha-oakes","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"The underlying mechanism for the PARP and BRCA synthetic lethality: clearing up the misunderstandings","note":"Molecular Oncology","from":"thomas-helleday","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"The World Cancer Declaration: from resolution to action","note":"The Lancet Oncology","from":"cary-adams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","note":"JAMA","from":"eric-klein","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Contrast-enhanced mammography","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"contrast-enhanced-mammography","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Evolutionary game theory in cancer","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"evolutionary-game-theory-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"checkpoint-inhibitor","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose CT lung screening","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"low-dose-ct-screening","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"quantitative-systems-pharmacology","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Radiopharmaceutical GMP and releasing a drug that decays","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radiopharmaceutical-gmp-release","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"The ADC supply chain (antibody, payload-linker, conjugation, fill)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"adc-supply-chain","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"TPMT and NUDT15 genotyping before thiopurines","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tpmt-nudt15-genotyping","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Tumour treating fields (TTFields)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ttfields","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"CLEOPATRA reported","note":"OS 57.1 vs 40.8 months, HR 0.69.","from":"cleopatra","refs":["breast-her2-positive","pertuzumab","trastuzumab","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"COU-AA-301 reported","note":"Median overall survival 14.8 against 10.9 months (hazard ratio 0.65, 95 percent confidence interval 0.54 to 0.77) with abiraterone after docetaxel; PSA response 29 against 6 percen...","from":"cou-aa-301","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","abiraterone","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0218 & ICON7 (bevacizumab) reported","note":"GOG-0218 PFS 14.1 vs 10.3 months (HR 0.72); no OS benefit.","from":"gog-0218-icon7","refs":["ovarian","bevacizumab","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Interleukin 11, Thrombocytopenia, Imatinib in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Patients reported","from":"nct00493181","refs":["leukaemia","cml","oprelvekin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"MRC COIN reported","note":"No overall survival gain from adding cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line chemotherapy, including in KRAS wild-type disease.","from":"coin","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"NLST & NELSON (low-dose CT screening) reported","note":"Lung cancer mortality reduced 20% (NLST) and 24% in men (NELSON).","from":"nlst-nelson","refs":["nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"OPUS reported","note":"In KRAS wild-type disease, progression-free survival hazard ratio 0.567 and response odds ratio 2.551 with cetuximab added.","from":"opus","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","folfox","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 4 / ACCORD 11 reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.1 months with FOLFIRINOX against 6.8 months with gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0.57, 95 percent confidence interval 0.45 to 0.73; p below 0.001); progression...","from":"prodige-4-accord-11","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","folfirinox","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.35 (pNET) and 0.48 (lung/GI).","from":"radiant-3-4","refs":["neuroendocrine","pancreatic-net","small-intestinal-net","lung-net"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 94-08 reported","note":"Ten-year overall survival 62 against 57 percent (hazard ratio for death with radiotherapy alone 1.17, p=0.03) and disease-specific mortality 4 against 8 percent; benefit confined t...","from":"rtog-9408","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"Single-injection depot progesterone before breast surgery (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"No overall benefit; node-positive 5-year DFS 65.3% vs 54.7% (HR 0.72) and OS 75.7% vs 66.8% (HR 0.70).","from":"progesterone-preop-tmh","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2011","precision":"year","title":"XM01-22 reported","note":"Complete haemoglobin response 72.6% vs 25.3% with placebo (P<0.0001); transfusions after randomisation 13.7% vs 25.3% (P = 0.0277).","from":"xm01-22","refs":["epoetin-theta"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2011-03-25","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"Metastatic melanoma: first checkpoint inhibitor approved anywhere","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2011-04-06","precision":"day","title":"Vandetanib: approval (US)","note":"First approval for medullary thyroid cancer","from":"vandetanib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2011-04-08","precision":"day","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"PMA approval, recurrent glioblastoma","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2011-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Vemurafenib: approval (US)","note":"Approved with the cobas BRAF V600 companion test, the first melanoma targeted therapy","from":"vemurafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2011-08-19","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic ALCL","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2012","kind":"year","name":"2012 in oncology","aka":["2012"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2012: 288 entries, 67 landmarks, 65 papers, 61 papers listed on people's pages and 33 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"288 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2012: 67 landmarks, 65 papers, 61 papers listed on people's pages, 33 trials reported, 28 approvals, 17 companies founded, 7 journals founded, 4 technologies, 3 laws and regulations and 3 regulatory events.\n\nOf those, 2 to the day, 1 to the month and 285 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2011","2013"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2012,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate approved in US","note":"mCRPC pre-chemotherapy","from":"abiraterone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Axitinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC after one prior systemic therapy","from":"axitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Bosutinib approved in US","note":"Ph+ CML after prior TKI","from":"bosutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer (Cometriq)","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Carfilzomib approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma (accelerated)","from":"carfilzomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Choline C-11 approved in US","note":"PET imaging of suspected prostate cancer recurrence with non-informative conventional imaging","from":"choline-c11","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in EU","note":"Conditional Oct 2012; full approval 2015","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Decitabine approved in EU","note":"Newly diagnosed de novo or secondary AML in adults 65 and over not candidates for standard induction","from":"decitabine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Enzalutamide approved in US","note":"mCRPC after docetaxel (pre-chemo 2014)","from":"enzalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with exemestane after NSAI failure","from":"everolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Glucarpidase approved in US","note":"Toxic plasma methotrexate concentrations with delayed clearance due to impaired renal function","from":"glucarpidase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Granisetron approved in EU","note":"Transdermal granisetron for moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (Sancuso)","from":"granisetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Mercaptopurine approved in EU","note":"ALL in adults, adolescents and children (Xaluprine oral suspension)","from":"mercaptopurine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Mogamulizumab approved in JP","note":"Relapsed CCR4+ adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma; later PTCL/CTCL","from":"mogamulizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Omacetaxine mepesuccinate approved in US","note":"Chronic or accelerated phase CML resistant or intolerant to two or more TKIs (accelerated; full approval 2014)","from":"omacetaxine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pasireotide approved in US","note":"Cushing's disease when pituitary surgery is not an option or has not been curative","from":"pasireotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pazopanib approved in US","note":"Advanced non-adipocytic soft-tissue sarcoma after chemotherapy","from":"pazopanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pertuzumab approved in US","note":"First-line HER2+ metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab and docetaxel","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pixantrone approved in EU","note":"Multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, single agent (conditional). Authorisation expired 12 June 2024; the holder did not apply for renewal","from":"pixantrone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ponatinib approved in US","note":"CML and Ph+ ALL resistant to prior TKIs or with T315I","from":"ponatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Prosigna (PAM50) approved in EU","note":"CE-IVD","from":"prosigna","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer, previously treated","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, anti-VEGF and, if RAS wild-type, anti-EGFR therapy. Approved September 2012 on CORRECT.","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved in EU","note":"Myelofibrosis","from":"ruxolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF) approved in US","note":"therascreen KRAS: cetuximab and panitumumab eligibility in metastatic colorectal cancer","from":"therascreen-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Vismodegib approved in US","note":"Metastatic BCC or locally advanced BCC recurrent after surgery or not amenable to surgery/radiation","from":"vismodegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to or progressing after oxaliplatin, with FOLFIRI","from":"ziv-aflibercept","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to or progressing after an oxaliplatin-containing regimen, with FOLFIRI. Approved August 2012 on VELOUR.","from":"ziv-aflibercept","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Angiocrine Bioscience founded","note":"San Diego, CA","from":"angiocrine-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"AskGene Pharma founded","note":"Camarillo","from":"askgene-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Atara Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Thousand Oaks, California","from":"atara-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Avistone Biotechnology founded","note":"Beijing","from":"avistone-biotechnology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Bpifrance founded","note":"Paris","from":"bpifrance","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group founded","note":"Philadelphia, PA","from":"ecog-acrin","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Immix Biopharma founded","note":"Los Angeles, California","from":"immix-biopharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Intensity Therapeutics founded","note":"Shelton, Connecticut","from":"intensity-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Lightpoint Medical founded","note":"Chesham","from":"lightpoint-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"LYSA (The Lymphoma Study Association) founded","note":"Pierre-Bénite (Lyon)","from":"lysa","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"MobileODT founded","note":"Tel Aviv","from":"mobileodt","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"NBE-Therapeutics founded","note":"Basel","from":"nbe-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Samsung Bioepis founded","note":"Incheon","from":"samsung-bioepis","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Bovax Biotechnology founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-bovax-biotechnology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Junshi Biosciences founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"junshi","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Syncona founded","note":"London","from":"syncona","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Universal DX founded","note":"Madrid","from":"universal-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"AEWS0031: interval compression improves EFS (Womer, JCO)","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ALFA-0701 rescues gemtuzumab","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Fractionated dosing with 7+3 improves EFS; re-approval 2017.","from":"aml","refs":["alfa-0701","gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Axitinib approved (AXIS)","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["axitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"BOLERO-2: everolimus with exemestane after an aromatase inhibitor","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["everolimus","exemestane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in ECD and LCH","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. Haroche and colleagues (Blood 2012) after Badalian-Very's LCH discovery (2010).","from":"histiocytoses","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in more than half of patients","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":["braf","braf-v600-mutation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved (EXAM trial)","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer","from":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Carfilzomib approved; International Staging refined","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["carfilzomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Carfilzomib approved; pomalidomide follows in 2013","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["carfilzomib","pomalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Consensus on four molecular groups; group 3 and group 4 named","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Consensus on four molecular groups: WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4","note":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-wnt","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CROSS chemoradiation before surgery","note":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","from":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","refs":["cross"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CROSS: chemoradiation before surgery doubles survival","note":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["cross"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CROSS: neoadjuvant chemoradiation","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CROSS: neoadjuvant chemoradiation becomes standard","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["cross"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Enzalutamide approved","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["enzalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 62931: adjuvant doxorubicin-ifosfamide does not improve survival","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ERIVANCE: vismodegib approved, the first hedgehog inhibitor","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["erivance","vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-3 periampullary","note":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater). Adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of periampullary cancer; survival benefit in adjusted analysis.","from":"ampullary","refs":["gemcitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus + exemestane (BOLERO-2)","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer. First targeted agent to overcome endocrine resistance.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["everolimus"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus regresses cardiac rhabdomyoma in tuberous sclerosis","note":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella). Case series lead to medical management replacing surgery.","from":"rare-childhood-cancers","refs":["everolimus"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"FIRM-ACT: EDP-M beats streptozocin-mitotane on response and progression-free survival","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["etoposide","doxorubicin","cisplatin","mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"FIRM-ACT: EDP-M vs streptozocin-mitotane (NEJM)","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":["etoposide","doxorubicin","cisplatin","mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"First CAR-T cures: Emily Whitehead","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. CTL019 at CHOP/Penn; durable remission of refractory paediatric ALL.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["tisagenlecleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Four molecular subgroups agreed (Taylor et al., Acta Neuropathol)","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Fukuoka guidelines introduce high-risk stigmata and worrisome features","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["mri","endoscopic-ultrasound-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Genomic landscape: ID3, TCF3 and CCND3","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. Schmitz and Richter (Nature, Nature Genetics) define the cooperating mutations.","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Global BCG shortage begins after Sanofi production halt","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["bcg-intravesical"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0209: carboplatin-paclitaxel as effective as and less toxic than TAP","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"H3 K27M mutation discovered","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). Schwartzentruber and Wu (Nature Genetics) find recurrent histone H3 mutations in DIPG and paediatric glioblastoma.","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":["h3k27m"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"HiLo and ESTIMABL1: low-dose radioiodine ablation is enough","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["hilo"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Histone H3 mutations discovered in paediatric glioma","note":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma). Schwartzentruber and colleagues (Nature) and Wu and colleagues (Nature Genetics) find H3.3 K27M and G34 mutations.","from":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib phase 2 in advanced chordoma","note":"Chordoma. Stacchiotti and colleagues: disease stabilisation in most patients, few objective responses.","from":"chordoma","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"International registry of 2,298 patients: median survival 16.3 years after cytoreduction and HIPEC","note":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","refs":["hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Intravitreal melphalan for vitreous seeds (Munier)","note":"Retinoblastoma","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":["melphalan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"IPSS-R","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Revised score with five cytogenetic groups and refined thresholds.","from":"mds","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"IPSS-R revised scoring system","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"JAZF1-SUZ12 and YWHAE-NUTM2 fusions define low- and high-grade ESS","note":"Uterine sarcoma. Lee and colleagues; earlier Koontz 2001 for JAZF1.","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide maintenance after transplant lengthens remission (IFM 2005-02, CALGB 100104)","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) unifies HSIL and LSIL across anogenital sites","note":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (precursor)","from":"anal-hsil-precursor","refs":["hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Metastasis-free survival validated as a surrogate for survival in prostate cancer","note":"Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nmcrpc","refs":["castration-resistance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Multi-institutional CRS-HIPEC outcomes: 10-year survival 63% (Chua, JCO)","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":["hipec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"MYD88 L265P discovered","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Treon et al. (NEJM): whole-genome sequencing finds the mutation in over 90% of WM.","from":"waldenstrom","refs":["btk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"NCCN publishes the first adolescent and young adult oncology guidelines","note":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","from":"aya-cancers","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"NeoSphere: pertuzumab raises pathological complete response","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["pertuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"P9641: surgery alone gives 97 percent survival in low-risk disease; expectant observation of small adrenal masses reported","note":"Low-risk neuroblastoma (INRG very low and low risk, including stage MS)","from":"neuroblastoma-low-risk","refs":["active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pazopanib approved for soft-tissue sarcoma including synovial sarcoma","note":"Synovial sarcoma","from":"synovial-sarcoma","refs":["pazopanib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pertuzumab and dual blockade (CLEOPATRA)","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["pertuzumab","cleopatra"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Polypectomy prevents deaths, not just cancers","note":"Colorectal cancer. National Polyp Study at 23 years: colorectal cancer mortality halved against the general population.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-zauber-national-polyp-study-colonoscopic-polypectomy-nejm-2012","paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ponatinib approved for advanced phase including T315I","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":["ponatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ponatinib approved, covering T315I","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["ponatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ponatinib covers T315I; bosutinib approved","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)","from":"cml","refs":["ponatinib","bosutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"PTLD-1: sequential rituximab then CHOP","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Trappe and colleagues, Lancet Oncology 2012.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Resistance to EGFR antibodies is selection, not mutation","note":"Colorectal cancer. KRAS-mutant clones emerge in plasma 5 to 6 months into panitumumab and are detectable up to 10 months before progression; modelling places them in the tumour bef...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-diaz-molecular-evolution-egfr-resistance-colorectal-nature-2012","paper-misale-kras-acquired-resistance-anti-egfr-colorectal-nature-2012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"RET fusions (KIF5B-RET) found in lung adenocarcinoma","note":"RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ret-fusion-nsclc","refs":["ret","gene-fusion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Screening is recommended against, and enzalutamide arrives","note":"Prostate cancer. The United States task force issued a grade D recommendation against prostate-specific antigen screening at any age; it moved men aged 55 to 69 to grade C in 2018...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-moyer-uspstf-prostate-screening-ann-intern-med-2012","paper-uspstf-prostate-screening-jama-2018","paper-scher-affirm-enzalutamide-nejm-2012","paper-beer-prevail-enzalutamide-nejm-2014"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"SEER analysis of 415 adenosquamous carcinomas defines the phenotype","note":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas","from":"pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"SSG XVIII: three years of adjuvant imatinib extends overall survival","note":"KIT exon 11-mutant GIST","from":"gist-kit-exon-11","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"SSGXVIII: 3-year adjuvant imatinib; pazopanib approved (PALETTE)","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["ssgxviii","pazopanib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"SSGXVIII: three years of adjuvant imatinib improves overall survival","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"TCGA basal-like portrait and the first TNBC genomes","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TP53 80%, PTEN loss 35%, RB1 loss 20% in basal-like disease and a likeness to serous ovarian cancer (Nature); Shah's 104 TNBC genomes show a c...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-tcga-breast-molecular-portraits-nature-2012","paper-shah-tnbc-clonal-evolution-nature-2012","tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The fusion-negative half of the disease is named","note":"Prostate cancer. Exome sequencing of 112 tumours makes SPOP the commonest point mutation in prostate cancer and shows SPOP-mutant tumours never carry an ETS fusion; rapid-autopsy s...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-barbieri-spop-foxa1-med12-prostate-nat-genet-2012","paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012","spop","foxa1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The molecular portrait, and a second way into WNT","note":"Colorectal cancer. TCGA read 276 tumours on every platform, found 16% hypermutated and added ARID1A, SOX9 and FAM123B to the driver list; the same year, R-spondin fusions were foun...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-tcga-colorectal-comprehensive-characterization-nature-2012","paper-seshagiri-rspo-fusions-colon-nature-2012","rspo3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The squamous genome read in full, and a second fusion class","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. 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First hedgehog-pathway inhibitor.","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Vismodegib approved for advanced basal cell carcinoma","note":"Skin cancer (all types). First hedgehog pathway inhibitor.","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cancer biology & medicine founded","note":"China Anti-Cancer Association and Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital","from":"cancer-biology-and-medicine","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cancer medicine founded","note":"Wiley","from":"cancer-medicine","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Chinese clinical oncology founded","note":"AME Publishing Company","from":"chinese-clinical-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CNS oncology founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"cns-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"eLife founded","note":"eLife Sciences Publications","from":"elife","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"European thyroid journal founded","note":"Bioscientifica","from":"european-thyroid-journal","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Oncoimmunology founded","note":"Taylor & Francis","from":"oncoimmunology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Breakthrough Therapy / Priority Review / Priority Voucher","note":"United States, guidance.","from":"breakthrough-designation","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"FDASIA 2012 and the origins of the expedited programmes","note":"United States, statute.","from":"fdasia-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Nexavar compulsory licence (India, 2012)","note":"India, court ruling.","from":"nexavar-compulsory-licence","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind...","note":"Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, et al. 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New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-downing-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers","note":"Bergethon K, Shaw AT, Ou SH, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-bergethon-ros1-rearrangements-lung-jco-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Russell, Peng and Bell 2012: the field states its own problems","note":"Russell SJ, Peng KW, Bell JC. Nature Biotechnology.","from":"paper-russell-peng-bell-oncolytic-virotherapy-natbiotech-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer","note":"Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, et al. 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Nature.","from":"paper-shah-tnbc-clonal-evolution-nature-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers","note":"Diaz LA, Williams RT, Wu J, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-diaz-molecular-evolution-egfr-resistance-colorectal-nature-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer","note":"Grasso CS, Wu YM, Robinson DR, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-grasso-mutational-landscape-lethal-crpc-nature-2012","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement, ERG expression and prostate cancer outcomes: a cohort study and meta-analysis","note":"Pettersson A, Graff RE, Bauer SR, et al. 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A personalized approach to clinical decision making","note":"Annals of Oncology","from":"andres-cervantes","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Focal therapy for localised prostate cancer: a phase I/II trial","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"hashim-ahmed","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma","note":"Genome Research","from":"matthew-meyerson","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers","note":"Cell","from":"ramaswamy-govindan","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Hedgehog pathway inhibitor saridegib (IPI-926) increases lifespan in a mouse medulloblastoma model","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of 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phase III trials in cancer patients...","note":"Annals of Oncology","from":"takahashi-shunji","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"howard-scher","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Initial analysis of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer mesothelioma database","note":"Journal of Thoracic Oncology","from":"valerie-rusch","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis (COMFORT-II)","note":"NEJM","from":"claire-harrison","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Ki-67: level of evidence and methodological considerations for its role in the clinical management of breast cancer: analytical and critical review","note":"Breast 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stage...","note":"JCO","from":"nai-kong-cheung","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia","note":"NEJM","from":"steven-treon","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Myelodysplastic syndromes: revisiting the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in disease pathogenesis","note":"International Journal of Hematology","from":"marc-raaijmakers","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"New concepts and best practices for management of pre- and post-transplantation cancer","note":"Transplantation Reviews","from":"josep-maria-campistol","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Novel Agents and Approaches for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma","note":"Journal of Urology","from":"robert-figlin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer (Study 19)","note":"NEJM","from":"jonathan-ledermann","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Oncolytic virotherapy","note":"Nature Biotechnology","from":"stephen-russell","refs":["john-bell"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE)","note":"Lancet","from":"winette-van-der-graaf","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Personalized medicine in a phase I clinical trials program: the MD Anderson Cancer Center initiative","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"razelle-kurzrock","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Phase III trial of adjuvant capecitabine/cisplatin with or without radiotherapy in D2-resected gastric cancer (ARTIST)","note":"Journal of Clinical 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Treatment","from":"eitan-friedman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 no...","note":"Lancet","from":"andreas-engert","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for Complex Tumors: Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes","note":"European Urology","from":"georges-pascal-haber","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"suzanne-topalian","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Sensing of cell death by myeloid C-type lectin receptors","note":"Current Opinion in Immunology","from":"caetano-reis-e-sousa","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer (ESTIMABL1)","note":"NEJM","from":"martin-schlumberger","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Targeting Epigenetic Readers in Cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"brian-huntly","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","note":"Nature Reviews Cancer","from":"drew-pardoll","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors","note":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of 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Research","from":"r-angelo-de-claro","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR","note":"Nature","from":"rene-bernards","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ΔNp63α represses anti-proliferative genes via H2A.Z deposition","note":"Genes & Development","from":"leif-ellisen","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"G8 geriatric screening tool","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"g8-geriatric-screening","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Hedgehog pathway inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"hedgehog-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Multiparametric prostate MRI (PI-RADS)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mp-mri","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Solid stress and tumour mechanobiology models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tumour-mechanics-models","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"A Trial of Intravenous Denileukin Diftitox in Stage III or IV Ovarian Cancer reported","from":"nct00880360","refs":["ovarian","denileukin-diftitox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"AEWS0031 reported","note":"Five-year event-free survival 73 percent with two-weekly (interval-compressed) chemotherapy against 65 percent with three-weekly chemotherapy (p 0.048), with similar toxicity.","from":"aews0031","refs":["ewing-sarcoma","sarcoma","childhood-cancers","vincristine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"AFFIRM 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2012.","from":"bolero-2","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","breast-cancer","everolimus"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CALGB 90401 reported","note":"Median overall survival 22.6 against 21.5 months (hazard ratio 0.91, 95 percent confidence interval 0.78 to 1.05, p=0.181) despite progression-free survival 9.9 against 7.5 months...","from":"calgb-90401","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","bevacizumab","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cediranib (AZD2171, RECENTIN™) in Addition to Chemotherapy in Patients With Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer reported","from":"nct00399035","refs":["colorectal","cediranib","folfox","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Cediranib in Combination With Lomustine Chemotherapy in Recurrent Glioblastoma reported","from":"nct00777153","refs":["glioblastoma","cediranib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CLASSIC reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 74 percent with adjuvant CAPOX against 59 percent with surgery alone (hazard ratio 0.56, p < 0.0001); five-year overall survival 78 against 69 perc...","from":"classic","refs":["gastric","capecitabine","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"COMFORT-I reported","note":"Spleen volume reduction of 35 percent or more at 24 weeks in 41.9 percent of patients on ruxolitinib against 0.7 percent on placebo; approved in the United States in November 2011.","from":"comfort-i","refs":["primary-myelofibrosis","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"COMFORT-II reported","note":"Spleen volume reduction of at least 35 percent at week 48 in 28 percent of patients on ruxolitinib against 0 percent on best available therapy; European approval in 2012.","from":"comfort-ii","refs":["primary-myelofibrosis","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"CROSS reported","note":"10-year OS 38% vs 25%; median OS 49.4 vs 24.0 months.","from":"cross","refs":["esophageal","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","gastric"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ENTHUSE M1 reported","note":"Median overall survival 24.5 against 22.5 months (hazard ratio 0.87, 95.2 percent confidence interval 0.69 to 1.10, p=0.240): not significant, with peripheral oedema in 44 percent...","from":"enthuse-m1-zibotentan","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","zibotentan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 10801 reported","note":"At a median 22.1 years, time to distant metastasis hazard ratio 1.13 (0.92 to 1.38) and time to death 1.11 (0.94 to 1.33) for conservation against mastectomy; twenty-year overall s...","from":"eortc-10801","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22911 reported","note":"Biochemical progression-free survival hazard ratio 0.49 (95 percent confidence interval 0.41 to 0.59) at a median 10.6 years, but no maintained clinical progression-free survival b...","from":"eortc-22911","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ERIVANCE BCC reported","note":"Objective response 43% in locally advanced and 30% in metastatic basal cell carcinoma (independent review).","from":"erivance","refs":["locally-advanced-bcc","basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","vismodegib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"EXAM reported","note":"Cabozantinib lengthened progression-free survival compared with placebo in progressive medullary thyroid cancer; approved in November 2012.","from":"exam","refs":["medullary-thyroid-cancer","thyroid","cabozantinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"HiLo reported","note":"Ablation success 85.0% (1.1 GBq) vs 88.9% (3.7 GBq), non-inferior.","from":"hilo","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"I-SPY 1 (CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657) reported","note":"Pathological complete response and early MRI volume change predicted recurrence-free survival, most strongly in triple-negative, HER2-positive and MammaPrint high-risk tumours.","from":"i-spy-1","refs":["breast-cancer","tnbc","breast-her2-positive","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Investigation of the Effect of Degarelix in Terms of Prostate Volume Reduction in Prostate Cancer Patients reported","from":"nct00884273","refs":["prostate","degarelix","goserelin","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"MoleMate UK Trial reported","note":"No difference in the appropriateness of referral (56.8 percent against 64.5 percent) and more lesions referred with the device (29.8 percent against 22.4 percent) (BMJ 2012).","from":"molemate","refs":["melanoma","skin-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"National Polyp Study reported","note":"Standardised incidence-based mortality ratio 0.47 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.80) after polypectomy, a 53 percent reduction in deaths from colorectal cancer.","from":"national-polyp-study","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Neoadjuvant Study Investigating Degarelix in Patients Suffering From Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct00833248","refs":["prostate","degarelix","goserelin","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"NeoSphere reported","note":"Pertuzumab added to trastuzumab and docetaxel raised the pathological complete response rate in HER2-positive breast cancer; neoadjuvant pertuzumab received accelerated approval in...","from":"neosphere","refs":["her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","breast-her2-positive","pertuzumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"NOA-08 reported","note":"Median overall survival 8.6 months with temozolomide against 9.6 months with radiotherapy (hazard ratio 1.09, non-inferior); MGMT-methylated tumours did better with temozolomide an...","from":"noa-08","refs":["glioblastoma","idh-mutant-astrocytoma","brain-tumours","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy Study of Catumaxomab to Treat Ovarian Cancer After a Complete Response to Chemotherapy reported","from":"nct00377429","refs":["ovarian","catumaxomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"SSGXVIII/AIO (adjuvant imatinib in GIST) reported","note":"RFS HR 0.46; OS HR 0.45 (5 years).","from":"ssgxviii","refs":["sarcoma","imatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Olaparib When Given in Combination With Carboplatin and Paclitaxel, Compared With Carboplatin and Paclitax reported","from":"nct01081951","refs":["ovarian","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","olaparib","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"TIME2 reported","note":"No significant difference in breathlessness over 42 days (24.7 against 24.4 mm on a 100 mm scale, difference 0.16 mm, p=0.96); fewer hospital days with the catheter.","from":"time2","refs":["nsclc","sclc","lung-cancer","pleural-mesothelioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"TUMORAPA (switching from a calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus after a transplant skin cancer) reported","note":"New cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in 22 per cent of patients switched to sirolimus against 39 per cent continuing calcineurin inhibitors (relative risk 0.56, 95 per cent confid...","from":"tumorapa","refs":["cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","sirolimus"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"VELOUR reported","note":"Median overall survival 13.50 against 12.06 months (hazard ratio 0.817).","from":"velour","refs":["colorectal","ziv-aflibercept","folfiri","irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2012","precision":"year","title":"ZETA reported","note":"Vandetanib prolonged progression-free survival over placebo in advanced medullary thyroid cancer; approved in April 2011 as the first drug for the disease.","from":"zeta","refs":["medullary-thyroid-cancer","thyroid","vandetanib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2012-06-08","precision":"day","title":"Pertuzumab: approval (US)","note":"First-line metastatic (CLEOPATRA)","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2012-07","precision":"month","title":"Cetuximab: label change (US)","note":"Label restricted to KRAS wild-type; first-line FOLFIRI indication (CRYSTAL)","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2012-12-14","precision":"day","title":"Ponatinib: approval (US)","note":"Resistant CML/Ph+ ALL","from":"ponatinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2013","kind":"year","name":"2013 in oncology","aka":["2013"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2013: 274 entries, 65 landmarks, 59 papers, 59 papers listed on people's pages and 31 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"274 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2013: 65 landmarks, 59 papers, 59 papers listed on people's pages, 31 approvals, 30 trials reported, 13 companies founded, 5 journals founded, 5 regulatory events, 4 technologies, 2 laws and regulations and 1 guideline change.\n\nOf those, 5 to the day, 1 to the month and 268 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2012","2014"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2013,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Afatinib approved in EU","note":"EU brand Giotrif","from":"afatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Afatinib approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 del or L858R","from":"afatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Bosutinib approved in EU","note":"Ph+ CML","from":"bosutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2 approved in US","note":"EGFR exon 19 deletion / L858R companion diagnostic for erlotinib (v1)","from":"cobas-egfr-mutation-test","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib approved in EU","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma; later NSCLC and adjuvant melanoma with trametinib","from":"dabrafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E unresectable or metastatic melanoma (single agent)","from":"dabrafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Defibrotide approved in EU","note":"Severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease after HSCT in patients over one month (Defitelio)","from":"defibrotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Denosumab approved in US","note":"Giant cell tumour of bone; hypercalcaemia of malignancy (2014); multiple myeloma (2018)","from":"denosumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Erlotinib approved in US","note":"First-line NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 del or L858R","from":"erlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (nab-paclitaxel label)","from":"gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (accelerated); first BTK inhibitor","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Lipegfilgrastim approved in EU","note":"Reduction in duration of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy in adults (children from 2 years added 2021)","from":"lipegfilgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Mechlorethamine (chlormethine) approved in US","note":"Topical treatment of stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides-type CTCL after skin-directed therapy (Valchlor)","from":"mechlorethamine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Nab-paclitaxel approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma with gemcitabine (MPACT). FDA label (DailyMed)","from":"nab-paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Obinutuzumab approved in US","note":"Previously untreated CLL with chlorambucil (CLL11)","from":"obinutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Pertuzumab approved in US","note":"Neoadjuvant HER2+ early breast cancer (accelerated; first pCR-based approval)","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Pomalidomide approved in EU","note":"Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma","from":"pomalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Pomalidomide approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after ≥2 therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor","from":"pomalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Prosigna (PAM50) approved in US","note":"Prognosis of distant recurrence in postmenopausal HR+ early breast cancer (510(k))","from":"prosigna","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Radium-223 dichloride approved in US","note":"Symptomatic bone-metastatic CRPC without visceral disease","from":"radium-223","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after available therapies. Stivarga marketing authorisation issued 26 August 2013.","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in US","note":"GIST after imatinib and sunitinib","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Sipuleucel-T approved in EU","note":"Same (withdrawn 2015 for commercial reasons)","from":"sipuleucel-t","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved in US","note":"Radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer","from":"sorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Technetium-99m tilmanocept approved in US","note":"Lymphatic mapping with a handheld gamma counter in breast cancer and melanoma","from":"tilmanocept-tc99m","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF) approved in US","note":"therascreen EGFR: afatinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC","from":"therascreen-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Trametinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E/K unresectable or metastatic melanoma (single agent)","from":"trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine approved in US","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer after trastuzumab and taxane","from":"trastuzumab-emtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Vismodegib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"vismodegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to or progressing after oxaliplatin, with FOLFIRI","from":"ziv-aflibercept","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to or progressing after an oxaliplatin-containing regimen, with FOLFIRI. Zaltrap marketing authorisation issued 1 February 2013.","from":"ziv-aflibercept","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CRISPR Therapeutics founded","note":"Zug","from":"crispr-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dong-A ST founded","note":"Seoul","from":"dong-a-st","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"EcoR1 Capital founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"ecor1-capital","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"GeneQuantum Healthcare (Suzhou) founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"genequantum-healthcare-suzhou","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Hinova Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Chengdu","from":"hinova-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"InventisBio founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"inventisbio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Lantern Pharma founded","note":"Dallas, Texas","from":"lantern-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ModeX Therapeutics founded","note":"Weston, Massachusetts","from":"modex-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"MORE Health founded","note":"San Mateo, CA","from":"more-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Perimeter Medical Imaging AI founded","note":"Toronto","from":"perimeter-medical-imaging-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Therapixel founded","note":"Nice","from":"therapixel","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TILT Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Helsinki","from":"tilt-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"XACT Robotics founded","note":"Caesarea","from":"xact-robotics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ACT II published: mitomycin equals cisplatin, no maintenance, assess response at 26 weeks","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["act-ii","clinical-complete-response"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ACT II: mitomycin-5-FU standard; no maintenance benefit","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","from":"anal","refs":["mitomycin","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ALSYMPCA: radium-223, the first alpha emitter","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["alsympca","radium-223"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"An inherited BRCA mutation is shown to change the disease","note":"Prostate cancer. Among 2,019 men, carriers present at higher grade and stage and live 8.6 years from diagnosis against 15.7 for non-carriers, which is why a carrier's localised dis...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-castro-germline-brca-prostate-outcomes-jco-2013","brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"APL0406: retinoic acid plus arsenic beats retinoic acid plus chemotherapy","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":["tretinoin-atra","arsenic-trioxide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ATLAS: ten years of tamoxifen beats five","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CALR mutations","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). Klampfl and Nangalia find CALR exon 9 mutations in most JAK2-negative ET/PMF.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CALR mutations discovered","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Klampfl and Nangalia find CALR exon 9 mutations in most JAK2-negative ET and myelofibrosis.","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CALR mutations found in most JAK2-negative myelofibrosis","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Chinese randomised trial: adjuvant temozolomide-cisplatin beats interferon","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["temozolomide","cisplatin","interferon-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CPSS risk score for CMML","note":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms. Such and colleagues; CPSS-Mol adds mutations in 2016.","from":"cmml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CYTO-PV proves the haematocrit target","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Keeping the haematocrit under 45 percent gives fewer cardiovascular deaths and major clots than a 45 to 50 percent target.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["cyto-pv","haematocrit"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib and trametinib approved as single agents","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["dabrafenib","trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dunleavy: dose-adjusted EPOCH-R cures 93 percent without radiotherapy (NEJM)","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab","etoposide","doxorubicin","wyndham-wilson"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ESR1 ligand-binding domain mutations found as the cause of acquired endocrine resistance","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Exome sequencing finds TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1 and SMO mutations in NF2-intact meningiomas","note":"Meningioma. Clark and colleagues (Science) and Brastianos and colleagues (Nature Genetics).","from":"meningioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Extended RAS, and inherited proofreading failure","note":"Colorectal cancer. A further 17% of KRAS exon 2 wild-type patients in PRIME carry another RAS mutation and gain nothing from panitumumab, which moved the label to all RAS; germline...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-douillard-prime-panitumumab-ras-nejm-2013","paper-palles-germline-pole-pold1-proofreading-nat-genet-2013","pole"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"EZH2 dependency of SMARCB1-deficient cells","note":"Epithelioid sarcoma. Knutson and colleagues, PNAS: EZH2 inhibition kills INI1-negative cells.","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"FGFR2 fusions and IDH1 mutations characterised as drivers of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["fgfr2-fusion","idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel (MPACT)","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"pancreatic","refs":["gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Genomic landscape shows NOTCH1 and chromatin-remodelling mutations","note":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","from":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"GRID: regorafenib approved in the third line","note":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","from":"gist-imatinib-resistant","refs":["regorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Haematocrit target proven","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). CYTO-PV: keeping haematocrit <45% cuts cardiovascular death and major thrombosis in PV.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Hainsworth phase 2: molecular tissue-of-origin assay-directed therapy","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"How EGFR-mutant lung cancer escapes, counted","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Rebiopsy of 155 patients: T790M in 63%, MET amplification in 5%, HER2 amplification in 13% and small-cell transformation in 3%, making rebiopsy at progr...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-yu-acquired-resistance-rebiopsy-egfr-ccr-2013","egfr","met"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib: first BTK inhibitor approved","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma. 68% response in relapsed MCL; the first indication for any BTK inhibitor.","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"IFM 2005-01 phase 2: bortezomib-based induction and transplant lengthens survival","note":"Plasma cell leukaemia","from":"plasma-cell-leukaemia","refs":["bortezomib","autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Imatinib approved for children with newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["imatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"International collaboration on primary urethral carcinoma","note":"Urethral cancer. Gakis and colleagues pool multi-institutional data, showing benefit of perioperative chemotherapy and defining the EAU guideline.","from":"urethral","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LANDSCAPE: lapatinib with capecitabine shrinks untreated brain metastases","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["lapatinib","capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LCH-III: 12 months of therapy reduces reactivation","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Gadner and colleagues (Blood 2013).","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":["vinblastine","lch-iii"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LCH-III: twelve months of therapy halves reactivation; methotrexate adds nothing","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["lch-iii","vinblastine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LCH-III: twelve months of vinblastine and prednisone reduces reactivation","note":"Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis (bone, skin or one other organ)","from":"lch-single-system","refs":["lch-iii","vinblastine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Long-term results: radiotherapy plus PCV doubles survival in codeleted tumours","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted. RTOG 9402 median 14.7 versus 7.3 years; EORTC 26951 median not reached versus 112 months (both JCO).","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["rtog-9402","eortc-26951"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Long-term RTOG 91-11 data show more non-cancer deaths after concurrent treatment","note":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"laryngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-91-11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose induction etoposide-cisplatin shown to reduce early deaths in ultra-high-risk disease","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["etoposide","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"MPACT: gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel lengthens survival over gemcitabine","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","daniel-von-hoff","paper-mpact-nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine-nejm-2013"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"NORDIC NEC: Ki-67 below 55 percent marks a less platinum-sensitive, longer-surviving group","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"NORDIC NEC: Ki-67 below 55 percent predicts less platinum response but longer survival","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Obinutuzumab approved; ibrutinib debuts","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CLL11 (obinutuzumab-chlorambucil) and ibrutinib's first approval (MCL).","from":"cll","refs":["obinutuzumab","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ostrem and Shokat describe covalent inhibitors of KRAS G12C","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["kras","kras-inhibitors"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ostrem and Shokat show the G12C cysteine can be trapped by a covalent inhibitor","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["kevan-shokat","paper-ostrem-kras-g12c-nature-2013"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Ostrem and Shokat trap mutant G12C cysteine in the switch-II pocket","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["kevan-shokat","kras","paper-ostrem-kras-g12c-nature-2013"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Pertuzumab: first approval granted on a pathological complete response endpoint","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["pertuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Radium-223: first alpha emitter approved (ALSYMPCA)","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["radium-223","alsympca"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved (GRID)","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["regorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Richter transformation described on ibrutinib, a mode of BTK inhibitor failure","note":"Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"richter-transformation-cll","refs":["ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SIOP CNS GCT 96: craniospinal irradiation alone or chemotherapy plus focal radiotherapy for germinoma","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous). Calaminus and colleagues (Neuro-Oncology): equivalent survival, more ventricular relapses with focal fie...","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["carboplatin","etoposide","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEL-4: dose-dense cisplatin in high-risk disease (Lancet Oncol)","note":"Hepatoblastoma","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SJMB12 opens with reduced therapy for WNT patients","note":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-wnt","refs":["st-jude"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved for RAI-refractory disease (DECISION); selumetinib redifferentiation proof of concept","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["decision-sorafenib","redifferentiation-rai"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"T-DM1: first solid-tumour ADC; pertuzumab first pCR-based approval","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-emtansine","pertuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA defines four molecular classes","note":"Endometrial cancer. POLE-ultramutated, MSI-hypermutated, copy-number low, copy-number high (p53-abnormal).","from":"endometrial","refs":["endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA defines the copy-number-high, serous-like class","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":["endometrial-molecular-classes","tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA defines the copy-number-low class","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":["endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA defines the POLE-ultramutated class of endometrial cancer","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":["endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA describes the hypermutated MSI class of endometrial cancer","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"TCGA molecular classification","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"The first refractory-line drug","note":"Colorectal cancer. 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Jak/STAT pathway by the endosomal protein asrij maintains stem cell potency","note":"Cell Reports","from":"maneesha-inamdar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dabigatrón versus acenocumarol para la prevención del ictus en la fibrilación atrial: análisis de impacto presupuestario en un departamento sanitario","note":"Revista Española de Salud Pública","from":"alvaro-bonet-pla","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dasatinib in Children and Adolescents With Relapsed or Refractory Leukemia: Results of the CA180-018 Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of the Innovative Therapies f...","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"pamela-kearns","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Dendritic-Cell-Based Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines","note":"Immunity","from":"karolina-palucka","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"DNA targeting specificity 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Society of Hypertension","from":"yitshak-kreiss","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Identification of a population of blood circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients that initiates metastasis in a xenograft assay","note":"Nature Biotechnology","from":"andreas-trumpp","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Identification of constitutional MLH1 epimutations and promoter variants in colorectal cancer patients from the Colon Cancer Family Registry","note":"Genetics in Medicine","from":"robyn-ward","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Implementation of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist, including introduction of pulse oximetry, in a resource-limited setting","note":"Ann Surg","from":"ruslan-baltaga","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (MPACT)","note":"NEJM","from":"daniel-von-hoff","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Integrated genomic characterization of endometrial carcinoma","note":"Nature","from":"douglas-levine","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer (SWOG 9346)","note":"NEJM","from":"maha-hussain","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Iron metabolism disturbances in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with acquired resistance to doxorubicin and cisplatin","note":"Int J Oncol","from":"vasyl-f-chekhun","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions","note":"Nature","from":"kevan-shokat","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","note":"NEJM","from":"maria-victoria-mateos","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Long-term survival outcomes after definitive chemoradiation versus surgery in patients with resectable squamous carcinoma of the esophagus: results from a rando...","note":"Annals of Oncology","from":"philip-chiu","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Multi institutional phase II study of concomitant stereotactic reirradiation and cetuximab for recurrent head and neck cancer","note":"Radiother Oncol","from":"eric-felix-lartigau","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems","note":"Science","from":"feng-zhang","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes","note":"Nature","from":"gad-getz","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Non-invasive analysis of acquired resistance to cancer therapy by sequencing of plasma DNA","note":"Nature","from":"nitzan-rosenfeld","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Outcome After ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Cancer Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","note":"The American Journal of Cardiology","from":"martin-jan-schalij","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Palmar skin conductance variability and the relation to stimulation, pain and the motor activity assessment scale in intensive care unit patients","note":"Critical Care","from":"patrik-rossi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Parathyroid Surgery in the Elderly: Should Minimally Invasive Surgery Be Abandoned?","note":"Annals of Surgical Oncology","from":"michal-mekel","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Particle radiotherapy with carbon ion beams","note":"EPMA Journal","from":"tatsuya-ohno","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Phase II study of TAS‐106 in patients with platinum‐failure recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer","note":"Cancer Medicine","from":"goh-boon-cher","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised...","note":"The Lancet Oncology","from":"jesus-san-miguel","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial","note":"NEJM","from":"denise-aberle","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SF3B1 Mutations Are Associated with Alternative Splicing in Uveal Melanoma","note":"Cancer Discovery","from":"sergio-roman-roman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer","note":"Nature","from":"ludmil-alexandrov","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Small Molecule Inhibitors of Aurora-A Induce Proteasomal Degradation of N-Myc in Childhood Neuroblastoma","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"louis-chesler","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia","note":"NEJM","from":"john-byrd","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma","note":"NEJM","from":"michael-wang","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Targeting PI3K and mTORC2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: New strategies for overcoming resistance to VEGFR and mTORC1 inhibitors","note":"International Journal of Cancer","from":"robert-figlin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design","note":"Cancer Discovery","from":"michel-sadelain","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"The genetic landscape of high-risk neuroblastoma","note":"Nature Genetics","from":"trevor-pugh","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"The myth of the second remission of acute leukemia in the adult","note":"Blood","from":"stephen-forman","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"The prognostic significance of minimal residual disease in adult Egyptian patients with precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia","note":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","from":"mohamed-abdel-moaty-samra","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of breast cancer patients from a public healthcare system in a private center: costs of care for a pilot public-private partnership in oncology","note":"Einstein (São Paulo)","from":"kaliks-rafael","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Tuberculous ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm","note":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg","from":"sulaiman-shahabuddin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Use of Early Tumor Shrinkage to Predict Long-Term Outcome in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With Cetuximab","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"carsten-bokemeyer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Actinium-225 supply: thorium stocks, accelerators and radium targets","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"actinium-225-supply","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"DPYD genotyping and DPD phenotyping before fluoropyrimidines","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"dpyd-genotyping","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Evolutionary dynamics of drug resistance","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"drug-resistance-dynamics","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Financial toxicity and financial navigation","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"financial-navigation","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"153Sm-EDTMP With or Without a PSA/TRICOM Vaccine To Treat Men With Androgen-Insensitive Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct00450619","refs":["prostate","samarium-153-lexidronam","sargramostim"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) reported","note":"False-negative rate of sentinel node surgery after chemotherapy 12.6 percent when two or more sentinel nodes were removed, above the 10 percent threshold; pathological complete nod...","from":"acosog-z1071","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ACT II reported","note":"Complete response about 90% with either mitomycin or cisplatin; no benefit from maintenance chemotherapy.","from":"act-ii","refs":["anal","localised-anal-cancer","mitomycin","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"ALSYMPCA reported","note":"OS HR 0.70.","from":"alsympca","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","radium-223"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"APL0406 reported","note":"All-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide was superior to retinoic acid plus chemotherapy for event-free and overall survival in non-high-risk APL.","from":"apl0406","refs":["apl","aml","tretinoin-atra","arsenic-trioxide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Breast and Melanoma Trial With Lymphoseek to Identify Lymph Nodes reported","from":"nct01106040","refs":["breast-cancer","melanoma","tilmanocept-tc99m"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CONKO-001 reported","note":"Median disease-free survival 13.4 months with adjuvant gemcitabine against 6.7 months with observation (hazard ratio 0.55); five-year overall survival 20.7 against 10.4 percent (ha...","from":"conko-001","refs":["resectable-pdac","pancreatic","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CORRECT reported","note":"Median overall survival 6.4 against 5.0 months (hazard ratio 0.77); grade 3 or worse hand-foot skin reaction in 17 percent.","from":"correct","refs":["colorectal","regorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"COU-AA-302 reported","note":"Median radiographic progression-free survival 16.5 against 8.3 months (hazard ratio 0.53, 95 percent confidence interval 0.45 to 0.62) and overall survival not reached against 27.2...","from":"cou-aa-302","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","abiraterone","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"CYTO-PV reported","note":"Cardiovascular death or major thrombosis 2.7% vs 9.8% (hazard ratio 3.91 for the higher target).","from":"cyto-pv","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","hydroxyurea","phosphorus-32"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"DECISION reported","note":"PFS 10.8 vs 5.8 months; HR 0.59.","from":"decision-sorafenib","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 26951 reported","note":"Median overall survival 42.3 vs 30.6 months overall; in 1p/19q co-deleted tumours not reached vs 112 months.","from":"eortc-26951","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","oligodendroglioma","lomustine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 40983 reported","note":"No overall survival difference at 8.5 years (hazard ratio 0.88); the earlier progression-free survival benefit stands.","from":"eortc-40983","refs":["colorectal","folfox","oxaliplatin","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"GETUG-AFU 15 reported","note":"Median overall survival 58.9 against 54.2 months (hazard ratio 1.01, 95 percent confidence interval 0.75 to 1.36); no benefit found, but the trial was underpowered and CHAARTED and...","from":"getug-afu-15","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"GRID reported","note":"Regorafenib lengthened progression-free survival compared with placebo in GIST after imatinib and sunitinib; approved in February 2013.","from":"grid","refs":["gist-imatinib-resistant","gist","sarcoma","regorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LCH-III reported","note":"12 vs 6 months of vinblastine-prednisone: 5-year reactivation 37% vs 54% in risk-organ-negative disease; methotrexate added no benefit.","from":"lch-iii","refs":["langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","lch-multisystem","lch-single-system","vinblastine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"LUX-Lung 3 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 11.1 against 6.9 months (hazard ratio 0.58); 13.6 against 6.9 months in exon 19 deletion or L858R disease.","from":"lux-lung-3","refs":["egfr-mutant-nsclc","lung-adenocarcinoma","afatinib","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"MPACT reported","note":"Median overall survival 8.5 months with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine against 6.7 months with gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0.72, 95 percent confidence interval 0.62 to 0.83; p below...","from":"mpact","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"PRIME reported","note":"In RAS wild-type disease, overall survival 26.0 against 20.2 months (hazard ratio 0.78); patients with non-exon-2 RAS mutations did worse with panitumumab.","from":"prime","refs":["colorectal","panitumumab","folfox","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"READY reported","note":"Median overall survival 21.5 against 21.2 months (stratified hazard ratio 0.99, 95.5 percent confidence interval 0.87 to 1.13, p=0.90): no benefit.","from":"ready-dasatinib","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","dasatinib","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9402 reported","note":"1p/19q co-deleted: median overall survival 14.7 vs 7.3 years.","from":"rtog-9402","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","oligodendroglioma","lomustine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Different Dose Levels of Pasireotide in Patients With de Novo, Persistent or Recurrent Cushing's Disease reported","from":"nct00434148","refs":["pituitary-tumours","pasireotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SCALOP reported","note":"Nine-month progression-free survival 62.9 percent with capecitabine-based against 51.4 percent with gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy; median overall survival 15.2 against 13.4 m...","from":"scalop","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac","capecitabine","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEL-4 reported","note":"Complete remission at the end of therapy in 79 percent of 62 high-risk patients; complete resection 74 percent; three-year event-free survival 76 percent and overall survival 83 pe...","from":"siopel-4","refs":["hepatoblastoma","childhood-cancers","cisplatin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"START-A (UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy, trial A) reported","note":"Ten-year local-regional relapse 6.3 percent with 41.6 Gy in thirteen fractions, 8.8 percent with 39 Gy and 7.4 percent with 50 Gy in twenty-five, with fewer late normal-tissue effe...","from":"start-a","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Study 201 reported","note":"CAILS response 58.5% with mechlorethamine gel against 47.7% with compounded ointment (ratio 1.23, met noninferiority); modified SWAT response 46.9% against 46.2%.","from":"study-201","refs":["cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","mechlorethamine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SWOG 9346 (intermittent androgen deprivation) reported","note":"Median survival 5.8 years with continuous against 5.1 years with intermittent androgen deprivation (hazard ratio 1.10, 90 percent confidence interval 0.99 to 1.23); non-inferiority...","from":"swog-9346","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S0421 reported","note":"Median overall survival 17.8 against 17.6 months (hazard ratio 1.04, 95 percent confidence interval 0.90 to 1.19) and progression-free survival 9.2 against 9.1 months (1.02, 0.89 t...","from":"swog-s0421-atrasentan","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","atrasentan","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"Trial of Lymphoseek in Intraoperative Localization of Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer and Melanoma reported","from":"nct00671918","refs":["breast-cancer","melanoma","tilmanocept-tc99m"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2013","precision":"year","title":"XM22-03 reported","note":"Cycle 1 mean duration of severe neutropenia 0.7 days vs 0.8 days with pegfilgrastim (p = 0.126); the authors and the Lonquex product information report non-inferiority on this prim...","from":"xm22-03","refs":["breast-cancer","lipegfilgrastim","pegfilgrastim"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2013-02","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2012-2013 updates for HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of pertuzumab (June 2012, CLEOPATRA) and trastuzumab emtansine (February 2013, EMILIA).","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["pertuzumab","trastuzumab","cleopatra","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2013-02-22","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer after trastuzumab and taxane (EMILIA); first ADC for a solid tumour","from":"trastuzumab-emtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2013-09-06","precision":"day","title":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel: approval (US)","note":"nab-Paclitaxel with gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer","from":"paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2013-09-30","precision":"day","title":"Pertuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Neoadjuvant accelerated approval on pCR","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2013-10-31","precision":"day","title":"Ponatinib: withdrawal (US)","note":"Temporary marketing suspension for arterial occlusion; returned with narrowed label December 2013","from":"ponatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2013-11-13","precision":"day","title":"Ibrutinib: approval (US)","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma (accelerated); first BTK inhibitor","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2014","kind":"year","name":"2014 in oncology","aka":["2014"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2014: 355 entries, 91 papers listed on people's pages, 89 papers, 72 landmarks and 38 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"355 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2014: 91 papers listed on people's pages, 89 papers, 72 landmarks, 38 approvals, 37 trials reported, 11 companies founded, 9 regulatory events, 5 technologies, 2 journals founded and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 8 to the day, 1 to the month and 346 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2013","2015"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2014,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Belinostat approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma","from":"belinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer with chemotherapy","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory B-ALL","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"BRACAnalysis CDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for olaparib in germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer","from":"bracanalysis-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in EU","note":"Cometriq for medullary thyroid cancer; 21 Mar 2014. Cabometyx (RCC) Sep 2016","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ceritinib approved in US","note":"ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC after crizotinib","from":"ceritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Cologuard approved in US","note":"Colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults aged 50 and older (later 45 and older)","from":"cologuard","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib + trametinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E/K unresectable or metastatic melanoma, combination (accelerated; each drug alone approved 2013)","from":"dabrafenib-trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib approved in US","note":"With trametinib: BRAF V600E/K metastatic melanoma; later adjuvant melanoma, BRAF V600E NSCLC, anaplastic thyroid cancer, tumour-agnostic solid tumours and paediatric low-grade glio...","from":"dabrafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved in EU","note":"Relapsed mantle cell lymphoma; CLL after one prior therapy or with del(17p)/TP53 mutation","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed CLL (RESONATE); del(17p) CLL","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Icotinib approved in China","note":"First-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC","from":"icotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Idelalisib approved in EU","note":"CLL, FL","from":"idelalisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Idelalisib approved in US","note":"Relapsed CLL with rituximab; relapsed FL and SLL (accelerated, withdrawn 2022)","from":"idelalisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Mercaptopurine approved in US","note":"Oral suspension for ALL maintenance (Purixan)","from":"mercaptopurine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Netupitant and palonosetron approved in US","note":"Acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting including highly emetogenic regimens, with dexamethasone (intravenous form 2018)","from":"netupitant-palonosetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Nintedanib approved in EU","note":"Adenocarcinoma NSCLC after first-line chemotherapy, with docetaxel","from":"nintedanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Nintedanib approved in US","note":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (non-oncology)","from":"nintedanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in US","note":"Melanoma","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Nonavalent HPV vaccine approved in US","note":"Prevention of HPV-related cancers and precancers, ages 9-26; extended to 45 in 2018","from":"gardasil-9","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ofatumumab approved in US","note":"Previously untreated CLL with chlorambucil; later extended treatment and relapsed CLL with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide","from":"ofatumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved in US","note":"gBRCA ovarian cancer ≥3 lines","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Panitumumab approved in US","note":"First-line RAS wild-type mCRC with FOLFOX","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Pasireotide approved in US","note":"Acromegaly inadequately controlled by surgery or for whom surgery is not an option (long-acting depot)","from":"pasireotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in US","note":"Melanoma (first of >40 indications)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Propranolol (Hemangeol) approved in US","note":"Proliferating infantile haemangioma requiring systemic therapy","from":"propranolol-hemangeol","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ramucirumab approved in US","note":"Gastric cancer; NSCLC","from":"ramucirumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Rivoceranib (apatinib) approved in China","note":"Advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma after two or more lines","from":"rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved in US","note":"Polycythaemia vera after hydroxyurea","from":"ruxolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Siltuximab approved in EU","note":"Multicentric Castleman disease in HIV-negative and HHV-8-negative adults","from":"siltuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Siltuximab approved in US","note":"Multicentric Castleman disease in HIV-negative and HHV-8-negative patients","from":"siltuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) approved in US","note":"Unresectable GEP-NETs to improve PFS (lanreotide)","from":"octreotide-lanreotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Technetium-99m tilmanocept approved in EU","note":"Sentinel node imaging in breast cancer, melanoma, oral SCC","from":"tilmanocept-tc99m","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Technetium-99m tilmanocept approved in US","note":"Sentinel lymph node localisation in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma","from":"tilmanocept-tc99m","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Trametinib approved in EU","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma alone or with dabrafenib; later NSCLC and adjuvant melanoma","from":"trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Trametinib approved in US","note":"With dabrafenib: metastatic melanoma; later adjuvant melanoma, NSCLC, anaplastic thyroid cancer, tumour-agnostic BRAF V600E solid tumours, paediatric low-grade glioma","from":"trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Tucidinostat (chidamide) approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma","from":"tucidinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept approved in England (NICE)","note":"Not recommended. TA307, published 25 March 2014: aflibercept with irinotecan and fluorouracil-based therapy is not recommended within its marketing authorisation; patients already...","from":"ziv-aflibercept","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Carrum Health founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"carrum-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CMR Surgical founded","note":"Cambridge","from":"cmr-surgical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Corvus Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Burlingame, California","from":"corvus-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"DAMAE Medical founded","note":"Paris","from":"damae-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"MaaT Pharma founded","note":"Lyon","from":"maat-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"NRG Oncology founded","note":"Philadelphia, PA","from":"nrg-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"ScreenPoint Medical founded","note":"Nijmegen","from":"screenpoint-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Kechow Pharma founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-kechow-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Sinotau Pharmaceutical founded","note":"Beijing","from":"sinotau-pharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"X4 Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Boston, Massachusetts","from":"x4-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Zai Lab founded","note":"Shanghai / Cambridge, MA","from":"zai-lab","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AAML0531: gemtuzumab ozogamicin lowers relapse in childhood AML","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":["aaml0531","gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AURELIA: bevacizumab with chemotherapy improves progression-free survival in platinum-resistant disease","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AVAglio / RTOG 0825: bevacizumab no OS benefit; 5-ALA and methylation classifier emerge","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["bevacizumab-glioma","fluorescence-guided-surgery","methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Belinostat approved","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["belinostat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab extends survival in advanced disease (GOG-0240); Gardasil 9 approved; HPV primary screening approved in the US","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["bevacizumab","gardasil-9","hpv-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved for relapsed or refractory B-ALL in adults","note":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-relapsed","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab: first bispecific T-cell engager approved","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Accelerated approval in relapsed/refractory Ph-negative B-ALL.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab: first BiTE","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"BRAF V600E found in papillary craniopharyngioma","note":"Craniopharyngioma. Brastianos and colleagues (Nature Genetics) show near-universal BRAF V600E in PCP and CTNNB1 in ACP.","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":["braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"C11orf95-RELA (ZFTA) fusion identified in supratentorial ependymoma","note":"Ependymoma. Parker and colleagues (Nature) link the fusion to NF-kB activation.","from":"ependymoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin raises pCR","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). GeparSixto and CALGB 40603 show platinum increases pathologic complete response.","from":"tnbc","refs":["carboplatin","platinum"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Cell of origin explains extent","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Berres and colleagues (JEM) show BRAF V600E in myeloid precursors in high-risk disease.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CLARINET: lanreotide antiproliferative approval","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["clarinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CLARINET: lanreotide approved as antiproliferative therapy","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["clarinet","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CLARINET: lanreotide halves the risk of progression in enteropancreatic tumours","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["clarinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"COMBI-d and coBRIM: BRAF plus MEK doublets beat BRAF inhibitor alone","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["combi-d","cobrim","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CXCR4 WHIM-like mutations","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Present in ~30% and associated with BTKi resistance.","from":"waldenstrom","refs":["cxcr4"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Direct-acting antivirals cure hepatitis C","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. HCC risk falls ~70% after cure.","from":"hcc","refs":["hbv-hcv"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Endocrine Society guideline recommends germline testing for all","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL)","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":["germline-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Endocrine Society guideline recommends germline testing for all patients","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":["germline-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 62012: doxorubicin plus ifosfamide improves response and progression-free but not overall survival","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":["eortc-62012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 62012: doxorubicin plus ifosfamide improves response but not overall survival","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["eortc-62012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"FDA warns against power morcellation","note":"Uterine sarcoma. Unsuspected uterine sarcoma disseminated by morcellation during fibroid surgery.","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"First exome landscape of gallbladder cancer","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 57 Chinese tumours: TP53 47%, ERBB3 12%, ErbB pathway in 37% with worse survival (Li et al., Nature Genetics).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-li-gallbladder-exome-erbb-nat-genet-2014","her3","tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"FIRST: continuous lenalidomide-dexamethasone beats melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"GeparSixto and CALGB 40603: carboplatin raises pathological complete response","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"GETUG 13: marker-guided intensification in poor-risk disease","note":"Non-seminomatous germ cell tumour","from":"non-seminoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0240: bevacizumab extends survival in advanced cervical cancer","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"GTF2I L424H mutation found in most type A and AB thymomas","note":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","from":"thymoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"GTF2I mutation discovered in thymoma (Petrini, Nat Genet)","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved for CLL; obinutuzumab-chlorambucil for unfit patients","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["ibrutinib","obinutuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved in CLL; RESONATE","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. PFS HR 0.22 vs ofatumumab; the BTK era begins. Idelalisib approved the same year.","from":"cll","refs":["ibrutinib","resonate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"IMWG adds the SLiM biomarkers, moving the highest-risk patients into active myeloma","note":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","from":"smouldering-myeloma","refs":["smoldering-myeloma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Lugano classification formalises PET staging and the Deauville scale","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["lugano-classification","deauville-score"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Lugano classification unifies PET-based staging and response","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["lugano-classification","fdg-pet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Morcellation warnings after unsuspected uterine leiomyosarcoma spread","note":"Leiomyosarcoma","from":"leiomyosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"MRI tail sign linked to local recurrence and used to plan margins","note":"Myxofibrosarcoma","from":"myxofibrosarcoma","refs":["mri"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved as the first PARP inhibitor, for BRCA-mutant relapsed disease","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib: first PARP inhibitor","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib: first PARP inhibitor approved","note":"Ovarian cancer. For germline BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer after three lines.","from":"ovarian","refs":["olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib: first PARP inhibitor approved","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"PD-1 blockade approved in melanoma","note":"Skin cancer (all types). Pembrolizumab and nivolumab approved for advanced melanoma, later moving to adjuvant and neoadjuvant use.","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"PD-1 inhibitors approved","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab and nivolumab approved; first BRAF/MEK combination (dabrafenib-trametinib)","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab and nivolumab approved; KEYNOTE-006 shows PD-1 beats CTLA-4 blockade","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab","keynote-006"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"PRC2 (SUZ12, EED) loss found in most MPNST","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"PROFILE 1001 ROS1 cohort: crizotinib response rate 72 percent","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"PROFILE 1014: crizotinib beats chemotherapy first line","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"alk-positive-nsclc","refs":["crizotinib","solomon-benjamin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"RESONATE: ibrutinib beats ofatumumab in relapsed CLL; idelalisib approved","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["resonate","ibrutinib","idelalisib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Retrospective series show BRCA carriers with pancreatic cancer live longer on platinum chemotherapy","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["platinum-sensitivity","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Retrospective series suggest a benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive disease","note":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","from":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":["capox","folfox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved for PV","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). FDA approval in December 2014 for hydroxyurea-resistant or intolerant PV on the RESPONSE trial; EU approval followed in 2015.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["ruxolitinib","response"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Sequencing shows BRAF and RAF1 fusions and DNA repair gene defects, and rare KRAS mutation","note":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","from":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","refs":["gene-fusion","braf","brca"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Sequencing shows kinase-activating lesions in nearly all Ph-like ALL, many drug-sensitive","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","from":"all-ph-like","refs":["bcr-abl","jak2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"SINS: the cream is inferior to the operation, and stays inferior","note":"Skin cancer (all types). 501 people randomised in the United Kingdom; clinical success at three years 84 against 98 per cent and at five years 82.5 against 97.7 per cent.","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["sins-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma described","note":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","from":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"SOFT and TEXT: ovarian suppression with exemestane in premenopausal women","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["soft-text","exemestane","goserelin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"SOFT/TEXT: ovarian suppression in premenopausal women","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["soft-text"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib approved for iodine-refractory disease (DECISION)","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["sorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Surveillance becomes standard for stage I","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours","from":"testicular","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Systematic review of 2,744 cases: 95.6 percent disease-free after resection","note":"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas","from":"solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm","refs":["distal-pancreatectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"TCGA classifies gastric cancer into four molecular groups including MSI-high","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"TCGA maps chromosome losses and TP53 and PTEN mutations","note":"Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma","from":"chromophobe-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"TCGA molecular classification; RAINBOW establishes ramucirumab + paclitaxel","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["rainbow","ramucirumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"The adenocarcinoma reference map, and the case for multiplex testing","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Two hundred and thirty adenocarcinomas profiled on every platform add RIT1 and MGA to the driver list and show that NF1, MET, ERBB2 and RIT1 drive the t...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-tcga-lung-adenocarcinoma-nature-2014","paper-kris-lung-cancer-mutation-consortium-jama-2014","rit1","mga"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"The first predictive resistance marker","note":"Prostate cancer. Antonarakis found AR-V7, an androgen receptor lacking the part the drugs bind, in circulating tumour cells: a zero percent prostate-specific antigen response rate...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-antonarakis-ar-v7-resistance-nejm-2014"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"The tumours that change type get a morphological classification","note":"Prostate cancer. The Prostate Cancer Foundation working committee publishes the six categories that separate incidental neuroendocrine staining from small cell carcinoma, which is...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-epstein-neuroendocrine-prostate-morphologic-classification-ajsp-2014"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"TNT: carboplatin beats docetaxel in germline BRCA carriers","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["carboplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"UK POSH cohort: young Black women have more triple-negative disease and worse survival despite equal access","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Copson and colleagues, 2,915 women aged 40 or under: 26.1 vs 18.6 percent triple-negative; five-year survival 71.1 vs 82.4 percent with equal...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-copson-posh-ethnicity-young-breast-cancer-uk-bjc-2014","idea-tnbc-uk-ethnicity-stratified-outcome-reporting"]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"WHO classifies carcinosarcoma as a metaplastic carcinoma rather than a sarcoma","note":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","from":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Zumsteg proposes favourable and unfavourable intermediate risk","note":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","from":"prostate-intermediate-risk","refs":["gleason-grade-group"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Oncology research and treatment founded","note":"S. Karger AG","from":"oncology-research-and-treatment","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"The Lancet Haematology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"lancet-haematology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 and CTIS","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-clinical-trials-regulation","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AAML0531: gemtuzumab ozogamicin added to chemotherapy for children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"Gamis AS, Alonzo TA, Meshinchi S, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-aaml0531-gemtuzumab-gamis-jco-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): first postcontrast subtracted images and maximum-intensity projection-a novel approach to breast cancer scr...","note":"Kuhl CK, Schrading S, Strobel K, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-kuhl-j-clin-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Active surveillance of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma at Kuma Hospital: patient age and progression","note":"Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Thyroid.","from":"paper-ito-kuma-active-surveillance-microcarcinoma-thyroid-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Anetumab ravtansine: a novel mesothelin-targeting antibody-drug conjugate cures tumors with heterogeneous target expression favored by bystander effect","note":"Golfier S, Kopitz C, Kahnert A, et al. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.","from":"paper-golfier-mol-cancer-ther","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Antiangiogenesis strategies revisited: from starving tumors to alleviating hypoxia","note":"Jain RK. Cancer Cell.","from":"paper-jain-cancer-cell","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer","note":"Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-antonarakis-ar-v7-resistance-nejm-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in cancer: friend and foe","note":"Murray IA, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-murray-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"AURELIA: bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer","note":"Pujade-Lauraine E, Hilpert F, Weber B, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-aurelia-bevacizumab-platinum-resistant-ovarian-pujade-lauraine-jco-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","note":"Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-olivier-chinot-n-engl-j-med-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"CD74-NRG1 fusions in lung adenocarcinoma","note":"Fernandez-Cuesta L, Plenker D, Osada H, et al. Cancer Discovery.","from":"paper-fernandez-cuesta-cd74-nrg1-fusion-lung-cancer-discov-2014","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Chmielecki 2014: comprehensive genomic profiling of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas identifies recurrent RAF fusions and frequent inactivation of DNA repair g...","note":"Chmielecki J, Hutchinson KE, Frampton GM, et al. 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2...","from":"conko-003","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","locally-advanced-pdac","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"DeeP-C reported","note":"Sensitivity 92.3% for colorectal cancer (FIT 73.8%); specificity 86.6% (FIT 94.9%).","from":"deep-c","refs":["colorectal","cologuard"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Electrochemotherapy for Chest Wall Recurrence af Breast Cancer: Present Challenges and Future Prospects reported","from":"nct00744653","refs":["breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 62012 reported","note":"Median OS 14.3 vs 12.8 months (HR 0.83, not significant); median PFS 7.4 vs 4.6 months (HR 0.74).","from":"eortc-62012","refs":["extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","sarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Evaluation of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Head and Neck 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0.66, p 0.05); salvage high-dose chemotherapy n...","from":"getug-13","refs":["non-seminoma","testicular","bleomycin","etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"LUME-Lung 1 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 3.4 against 2.7 months (hazard ratio 0.79, p=0.0019); overall survival significant in the adenocarcinoma populations of the prespecified hierarchy...","from":"lume-lung-1","refs":["lung-adenocarcinoma","nsclc","nintedanib","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Mohs surgery against ordinary excision for facial basal cell carcinoma (Maastricht trial) reported","note":"Ten-year cumulative recurrence 4.4 per cent after Mohs surgery against 12.2 per cent after ordinary excision for primary high-risk facial basal cell carcinoma (p=0.100), and 3.9 ag...","from":"mohs-versus-excision-facial-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Mumbai VIA 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reported","note":"Median overall survival 10.5 against 9.1 months (hazard ratio 0.86, p=0.023); progression-free survival 4.5 against 3.0 months.","from":"revel","refs":["nsclc","lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","lung-adenocarcinoma","ramucirumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Rituximab, Rasburicase, and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Young Patients With Newly Diagnosed Advanced B-Cell Leukemia or Lymphoma reported","from":"nct00057811","refs":["burkitt-lymphoma","all-leukemia","doxorubicin","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Sodium Thiosulfate in Preventing Hearing Loss in Young Patients Receiving Cisplatin for Newly Diagnosed Germ Cell Tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Neurob...","from":"nct00716976","refs":["extragonadal-germ-cell-tumour","hcc","neuroblastoma","ovarian"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"SOFT & TEXT reported","note":"Exemestane + OFS: DFS and DRFI improved; no OS difference at 12 years.","from":"soft-text","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","exemestane","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Study to Learn if 200mg Test Drug (Fostamatinib) Helps People With Large B-Cell Lymphoma,a Type of Blood Cancer reported","from":"nct01499303","refs":["dlbcl","fostamatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"TRIBE reported","note":"Progression-free survival 12.1 against 9.7 months (hazard ratio 0.75); response rate 65 against 53 percent.","from":"tribe","refs":["colorectal","folfoxiri","folfiri","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2014","precision":"year","title":"Ziv-aflibercept in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced, Unresectable, or Metastatic Gynecologic Soft Tissue Sarcoma reported","from":"nct00390234","refs":["ovarian","uterine-sarcoma","uterine-carcinosarcoma","leiomyosarcoma"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-02-12","precision":"day","title":"Ibrutinib: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed CLL","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-05","precision":"month","title":"Panitumumab: label change (US)","note":"First-line with FOLFOX in RAS wild-type (PRIME)","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-07-04","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (JP)","note":"First PD-1 inhibitor approved worldwide (melanoma, Japan)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-08-14","precision":"day","title":"Bevacizumab: approval (US)","note":"Cervical cancer with chemotherapy (GOG-0240)","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-09-04","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, advanced melanoma after ipilimumab; first PD-1 inhibitor in the US","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-12-03","precision":"day","title":"Blinatumomab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, Ph-negative relapsed/refractory B-ALL: first BiTE","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-12-10","precision":"day","title":"Nonavalent HPV vaccine: approval (US)","note":"Gardasil 9 approved","from":"gardasil-9","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-12-19","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"gBRCA advanced ovarian cancer after ≥3 lines: first PARP inhibitor","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2014-12-22","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Advanced melanoma after ipilimumab (accelerated)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2015","kind":"year","name":"2015 in oncology","aka":["2015"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2015: 454 entries, 139 papers listed on people's pages, 126 papers, 75 landmarks and 45 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"454 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2015: 139 papers listed on people's pages, 126 papers, 75 landmarks, 45 trials reported, 30 approvals, 17 companies founded, 14 regulatory events, 4 technologies, 3 journals founded and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 12 to the day, 2 to the month and 440 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2014","2016"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2015,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib approved in US","note":"ALK+ NSCLC after crizotinib","from":"alectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Carfilzomib approved in US","note":"With lenalidomide-dexamethasone; with dexamethasone (ENDEAVOR)","from":"carfilzomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ceritinib approved in EU","note":"Conditional May 2015; full approval 2017","from":"ceritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma with vemurafenib","from":"cobimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma after ≥3 lines","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta approved in US","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma after at least partial response to induction, with GM-CSF, IL-2 and isotretinoin","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elotuzumab approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after 1-3 prior therapies, with lenalidomide-dexamethasone","from":"elotuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Filgrastim (G-CSF) approved in US","note":"First US biosimilar (Zarxio, filgrastim-sndz); further biosimilars 2018 onwards","from":"filgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib approved in US","note":"First-line NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 del or L858R","from":"gefitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) approved in US","note":"Liposomal irinotecan with 5-FU/LV in metastatic pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine","from":"irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ixazomib approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after ≥1 prior therapy, with lenalidomide and dexamethasone","from":"ixazomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed myeloma with dexamethasone","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"Radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in US","note":"Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma after gemcitabine-based therapy, with fluorouracil and leucovorin (NAPOLI-1).","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Necitumumab approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic squamous NSCLC with gemcitabine and cisplatin","from":"necitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Netupitant and palonosetron approved in EU","note":"Acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (Akynzeo)","from":"netupitant-palonosetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nintedanib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced, metastatic or locally recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer of adenocarcinoma histology progressing after first-line chemotherapy, with docetaxel.","from":"nintedanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) approved in EU","note":"CE mark (GBM); pancreatic and NSCLC CE marks 2024-26","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved in US","note":"EGFR T790M NSCLC","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Palbociclib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with endocrine therapy","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Panobinostat approved in EU","note":"Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma","from":"panobinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Panobinostat approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after ≥2 regimens including bortezomib and an IMiD. Withdrawn 2021","from":"panobinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for pembrolizumab in NSCLC (TPS)","from":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Rolapitant approved in US","note":"Prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting with emetogenic chemotherapy, in combination with other antiemetics","from":"rolapitant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sonidegib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"sonidegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Sonidegib approved in US","note":"Locally advanced BCC recurrent after surgery or radiation, or not candidates","from":"sonidegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec approved in US","note":"Unresectable melanoma with injectable lesions","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Trabectedin approved in US","note":"Liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma after anthracycline","from":"trabectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in US","note":"Refractory metastatic colorectal cancer","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Uridine triacetate approved in US","note":"Emergency treatment after fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or early-onset severe toxicity within 96 hours","from":"uridine-triacetate","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Actuate Therapeutics founded","note":"Fort Worth, Texas, United States","from":"actuate-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Arcus Biosciences founded","note":"Hayward","from":"arcus-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Bolt Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Redwood City, California","from":"bolt-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Color Health founded","note":"South San Francisco, CA","from":"color-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CStone Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Suzhou / Shanghai","from":"cstone","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ExCellThera founded","note":"Montreal","from":"excellthera","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Forward Pharmaceuticals founded","note":"Shenzhen","from":"forward-pharmaceuticals","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech founded","note":"Hangzhou","from":"hangzhou-sumgen-biotech","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hummingbird Bioscience founded","note":"Singapore","from":"hummingbird-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"InnoCare Pharma founded","note":"Beijing","from":"innocare","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Keros Therapeutics founded","note":"Lexington, Massachusetts","from":"keros-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Neutron Therapeutics founded","note":"Danvers, MA","from":"neutron-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ONK Therapeutics founded","note":"Galway","from":"onk-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Miracogen founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-miracogen","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Strata Oncology founded","note":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States","from":"strata-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Tmunity Therapeutics founded","note":"Philadelphia, PA","from":"tmunity-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Unicar-Therapy founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"unicar-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ACNS0122: chemotherapy then craniospinal irradiation for non-germinomatous tumours","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous). Goldman and colleagues (JCO).","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["carboplatin","etoposide","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"AETHERA: brentuximab consolidation after transplant","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["aethera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"AETHERA: brentuximab vedotin consolidation after transplant lengthens progression-free survival","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["aethera","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Anastrozole versus tamoxifen for DCIS (NSABP B-35, IBIS-II DCIS)","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Aromatase inhibitor an alternative in postmenopausal women.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["tamoxifen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ANGIOTAX-PLUS: adding bevacizumab to paclitaxel does not improve outcomes","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":["paclitaxel","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"APT: de-escalation for small tumours","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["apt-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ATA guideline: codon-based timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"BALLAD opens as an international trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation","note":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","from":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Baltimore consensus separates associated from concomitant carcinoma","note":"Invasive carcinoma arising in an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN-associated carcinoma)","from":"ipmn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["panin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Baltimore consensus: precursor lesions graded low or high","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PanIN, IPMN and MCN move to a two-tier grading; 0.5 to 1 cm separates a large PanIN from an incipient IPMN.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["panin","pancreatic-cyst-high-risk-stigmata"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Biliary subtypes separated molecularly","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 260 Japanese biliary cancers: FGFR2 fusions intrahepatic, APOBEC signature and ELF3 in gallbladder and extrahepatic tumours (Nakamura et al., Nature Genetics).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-nakamura-biliary-genomic-spectra-nat-genet-2015","elf3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"BOLT: sonidegib approved","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["bolt","sonidegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CHAARTED and STAMPEDE: docetaxel at first metastatic diagnosis","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["chaarted","stampede"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CHAARTED: docetaxel with hormone therapy lengthens life","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["chaarted","docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067 combination and KEYNOTE-006; T-VEC first oncolytic virus; cobimetinib","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["checkmate-067","keynote-006","talimogene-laherparepvec","cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067: nivolumab plus ipilimumab; T-VEC first oncolytic virus","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["checkmate-067","talimogene-laherparepvec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Chordoma Global Consensus Group","note":"Chordoma. First international recommendations on surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy (Lancet Oncol).","from":"chordoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab, the first CD38 antibody, approved for heavily pretreated myeloma","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab: first CD38 antibody; R-ISS published","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab","r-iss"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved (US); dinutuximab beta in EU 2017","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved for high-risk neuroblastoma","note":"Childhood cancers (all types). Anti-GD2 antibody added to maintenance therapy after the Children's Oncology Group trial.","from":"childhood-cancers","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab approved for high-risk neuroblastoma","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["dinutuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elective neck dissection improves survival in early oral cancer","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["elective-neck-dissection-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elective neck dissection improves survival in early oral cancer (Tata Memorial)","note":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","from":"oral-cavity-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 18071: adjuvant ipilimumab improves relapse-free and overall survival at high toxicity","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"First dramatic response to BRAF/MEK inhibition in papillary craniopharyngioma","note":"Craniopharyngioma. Case report (JNCI) leads to the Alliance A071601 trial.","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Four consensus subtypes, and the discovery that the worst one is stroma","note":"Colorectal cancer. The consensus molecular subtypes reconcile six classifications across 4,151 samples; two papers published together show the mesenchymal signal comes from fibrobl...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-cms-guinney-nat-med-2015","paper-isella-stromal-contribution-colorectal-transcriptome-nat-genet-2015","paper-calon-stromal-gene-expression-poor-prognosis-colorectal-nat-genet-2015","paper-valtorta-her2-scoring-colorectal-heracles-mod-pathol-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Germline testing case made for all triple-negative disease","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 14.6 percent of 1,824 unselected triple-negative patients carry a predisposition mutation, 11.2 percent in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (Couch, JCO); the sa...","from":"tnbc","refs":["germline-brca-testing-criteria-tnbc","brca-associated-tnbc","paper-couch-tnbc-germline-17-genes-jco-2015","paper-burstein-tnbc-genomic-subtypes-ccr-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Heetfeld and colleagues characterise well-differentiated grade 3 tumours as distinct from carcinoma","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hepatic-side T2 tumours shown to behave worse","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Shindoh and colleagues' international series (437 patients) separates peritoneal-side from hepatic-side T2 disease: five-year survival 42.6 versus 64.7 percent.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["t2a-versus-t2b","paper-shindoh-t2-gallbladder-cancer-tumour-location-ann-surg-2015"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib: first drug ever approved for WM","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","from":"waldenstrom","refs":["ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-001: PD-L1 expression predicts pembrolizumab response in lung cancer","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["pembrolizumab","paper-keynote-001-pembrolizumab-nsclc-nejm-2015","tps"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Le and Diaz show PD-1 blockade works in mismatch repair deficient tumours of any site","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["pembrolizumab","dung-le"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Le and Diaz: PD-1 blockade works in mismatch-repair deficient tumours (NEJM)","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["pembrolizumab","luis-diaz"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved (SELECT)","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved (SELECT); ATA guidelines endorse active surveillance and less radioiodine","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["select-lenvatinib","active-surveillance-thyroid"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Linsitinib phase 3 fails: IGF-1 receptor blockade does not work","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MaGIC pooled risk classification","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). Frazier and colleagues (JCO) combine COG and CCLG data to define shared risk groups.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MED12 and TERT promoter mutations mapped across fibroepithelial tumours","note":"Phyllodes tumour of the breast","from":"phyllodes-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"MET exon 14 skipping shown to be a targetable driver with crizotinib responses","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["met","crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response to PD-1 blockade","note":"Colorectal cancer. Four of 10 deficient colorectal cancers responded to pembrolizumab and none of 18 proficient ones, with a mean of 1,782 against 73 mutations per tumour.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-le-mmr-deficiency-pd1-nejm-2015","msi-high"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Molecular landscape of SBA published","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). Schrock and colleagues (JAMA Oncol 2017) later show SBA is genomically distinct from colorectal and gastric cancer, with freque...","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nicotinamide reduces new keratinocyte cancers (ONTRAC, NEJM)","note":"Basal cell carcinoma","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nine molecular groups across the neuraxis","note":"Ependymoma. Pajtler and colleagues (Cancer Cell) define the methylation-based classification later adopted by WHO.","from":"ependymoma","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved: immunotherapy enters lung cancer","note":"Lung cancer (all types)","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats docetaxel: immunotherapy era","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. CheckMate 017/057; pembrolizumab first line for PD-L1 ≥50% follows (KEYNOTE-024, 2016).","from":"nsclc","refs":["nivolumab","pembrolizumab","keynote-024-189"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats everolimus (CheckMate 025): immunotherapy returns to RCC","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab beats everolimus after anti-angiogenic therapy (CheckMate 025)","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved for T790M resistance after first-generation inhibitors","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["osimertinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Palbociclib: first CDK4/6 inhibitor","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["palbociclib","paloma-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PBTC-025B and 032: vismodegib responses confined to SHH tumours with upstream lesions","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Pexidartinib phase 1 responses","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). Tap and colleagues, NEJM: high response rate in diffuse TGCT.","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":["pexidartinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ProMisE classifier reproduces the TCGA classes with clinical tests","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RAPID: PET-negative patients can omit radiotherapy at a small cost in relapse","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["pet-adapted-therapy","deauville-score"]},{"group":"history","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Registry defines types I to III and treatment recommendations","note":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours). 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thoracic radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer reported","note":"One-year overall survival 33 against 28 percent (hazard ratio 0.84, p=0.066, primary endpoint not met); two-year survival 13 against 3 percent (p=0.004).","from":"crest-thoracic-rt","refs":["extensive-stage-sclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"DART 01/05 GICOR reported","note":"Five-year overall survival 95 against 86 percent (hazard ratio 2.48, 95 percent confidence interval 1.31 to 4.68) and biochemical disease-free survival 90 against 81 percent (1.88...","from":"dart-01-05-gicor","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk","goserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EF-14 reported","note":"OS 20.9 vs 16.0 months, HR 0.63.","from":"ef-14","refs":["glioblastoma","optune","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pasireotide Long Acting Release (LAR) Versus Octreotide LAR or Lanreotide Autogel (ATG) in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Acromega...","from":"nct01137682","refs":["pituitary-tumours","pasireotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety Study of Talimogene Laherparepvec Compared to Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in Melanoma reported","from":"nct00769704","refs":["melanoma","talimogene-laherparepvec","sargramostim"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Elective vs therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"3-year OS 80.0% vs 67.5% (HR 0.64); DFS 69.5% vs 45.9%.","from":"elective-neck-dissection-tmh","refs":["head-and-neck","oral-cavity-cancer","oral-tongue-cancer","buccal-mucosa-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"ELM-PC 4 reported","note":"Median radiographic progression-free survival 13.8 against 8.7 months (hazard ratio 0.71, 95 percent confidence interval 0.63 to 0.80, p<0.0001) but overall survival 31.4 against 2...","from":"elm-pc-4-orteronel","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","orteronel","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22881-10882 (boost against no boost) reported","note":"Twenty-year ipsilateral breast recurrence 12.0 percent with a 16 Gy boost against 16.4 percent without (hazard ratio 0.65), no difference in overall survival, and severe fibrosis 5...","from":"eortc-22881-boost","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22922/10925 reported","note":"10-year overall survival 82.3% vs 80.7% (hazard ratio 0.87); fewer distant recurrences and breast cancer deaths.","from":"eortc-22922","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hormone Therapy Plus Radiation Therapy With or Without Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct00004054","refs":["prostate","bicalutamide","estramustine","etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Hormone Therapy With or Without Surgery or Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer reported","note":"Adding radiotherapy to lifelong androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer improved overall survival (hazard ratio 0.70, 95 percent confidence interval 0.57 to 0.85...","from":"nct00002633","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","bicalutamide","buserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"IBIS-I (International Breast Intervention Study I) reported","note":"Breast cancer in 251 of the tamoxifen arm against 350 of the placebo arm at a median 16 years, hazard ratio 0.71, with no difference in breast cancer mortality (Lancet Oncology 201...","from":"ibis-i","refs":["breast-cancer","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"JCOG0403 reported","note":"3-year overall survival 76.5% (operable) and 59.9% (inoperable) after 48 Gy in 4 fractions.","from":"jcog0403","refs":["nsclc","resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-006 reported","note":"10-year OS 34.0% vs 23.6%.","from":"keynote-006","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","pembrolizumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"NCIC MA.20 reported","note":"10-year disease-free survival 82.0% vs 77.0% (hazard ratio 0.76); overall survival unchanged.","from":"ma-20","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery and Temozolomide for Brain Metastases reported","from":"nct00582075","refs":["secondary-brain-tumours","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"PRIME II reported","note":"10-year local recurrence 9.5% (no radiotherapy) vs 0.9% (radiotherapy); no difference in survival.","from":"prime-ii","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RAISE reported","note":"Median overall survival 13.3 against 11.7 months.","from":"raise","refs":["colorectal","ramucirumab","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RECOURSE reported","note":"Median overall survival 7.1 against 5.3 months (hazard ratio 0.68).","from":"recourse","refs":["colorectal","trifluridine-tipiracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RESONATE-2 reported","note":"Ibrutinib improved progression-free and overall survival over chlorambucil in older patients with untreated CLL; approved for first-line CLL in March 2016.","from":"resonate-2","refs":["cll-treatment-naive","cll","ibrutinib","chlorambucil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RESPONSE reported","note":"Composite response at week 32: 21% vs 1%; haematocrit control 60% vs 20%.","from":"response","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","ruxolitinib","pipobroman"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0617 reported","note":"Median overall survival 28.7 months (60 Gy) vs 20.3 months (74 Gy); cetuximab no benefit.","from":"rtog-0617","refs":["nsclc","cetuximab","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Pasireotide Long Acting Release (LAR) vs. Octreotide LAR in Patients With Active Acromegaly reported","from":"nct00600886","refs":["pituitary-tumours","pasireotide","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SELECT reported","note":"PFS 18.3 vs 3.6 months; HR 0.21.","from":"select-lenvatinib","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SQUIRE reported","note":"Overall survival significantly longer with necitumumab added to gemcitabine and cisplatin, by roughly six weeks at the median; hypomagnesaemia, rash and thromboembolism were the ad...","from":"squire","refs":["lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","nsclc","necitumumab","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"STARS and ROSEL pooled analysis reported","note":"Pooled three-year overall survival 95 percent with stereotactic radiotherapy against 79 percent with surgery (hazard ratio 0.14, p=0.037) in 58 patients; recurrence-free survival n...","from":"stars-rosel","refs":["resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Study 3 (rolapitant, moderately emetogenic chemotherapy) reported","note":"Delayed-phase complete response 71% vs 62% with active control (odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0; p = 0.0002).","from":"ts-p04834","refs":["rolapitant","granisetron","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S0809 reported","note":"2-year OS 65% (R0 67%, R1 60%); median OS 35 months; grade 3 and 4 toxicity 52% and 11%.","from":"swog-s0809","refs":["gallbladder","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","cholangiocarcinoma","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2015","precision":"year","title":"Zevalin and Velcade in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma reported","from":"nct01497275","refs":["mantle-cell-lymphoma","rituximab","bortezomib","ibritumomab-tiuxetan"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-02-03","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with letrozole: first CDK4/6 inhibitor (PALOMA-1)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-03-04","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Squamous NSCLC after platinum: first PD-1 in lung cancer","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-03-10","precision":"day","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta: approval (US)","note":"Unituxin (ANBL0032)","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Post-transplant consolidation in Hodgkin lymphoma (AETHERA)","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-09","precision":"month","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil: approval (US)","note":"RECOURSE","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-01","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"With ipilimumab, BRAF wild-type melanoma (CheckMate 067)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-02","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"PD-L1+ NSCLC after platinum","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-05","precision":"day","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"Newly diagnosed glioblastoma with temozolomide (EF-14)","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-27","precision":"day","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable melanoma with injectable lesions (OPTiM): first oncolytic virus approved in the US","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-10-28","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant stage III melanoma (10 mg/kg; later superseded)","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-10","precision":"day","title":"Vemurafenib: approval (US)","note":"Cobimetinib approved in combination (coBRIM)","from":"vemurafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-13","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, EGFR T790M NSCLC after TKI","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Daratumumab: approval (US)","note":"First CD38 antibody","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2015-12","precision":"month","title":"Talimogene laherparepvec: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"talimogene-laherparepvec","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2016","kind":"year","name":"2016 in oncology","aka":["2016"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2016: 448 entries, 136 papers listed on people's pages, 121 papers, 80 landmarks and 47 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"448 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2016: 136 papers listed on people's pages, 121 papers, 80 landmarks, 47 trials reported, 29 approvals, 14 companies founded, 8 regulatory events, 7 technologies, 3 journals founded, 2 laws and regulations and 1 guideline change.\n\nOf those, 8 to the day, 1 to the month and 439 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2015","2017"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2016,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Afatinib approved in US","note":"Squamous NSCLC after platinum","from":"afatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Aminolevulinic acid (topical, for photodynamic therapy) approved in US","note":"Mild to moderate actinic keratosis of face and scalp with red-light PDT (Ameluz)","from":"aminolevulinic-acid","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) approved in EU","note":"Oncaspar centralised 2016; Erwinase and native asparaginases national","from":"asparaginase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in US","note":"Urothelial carcinoma (later withdrawn); NSCLC","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2 approved in US","note":"v2: T790M for osimertinib; plasma testing (first liquid biopsy companion diagnostic)","from":"cobas-egfr-mutation-test","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in US","note":"ROS1-positive metastatic NSCLC","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Defibrotide approved in US","note":"Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with renal or pulmonary dysfunction after HSCT, adults and children","from":"defibrotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Dexamethasone approved in EU","note":"Multiple myeloma in combination (Neofordex)","from":"dexamethasone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Eribulin approved in US","note":"Unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma after anthracycline","from":"eribulin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus approved in US","note":"Progressive non-functional lung and GI NETs","from":"everolimus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Fluciclovine F-18 approved in US","note":"PET imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated PSA","from":"fluciclovine-f18","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE) approved in US","note":"PET localisation of SSTR-positive neuroendocrine tumours (Ga-68 DOTATATE)","from":"ga68-dotatate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Granisetron approved in US","note":"Extended-release injection for acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with moderately emetogenic or anthracycline-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (Sustol)","from":"granisetron","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib approved in US","note":"First-line CLL (RESONATE-2)","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Ixazomib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"ixazomib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC with everolimus after anti-angiogenic therapy","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in EU","note":"Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma after gemcitabine, with fluorouracil and leucovorin. EMA EPAR: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/onivyde-pegylated-liposomal","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in EU","note":"Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after gemcitabine-based therapy, with fluorouracil and leucovorin (marketing authorisation 14 October 2016, orphan designation 2011); the...","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system) approved in US","note":"High-dose conditioning before autologous HSCT in myeloma (Evomela)","from":"melphalan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) approved in EU","note":"Onivyde 2L after gemcitabine (2016); NALIRIFOX label 2025","from":"nalirifox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Necitumumab approved in EU","note":"EGFR-expressing locally advanced or metastatic squamous NSCLC with gemcitabine and cisplatin","from":"necitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Olaratumab approved in US","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma not curable by surgery or radiotherapy, with doxorubicin (accelerated approval). Withdrawn in 2019 after the ANNOUNCE trial","from":"olaratumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Ramucirumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy, with docetaxel: not recommended.","from":"ramucirumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Rucaparib approved in US","note":"BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer after ≥2 chemotherapies (later narrowed)","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in England (NICE)","note":"Previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. TA405, published 24 August 2016, recommends it within its marketing authorisation with the patient access scheme discount.","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in EU","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after available therapies. Lonsurf marketing authorisation issued 25 April 2016.","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax approved in US","note":"CLL with 17p deletion","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay approved in US","note":"PD-L1 expression to inform atezolizumab treatment in urothelial carcinoma (later NSCLC)","from":"ventana-pd-l1-sp142","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Bain Capital Life Sciences founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"bain-capital-life-sciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CytoReason founded","note":"Tel Aviv","from":"cytoreason","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Harbour BioMed founded","note":"Rotterdam","from":"harbour-biomed","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"I-Mab founded","note":"Rockville, Maryland","from":"i-mab","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Ibex Medical Analytics founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"ibex-medical-analytics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Iktos founded","note":"Paris","from":"iktos","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"intoDNA founded","note":"Krakow, Poland","from":"intodna","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"JW Therapeutics founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"jw-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Kheiron Medical Technologies founded","note":"London","from":"kheiron-medical-technologies","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Optellum founded","note":"Oxford","from":"optellum","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Osara Health founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"osara-health","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Radformation founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"radformation","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Salubris Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Gaithersburg, Maryland","from":"salubris-biotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Turbine founded","note":"Budapest","from":"turbine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"2 mm margin standard (SSO-ASTRO-ASCO)","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["lumpectomy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"68Ga-DOTATATE PET (Netspot) approved; RADIANT-4 extends everolimus to lung/GI NETs","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["sstr-pet","radiant-3-4"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"A resistance map by inhibitor generation","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Across 103 repeat biopsies, each ALK inhibitor is shown to select its own spectrum of resistance mutations, with G1202R rising after second-generation t...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-gainor-alk-resistance-mutations-cancer-discov-2016","alk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"AALL0232: high-dose methotrexate beats Capizzi methotrexate in high-risk B-ALL","note":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-high-risk","refs":["methotrexate","leucovorin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"AALL1521 opens: ruxolitinib with chemotherapy for CRLF2 and JAK-pathway Ph-like ALL","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","from":"all-ph-like","refs":["ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Alliance N0574: radiosurgery alone preserves cognition","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours). Brown and colleagues (JAMA): cognitive deterioration at three months in 63.5 percent with radiosurgery alone against 91.7 percent with a...","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["alliance-n0574","radiosurgery-srs"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Alliance N0574: radiosurgery alone preserves cognition better than adding whole-brain radiotherapy","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["alliance-n0574"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab: first immunotherapy approval in bladder cancer","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab: first new bladder cancer drug in 30 years (later withdrawn)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab: first new bladder drug in 30 years","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Bailey's four subtypes; NAPOLI-1 gives a second line","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 456 tumours, 32 genes, 10 pathways, squamous subtype worst. Liposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil: 6.1 versus 4.2 months after gemcitabine.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-bailey-molecular-subtypes-pancreatic-nature-2016","paper-napoli-1-nanoliposomal-irinotecan-lancet-2016","liposomal-irinotecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"BALLAD adjuvant trial opens","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). First randomised trial in resected small bowel adenocarcinoma (NCT02502370).","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Blood after surgery predicts relapse","note":"Colorectal cancer. Circulating tumour DNA after resection of stage II colon cancer gave a recurrence hazard ratio of 18 in 230 patients, the measurement every later trial of residu...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016","paper-sartore-bianchi-heracles-trastuzumab-lapatinib-lancet-oncol-2016","ctdna-mrd-positive","her2-ish-amplified"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved (METEOR)","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 141: nivolumab after platinum","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["checkmate-141"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CHHiP: 60 Gy in 20 fractions non-inferior to 74 Gy in 37","note":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","from":"prostate-intermediate-risk","refs":["chhip"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved for ROS1-positive lung cancer","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Divergent clonal evolution from adenocarcinoma shown by sequencing","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Eribulin approved for liposarcoma after a survival benefit","note":"Liposarcoma","from":"liposarcoma","refs":["eribulin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"EURAMOS-1: no benefit from intensifying for poor responders or interferon for good responders","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"FAST phase 2: claudin 18.2 antibody plus chemotherapy improves survival","note":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"First BET inhibitor responses in patients","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). Birabresib (OTX015) and molibresib phase 1 cohorts.","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":["epigenetic-drugs"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"GEM20110714: gemcitabine-cisplatin becomes first-line standard for metastatic disease","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"H3K27me3 loss adopted as a diagnostic marker","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"HER2 becomes a colorectal target","note":"Colorectal cancer. HERACLES treated RAS wild-type patients with HER2 amplification using trastuzumab and lapatinib and got responses in 8 of 27.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016","ctdna","mrd"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"HERACLES: trastuzumab plus lapatinib produces responses in 30 percent","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Hereditary alpha-tryptasaemia described, explaining raised tryptase in some patients","note":"Indolent and smouldering systemic mastocytosis","from":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"HPV-independent vs HPV-associated pathways defined (WHO 2020 adopts)","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Hypothalamus-sparing surgery recommended","note":"Craniopharyngioma. KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2007 shows radical resection with hypothalamic injury worsens quality of life without improving control.","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"IELSG32: MATRix induction","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma. Adding rituximab and thiotepa to methotrexate-cytarabine improves response and survival.","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab","methotrexate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Inherited DNA repair faults turn out to be common and unpredictable","note":"Prostate cancer. Pritchard found presumed deleterious germline DNA repair mutations in 11.8 percent of 692 men with metastatic prostate cancer, BRCA2 in 5.3 percent, with no relati...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-pritchard-inherited-dna-repair-metastatic-prostate-nejm-2016"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"INO-VATE: CD22 ADC beats chemotherapy in relapse","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. CR/CRi 81% vs 29%; approval 2017.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["inotuzumab-ozogamicin","ino-vate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy becomes standard after RTOG 0529 reduces toxicity","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Japan recommends endoscopic over radiographic screening; KLASS-01 supports laparoscopic gastrectomy","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-024: pembrolizumab alone beats chemotherapy in PD-L1-high disease; first-line approval","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["keynote-024-189","pembrolizumab","martin-reck","paper-keynote-024-nejm-2016"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"LAP07: chemoradiation after induction gemcitabine controls local growth but does not lengthen survival","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["chemoradiation","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"MAPS: bevacizumab adds ~3 months","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["maps"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Midostaurin in advanced SM","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. Gotlib and colleagues (NEJM 2016); FDA approval April 2017.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["midostaurin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Midostaurin phase 2: 60 percent response rate in advanced systemic mastocytosis","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["midostaurin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"MINDACT: genomic low-risk women can skip chemotherapy","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["mindact","mammaprint"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Muraki and colleagues report a more protracted course in 38 resected cases","note":"Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells","from":"pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc","refs":["tumour-grade"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab (CheckMate 141) and pembrolizumab approved after platinum","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["checkmate-141","nivolumab","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved after CheckMate 205","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["nivolumab","checkmate-205"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"NPM1 transcript MRD predicts relapse after chemotherapy","note":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","refs":["mrd"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PD-1 approved second line","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab first-line phase 2 (KEYNOTE-017, NEJM)","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ProtecT validates active surveillance","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["protect","active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ProtecT: ten-year mortality about 1 percent whether monitored or treated","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["protect"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PSOGI classification of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and PMP","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PSOGI consensus classification of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and pseudomyxoma peritonei","note":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PSOGI consensus defines mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma grades","note":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","from":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Punctuated evolution: two-thirds of pancreatic cancer genomes shaped by mitotic catastrophe","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Notta's whole genomes show chromothripsis and polyploidy, not stepwise mutation, in two-thirds of tumours, knocking out several drivers at once; B...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016","kdm6a"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"QUARTZ: no quality-adjusted survival gain from whole-brain radiotherapy in poor-prognosis lung cancer","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["quartz","wbrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RADIANT-4 extends everolimus to gut and lung tumours; gallium-68 DOTATATE PET approved","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["radiant-3-4","everolimus","sstr-pet","ga68-dotatate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RADIANT-4: everolimus approved for lung neuroendocrine tumours","note":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","from":"lung-net","refs":["radiant-3-4","everolimus"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RATHL: bleomycin dropped after negative interim PET; nivolumab approved for relapse (CheckMate 205)","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["rathl","checkmate-205","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RATHL: PET-guided omission of bleomycin","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["rathl","pet-adapted-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Revised Histiocyte Society classification","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. L, C, R, M and H groups (Emile et al., Blood 2016).","from":"histiocytoses","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Revised histiocytosis classification creates the R group for Rosai-Dorfman disease","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Revised histiocytosis classification places Erdheim-Chester and Langerhans cell histiocytosis together in the L group","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9802: radiotherapy plus PCV doubles survival in high-risk low-grade glioma","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4). Buckner and colleagues (NEJM) report median overall survival of 13.3 years against 7.8 years with radiotherapy alone.","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["procarbazine","lomustine","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9802: radiotherapy plus PCV for high-risk grade 2 glioma, including oligodendroglioma","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["procarbazine","lomustine","vincristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Sirolimus activity reported in progressive epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","note":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","from":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma","refs":["mtor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"STAMPEDE confirms docetaxel at first diagnosis","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["stampede"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"TCGA/ENSAT genomic classification of ACC (Zheng, Cancer Cell)","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"The lineage change is mapped, and it is epigenetic before it is genetic","note":"Prostate cancer. Methylation separates neuroendocrine from castration-resistant adenocarcinoma far more sharply than mutations do, in a pattern fitting divergent clonal evolution f...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Three molecular subgroups defined","note":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (ATRT). Johann and Torchia (Cancer Cell) describe ATRT-TYR, ATRT-SHH and ATRT-MYC by methylation and expression.","from":"atrt","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"TNBCtype-4 and the HRD score threshold","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Lehmann refines the subtypes to four (BL1 35%, BL2 22%, M 25%, LAR 16%) with pCR 41% versus 18% versus 29%; Telli sets HRD score 42 in neoadju...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-lehmann-tnbctype-4-refinement-plos-one-2016","paper-telli-hrd-score-platinum-tnbc-ccr-2016"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax approved","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll","refs":["venetoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax approved (del(17p)); ibrutinib first line","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. First BCL-2 inhibitor; RESONATE-2 moves ibrutinib to untreated CLL.","from":"cll","refs":["venetoclax","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax approved for relapsed del(17p) CLL","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["venetoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2016 classification makes IDH status part of the diagnosis","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2016 defines oligodendroglioma by IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2016 integrates molecular markers; ACT IV vaccine fails","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["act-iv","rindopepimut"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO adopts molecular groups; ACNS1422 opens with 18 Gy craniospinal radiotherapy for WNT tumours","note":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-wnt","refs":["childrens-oncology-group"]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification adds molecular markers","note":"Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types). IDH mutation, 1p/19q codeletion and H3 K27M began to define brain tumour types alongside microscopy; extended in 2021.","from":"brain-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO defines AML with myelodysplasia-related changes as its own group","note":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-secondary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO integrates molecular groups into classification","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO recognises diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). First histone-defined tumour entity.","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WHO separates prefibrotic myelofibrosis from ET","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Marrow histology now distinguishes true ET from early myelofibrosis, which carries a worse outlook.","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Blood Advances founded","note":"American Society of Hematology","from":"blood-advances","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Cancer treatment and research communications founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"cancer-treatment-and-research-communications","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ESMO Open founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"esmo-open","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"21st Century Cures Act","note":"United States, statute.","from":"21st-century-cures-act","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"GDPR and health data (Regulation (EU) 2016/679)","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"gdpr","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","note":"Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 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Nature.","from":"paper-notta-punctuated-evolution-pancreatic-nature-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in cancer survivors","note":"Johnson JA, Rash JA, Campbell TS, et al. Sleep medicine reviews.","from":"paper-johnson-sleep-med-rev","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"AALL0232: dexamethasone and high-dose methotrexate improve outcome in high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults","note":"Larsen EC, Devidas M, Chen S, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-aall0232-larsen-jco-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","note":"Byrd JC, Harrington B, O'Brien S, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-acalabrutinib-cll-n-engl-j-med-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): survival results from an adaptive, multia...","note":"James ND, Sydes MR, Clarke NW, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-stampede-lancet-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Alliance N0574: radiosurgery alone versus radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiotherapy for one to three brain metastases","note":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-alliance-n0574-brown-jama-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials","note":"Temel JS, Abernethy AP, Currow DC, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-romana-1-2-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ASPEN: everolimus versus sunitinib in metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma","note":"Armstrong AJ, Halabi S, Eisen T, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-aspen-armstrong-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Association of the Extent of Resection With Survival in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","note":"Brown TJ, Brennan MC, Li M, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-brown-jama-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled...","note":"Fehrenbacher L, Spira A, Ballinger M, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-keunchil-park-lancet-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial","note":"Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-javelin-merkel-200-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Biliary cancer: utility of next-generation sequencing for clinical management","note":"Javle M, Bekaii-Saab T, Jain A, et al. Cancer.","from":"paper-javle-biliary-ngs-cancer-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Biochemical and imaging surveillance in germline TP53 mutation carriers with Li-Fraumeni syndrome: 11 year follow-up of a prospective observational study","note":"Villani A, Shore A, Wasserman JD, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-villani-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071: autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation for HIV-related lymphoma","note":"Alvarnas JC, Le Rademacher J, Wang Y, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-bmt-ctn-0803-autologous-transplant-hiv-lymphoma-alvarnas-blood-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Bystander killing effect of DS-8201a, a novel anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibody-drug conjugate, in tumors with human epidermal growth facto...","note":"Ogitani Y, Hagihara K, Oitate M, et al. Cancer science.","from":"paper-ogitani-cancer-sci","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages","note":"Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-loomis-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Carcinoma-astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer","note":"Chen Q, Boire A, Jin X, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-chen-nature-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CD19 CAR-T cells of defined CD4+:CD8+ composition in adult B cell ALL patients","note":"Turtle CJ, Hanafi LA, Berger C, et al. Journal of Clinical Investigation.","from":"paper-cd19-all-leukemia-j-clin-invest-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 141: nivolumab for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after platinum","note":"Ferris RL, Blumenschein G, Fayette J, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-checkmate-141-ferris-nejm-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Chen 2016: Cancer statistics in China, 2015","note":"Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.","from":"paper-chen-cancer-statistics-china-2015-cacancer-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CHHiP: conventional versus hypofractionated high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer","note":"Dearnaley D, Syndikus I, Mossop H, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-chhip-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer","note":"Tie J, Wang Y, Tomasetti C, et al. Science Translational Medicine.","from":"paper-tie-ctdna-minimal-residual-disease-stage-ii-colon-sci-transl-med-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","note":"Ascierto PA, McArthur GA, Dréno B, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-cobrim-lancet-oncol-2016-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Combined tumour suppressor defects characterise clinically defined aggressive variant prostate cancers","note":"Aparicio AM, Shen L, Tapia ELN, et al. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-aparicio-aggressive-variant-prostate-tumour-suppressors-ccr-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of MAPIE versus MAP in patients with a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-grade osteosarcoma (EURAMOS-1): an open-la...","note":"Marina NM, Smeland S, Bielack SS, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-marina-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Comprehensive molecular characterisation of papillary renal cell carcinoma (The Cancer Genome Atlas)","note":"Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Linehan WM, Spellman PT, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-tcga-papillary-rcc-nejm-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways: Similarities, Differences, and Implications of Their Inhibition","note":"Buchbinder EI, Desai A. American journal of clinical oncology.","from":"paper-pd-1-nsclc-am-j-clin-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in previously treated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"Planchard D, Besse B, Groen HJM, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-planchard-dabrafenib-trametinib-braf-nsclc-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma","note":"Dimopoulos MA, Oriol A, Nahi H, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-lenalidomide-multiple-myeloma-n-engl-j-med-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas","note":"Campbell JD, Alexandrov A, Kim J, et al. Nature Genetics.","from":"paper-campbell-pan-lung-somatic-alterations-nat-genet-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer","note":"Beltran H, Prandi D, Mosquera JM, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-beltran-nepc-divergent-evolution-nat-med-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"DS-8201a, A Novel HER2-Targeting ADC with a Novel DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitor, Demonstrates a Promising Antitumor Efficacy with Differentiation from T-DM1","note":"Ogitani Y, Aida T, Hagihara K, et al. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-ogitani-clin-cancer-res","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES)","note":"Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-sartore-bianchi-heracles-trastuzumab-lapatinib-lancet-oncol-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and safety of midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis","note":"Gotlib J, Kluin-Nelemans HC, George TI, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-gotlib-midostaurin-advanced-systemic-mastocytosis-nejm-2016","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Epigenetic Determinants of Cancer","note":"Baylin SB, Jones PA. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology.","from":"paper-baylin-cold-spring-harb-perspect-biol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Epigenetic modulators, modifiers and mediators in cancer aetiology and progression","note":"Feinberg AP, Koldobskiy MA, Göndör A. Nature reviews. 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regulates energy metabolism and differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells","note":"EMBO Journal","from":"michael-teitell","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Whole Genome Sequencing Expands Diagnostic Utility and Improves Clinical Management in Pediatric Medicine","note":"npj Genomic Medicine","from":"ronald-cohn","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"YAP1 and TAZ Control Pancreatic Cancer Initiation in Mice by Direct Up-regulation of JAK–STAT3 Signaling","note":"Gastroenterology","from":"axel-behrens","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"allogeneic-cell-banks","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"BCL-2 inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the 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it.","from":"tandem-transplant","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound systems (Exablate Neuro, SonoCloud)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"transcranial-focused-ultrasound-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"10TASQ10 reported","note":"Median radiographic progression-free survival 7.0 against 4.4 months (hazard ratio 0.64, 95 percent confidence interval 0.54 to 0.75, p<0.001) but overall survival 21.3 against 24...","from":"tasquinimod-10tasq10","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","tasquinimod"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"A Safety and Efficacy Study of Eltrombopag in Subjects With AML reported","from":"nct01890746","refs":["leukaemia","daunorubicin","cytarabine","eltrombopag"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"AALL0232 reported","note":"Five-year event-free survival 79.6 percent with high-dose methotrexate against 75.2 percent with Capizzi methotrexate; dexamethasone benefited children aged 1 to 9 (five-year event...","from":"aall0232","refs":["all-paediatric-high-risk","all-leukemia","leukaemia","methotrexate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ACT IV reported","note":"OS 20.1 vs 20.0 months; no benefit.","from":"act-iv","refs":["glioblastoma","rindopepimut"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Alliance N0574 (NCCTG N0574) reported","note":"Cognitive deterioration at 3 months 63.5% (SRS alone) vs 91.7% (SRS plus WBRT); no survival difference.","from":"alliance-n0574","refs":["brain-tumours","metastatic-cancer","secondary-brain-tumours"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"BMT CTN 0803 reported","note":"One-year overall survival 87.3 percent and two-year overall survival 82 percent after autologous transplant, with two-year progression-free survival 79.8 percent and one-year trans...","from":"bmt-ctn-0803","refs":["hiv-associated-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","hodgkin-lymphoma","carmustine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 141 reported","note":"OS 7.5 vs 5.1 months; HR 0.70.","from":"checkmate-141","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","oral-cavity-cancer","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 205 reported","note":"ORR 69%.","from":"checkmate-205","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy With or Without Strontium-89 in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct00024167","refs":["prostate","docetaxel","doxorubicin","estramustine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"CHHiP reported","note":"5-year biochemical or clinical failure-free survival 90.6% (60 Gy in 20) vs 88.3% (74 Gy in 37), non-inferior.","from":"chhip","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-low-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) reported","note":"15-year all-cause mortality among five-year survivors fell from 12.4% (early 1970s) to 6.0% (1990s) as treatment exposures were reduced.","from":"ccss","refs":["all-leukemia","hodgkin-lymphoma","medulloblastoma","wilms-tumor"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"COG ANBL0532 reported","note":"3-year EFS 61.6% vs 48.4%.","from":"anbl0532","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"COMET-1 reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.0 against 9.8 months (hazard ratio 0.90, 95 percent confidence interval 0.76 to 1.06, p=0.213): not met.","from":"comet-1","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","cabozantinib","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Comparison of Ibandronate - Zoledronate Regarding Nephrotoxicity in Multiple Myeloma reported","from":"nct02739594","refs":["multiple-myeloma","ibandronic-acid","zoledronic-acid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22033-26033 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 46 (radiotherapy) vs 39 months (temozolomide), no significant difference.","from":"eortc-22033","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","idh-mutant-astrocytoma","oligodendroglioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 22991 reported","note":"Six months of androgen suppression added to radiotherapy improved biochemical disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.52, 95 percent confidence interval 0.41 to 0.66) and clinical pr...","from":"eortc-22991","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"EURAMOS-1 reported","note":"Poor responders: EFS HR 0.98 for MAPIE vs MAP, more toxicity. Good responders: no EFS benefit from interferon.","from":"euramos-1","refs":["osteosarcoma","methotrexate","doxorubicin","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab Versus Pentostatin, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab in Previously Untreated or Treated B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic L...","from":"nct00254163","refs":["cll","fludarabine","cyclophosphamide","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"HERACLES reported","note":"Trastuzumab plus lapatinib produced objective responses in roughly a third of refractory HER2-amplified colorectal cancers.","from":"heracles","refs":["her2-amplified-colorectal","colorectal","trastuzumab","lapatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"I-SPY 2 reported","note":"Multiple graduations (veliparib-carboplatin, neratinib, pembrolizumab, MK-2206, T-DM1 plus pertuzumab, durvalumab plus olaparib, cemiplimab plus fianlimab); pembrolizumab's graduat...","from":"i-spy-2","refs":["breast-cancer","tnbc","breast-her2-positive","breast-hr-positive"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"IELSG32 reported","note":"Complete remission 49 percent with MATRix (methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, rituximab) against 23 percent with methotrexate-cytarabine alone; two-year failure-free survival 76 p...","from":"ielsg32","refs":["primary-cns-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","brain-tumours","methotrexate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"IMPRESS (algenpantucel-L) reported","note":"No overall survival benefit.","from":"impress-trial","refs":["pancreatic","algenpantucel-l","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"INO-VATE ALL reported","note":"CR/CRi 80.7% vs 29.4%; OS 7.7 vs 6.7 months.","from":"ino-vate","refs":["all-leukemia","inotuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"JASPAC 01 reported","note":"Five-year overall survival 44.1 percent with adjuvant S-1 against 24.4 percent with gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0.57, 95 percent confidence interval 0.44 to 0.72; p below 0.0001).","from":"jaspac-01","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"JAVELIN Merkel 200 reported","note":"Objective response 31.8% after chemotherapy (part A) and 39.7% first line (part B).","from":"javelin-merkel-200","refs":["merkel-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-010 reported","note":"Median overall survival 10.4 months (pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg) and 12.7 months (10 mg/kg) against 8.5 months with docetaxel; hazard ratios 0.71 and 0.61.","from":"keynote-010","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","pembrolizumab","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-017 (Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network 09) reported","note":"Objective response 56%, durable in most responders; similar in virus-positive and virus-negative tumours.","from":"keynote-017","refs":["merkel-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-024 & KEYNOTE-189 reported","note":"5-year OS 31.9% vs 16.3% (024); 19.4% vs 11.3% (189).","from":"keynote-024-189","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"LAP07 reported","note":"Median overall survival 15.2 months with chemoradiotherapy against 16.5 months with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio 1.03, p 0.83); local progression 32 against 46 percent; erlotin...","from":"lap07","refs":["locally-advanced-pdac","pancreatic","gemcitabine","erlotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"MAPS reported","note":"OS 18.8 vs 16.1 months, HR 0.77.","from":"maps","refs":["mesothelioma","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"MINDACT reported","note":"5-year distant metastasis-free survival 94.7% without chemotherapy in clinical-high, genomic-low risk women.","from":"mindact","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","mammaprint"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"MONALEESA-2 reported","note":"OS 63.9 vs 51.4 months, HR 0.76.","from":"monaleesa-2","refs":["breast-hr-positive","ribociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"NAPOLI-1 reported","note":"Median overall survival 6.1 months with nanoliposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and folinic acid against 4.2 months with fluorouracil and folinic acid (hazard ratio 0.67, 95 per...","from":"napoli-1","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","liposomal-irinotecan","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"OAK reported","note":"Median overall survival 13.8 against 9.6 months (hazard ratio 0.73), in both the intention-to-treat and PD-L1-expressing populations.","from":"oak","refs":["nsclc","lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","lung-adenocarcinoma","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Octreotide Acetate and Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b or Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced, High-Risk Neuroendocrine Tumor re...","from":"nct00569127","refs":["rectal-cancer","colon-cancer","bevacizumab-glioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PALOMA-2 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.56; OS HR 0.96 (NS).","from":"paloma-2","refs":["breast-hr-positive","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"PhII ICb With/Without Erbitux in MBC Pts reported","from":"nct00248287","refs":["metastatic-cancer","carboplatin","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ProtecT reported","note":"15-year prostate-cancer mortality 3.1% (monitoring), 2.2% (surgery), 2.9% (radiotherapy); no significant difference.","from":"protect","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"QUARTZ reported","note":"Quality-adjusted life-years 46.4 vs 41.7 days; overall survival 9.2 vs 8.5 weeks; no meaningful benefit from whole-brain radiotherapy.","from":"quartz","refs":["nsclc","brain-tumours","secondary-brain-tumours","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RATHL reported","note":"3-year PFS 85.7% (ABVD) vs 84.4% (AVD); bleomycin safely omitted.","from":"rathl","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","bleomycin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2 reported","note":"Lean body mass increased (about +1 to +1.5 kg vs placebo); handgrip strength unchanged.","from":"romana-1-2","refs":["nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 0415 reported","note":"Five-year disease-free survival 86.3 percent with 70 Gy in 28 fractions against 85.3 percent with 73.8 Gy in 41 fractions (hazard ratio 0.85, 95 percent confidence interval 0.64 to...","from":"rtog-0415","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"STAMPEDE reported","note":"Abiraterone + ADT: OS HR 0.63 in mHSPC; docetaxel + ADT: OS HR 0.78. Prostate radiotherapy improved survival in low-volume metastatic disease; abiraterone improved survival in high...","from":"stampede","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","prostate-high-risk","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Study 2005-01 reported","note":"Day-100 survival 38.2% with defibrotide against 25% in historical controls (propensity-adjusted difference 23%, P = .0109); complete response by day 100 25.5% against 12.5%.","from":"study-2005-01","refs":["defibrotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Targeted axillary dissection (MD Anderson prospective study) reported","note":"Adding the clipped node to sentinel node dissection cut the false-negative rate from 10.1 to 1.4 percent (p=0.03); targeted axillary dissection gave 2.0 percent.","from":"targeted-axillary-dissection-md-anderson","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"Triptorelin With Either Exemestane or Tamoxifen in Treating Premenopausal Women With Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct00066703","refs":["breast-cancer","tamoxifen","triptorelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2016","precision":"year","title":"WISDOM (Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of Risk) reported","note":"Ongoing pragmatic trial of risk-based versus annual screening.","from":"wisdom-trial","refs":["breast-cancer"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2016-01","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2015-2016 updates for Melanoma","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of nivolumab with ipilimumab, September 2015 (accelerated) and CheckMate 067 overall-survival data.","from":"melanoma","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab","pembrolizumab","checkmate-067"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-02-01","precision":"day","title":"Imatinib: approval (US)","note":"First US generic imatinib launched","from":"imatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-02-05","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation for pretreated metastatic TNBC","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-02-19","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"With fulvestrant after endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-03-04","precision":"day","title":"Ibrutinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line CLL","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-04-11","precision":"day","title":"Venetoclax: approval (US)","note":"CLL with 17p deletion after ≥1 therapy: first BCL-2 inhibitor","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-05-18","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Urothelial carcinoma after platinum (accelerated; later withdrawn)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-10-18","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"NSCLC after platinum","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2016-12-19","precision":"day","title":"Rucaparib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, gBRCA/sBRCA ovarian, ≥2 prior lines","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2017","kind":"year","name":"2017 in oncology","aka":["2017"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2017: 629 entries, 166 papers, 152 papers listed on people's pages, 130 landmarks and 75 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"629 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2017: 166 papers, 152 papers listed on people's pages, 130 landmarks, 75 trials reported, 53 approvals, 23 regulatory events, 16 companies founded, 5 technologies, 4 journals founded, 3 laws and regulations and 2 guideline changes.\n\nOf those, 20 to the day, 5 to the month and 604 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2016","2018"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2017,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery) approved in US","note":"Imaging agent for visualisation of malignant tissue during glioma surgery (suspected high-grade)","from":"aminolevulinic-acid-gleolan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Abemaciclib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed MCL (accelerated)","from":"acalabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib approved in US","note":"First-line ALK+ NSCLC","from":"alectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Avelumab approved in US","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma; urothelial cancer after platinum (accelerated)","from":"avelumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma ≥2 lines","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Bosutinib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML chronic phase","from":"bosutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in US","note":"ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC after crizotinib","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"First-line advanced RCC (CABOSUN)","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Ceritinib approved in US","note":"First-line ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC","from":"ceritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Previously untreated EGFR-expressing RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI.","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Copanlisib approved in US","note":"Relapsed follicular lymphoma after ≥2 therapies. Withdrawn 2023","from":"copanlisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine) approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed therapy-related AML or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes, adults","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib + trametinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E metastatic NSCLC","from":"dabrafenib-trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta approved in EU","note":"Dinutuximab beta: high-risk neuroblastoma after induction/transplant; relapsed/refractory disease","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in US","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum (accelerated; indication withdrawn 2021)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Enasidenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory IDH2-mutated AML","from":"enasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Fluciclovine F-18 approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"fluciclovine-f18","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx approved in US","note":"Tissue CGP companion diagnostic (Liquid CDx 2020)","from":"foundationone-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Fulvestrant approved in US","note":"First-line HR+ advanced breast cancer (FALCON)","from":"fulvestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE) approved in EU","note":"SomaKit TOC (Ga-68 DOTATOC)","from":"ga68-dotatate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed and relapsed CD33+ AML","from":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory CD22+ B-ALL, adults","from":"inotuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Lenalidomide approved in US","note":"Maintenance after autologous transplant","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in UK","note":"Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after gemcitabine-based therapy, with fluorouracil and leucovorin: NICE TA440 (26 April 2017) does not recommend it within its marketing a...","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate approved in EU","note":"First approval globally (Sep 2017)","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Mechlorethamine (chlormethine) approved in EU","note":"Topical treatment of mycosis fungoides-type CTCL (Ledaga)","from":"mechlorethamine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Midostaurin approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML with 7+3 and consolidation; advanced systemic mastocytosis","from":"midostaurin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Nab-paclitaxel approved in UK","note":"Untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with gemcitabine; NICE TA476 (6 September 2017, replacing TA360) recommends it only if other combination chemotherapies are unsu...","from":"nab-paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Neratinib approved in US","note":"Extended adjuvant HER2+ early breast cancer after trastuzumab","from":"neratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Niraparib approved in US","note":"Recurrent ovarian cancer maintenance","from":"niraparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Oncomine Dx Target Test approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for BRAF, ROS1 and EGFR-directed therapies in NSCLC","from":"oncomine-dx-target-test","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Padeliporfin approved in EU","note":"Unilateral, low-risk, previously untreated prostate adenocarcinoma in men with life expectancy of at least 10 years (Tookad VTP)","from":"padeliporfin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Panitumumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Previously untreated RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. TA439 recommends panitumumab within its marketing authorisation subject to the patient acces...","from":"panitumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx approved in US","note":"Gastric / GEJ adenocarcinoma, CPS ≥1","from":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer after at least one chemotherapy.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in US","note":"MSI-H/dMMR solid tumours (tumour-agnostic)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pertuzumab approved in US","note":"Adjuvant HER2+ early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in US","note":"HCC previously treated with sorafenib","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Ribociclib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer","from":"ribociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Sunitinib approved in US","note":"Adjuvant RCC at high risk (S-TRAC), little used","from":"sunitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Telotristat ethyl approved in EU","note":"Same (Xermelo)","from":"telotristat-ethyl","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Telotristat ethyl approved in US","note":"Carcinoid syndrome diarrhoea with somatostatin analogue therapy in adults inadequately controlled by SSA alone","from":"telotristat-ethyl","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Thiotepa approved in US","note":"Conditioning before allogeneic HSCT for class 3 beta-thalassaemia in children (Tepadina)","from":"thiotepa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tisagenlecleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory B-ALL, patients up to 25 years","from":"tisagenlecleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tivozanib approved in EU","note":"EU first (Aug 2017)","from":"tivozanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tocilizumab approved in US","note":"Severe or life-threatening CAR-T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome, age 2 and over","from":"tocilizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Transpara approved in EU","note":"CE mark, mammography decision support","from":"transpara","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab biosimilars approved in EU","note":"Ontruzant, first EU trastuzumab biosimilar","from":"trastuzumab-biosimilars","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab biosimilars approved in US","note":"First trastuzumab biosimilar (Ogivri); all trastuzumab indications","from":"trastuzumab-biosimilars","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib approved in US","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease with BRAF V600 mutation","from":"vemurafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay approved in EU","note":"CE-IVD with claims for several PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies","from":"ventana-pd-l1-sp263","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay approved in US","note":"Complementary PD-L1 assay for durvalumab in urothelial carcinoma","from":"ventana-pd-l1-sp263","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Everest Medicines founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"everest-medicines","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"GenFleet Therapeutics founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"genfleet","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"German Lymphoma Alliance founded","note":"Homburg","from":"german-lymphoma-alliance","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Gracell Biotechnologies founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"gracell-biotechnologies","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"HotSpot Therapeutics founded","note":"Boston, Massachusetts","from":"hotspot-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IASO Biotherapeutics founded","note":"Nanjing / Shanghai","from":"iaso-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"iOnctura founded","note":"Geneva","from":"ionctura","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"mabwell-shanghai-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Mythic Therapeutics founded","note":"Waltham, MA","from":"mythic-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Naveris founded","note":"Waltham, MA","from":"naveris","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Outcomes4Me founded","note":"Boston, MA","from":"outcomes4me","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"QBiotics founded","note":"Toowong, Brisbane","from":"qbiotics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Quantum Surgical founded","note":"Montpellier","from":"quantum-surgical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Section 32 (S32) founded","note":"San Diego, CA","from":"section-32","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions founded","note":"Kawasaki","from":"toshiba-energy-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TYK Medicines founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"tyk-medicines","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"A single flexible sigmoidoscopy still protects 17 years later","note":"Colorectal cancer. The UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial, 170,034 people, reported a 26 percent lower incidence and a 30 percent lower mortality in those invited, and 35 an...","from":"colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening","colonoscopy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib approved (ACE-LY-004)","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"AGCT1531 opens","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). Joint COG/CCLG trial of active surveillance and carboplatin versus cisplatin.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["carboplatin","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"AJCC 8th edition adds the prognostic stage","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Grade, ER, PR and HER2 enter the stage group alongside TNM (Giuliano, CA); validated in 2018.","from":"tnbc","refs":["ajcc-prognostic-stage-breast"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"AJCC and UICC 8th edition","note":"Gallbladder cancer. T2 is split into T2a and T2b and N stage is defined by the number of involved nodes (N1 one to three, N2 four or more).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["tnm-staging","t2a-versus-t2b","paper-chun-ajcc-8th-edition-hepatobiliary-aso-2018"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ALCANZA: brentuximab in CD30+ CTCL","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ALCANZA: brentuximab vedotin beats standard therapy in CD30-positive disease","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ALEX: alectinib beats crizotinib first line with far less brain progression","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"alk-positive-nsclc","refs":["alex","alectinib","solange-peters"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"APHINITY: adjuvant pertuzumab helps node-positive disease","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["aphinity","pertuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Aqueous humour as liquid biopsy (Berry)","note":"Retinoblastoma","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":["liquid-biopsy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Autologous transplant equals WBRT with less neurotoxicity","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma. IELSG32 second randomisation and PRECIS.","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Avelumab: first approved therapy for MCC","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma. JAVELIN Merkel 200; accelerated approval March 2017.","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["avelumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Axi-cel CAR-T approved","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Axi-cel: first CAR-T approved for large B-cell lymphoma (ZUMA-1)","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel","car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel approved for large B-cell lymphoma, including primary mediastinal disease","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel","car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"BILCAP: adjuvant capecitabine adopted","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["bilcap"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CATNON: adjuvant temozolomide after radiotherapy for grade 3 non-codeleted glioma","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["catnon","temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CHIC international risk stratification (Lancet Oncol)","note":"Hepatoblastoma","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Children's Oncology Group shows excision alone is enough for completely resected stage IA disease in children","note":"Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular lymphocyte-predominant B-cell lymphoma)","from":"nodular-lymphocyte-predominant-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["childrens-oncology-group"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"COMBI-AD and CheckMate 238 establish adjuvant therapy for stage III; MSLT-II ends completion dissection","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["combi-ad","mslt-ii"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"COMBI-AD: adjuvant dabrafenib-trametinib halves relapse risk; COMBI-MB shows intracranial responses","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["combi-ad","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CONVERT: 66 Gy once daily not superior to 45 Gy twice daily","note":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"limited-stage-sclc","refs":["convert","fiona-blackhall"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CONVERT: once-daily 66 Gy not superior to twice-daily 45 Gy","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["convert"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CPX-351 approved after Study 301 lengthens life in secondary AML","note":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-secondary","refs":["cpx-351-301","cpx-351"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CREATE-X: capecitabine after residual disease lengthens survival","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 910 patients; five-year overall survival 89.2 vs 83.6 percent, and 78.8 vs 70.3 percent in the triple-negative group.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017","capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CREATE-X: capecitabine for residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer after BRF113928","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"braf-v600e-nsclc","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","david-planchard","novartis"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Depth of invasion enters staging (AJCC 8th edition)","note":"Oral cavity cancer (mouth and tongue)","from":"oral-cavity-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Depth of invasion enters staging (AJCC 8th edition)","note":"Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer","from":"oral-tongue-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"DNA methylation classes of meningioma predict recurrence","note":"Meningioma. Sahm and colleagues (Lancet Oncology).","from":"meningioma","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"EBV DNA screening detects early NPC in 20,000 men (Chan, NEJM)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Eighth edition staging shows stage IIB and IIC outcomes worse than IIIA","note":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","from":"stage-ii-melanoma","refs":["breslow-thickness","ulceration-melanoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Enasidenib: first IDH inhibitor approved, for relapsed IDH2-mutated AML","note":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-idh","refs":["enasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-4: gemcitabine plus capecitabine beats gemcitabine alone after surgery","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["gemcitabine","capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves pembrolizumab for any mismatch-repair deficient solid tumour, the first tissue-agnostic approval","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["pembrolizumab","tumour-agnostic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"FIRES: sentinel node mapping validated; pembrolizumab approved for MSI-H tumours","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["fires-sentor","pembrolizumab","msi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"First CAR-T for lymphoma","note":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types). Axicabtagene ciloleucel approved for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines.","from":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"First CAR-T therapy approved","note":"Childhood cancers (all types). Tisagenlecleucel for children and young adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.","from":"childhood-cancers","refs":["tisagenlecleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"First genome-wide risk variants","note":"Gallbladder cancer. The Indian genome-wide association study finds common variants at ABCB1 and ABCB4 that raise gallbladder cancer risk.","from":"gallbladder","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"First tissue-agnostic approval","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Pembrolizumab is approved for any solid tumour with mismatch-repair deficiency or microsatellite instability, the first cancer drug appr...","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"First trastuzumab biosimilar; neratinib; APHINITY","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-biosimilars","neratinib","aphinity"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Four approvals in one year","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Midostaurin (RATIFY), enasidenib, CPX-351, gemtuzumab re-approval; the first new AML drugs since 2000.","from":"aml","refs":["midostaurin","ratify","enasidenib","cpx-351"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"GATSBY: trastuzumab emtansine fails in the second line","note":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-her2-positive","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"GeDDiS: gemcitabine-docetaxel not superior to doxorubicin","note":"Uterine sarcoma. Seddon and colleagues, Lancet Oncol; doxorubicin retained as first line.","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin returns to the market after withdrawal in 2010","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":["gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"HR-NBL1: busulfan-melphalan beats carboplatin-etoposide-melphalan","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["hr-nbl1","busulfan","melphalan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"HR-NBL1: busulfan-melphalan beats CEM; IL-2 adds no benefit (2018)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["hr-nbl1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib active in relapsed PCNSL","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IDH2 mutations define a SNUC subset","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma). Dogan and colleagues; Jo and colleagues.","from":"sinonasal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IDH2 R172 mutations found in most sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas","note":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","from":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","refs":["idh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IFM 2009: early transplant lengthens remission but not life after VRd","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["vrd"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"InPACT opens","note":"Penile cancer. International phase 3 platform for node-positive penile cancer (NCT02305654).","from":"penile","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"InPACT opens in the United Kingdom, United States and Canada","note":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","from":"node-positive-penile-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ISG-STS 1001: neoadjuvant anthracycline-ifosfamide for high-risk STS","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["isg-sts-1001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ISG-STS 1001: neoadjuvant epirubicin-ifosfamide improves survival in high-risk limb sarcoma","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":["isg-sts-1001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ISG-STS 1001: neoadjuvant epirubicin-ifosfamide improves survival in high-risk limb sarcoma","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["isg-sts-1001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Japanese trial: PCI gives no survival benefit in extensive-stage disease with MRI surveillance","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["prophylactic-cranial-irradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-059 and ATTRACTION-2: PD-1 antibodies active in late-line gastric cancer","note":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","from":"gastric-pdl1-high","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"KRAS and MAP2K1 mutations identified, establishing a neoplastic subset","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":["ras-mapk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Kymriah: first CAR-T approved; TOWER confirms blinatumomab OS benefit","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. ELIANA-based approval for ALL up to age 25; TOWER OS 7.7 vs 4.0 months.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["tisagenlecleucel","eliana","tower"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LATITUDE and STAMPEDE: abiraterone at first diagnosis","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["latitude","stampede","abiraterone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LATITUDE and STAMPEDE: abiraterone in mHSPC","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["latitude","stampede"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LUNA: pasireotide and everolimus active in lung and thymic tumours","note":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","from":"lung-net","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MAJIC-ET: ruxolitinib not superior","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Ruxolitinib matched but did not beat best available therapy after hydroxyurea failure, though it eased symptoms.","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":["majic-et","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Midostaurin approved for advanced systemic mastocytosis","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis (aggressive SM, SM with an associated haematological neoplasm, mast cell leukaemia)","from":"advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["midostaurin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Midostaurin, enasidenib, gemtuzumab re-approval","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MIKIE: intermittent vismodegib keeps efficacy with fewer side effects","note":"Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-bcc","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MSLT-II: completion lymph node dissection abandoned; CheckMate 238 and COMBI-AD set adjuvant nivolumab and dabrafenib-trametinib","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["mslt-ii","checkmate-238","combi-ad"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"N107C: radiosurgery to the surgical cavity replaces post-operative whole-brain radiotherapy","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["radiosurgery-srs"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"NCI9673: nivolumab responses in refractory anal cancer","note":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"metastatic-anal-cancer","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Neoantigen quality in long-term survivors; the integrated TCGA portrait","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Survivors have both many high-quality neoantigens and abundant CD8 T cells, and lose those clones at metastasis; TCGA fixes the driver list and sh...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-balachandran-neoantigen-quality-long-term-survivors-nature-2017","paper-tcga-pancreatic-integrated-characterisation-cancer-cell-2017","paper-connor-mutational-signatures-immune-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-1 published; telotristat ethyl approved for carcinoid syndrome diarrhoea","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["netter-1","telotristat-ethyl"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"NICE refuses to fund vismodegib","note":"Basal cell carcinoma. TA489 recommendation 1.1 does not recommend vismodegib for metastatic or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, on uncertain evidence and a cost per quality-a...","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["vismodegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab active in refractory disease (NCI9673)","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","from":"anal","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab third line (ATTRACTION-2); pembrolizumab for MSI-high tumours","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["nivolumab","pembrolizumab","msi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Obinutuzumab first line (GALLIUM)","note":"Follicular lymphoma","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["obinutuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"OlympiAD: olaparib beats chemotherapy in germline BRCA disease","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["olympiad","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"One protein, five stains, and prospective sequencing measured against what patients receive","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. The Blueprint comparison shows three PD-L1 assays agree on tumour cells and SP142 does not.","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-hirsch-j-thorac-oncol","paper-jordan-prospective-lung-adenocarcinoma-msk-cancer-discov-2017","paper-lee-clonal-history-small-cell-transformation-jco-2017","pdl1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PACIFIC: durvalumab after chemoradiation extends progression-free and overall survival","note":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","refs":["pacific","durvalumab","scott-antonia","paper-pacific-nejm-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PACIFIC: durvalumab consolidation in stage III","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["pacific","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pearlman: about one in six patients under 50 carries a germline predisposition variant","note":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","from":"early-onset-colorectal","refs":["germline-testing","lynch-syndrome"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pediatric MATCH opens","note":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella). Molecular assignment platform for any refractory childhood solid tumour.","from":"rare-childhood-cancers","refs":["pediatric-match"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved after KEYNOTE-087","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for mismatch-repair-deficient solid tumours including small bowel adenocarcinoma","note":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","from":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","msi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab beats chemotherapy in second line (KEYNOTE-045)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab cures chemoresistant GTN (Ghorani, Lancet)","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab produces durable remissions in chemoresistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","note":"High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 7 or more, including ultra-high-risk)","from":"high-risk-gtn","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab receives the first tumour-agnostic approval, for mismatch repair deficient solid tumours","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["pembrolizumab","merck"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab receives tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch repair-deficient cancers","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":["pembrolizumab","tumour-agnostic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab responses reported in resistant trophoblastic tumours including intermediate types","note":"Placental-site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour","from":"placental-site-trophoblastic-tumour","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab tumour-agnostic approval for MSI-high cancers","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma). Small bowel adenocarcinoma is one of the eligible tumours.","from":"small-bowel","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab: first tumour-agnostic approval, dMMR","note":"Colorectal cancer. Based on KEYNOTE-016/164 and others; dMMR CRC becomes the model immunotherapy-responsive GI tumour.","from":"colorectal","refs":["pembrolizumab","msi","tumour-agnostic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab: first tumour-agnostic approval, for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["pembrolizumab","msi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Plasma EBV DNA screening detects early nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong Kong","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["plasma-ebv-dna"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Plasma gets a threshold, and PARP resistance gets a mechanism","note":"Prostate cancer. Above a 2% tumour fraction, plasma reproduces every somatic mutation found in a matched metastatic biopsy, which is the number that makes a liquid biopsy reportabl...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-wyatt-ctdna-tissue-concordance-mcrpc-jnci-2017","paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pooled nivolumab analysis: lower response rates in mucosal melanoma","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Proton CSI: equivalent control, fewer toxicities (Yock, Lancet Oncol)","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":["proton-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RATIFY: midostaurin with 7+3 lengthens life; first targeted AML drug approved","note":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-flt3","refs":["ratify","midostaurin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RB1 and TP53 loss drive lineage plasticity in models","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":["tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Re-resection at four to eight weeks associated with longest survival","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Ethun and colleagues, ten US centres, 207 patients; a 2026 individual patient data meta-analysis found no difference by timing.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-ethun-re-resection-timing-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-jama-surg-2017","paper-selvakumar-revision-surgery-timing-ipd-meta-analysis-hpb-2026"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Resistance by changing cell type, and imaging moves in front of the biopsy","note":"Prostate cancer. Mu and Ku showed that losing TP53 and RB1 lets a prostate cancer cell switch on SOX2 and stop needing the androgen receptor, reversibly in the laboratory.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-mu-sox2-lineage-plasticity-science-2017","paper-ahmed-promis-multiparametric-mri-lancet-2017","paper-ku-rb1-trp53-lineage-plasticity-science-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RESORCE: regorafenib works after sorafenib","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["resorce","regorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RESORCE: regorafenib, first second-line benefit; SARAH/SIRveNIB negative for Y-90 vs sorafenib","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["resorce","sarah-sirvenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Risk-stratified sequential treatment","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Rituximab consolidation alone for complete responders (JCO 2017).","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":["rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9601: bicalutamide with salvage radiotherapy improves survival","note":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","from":"prostate-bcr","refs":["bicalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SARC006: neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in a minority, fewer in NF1-associated tumours","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":["doxorubicin","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SARC028: pembrolizumab responses concentrated in UPS and dedifferentiated liposarcoma","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Separate staging for HPV-positive disease (AJCC 8th edition)","note":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue)","from":"oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Separate staging system for HPV-positive disease (AJCC 8th edition)","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Short-course radiotherapy plus temozolomide extends survival from age 65 (CCTG CE.6)","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["cctg-ce6"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Side becomes a treatment decision, and non-V600 BRAF a separate disease","note":"Colorectal cancer. Across six randomised trials, EGFR antibodies helped left-sided RAS wild-type tumours (hazard ratio 0.75) and not right-sided ones (1.12); non-V600 BRAF mutation...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-arnold-primary-tumour-side-ras-wild-type-ann-oncol-2017","paper-tejpar-tumour-location-crystal-fire3-jama-oncol-2017","paper-jones-non-v600-braf-colorectal-jco-2017","paper-sepulveda-molecular-biomarkers-colorectal-guideline-jco-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Siegel and colleagues show a birth-cohort rise in colon and rectal cancer in young adults","note":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","from":"early-onset-colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Stage III moves, and so does the way tumours are read","note":"Lung cancer (all types). PACIFIC put durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy, reaching 42.9 percent five-year survival against 33.4; ALEX moved first-line ALK treatment to a brain-penet...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-spigel-pacific-five-year-survival-jco-2022","paper-peters-alex-alectinib-crizotinib-nejm-2017","paper-tracerx-100-nejm-2017","paper-abbosh-phylogenetic-ctdna-lung-cancer-nature-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"STEVIE measures what the hedgehog pill is like to take","note":"Basal cell carcinoma. 1,215 patients in 36 countries: response 68.5 per cent in locally advanced disease, adverse events in 98 per cent and a median treatment duration of 8.6 month...","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["stevie"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S0777: bortezomib added to Rd lengthens life without transplant","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["bortezomib","vrd"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Takahashi: no survival benefit from prophylactic cranial irradiation with MRI surveillance","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["takahashi-pci","mri"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TCGA analysis defines the pseudohypoxia and kinase clusters","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TCGA sequencing confirms a shared clonal origin of both components with frequent TP53 mutation","note":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","from":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","refs":["tp53"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tisagenlecleucel approved: the first CAR T-cell therapy for any cancer, for children and young adults with relapsed B-ALL","note":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-relapsed","refs":["tisagenlecleucel","eliana"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tisagenlecleucel: first CAR-T","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Tisagenlecleucel: the first CAR-T approval, for childhood ALL","note":"Leukaemia (all types)","from":"leukaemia","refs":["tisagenlecleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TNM 8th edition staging (IASLC/ITMIG)","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TNM 8th edition: size-based T categories and node counts","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. T1 to T3 by size (2 and 4 cm), N1 and N2 by one to three and four or more nodes; validated in 2,318 resections from three US centres and 8,960 SEE...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["tnm-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TNM staging for thymic tumours adopted in the eighth edition of the AJCC and UICC manuals","note":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","from":"thymoma","refs":["staging-systems"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib approved for BRAF V600E-mutant Erdheim-Chester disease (VE-BASKET)","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":["vemurafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib approved for ECD","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. First approval for any histiocytosis (VE-BASKET); November 2017.","from":"histiocytoses","refs":["vemurafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Vermilion lip cancer moves to the skin cancer staging chapter (AJCC 8th edition)","note":"Lip cancer","from":"lip-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification confirms MAML2 fusion as diagnostic and prognostic","note":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma","from":"mucoepidermoid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of pancreatic tumours creates NET G3","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":["net-grade-ki67"]},{"group":"history","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Z0011 at ten years: a positive sentinel node no longer means clearing the axilla","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Ten-year overall survival 86.3 percent without completion clearance against 83.6 percent with it.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["acosog-z0011"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"bba-reviews-on-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"JCO clinical cancer informatics founded","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","from":"jco-clinical-cancer-informatics","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"JCO Precision Oncology founded","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","from":"jco-precision-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"JNCI cancer spectrum founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"jnci-cancer-spectrum","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IVDR (EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation 2017/746)","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"ivdr","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Japan conditional early approval and time-limited approval","note":"Japan, statute.","from":"japan-conditional-early-approval","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RACE for Children Act","note":"United States, statute.","from":"race-for-children-act","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"11 years' follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer: final analysis of the HERceptin Adjuvant (HERA) trial","note":"Cameron D, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Gelber RD, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-hera-b31-n9831-lancet-2017-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"20-Year Risks of Breast-Cancer Recurrence after Stopping Endocrine Therapy at 5 Years","note":"Pan H, Gray R, Braybrooke J, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-pan-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"A European randomised controlled trial of the addition of etoposide to standard vincristine and carboplatin induction as part of an 18-month treatment programme...","note":"Gnekow AK, Walker DA, Kandels D, et al. European Journal of Cancer.","from":"paper-carboplatin-glioblastoma-eur-j-cancer-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"A prospective, multi-institutional, pathologist-based assessment of 4 immunohistochemistry assays for PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer","note":"Rimm DL, Han G, Taube JM, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-rimm-pd-l1-assay-comparison-jama-oncol-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy","note":"Masuda N, Lee SJ, Ohtani S, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-create-x-adjuvant-capecitabine-nejm-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer","note":"Zahalka AH, Arnal-Estapé A, Maryanovich M, et al. Science.","from":"paper-zahalka-science","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ALCANZA: brentuximab vedotin versus physician's choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","note":"Prince HM, Kim YH, Horwitz SM, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-alcanza-brentuximab-vedotin-lancet-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-peters-alex-alectinib-crizotinib-nejm-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Altered interactions between unicellular and multicellular genes drive hallmarks of transformation in a diverse range of solid tumors","note":"Trigos AS, Pearson RB, Papenfuss AT, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.","from":"paper-trigos-proc-natl-acad-sci-u-s-a","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Analysis of circulating cell-free DNA identifies multiclonal heterogeneity of BRCA2 reversion mutations associated with resistance to PARP inhibitors","note":"Quigley D, Alumkal JJ, Wyatt AW, et al. Cancer Discovery.","from":"paper-quigley-brca2-reversion-cfdna-parp-resistance-cancer-discov-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Analysis of Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA to Screen for Nasopharyngeal Cancer","note":"Chan KCA, Woo JKS, King A, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-chan-n-engl-j-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ANBL1221: irinotecan-temozolomide with temsirolimus or dinutuximab in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma","note":"Mody R, Naranjo A, Van Ryn C, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-anbl1221-irinotecan-temozolomide-dinutuximab-mody-lancet-oncol-2017","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Ancestral gene regulatory networks drive cancer","note":"Bussey KJ, Cisneros LH, Lineweaver CH, et al. 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m...","from":"alta","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","brigatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"AMPLE reported","note":"Median total hospital days 10.0 against 12.0 (p=0.03, difference 2.92 days); breathlessness and quality of life equivalent.","from":"ample","refs":["nsclc","sclc","lung-cancer","pleural-mesothelioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ANBL1221 reported","note":"Objective response 52.9 percent with irinotecan, temozolomide and dinutuximab against 5.6 percent with temsirolimus in the randomised part; 41.5 percent across all 53 dinutuximab-t...","from":"anbl1221","refs":["neuroblastoma-high-risk","neuroblastoma","childhood-cancers","irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"APHINITY reported","note":"8-year iDFS HR 0.78; node-positive absolute +4.9%.","from":"aphinity","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","pertuzumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ARCHER 1009: A Study Of Dacomitinib (PF-00299804) Vs. Erlotinib In The Treatment Of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer reported","from":"nct01360554","refs":["nsclc","dacomitinib","erlotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ARCHER 1050 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 14.7 vs 9.2 months (hazard ratio 0.59, masked independent review); median overall survival 34.1 vs 26.8 months (hazard ratio 0.76) in a separate ma...","from":"nct01774721","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","dacomitinib","gefitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ASCEND-4 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 16.6 vs 8.1 months (hazard ratio 0.55, blinded independent review); response rate 72.5% vs 26.7%; overall survival not significantly different at t...","from":"nct01828099","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","ceritinib","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ASCENDE-RT reported","note":"Nine-year biochemical progression-free survival 83 percent with a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost against 62 percent with a dose-escalated external beam boost (multivariable haza...","from":"ascende-rt","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Assess Efficacy & Safety of Selumetinib in Combination With Docetaxel in Patients Receiving 2nd Line Treatment for v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral reported","from":"nct01933932","refs":["nsclc","sclc","selumetinib","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ATTRACTION-2 reported","note":"Nivolumab improved overall survival over placebo in heavily pretreated advanced gastric cancer; approved in Japan in September 2017.","from":"attraction-2","refs":["gastric-pdl1-high","gastric","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"AURA3 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 10.1 against 4.4 months (hazard ratio 0.30, 95 percent confidence interval 0.23 to 0.41).","from":"aura3","refs":["egfr-mutant-nsclc","osimertinib","pemetrexed","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"BILCAP reported","note":"OS 51.1 vs 36.4 months; ITT HR 0.81 (p=0.097), per-protocol HR 0.75.","from":"bilcap","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","gallbladder"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"BRF113928 cohort C (dabrafenib with trametinib, untreated BRAF V600E) reported","note":"Confirmed objective response 64 percent (23 of 36), with 6 percent complete responses; grade 3 or worse adverse events in 69 percent.","from":"brf113928","refs":["braf-v600e-nsclc","dabrafenib","trametinib","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CALGB/SWOG 80405 reported","note":"Median overall survival 30.0 with cetuximab against 29.0 months with bevacizumab: no significant difference.","from":"calgb-80405","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","bevacizumab","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CATNON (EORTC 26053-22054) reported","note":"Adjuvant temozolomide: overall survival hazard ratio 0.65; 5-year survival 55.9% vs 44.1%. Concurrent temozolomide benefit confined to IDH-mutant tumours.","from":"catnon","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","idh-mutant-astrocytoma","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CCTG CE.6 / EORTC 26062-22061 (Perry trial) reported","note":"OS 9.3 vs 7.6 months, HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.56-0.80).","from":"cctg-ce6","refs":["glioblastoma","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 026 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 4.2 against 5.9 months (hazard ratio 1.15, p=0.25) and overall survival 14.4 against 13.2 months (hazard ratio 1.02): the primary endpoint was not...","from":"checkmate-026","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","nivolumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 238 reported","note":"12-month recurrence-free survival 70.5% vs 60.8% (HR 0.65); 4-year recurrence-free survival 51.7% vs 41.2%; no overall survival difference.","from":"checkmate-238","refs":["stage-iii-melanoma","melanoma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CLOCC reported","note":"Eight-year overall survival 35.9 against 8.9 percent with ablation added (hazard ratio 0.58).","from":"clocc","refs":["colorectal","folfox","bevacizumab","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"COMBI-AD reported","note":"10-year RFS 48% vs 32%; DMFS 63% vs 48%.","from":"combi-ad","refs":["melanoma","braf-v600-melanoma","stage-iii-melanoma","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CONKO-005 reported","note":"Median disease-free survival 11.4 months with gemcitabine plus erlotinib and 11.4 months with gemcitabine; median overall survival 24.5 against 26.5 months.","from":"conko-005","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","erlotinib","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CONVERT reported","note":"No significant difference; twice-daily 45 Gy remains standard.","from":"convert","refs":["sclc","limited-stage-sclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"CREATE-X reported","note":"5-year DFS 74.1% vs 67.6% (HR 0.70); OS 89.2% vs 83.6% (HR 0.59). TNBC subgroup: DFS 69.8% vs 56.1% (HR 0.58), OS 78.8% vs 70.3% (HR 0.52).","from":"create-x","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","breast-hr-positive","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Depsipeptide (Romidepsin) in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Unresectable Soft Tissue Sarcoma reported","from":"nct00112463","refs":["alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","angiosarcoma","epithelioid-sarcoma","chondrosarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-1 reported","note":"6-year OS 93.9% vs 89.4%, HR 0.59.","from":"echelon-1","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety Study of TOOKAD® Soluble for Localised Prostate Cancer Compared to Active Surveillance reported","note":"Disease progression at 24 months in 28 percent after padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy against 58 percent under active surveillance (adjusted hazard ratio 0.34, 9...","from":"nct01310894","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","padeliporfin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-4 reported","note":"Median overall survival 28.0 months with gemcitabine plus capecitabine against 25.5 months with gemcitabine alone (hazard ratio 0.82, p 0.032).","from":"espac-4","refs":["resectable-pdac","pancreatic","gemcitabine","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"FIRES & SENTOR (sentinel node mapping) reported","note":"Sensitivity 97%, NPV 99.6% (FIRES).","from":"fires-sentor","refs":["endometrial"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"FIRSTANA reported","note":"Median overall survival 24.5, 25.2 and 24.3 months for cabazitaxel 20 mg/m2, cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 and docetaxel; neither cabazitaxel dose was superior.","from":"firstana","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","cabazitaxel","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"GALLIUM reported","note":"Three-year progression-free survival 80.0 percent with obinutuzumab-chemotherapy against 73.3 percent with rituximab-chemotherapy (hazard ratio 0.66, p 0.001); more grade 3 to 5 ad...","from":"gallium","refs":["follicular-lymphoma","marginal-zone-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","obinutuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"GATSBY reported","note":"Trastuzumab emtansine did not improve overall survival over taxane chemotherapy in previously treated HER2-positive gastric cancer.","from":"gatsby","refs":["gastric-her2-positive","gastric","trastuzumab-emtansine","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Glucarpidase Effect on Severe Delayed HDM-clearance in Children Treated With High-dose Mtx in ALL reported","from":"nct01305655","refs":["all-leukemia","glucarpidase"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IFM 2009 reported","note":"Early autologous transplant after RVD lengthened progression-free survival compared with RVD alone, with similar overall survival at first analysis.","from":"ifm-2009","refs":["myeloma-transplant-eligible","multiple-myeloma","lenalidomide","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"IMPORT LOW reported","note":"5-year local relapse 0.5% (partial breast) vs 1.1% (whole breast), non-inferior; fewer breast changes.","from":"import-low","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ISG-STS 1001 reported","note":"Standard arm DFS HR ~0.45 vs tailored; OS 89% vs 64% at 46 months.","from":"isg-sts-1001","refs":["sarcoma","extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"J-ALEX reported","note":"Stopped at the second interim analysis for a large progression-free survival advantage of alectinib over crizotinib.","from":"j-alex","refs":["alk-positive-nsclc","alectinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LATITUDE reported","note":"OS HR 0.66.","from":"latitude","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LDK378 Versus Chemotherapy in ALK Rearranged (ALK Positive) Patients Previously Treated With Chemotherapy (Platinum Doublet) and Crizotinib reported","from":"nct01828112","refs":["nsclc","ceritinib","pemetrexed","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LEGEND-2 reported","note":"ORR 88%, CR 68%, median PFS 15 months (Xi'an cohort, n = 57).","from":"legend-2","refs":["multiple-myeloma","ciltacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"LOTUS reported","note":"PFS 6.2 vs 4.9 months (HR 0.60, p 0.037); PTEN-low 6.2 vs 3.7 months (HR 0.59, p 0.18). Not confirmed by IPATunity130.","from":"lotus","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","ipatasertib","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MAJIC-ET reported","note":"Complete response within 1 year 46.6% (ruxolitinib) vs 44.2% (best available therapy), not significant; no difference in clots, bleeding or transformation at 2 years.","from":"majic-et","refs":["essential-thrombocythaemia","ruxolitinib","anagrelide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MONARCH 3 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.54; OS 66.8 vs 53.7 months, HR 0.80 (NS).","from":"monarch-3","refs":["breast-hr-positive","abemaciclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"MSLT-II reported","note":"No melanoma-specific survival benefit; lymphoedema 24% vs 6%.","from":"mslt-ii","refs":["melanoma","stage-iii-melanoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"NCI9673 reported","note":"Nivolumab alone: objective response 24 percent in 37 previously treated patients. Nivolumab with ipilimumab did not improve progression-free survival (3.7 against 2.9 months, hazar...","from":"nci9673","refs":["metastatic-anal-cancer","anal","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-1 reported","note":"PFS at 20 months 65.2% vs 10.8% (HR 0.21); ORR 18% vs 3%.","from":"netter-1","refs":["neuroendocrine","small-intestinal-net","lutathera","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"OlympiAD reported","note":"PFS 7.0 vs 4.2 months, HR 0.58; OS 19.3 vs 17.1 months, not significant.","from":"olympiad","refs":["tnbc","breast-hr-positive","tnbc-metastatic","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PACIFIC reported","note":"OS HR 0.68; 5-year OS 42.9% vs 33.4%.","from":"pacific","refs":["nsclc","stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Phase 2 Trial of Prophylactic Rituximab Therapy for Prevention of CGVHD reported","from":"nct00186628","refs":["leukaemia","mantle-cell-lymphoma","rituximab","filgrastim"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PIVOT (Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial) reported","note":"All-cause mortality 61.3 against 66.8 percent (hazard ratio 0.84, 95 percent confidence interval 0.70 to 1.01, p=0.06) and prostate cancer mortality 7.4 against 11.4 percent (0.63...","from":"pivot","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Pixantrone Dimaleate in Treating Patients With HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct01086605","refs":["breast-cancer","pixantrone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PROFIT (Prostate Fractionated Irradiation Trial) reported","note":"Five-year biochemical and clinical failure-free survival 85 percent in both arms (hazard ratio 0.96, 90 percent confidence interval 0.77 to 1.2); no significant difference in grade...","from":"profit-trial","refs":["prostate","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PROMIS reported","note":"Multiparametric MRI sensitivity 93 percent against 48 percent for transrectal biopsy, at the cost of specificity (41 against 96 percent); as a triage test it would spare 27 percent...","from":"promis","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PROSELICA reported","note":"Median overall survival 13.4 months at cabazitaxel 20 mg/m2 against 14.5 months at 25 mg/m2 (hazard ratio 1.024, upper bound 1.184, non-inferior); grade 3 or 4 adverse events 39.7...","from":"proselica","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","cabazitaxel","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"PTLD-1 reported","note":"Overall response 88 percent and complete remission 70 percent with risk-stratified sequential treatment; three-year response duration 82 percent; median overall survival 6.6 years...","from":"ptld-1","refs":["post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","rituximab","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RATIFY (CALGB 10603) reported","note":"Median OS 74.7 vs 25.6 months; HR 0.78.","from":"ratify","refs":["aml","aml-flt3","midostaurin","cytarabine-7-3"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RESORCE reported","note":"OS 10.6 vs 7.8 months, HR 0.63.","from":"resorce","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","regorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RESPONSE-2 reported","note":"Haematocrit control at week 28: 62% vs 19%.","from":"response-2","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 9601 reported","note":"12-year overall survival 76.3% vs 71.3% (hazard ratio 0.77); benefit mainly with PSA above 0.7 ng/mL.","from":"rtog-9601","refs":["prostate","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam Pentasodium and 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy or Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Rising P...","from":"nct00551525","refs":["prostate","samarium-153-lexidronam"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SARAH and SIRveNIB reported","note":"OS not improved; fewer adverse events.","from":"sarah-sirvenib","refs":["hcc","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SARC028 reported","note":"Pembrolizumab produced objective responses mainly in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, with little activity in bone sarcomas.","from":"sarc028","refs":["undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","liposarcoma","osteosarcoma","ewing-sarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SINS (surgical excision against imiquimod cream for basal cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Clinical success at three years 84 per cent with imiquimod against 98 per cent with surgery (relative risk 0.84, 98 per cent confidence interval 0.78 to 0.91, p<0.0001), and at fiv...","from":"sins-trial","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","imiquimod"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEN HR-NBL1 reported","note":"BuMel > CEM (EFS 50% vs 38%); IL-2 adds no benefit to anti-GD2.","from":"hr-nbl1","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk","dinutuximab","busulfan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"STEVIE (vismodegib in ordinary practice) reported","note":"Investigator-assessed response 68.5 per cent in locally advanced and 36.9 per cent in metastatic basal cell carcinoma, with treatment-emergent adverse events in 98 per cent, seriou...","from":"stevie","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","locally-advanced-bcc","skin-cancer","vismodegib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Stockholm III reported","note":"Delaying surgery after 5 x 5 Gy is non-inferior for local recurrence and has fewer postoperative complications.","from":"stockholm-iii","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"SYNERGY reported","note":"Median overall survival 23.4 against 22.0 months (hazard ratio 0.93, 95 percent confidence interval 0.79 to 1.10, p=0.415): no benefit.","from":"synergy-custirsen","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","custirsen","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Takahashi trial: prophylactic cranial irradiation with MRI surveillance in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.6 (PCI) vs 13.7 months (MRI surveillance), no benefit.","from":"takahashi-pci","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"TOWER reported","note":"OS 7.7 vs 4.0 months; HR 0.71.","from":"tower","refs":["all-leukemia","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"Vistogard Studies 1 and 2 reported","note":"Survival 96% (137 of 142) with uridine triacetate; historical supportive-care overdose cohort mortality 84% (21 of 25).","from":"vistogard-studies-1-2","refs":["uridine-triacetate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2017","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-1 reported","note":"High objective and complete response rates in refractory large B-cell lymphoma with durable remissions in a large minority; approved in October 2017.","from":"zuma-1","refs":["dlbcl","primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-03-13","precision":"day","title":"Ribociclib: approval (US)","note":"With aromatase inhibitor, HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer (MONALEESA-2)","from":"ribociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-03-27","precision":"day","title":"Niraparib: approval (US)","note":"Maintenance in recurrent ovarian cancer regardless of BRCA (NOVA)","from":"niraparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-03-30","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval (AURA3)","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-03-31","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval (PALOMA-2)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-04-28","precision":"day","title":"Midostaurin: approval (US)","note":"First FLT3 inhibitor approved","from":"midostaurin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-05","precision":"month","title":"Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta: approval (EU)","note":"Dinutuximab beta (Qarziba)","from":"dinutuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-05-01","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Urothelial carcinoma (accelerated; later withdrawn 2021)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-05-23","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"MSI-H/dMMR solid tumours: first tumour-agnostic approval","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-07-11","precision":"day","title":"Blinatumomab: approval (US)","note":"Full approval including Ph+ ALL","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08","precision":"month","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, HER2+ breast cancer","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08-01","precision":"day","title":"Enasidenib: approval (US)","note":"Single-arm AG221-C-001","from":"enasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08-03","precision":"day","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine): approval (US)","note":"Adults","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin: approval (US)","note":"INO-VATE","from":"inotuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"Maintenance in platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer; tablet formulation","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-08-30","precision":"day","title":"Tisagenlecleucel: approval (US)","note":"First CAR-T approval in history","from":"tisagenlecleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2017-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2017 updates for Acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"3 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of midostaurin (April 2017, RATIFY), CPX-351 (August 2017), enasidenib (August 2017) and the re-approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (September...","from":"aml","refs":["midostaurin","ratify","cpx-351","cpx-351-301"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2017-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2017 updates for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of ribociclib (March 2017) and abemaciclib (September 2017) after palbociclib (2015).","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["ribociclib","abemaciclib","palbociclib","monaleesa-2"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-09","precision":"month","title":"Bevacizumab: approval (US)","note":"First biosimilar (bevacizumab-awwb) approved","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-09-01","precision":"day","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: approval (US)","note":"Re-approval at lower fractionated dose for newly diagnosed and relapsed CD33+ AML (ALFA-0701)","from":"gemtuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-09-26","precision":"day","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval: first modern PRRT","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-09-28","precision":"day","title":"Abemaciclib: approval (US)","note":"With fulvestrant after endocrine therapy, and as monotherapy after chemotherapy (MONARCH 2/1)","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-10-18","precision":"day","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma after ≥2 lines (ZUMA-1): second CAR-T ever approved","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-11-30","precision":"day","title":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx: approval (US)","note":"FDA approval and parallel Medicare NCD: first FDA-approved broad CGP companion diagnostic","from":"foundationone-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-12-01","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"First trastuzumab biosimilar (Ogivri)","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2017-12-20","precision":"day","title":"Pertuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant (APHINITY)","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2018","kind":"year","name":"2018 in oncology","aka":["2018"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2018: 629 entries, 171 papers, 165 papers listed on people's pages, 113 landmarks and 65 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"629 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2018: 171 papers, 165 papers listed on people's pages, 113 landmarks, 65 trials reported, 55 approvals, 26 regulatory events, 13 companies founded, 10 technologies, 3 journals founded, 3 laws and regulations, 3 guideline changes and 2 financing rounds.\n\nOf those, 24 to the day, 5 to the month and 600 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2017","2019"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2018,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy approved in US","note":"Iobenguane scan-positive unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma in patients 12 and older (Azedra, high-specific-activity form; discontinued...","from":"i131-mibg","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate approved in US","note":"High-risk mHSPC (LATITUDE)","from":"abiraterone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Afatinib approved in US","note":"Uncommon EGFR mutations (S768I, L861Q, G719X)","from":"afatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. TA536, published 8 August 2018, within its marketing authorisation subject to the commercial arrangement (ALEX).","from":"alectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Anlotinib approved in China","note":"Advanced NSCLC after at least two lines of systemic therapy (ALTER 0303)","from":"anlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Apalutamide approved in US","note":"Non-metastatic CRPC (SPARTAN)","from":"apalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Arsenic trioxide approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed low-risk APL with tretinoin","from":"arsenic-trioxide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) approved in US","note":"ALL in patients 1 month-21 years (calaspargase pegol)","from":"asparaginase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after chemotherapy. TA520, published 16 May 2018, stopped at 2 years of uninterrupted treatment or earlier on progression...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"First-line stage III-IV ovarian cancer after surgery","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Binimetinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E/K melanoma with encorafenib","from":"binimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"BRACAnalysis CDx approved in US","note":"Olaparib and talazoparib in germline BRCA-mutated HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer","from":"bracanalysis-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Brentuximab vedotin approved in US","note":"First-line stage III/IV Hodgkin lymphoma with AVD","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in EU","note":"ALK-positive NSCLC","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Burosumab approved in EU","note":"X-linked hypophosphataemia; FGF23-related hypophosphataemia in tumour-induced osteomalacia (phosphaturic mesenchymal tumours not curatively resectable or localisable).","from":"burosumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab approved in US","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ceritinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. TA500, published 24 January 2018, with the discount agreed in the patient access scheme (ASCEND-4).","from":"ceritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"clonoSEQ approved in US","note":"MRD in bone marrow, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and multiple myeloma (De Novo)","from":"clonoseq","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Dacomitinib approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 del or L858R","from":"dacomitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Dasatinib approved in US","note":"Paediatric Ph+ ALL with chemotherapy","from":"dasatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in US","note":"Unresectable stage III NSCLC after chemoradiation","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Duvelisib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL after ≥2 prior therapies; FL (withdrawn 2021)","from":"duvelisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Elotuzumab approved in US","note":"With pomalidomide-dexamethasone after ≥2 therapies","from":"elotuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Emapalumab approved in US","note":"Primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, refractory, recurrent or progressive, or intolerant of conventional therapy","from":"emapalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in EU","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer, with cetuximab. Braftovi marketing authorisation issued 19 September 2018; the EMA product page lists metastatic colorectal cancer w...","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma with binimetinib","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Enzalutamide approved in US","note":"Non-metastatic CRPC","from":"enzalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Fostamatinib approved in US","note":"Chronic immune thrombocytopenia in adults with insufficient response to a previous treatment","from":"fostamatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Fruquintinib approved in China","note":"Refractory mCRC (FRESCO)","from":"fruquintinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Gilteritinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated AML","from":"gilteritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Glasdegib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed AML in adults ≥75 or unfit for intensive chemotherapy, with low-dose cytarabine","from":"glasdegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory IDH1-mutated AML","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib approved in US","note":"Solid tumours with NTRK gene fusion without known acquired resistance mutation, metastatic or unresectable, adults and children","from":"larotrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"First-line unresectable HCC","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lorlatinib approved in US","note":"ALK+ NSCLC after prior ALK TKI","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate approved in US","note":"SSTR+ GEP-NETs","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Mecapegfilgrastim approved in CN","note":"Prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in non-myeloid cancers","from":"mecapegfilgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Mogamulizumab approved in EU","note":"MF/SS after ≥1 systemic therapy","from":"mogamulizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Mogamulizumab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome after ≥1 systemic therapy","from":"mogamulizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Moxetumomab pasudotox approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukaemia after ≥2 systemic therapies including a purine analogue. Withdrawn from market 2023","from":"moxetumomab-pasudotox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved in US","note":"gBRCA HER2- metastatic breast cancer","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved in US","note":"First-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pegfilgrastim approved in US","note":"First biosimilars (Fulphila, Udenyca); further biosimilars 2019 onwards","from":"pegfilgrastim","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated PD-L1-positive metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with a tumour proportion score of 50 percent or more and no EGFR or ALK alteration.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ProFound AI (iCAD) approved in US","note":"510(k) clearance: AI detection for digital breast tomosynthesis (first for 3D mammography)","from":"icad-profound-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pyrotinib approved in China","note":"HER2+ advanced breast cancer with capecitabine","from":"pyrotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ravulizumab approved in US","note":"Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Later extended to atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and generalised myasthenia gravis","from":"ravulizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Rucaparib approved in US","note":"Maintenance in recurrent ovarian cancer after platinum response (now BRCA-mutated only)","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Sintilimab approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after two or more lines","from":"sintilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tagraxofusp approved in US","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, adults and children ≥2","from":"tagraxofusp","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Talazoparib approved in US","note":"gBRCA HER2- locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tisagenlecleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL","from":"tisagenlecleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab approved in China","note":"Melanoma (first of many indications)","from":"toripalimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Transpara approved in US","note":"510(k) clearance, 2D mammography","from":"transpara","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax approved in US","note":"AML with azacitidine/decitabine/LDAC in unfit patients","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Canopy founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"canopy","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Curesponse founded","note":"Rehovot","from":"curesponse","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Halda Therapeutics founded","note":"New Haven, CT","from":"halda-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Immunai founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"immunai","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ImmunoACT founded","note":"Mumbai","from":"immunoact","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Jeito Capital founded","note":"Paris","from":"jeito-capital","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Kumquat Biosciences founded","note":"San Diego, CA","from":"kumquat-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Nuvation Bio founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"nuvation-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SunHo Biopharmaceutical founded","note":"Nanjing","from":"sunho-biopharmaceutical","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TAE Life Sciences founded","note":"Irvine, CA","from":"tae-life-sciences","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tallac Therapeutics founded","note":"Burlingame, CA","from":"tallac-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Vara founded","note":"Berlin","from":"vara","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Wigen Biomedicine Technology (Shanghai) founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"wigen-biomedicine-technology-shanghai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Radformation: Seed","note":"$2m. Led by Brooklyn Bridge Ventures with angel investors","from":"radformation","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TAE Life Sciences: Series A","note":"$40m. Led by ARTIS Ventures; company launched as a majority-owned subsidiary of fusion company TAE Technologies","from":"tae-life-sciences","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant mFOLFIRINOX (PRODIGE 24)","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Median OS 54 months after resection.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["prodige-24"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Aggarwal: 17 percent of men on potent hormone therapy have neuroendocrine features at biopsy","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":["castration-resistance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"AJCC 8th edition gives HPV-positive oropharynx cancer its own staging","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["hpv-p16","tnm-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ALTA-1L: brigatinib beats crizotinib first line","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"alk-positive-nsclc","refs":["alta-1l","brigatinib","ross-camidge"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"American Cancer Society lowers the screening start age to 45","note":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","from":"early-onset-colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"AREN0533: lung radiotherapy omitted for rapid complete responders","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Arsenic trioxide approved for first-line standard-risk APL in the United States","note":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia","from":"apl","refs":["arsenic-trioxide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ASCO and NCCN recommend germline testing for every patient with pancreatic cancer","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["germline-testing","gbrca-mutation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved for MRD-positive ALL","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. First approval based on an MRD endpoint (BLAST).","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["blinatumomab","mrd-negative-cr"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab: first systemic approval for cSCC","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. EMPOWER-CSCC-1 (NEJM 2018).","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 204: immunotherapy doublet works in the brain","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["checkmate-204"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 204: nivolumab plus ipilimumab active in melanoma brain metastases","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Checkpoint inhibitors in cutaneous angiosarcoma","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma).","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":["checkpoint-inhibitor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Co-mutations, and the testing guideline that followed","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. STK11 and KEAP1 are tied to poor immunotherapy outcomes in KRAS-mutant disease; the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-kras-nsclc-cancer-discov-2018","paper-arbour-kras-co-mutation-outcomes-ccr-2018","paper-lindeman-lung-molecular-testing-guideline-jto-2018","stk11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"COLUMBUS: encorafenib-binimetinib approved","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["columbus","encorafenib","binimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib approved (ROAR)","note":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer. The first drug approval for this cancer.","from":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer","refs":["dabrafenib","trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib-trametinib approved for BRAF V600E anaplastic thyroid cancer (ROAR); larotrectinib tumour-agnostic","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["roar-atc","dabrafenib-trametinib","ntrk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Dasatinib approved for children with Ph-positive ALL after CA180-372","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["dasatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-1: brentuximab vedotin with AVD beats ABVD","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["echelon-1","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-1: BV-AVD approved frontline; radiotherapy omission trials (RAPID, HD16/17) report","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["echelon-1","pet-adapted-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-2 and mogamulizumab","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). Brentuximab-CHP improves OS over CHOP; mogamulizumab approved for MF/Sézary (MAVORIC).","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["brentuximab-vedotin","mogamulizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ELIANA published: 81 percent remission in 75 heavily pretreated children","note":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-relapsed","refs":["paper-eliana-tisagenlecleucel-nejm-2018","eliana"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EMBRACA and IMpassion130","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["embraca","talazoparib","impassion130","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-CSCC-1: cemiplimab is the first approved systemic therapy","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["empower-cscc-1","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib + binimetinib approved (COLUMBUS); Nobel Prize to Allison and Honjo","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["columbus","encorafenib","binimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EORTC 90101 CREATE phase 2","note":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT). Schöffski and colleagues, Lancet Respir Med: high response rate in ALK-positive IMT.","from":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","refs":["crizotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ESE guideline for aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma. Temozolomide as first-line chemotherapy.","from":"pituitary-tumours","refs":["temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ESE/ENSAT guideline sets Ki-67 and resection status as the basis for adjuvant mitotane","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Euro-EWING 99 R2: busulfan-melphalan benefit in high-risk localised disease","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EURO-SKI: half of patients stopping treatment stay in remission","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["molecular-response"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["pancreatic-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Everolimus phase 2 shows disease control in pretreated thymic epithelial tumours; severe immune toxicity of PD-1 antibodies in thymoma reported","note":"Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3)","from":"thymoma","refs":["everolimus","irae"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FIGO 2018 staging splits IB by tumour size and adds imaging and nodal status","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"First consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment (Blood)","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"First immunotherapy signal","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). IMpassion130: atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel improves PFS in PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC (approval later withdrawn).","from":"tnbc","refs":["impassion130","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FLAURA: first-line osimertinib beats gefitinib and erlotinib","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["flaura","osimertinib","jean-charles-soria","suresh-ramalingam"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"GD2 identified as a target on H3 K27M gliomas","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). Mount and Monje (Nature Medicine) show GD2 CAR-T clears tumours in mouse models.","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":["gd2","glioma-car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Germline faults in 5.5 percent regardless of family history; CAPS surveillance finds operable cancers","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Hu, 3,030 patients. Canto, 354 high-risk individuals over 16 years: 9 of 10 surveillance-detected cancers resectable.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018","paper-canto-caps-long-term-surveillance-gastroenterology-2018","paper-sharma-endpac-model-new-onset-diabetes-gastroenterology-2018","idea-pdac-surveillance-for-every-germline-carrier"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Gilteritinib approved for relapsed FLT3-mutated AML after ADMIRAL","note":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-flt3","refs":["admiral","gilteritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0277 closed early","note":"Uterine sarcoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I LMS did not improve outcomes; observation is standard.","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":["gemcitabine","docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"HERBY: bevacizumab adds nothing to radiotherapy and temozolomide","note":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma). Grill and colleagues (JCO).","from":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","refs":["bevacizumab-glioma","temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"High-specific-activity 131I-MIBG (Azedra) approved","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). FDA, July 2018, for unresectable MIBG-positive PPGL; later discontinued commercially.","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":["i131-mibg"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"High-specific-activity 131I-MIBG (Azedra) approved in the United States","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["i131-mibg"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IDEA: 3 months of adjuvant CAPOX suffices for low-risk stage III","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["capox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IMpower133: atezolizumab plus chemotherapy, the first survival gain in decades","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["impower133","atezolizumab","luis-paz-ares"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IMpower133: first survival gain in decades with atezolizumab","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["impower133","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"iNNOVATE: ibrutinib-rituximab","note":"Waldenström macroglobulinaemia","from":"waldenstrom","refs":["ibrutinib","rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"International DICER1 surveillance consensus published","note":"Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours)","from":"pleuropulmonary-blastoma","refs":["germline-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"International Male Breast Cancer Program (EORTC 10085)","note":"Male breast cancer. Cardoso and colleagues (Ann Oncol 2018) characterise 1,483 men treated 1990 to 2010.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved for relapsed IDH1-mutated AML","note":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-idh","refs":["ivosidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib, gilteritinib, and venetoclax combinations","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Ivosidenib (IDH1) and gilteritinib (ADMIRAL) approved; venetoclax + HMA/LDAC gets accelerated approval for unfit AML.","from":"aml","refs":["ivosidenib","gilteritinib","admiral","venetoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KATHERINE, TRAIN-2 and KRISTINE","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["katherine","trastuzumab-emtansine","train-2","kristine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KATHERINE: T-DM1 for residual disease","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["katherine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-054: adjuvant pembrolizumab beats placebo","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["nct02362594","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-189 and KEYNOTE-407: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for all PD-L1 levels","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["keynote-024-189","pembrolizumab","paper-keynote-189-nejm-2018"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"LACC: minimally invasive radical hysterectomy inferior to open surgery","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":["lacc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"LACC: minimally invasive radical hysterectomy is inferior","note":"Cervical cancer. Practice reverses to open surgery within months.","from":"cervical","refs":["lacc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib approved for NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours, pancreatic cancer included","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["larotrectinib","ntrk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib approved tumour-agnostically, including secretory carcinoma","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":["larotrectinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib: tumour-agnostic approval for NTRK fusion cancers","note":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","refs":["larotrectinib","navigate","tumour-agnostic","alexander-drilon"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Leuprorelin with bicalutamide: phase 2 response rate 41.7 percent","note":"Salivary duct carcinoma","from":"salivary-duct-carcinoma","refs":["leuprolide","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutathera approved","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["lutathera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutathera approved (NETTER-1): PRRT enters standard care","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["lutathera","prrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutathera approved for gastroenteropancreatic tumours","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["lutathera","prrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutathera approved in the United States and Europe","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["lutathera","prrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MAVORIC: mogamulizumab approved","note":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","from":"cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["mogamulizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MIPSS70 adds mutations to risk scoring for transplant decisions","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Moxetumomab pasudotox approved","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia. First CD22 immunotoxin; withdrawn from the US market in 2023 for commercial reasons.","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":["moxetumomab-pasudotox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MURANO: two years of venetoclax-rituximab beats chemoimmunotherapy","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["venetoclax","rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"National Cancer Database comparison: worse survival in resected stage I and II disease","note":"Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas","from":"pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma","refs":["whipple"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"NICE NG85: pancreatic cancer in adults","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic protocol CT before biliary drainage, PET-CT for localised disease, enzyme replacement for unresectable disease, surveillance criteria f...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["pancreas-protocol-ct","pancreatic-enzyme-replacement","pancreatic-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab first line (CheckMate 214)","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["checkmate-214"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-ipilimumab first line","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-ipilimumab first line (CheckMate 214); CARMENA questions cytoreductive nephrectomy","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["checkmate-214"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"NRG1 fusions described as a recurrent driver of KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["gene-fusion","her3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"NRG1 fusions in KRAS wild-type disease; germline carriers mostly lack a family history","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. NRG1 fusions found in every KRAS wild-type tumour of a young-adult series (Heining), later put at about 1% of all pancreatic cancers (Philip 2022)...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-shindo-germline-sporadic-pancreatic-jco-2017","paper-heining-nrg1-fusions-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-cancer-discov-2018","paper-philip-kras-wild-type-pancreatic-ccr-2022","brca-germline"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib first line (FLAURA); first tumour-agnostic approval (larotrectinib)","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["osimertinib","ntrk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PARP inhibitors in BRCA breast cancer","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). OlympiAD and EMBRACA lead to olaparib and talazoparib approvals.","from":"tnbc","refs":["olaparib","talazoparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for PD-L1-positive cervical cancer","note":"Vaginal cancer. Extended in practice to HPV-associated vaginal cancer.","from":"vaginal","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for relapsed or refractory disease after KEYNOTE-170","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-170"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab in thymic carcinoma: activity with severe irAEs (Giaccone, Lancet Oncol)","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab phase 2 in thymic carcinoma: 22.5 percent response, 15 percent severe immune toxicity","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","irae"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Photodynamic therapy loses its place at the front","note":"Skin cancer (all types). Five-year results of the 601-patient Dutch trial: tumour-free survival 80.5 per cent with imiquimod, 70.0 with fluorouracil and 62.7 with methyl aminolevul...","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["mal-pdt-imiquimod-fluorouracil-superficial-bcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-3: chemoradiation plus chemotherapy for high-risk disease","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["portec-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-3: chemoradiation plus chemotherapy improves survival in high-risk disease","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":["portec-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PRECISION: MRI before biopsy","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["precision-mri","mp-mri"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PRECISION: MRI-targeted biopsy beats systematic biopsy","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["precision-mri"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 24: six months of modified FOLFIRINOX after surgery sets the adjuvant standard","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["prodige-24","folfirinox","thierry-conroy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Randomised phase 2: trastuzumab with carboplatin-paclitaxel improves survival in HER2-positive serous carcinoma","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":["trastuzumab","her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"REFLECT: lenvatinib non-inferior first line; CELESTIAL: cabozantinib second line","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["reflect","celestial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"REFLECT: lenvatinib non-inferior to sorafenib; CELESTIAL: cabozantinib in later lines","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["reflect","lenvatinib","celestial","cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"RELEVANCE: chemo-free R²","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Lenalidomide-rituximab matches chemo-immunotherapy first line.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["lenalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Retrospective series favour fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin regimens over gemcitabine","note":"Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma","from":"pancreatic-acinar-cell-carcinoma","refs":["folfox","folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SIOPEL-6: sodium thiosulfate halves cisplatin hearing loss (NEJM)","note":"Hepatoblastoma. FDA approval of sodium thiosulfate (Pedmark) 2022.","from":"hepatoblastoma","refs":["sodium-thiosulfate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Sodium thiosulfate protects hearing","note":"Germ cell tumours of childhood and adolescence (extracranial and CNS). SIOPEL 6 (NEJM 2018) and ACCL0431 show reduced cisplatin ototoxicity; FDA approval 2022.","from":"paediatric-germ-cell-tumours","refs":["sodium-thiosulfate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1 and OVHIPEC-1","note":"Ovarian cancer. Two years of first-line olaparib maintenance (PFS HR 0.30) and HIPEC at interval surgery (OS +12 months) both reported.","from":"ovarian","refs":["solo-1","ovhipec-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1: olaparib maintenance transforms BRCA-mutant first-line outcomes","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["solo-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1: olaparib maintenance, progression hazard ratio 0.30 in BRCA-mutant first-line disease","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["solo-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Sorafenib beats placebo (Alliance A091105)","note":"Desmoid tumour. Gounder and colleagues, NEJM.","from":"desmoid-tumour","refs":["sorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SPARTAN and PROSPER: apalutamide and enzalutamide approved for nmCRPC","note":"Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nmcrpc","refs":["apalutamide","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tagraxofusp approved","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). First CD123-targeted therapy and first drug approved for BPDCN.","from":"bpdcn","refs":["tagraxofusp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TAILORx: most women can skip chemotherapy","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["tailorx"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TAILORx: no chemotherapy benefit for intermediate recurrence scores","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["tailorx","oncotype-dx"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"The enhancer nobody was looking at, and the long tail","note":"Prostate cancer. Deep whole genomes of 101 metastases find the AR upstream enhancer amplified in 81% of men, invisible to exome panels; reanalysis of 1,013 exomes finds 97 driver g...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-quigley-structural-variation-mcrpc-cell-2018","paper-armenia-long-tail-oncogenic-drivers-prostate-nat-genet-2018","androgen-receptor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"The International Watch and Wait Database reports on 880 rectal cancers","note":"Colorectal cancer. Among people with a complete clinical response after chemoradiotherapy who kept their rectum, local regrowth reached 25.2 percent at two years, almost all in the...","from":"colorectal","refs":["watch-and-wait-rectal-cancer","clinical-complete-response"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TNT: germline BRCA, not the HRD score, predicts platinum benefit","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In 376 advanced patients carboplatin doubled the response rate in germline BRCA carriers while the Myriad HRD score and BRCA1 methylation pred...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-tutt-nat-med","paper-bareche-tnbc-multiomic-heterogeneity-ann-oncol-2018","hrd-positive"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Treatment-free remission validated","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). EURO-SKI: about half of patients stopping TKI stay in remission.","from":"cml","refs":["mrd"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TROG 05.01: chemotherapy adds nothing to postoperative radiotherapy","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 321 patients randomised; freedom from locoregional relapse at five years 87 against 83 per cent with weekly carboplatin added, hazard ratio 0.84.","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["trog-05-01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Two long-running localised trials read out, and the disparity question is reframed","note":"Prostate cancer. SPCG-4 at 29 years: surgery cut prostate cancer death by 45 percent in clinically detected disease and added a mean 2.9 years of life.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-bill-axelson-spcg-4-29-year-nejm-2018","paper-wilt-pivot-prostatectomy-observation-nejm-2017","paper-dess-black-race-prostate-mortality-jama-oncol-2019","paper-teply-restore-bipolar-androgen-therapy-lancet-oncol-2018"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"UICC TNM 8 becomes the UK staging standard for breast cancer","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Used for all breast tumours diagnosed after 1 January 2018. The Royal College of Pathologists reprints it and advises against substituting the American A...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["tnm-breast-cancer-editions","ajcc-prognostic-stage-breast"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Venetoclax and glasdegib combinations gain accelerated approval for unfit AML","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","from":"aml-older-unfit","refs":["venetoclax","glasdegib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Why microsatellite-stable disease is cold","note":"Colorectal cancer. Mice with all four main colorectal mutations reproduce human microsatellite-stable disease and answer checkpoint blockade only once TGF-beta is inhibited; across...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-tauriello-tgfbeta-immune-evasion-colorectal-nature-2018","paper-grasso-immune-evasion-colorectal-cancer-discov-2018","b2m"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Cancer communications founded","note":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science Partner Journals)","from":"cancer-communications","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Cancer reports founded","note":"Wiley","from":"cancer-reports","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"European Urology Oncology founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"european-urology-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"China National Reimbursement Drug List negotiation and volume-based procurement","note":"China, scheme.","from":"china-vbp-nrdl","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Right to Try Act 2018 and state right-to-try laws","note":"United States, statute.","from":"right-to-try","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"UK Data Protection Act 2018 and health data law","note":"United Kingdom, statute.","from":"uk-data-protection-act","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"89 Zr-atezolizumab imaging as a non-invasive approach to assess clinical response to PD-L1 blockade in cancer","note":"Bensch F, van der Veen EL, Lub-de Hooge MN, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-bensch-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"8th Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Cancers","note":"Chun YS, Pawlik TM, Vauthey JN. Annals of Surgical Oncology.","from":"paper-chun-ajcc-8th-edition-hepatobiliary-aso-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms (IARC and WHO expert consensus)","note":"Rindi G, Klimstra DS, Abedi-Ardekani B, et al. Modern Pathology.","from":"paper-rindi-common-classification-framework-mod-pathol-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A PET imaging agent for evaluating PARP-1 expression in ovarian cancer","note":"Makvandi M, Pantel A, Schwartz L, et al. Journal of Clinical Investigation.","from":"paper-makvandi-j-clin-invest","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A phase 1, open-label study of LCAR-B38M, a chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy directed against B cell maturation antigen, in patients with relapsed or re...","note":"Zhao WH, Liu J, Wang BY, et al. Journal of hematology & oncology.","from":"paper-zhao-j-hematol-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A RAD51 assay feasible in routine tumor samples calls PARP inhibitor response beyond BRCA mutation","note":"Castroviejo-Bermejo M, Cruz C, Llop-Guevara A, et al. EMBO molecular medicine.","from":"paper-castroviejo-bermejo-embo-mol-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Access to pathology and laboratory medicine services: a crucial gap","note":"Wilson ML, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-wilson-lancet","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Adaptive Global Innovative Learning Environment for Glioblastoma: GBM AGILE","note":"Alexander BM, Ba S, Berger MS, et al. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-alexander-clin-cancer-res","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ADCT-402, a PBD dimer-containing antibody drug conjugate targeting CD19-expressing malignancies","note":"Zammarchi F, Corbett S, Adams L, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-zammarchi-blood","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib plus carboplatin or carboplatin alone to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BrighTNess...","note":"Loibl S, O'Shaughnessy J, Untch M, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-brightness-lancet-oncol-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Allemani 2018: CONCORD-3, global surveillance of cancer survival 2000 to 2014","note":"Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-allemani-concord-3-lancet-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief-an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report","note":"Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-knaul-lancet","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Assessment of resistance mechanisms and clinical implications in patients with EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer and acquired resistance to osimertinib","note":"Oxnard GR, Hu Y, Mileham KF, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-oxnard-osimertinib-resistance-mechanisms-jama-oncol-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer","note":"Hu C, Hart SN, Polley EC, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-hu-germline-mutations-pancreatic-cancer-risk-jama-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Association of alterations in main driver genes with outcomes of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","note":"Qian ZR, Rubinson DA, Nowak JA, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-qian-driver-genes-outcomes-resected-pancreatic-jama-oncol-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","note":"Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-impassion130-n-engl-j-med-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Binnewies 2018: understanding the tumour immune microenvironment for effective therapy","note":"Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-binnewies-tumor-immune-microenvironment-natmed-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Biodistribution and Dosimetry of 18 F-Meta-Fluorobenzylguanidine: A First-in-Human PET/CT Imaging Study of Patients with Neuroendocrine Malignancies","note":"Pandit-Taskar N, Zanzonico P, Staton KD, et al. Journal of Nuclear Medicine.","from":"paper-pandit-taskar-j-nucl-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Biology and treatment of Richter syndrome","note":"Rossi D, Spina V, Gaidano G. Blood.","from":"paper-rossi-richter-syndrome-blood-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Blood-based tumor mutational burden as a predictor of clinical benefit in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab","note":"Gandara DR, Paul SM, Kowanetz M, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-gandara-blood-tmb-atezolizumab-nat-med-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Bourgeois-Daigneault 2018: giving the virus before surgery, not after everything else has failed","note":"Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Roy DG, Aitken AS, et al. Science Translational Medicine.","from":"paper-bourgeois-daigneault-neoadjuvant-ovt-tnbc-scitranslmed-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Bray 2018: GLOBOCAN 2018, worldwide incidence and mortality for 36 cancers","note":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.","from":"paper-bray-globocan-2018-cacancer-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib versus Crizotinib in ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","note":"Camidge DR, Kim HR, Ahn MJ, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-alta-1l-n-engl-j-med-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Cancer cachexia: rationale for the MENAC (Multimodal-Exercise, Nutrition and Anti-inflammatory medication for Cachexia) trial","note":"Solheim TS, Laird BJA, Balstad TR, et al. BMJ supportive & palliative care.","from":"paper-solheim-bmj-support-palliat-care","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial","note":"Tutt A, Tovey H, Cheang MCU, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-tutt-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Carboplatin-paclitaxel with or without trastuzumab in HER2-positive advanced or recurrent uterine serous carcinoma","note":"Fader AN, Roque DM, Siegel E, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-fader-trastuzumab-uterine-serous-jco-2018","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Characterization of male breast cancer: results of the EORTC 10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG International Male Breast Cancer Program","note":"Cardoso F, Bartlett JMS, Slaets L, et al. Annals of Oncology.","from":"paper-cardoso-ann-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 205: nivolumab for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous transplant failure, extended follow-up","note":"Armand P, Engert A, Younes A, et al. 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randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phas...","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"doi-toshihiko","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tumor immune evasion arises through loss of TNF sensitivity","note":"Science Immunology","from":"trapani-joseph","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Tunicamycin specifically aggravates ER stress and overcomes chemoresistance in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells by inhibiting N-glycosylation","note":"Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research","from":"fan-daiming","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"UCBG 2-08: 5-year efficacy results from the UNICANCER-PACS08 randomised phase III trial of adjuvant treatment with FEC100 and then either docetaxel or ixabepilo...","note":"European Journal of Cancer","from":"mario-campone","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Understanding the 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lymphoma (PhasED-seq, clonoSEQ)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ctdna-lymphoma-monitoring","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FAPI PET","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"fapi-pet","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FLASH research accelerators (Oriatron, Mobetron FLASH, ProBeam FLASH)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"flash-research-accelerators","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IDH inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"idh-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 radioligand therapy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"lu177-radioligand-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Methylation classifier for brain tumours","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"cns-tumour-methylation-classifier","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"prrt","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"RAD51 foci assay (functional HRD test)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"rad51-foci-assay","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Radioligand therapy (beta emitters)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radioligand-therapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Robotic and navigational bronchoscopy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"robotic-bronchoscopy","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Abemaciclib (LY2835219) Combined With Fulvestrant in Women With Hormone Receptor Positive HER2 Negative Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct02107703","refs":["breast-hr-positive","abemaciclib","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Abemaciclib (LY2835219) in Participants With Previously Treated KRAS Mutated Lung Cancer reported","from":"nct02152631","refs":["nsclc","sclc","abemaciclib","erlotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Apalutamide (ARN-509) in Men With Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer reported","note":"Median metastasis-free survival 40.5 months with apalutamide added to androgen deprivation against 16.2 months with placebo (hazard ratio 0.28, 95 percent confidence interval 0.23...","from":"nct01946204","refs":["prostate","prostate-nmcrpc","apalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"A Study to Assess the Effect of Maintenance Treatment With Rituximab Versus No Treatment in Participants With Progressive B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (C...","from":"nct00718549","refs":["leukaemia","cladribine","cyclophosphamide","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ALTA-1L reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 24.0 vs 11.1 months (hazard ratio 0.48, blinded independent review, final analysis).","from":"alta-1l","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","brigatinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ALTER 0303 reported","note":"OS 9.6 vs 6.3 months, HR 0.68.","from":"alter-0303","refs":["nsclc","anlotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) reported","note":"All-cause mortality HR 1.14; cancer mortality HR 1.31; no cancer prevention.","from":"aspree","refs":["aspirin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"BrighTNess reported","note":"Carboplatin added to neoadjuvant paclitaxel raised the pathological complete response rate and improved event-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer; veliparib added nothin...","from":"brightness","refs":["tnbc-early","tnbc","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CARMENA reported","note":"Sunitinib alone was non-inferior to cytoreductive nephrectomy plus sunitinib for overall survival in intermediate- and poor-risk metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","from":"carmena","refs":["clear-cell-rcc","rcc","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CELESTIAL reported","note":"OS 10.2 vs 8.0 months, HR 0.76.","from":"celestial","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","cabozantinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 142 reported","note":"dMMR nivolumab plus ipilimumab cohort: objective response 55 percent, twelve-month overall survival 85 percent. MSS cohort with cobimetinib: objective response 3 percent.","from":"checkmate-142","refs":["colorectal","msi-high-colorectal","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 204 reported","note":"Intracranial clinical benefit 57% and complete response 26% in the asymptomatic cohort.","from":"checkmate-204","refs":["advanced-melanoma","secondary-brain-tumours","melanoma","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 214 reported","note":"8-year OS HR 0.72 (ITT), 0.69 (intermediate/poor risk).","from":"checkmate-214","refs":["rcc","clear-cell-rcc","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"COG AREN0532 reported","note":"Nephrectomy alone was adequate for very low-risk favourable-histology Wilms tumour, and intensified therapy improved outcomes for tumours with 1p and 16q loss of heterozygosity.","from":"aren0532","refs":["wilms-tumor","childhood-cancers","vincristine","dactinomycin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"COG AREN0533 reported","note":"Overall 4-year EFS 85.4% and OS 95.6% (vs 72.5% and 84.0% in NWTS-5); 4-year EFS 90.2% for LOH 1p/16q stage III-IV with augmented therapy.","from":"aren0533","refs":["wilms-tumor","vincristine","dactinomycin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"COLUMBUS reported","note":"PFS 14.9 vs 7.3 months (HR 0.54); median OS 33.6 months.","from":"columbus","refs":["melanoma","braf-v600-melanoma","advanced-melanoma","encorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Lestaurtinib in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia reported","from":"nct00557193","refs":["all-leukemia","leukaemia","asparaginase","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"CPX-351 Study 301 reported","note":"OS 9.56 vs 5.95 months, HR 0.69; 5-year OS 18% vs 8%.","from":"cpx-351-301","refs":["aml","aml-secondary","cpx-351","cytarabine-7-3"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-2 reported","note":"A+CHP improved progression-free and overall survival over CHOP in CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma; approved in November 2018.","from":"echelon-2","refs":["peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ELIANA reported","note":"ORR 81%; 12-month OS 76%; 5-year OS 55%.","from":"eliana","refs":["all-leukemia","all-paediatric-relapsed","tisagenlecleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EMBRACA reported","note":"PFS 8.6 vs 5.6 months, HR 0.54; OS HR 0.85, not significant.","from":"embraca","refs":["tnbc","breast-hr-positive","tnbc-metastatic","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-CSCC-1 reported","note":"Objective response 47% in the metastatic group; 46% in the pooled analysis of 193 patients with 16% complete responses.","from":"empower-cscc-1","refs":["advanced-cutaneous-scc","cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"EsPhALL (EsPhALL2004 and EsPhALL2010) reported","note":"Imatinib with BFM chemotherapy gave four-year disease-free survival of 72.9 percent against 61.7 percent without imatinib in good-risk children (not significant); continuous imatin...","from":"esphall","refs":["all-paediatric-ph-positive","all-leukemia","leukaemia","imatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FLAURA reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 18.9 vs 10.2 months (hazard ratio 0.46); median overall survival 38.6 vs 31.8 months (hazard ratio 0.80).","from":"flaura","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","osimertinib","gefitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"FRESCO reported","note":"Median overall survival 9.3 against 6.6 months (hazard ratio 0.65).","from":"fresco","refs":["colorectal","fruquintinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"GRAALL-2005 reported","note":"Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide did not improve remission, event-free or overall survival; five-year event-free survival was 52.2 percent overall and 55.7 percent under age 55 a...","from":"graall-2005","refs":["all-leukemia","leukaemia","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"HERBY reported","note":"Bevacizumab added to radiotherapy and temozolomide did not improve event-free survival in newly diagnosed paediatric high-grade glioma.","from":"herby","refs":["paediatric-high-grade-glioma","glioblastoma","bevacizumab","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IBCSG 23-01 reported","note":"Ten-year disease-free survival 76.8 percent without axillary clearance against 74.9 percent with it (hazard ratio 0.85); lymphoedema 4 against 13 percent.","from":"ibcsg-23-01","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin)+ Rituximab Maintenance reported","from":"nct00582166","refs":["non-hodgkin-lymphoma","ibritumomab-tiuxetan","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IDEA collaboration reported","note":"Three months non-inferior to six for CAPOX and for low-risk (T1-3 N1) disease; six months better for T4 or N2.","from":"idea-collaboration","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IMpassion130 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.62 in PD-L1+; approval withdrawn 2021 (US).","from":"impassion130","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","atezolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IMpower133 reported","note":"OS 12.3 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.70.","from":"impower133","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","atezolizumab","platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"IMpower150 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 8.3 against 6.8 months (hazard ratio 0.62) and significantly longer overall survival for atezolizumab with bevacizumab and chemotherapy over bevaci...","from":"impower150","refs":["lung-adenocarcinoma","nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"International Watch & Wait Database reported","note":"Two-year local regrowth 25.2 percent, 97 percent of it in the bowel wall; five-year overall survival 85 percent, disease-specific survival 94 percent.","from":"iwwd","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KATHERINE reported","note":"iDFS HR 0.50; OS HR 0.66.","from":"katherine","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab-emtansine","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-407 reported","note":"Pembrolizumab plus carboplatin and a taxane improved overall and progression-free survival over chemotherapy alone across PD-L1 levels; approved in October 2018.","from":"keynote-407","refs":["pdl1-high-nsclc","nsclc","lung-cancer","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"KRISTINE reported","note":"Pathological complete response 44.4% (T-DM1 + pertuzumab) vs 55.7% (TCHP); more locoregional progression before surgery with T-DM1.","from":"kristine","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab-emtansine","pertuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"LACC (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer) reported","note":"4.5-year DFS 86.0% vs 96.5%; death HR 6.00 with MIS.","from":"lacc","refs":["cervical","early-cervical-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Lanreotide Autogel and Pegvisomant Combination Therapy in Acromegalic Patients reported","from":"nct00383708","refs":["pituitary-tumours","octreotide-lanreotide","pegvisomant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium (MROC) reported","note":"At two years, autologous reconstruction gave higher satisfaction with breasts (7.94 points on the BREAST-Q), psychosocial and sexual wellbeing than implants, but roughly double the...","from":"mroc","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MAVORIC reported","note":"Mogamulizumab improved progression-free survival over vorinostat in previously treated mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome; approved in August 2018.","from":"mavoric","refs":["cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","mogamulizumab","vorinostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Moxetumomab Pasudotox for Advanced Hairy Cell Leukemia reported","from":"nct01829711","refs":["leukaemia","moxetumomab-pasudotox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MURANO reported","note":"Venetoclax plus rituximab greatly lengthened progression-free survival compared with bendamustine-rituximab, with high rates of undetectable minimal residual disease; approved in J...","from":"murano","refs":["cll-relapsed","cll","venetoclax","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"MyPathway reported","note":"Response in 23 percent of the first 230 patients; trastuzumab plus pertuzumab gave a 32 percent response rate in HER2-amplified colorectal cancer, now a guideline option; atezolizu...","from":"mypathway","refs":["colorectal","rare-cancers","gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"NAVIGATE reported","note":"ORR 75% by independent review in the first 55 pooled patients across 17 tumour types.","from":"navigate","refs":["metastatic-cancer","ntrk-fusion-nsclc","larotrectinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib Treatment in BRCA Mutated Ovarian Cancer Patients After Complete or Partial Response to Platinum Chemotherapy reported","from":"nct01874353","refs":["ovarian","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"OVHIPEC-1 reported","note":"OS 45.7 vs 33.9 months (HR 0.67).","from":"ovhipec-1","refs":["ovarian"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"Photodynamic therapy against imiquimod against fluorouracil for superficial basal cell carcinoma reported","note":"Tumour-free survival at five years 80.5 per cent with imiquimod, 70.0 per cent with fluorouracil and 62.7 per cent with methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy; imiquimod beat...","from":"mal-pdt-imiquimod-fluorouracil-superficial-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","imiquimod","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-3 reported","note":"5-year OS 81.4% vs 76.1% (HR 0.70); benefit concentrated in p53-abnormal disease.","from":"portec-3","refs":["endometrial","endometrial-p53-abnormal","endometrial-pole-ultramutated","endometrial-nsmp"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PRECISION reported","note":"Clinically significant cancer 38% vs 26%.","from":"precision-mri","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 24 / CCTG PA6 reported","note":"OS 54.4 vs 35.0 months, HR 0.64.","from":"prodige-24","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","folfirinox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"PROSPER reported","note":"Enzalutamide lengthened metastasis-free survival and, with longer follow-up, overall survival compared with placebo; approved in July 2018.","from":"prosper","refs":["prostate-nmcrpc","prostate","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"REFLECT reported","note":"OS 13.6 vs 12.3 months, non-inferior (HR 0.92).","from":"reflect","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","lenvatinib","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"RELEVANCE reported","note":"Complete response at 120 weeks 48 percent with rituximab-lenalidomide against 53 percent with rituximab-chemotherapy (p 0.13) and median progression-free survival 120.2 against 123...","from":"relevance","refs":["follicular-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","lenalidomide","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"ROAR (anaplastic thyroid cancer cohort) reported","note":"ORR 56%; median OS 15 months.","from":"roar-atc","refs":["thyroid","dabrafenib-trametinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SCOT reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 76.7 percent with three months against 77.1 percent with six (hazard ratio 1.006, 0.909 to 1.114, non-inferiority p = 0.012), with grade 2 or worse...","from":"scot","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","capox","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SOLAR-1 reported","note":"PFS 11.0 vs 5.7 months, HR 0.65 (PIK3CA-mutant).","from":"solar-1","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","alpelisib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.30; 7-year OS 67.0% vs 46.5% (HR 0.55).","from":"solo-1","refs":["ovarian","high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"SPCG-4 (Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study 4) reported","note":"Prostate cancer deaths 71 of 347 with surgery against 110 of 348 with watchful waiting (relative risk 0.55, 95 percent confidence interval 0.41 to 0.74); number needed to treat 8.4...","from":"spcg-4","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"STOMP reported","note":"Median androgen deprivation-free survival 21 months with metastasis-directed therapy against 13 months with surveillance (hazard ratio 0.60, 80 percent confidence interval 0.40 to...","from":"stomp-oligorecurrence","refs":["prostate","prostate-bcr","prostate-mhspc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TAILORx reported","note":"9-year iDFS 83.3% vs 84.3%; non-inferior.","from":"tailorx","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","oncotype-dx"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TNT (Triple Negative Trial) reported","note":"No superiority of carboplatin over docetaxel in unselected triple-negative disease; higher response to carboplatin in the germline BRCA1/2 subgroup (Nature Medicine 2018).","from":"tnt","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","carboplatin","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TRAIN-2 reported","note":"Pathological complete response 67% without anthracycline vs 68% with; 3-year event-free survival 93.5% vs 92.7%.","from":"train-2","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"TROG 05.01 (chemotherapy added to radiotherapy after surgery for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Freedom from locoregional relapse at five years 87 per cent with chemoradiotherapy against 83 per cent with radiotherapy alone (hazard ratio 0.84, 95 per cent confidence interval 0...","from":"trog-05-01","refs":["cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2018","precision":"year","title":"VITAL (VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL) reported","note":"Invasive cancer incidence HR 0.96 (vitamin D), 1.03 (omega-3); no benefit on primary endpoints.","from":"vital","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-01-12","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"gBRCA HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (OlympiAD)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-01-26","precision":"day","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate: approval (US)","note":"SSTR+ gastroenteropancreatic NETs (NETTER-1)","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2018-02","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2018 update for Prostate cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of abiraterone for high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive disease, February 2018 (LATITUDE, STAMPEDE).","from":"prostate","refs":["abiraterone","latitude","stampede","chaarted"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-02-16","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable stage III NSCLC after chemoradiation (PACIFIC)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-02-26","precision":"day","title":"Abemaciclib: approval (US)","note":"With aromatase inhibitor first line (MONARCH 3)","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-03","precision":"month","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-03-20","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"First-line stage III/IV Hodgkin lymphoma with AVD (ECHELON-1)","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-03-29","precision":"day","title":"Blinatumomab: approval (US)","note":"MRD-positive B-ALL: first approval based on MRD","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2018-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2018 update for Melanoma","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib, April 2018 (COMBI-AD), following adjuvant nivolumab (December 2017).","from":"melanoma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","combi-ad"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2018-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2018 update for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approval of first-line osimertinib, April 2018 (FLAURA).","from":"nsclc","refs":["osimertinib","erlotinib","gefitinib","afatinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-04-06","precision":"day","title":"Rucaparib: approval (US)","note":"Recurrent ovarian maintenance (ARIEL3)","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-04-16","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"With nivolumab in RCC","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-04-16","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"With ipilimumab, intermediate/poor-risk RCC (CheckMate 214)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-04-18","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC (FLAURA)","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-05","precision":"month","title":"Galleri: designation (US)","note":"FDA Breakthrough Device designation","from":"galleri","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-06-03","precision":"day","title":"Oncotype DX: label change (US)","note":"TAILORx results define recurrence score ≤25 as chemotherapy-sparing","from":"oncotype-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-06-08","precision":"day","title":"Venetoclax: approval (US)","note":"CLL/SLL with rituximab (MURANO)","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-06-13","precision":"day","title":"Bevacizumab: approval (US)","note":"First-line ovarian cancer (GOG-0218)","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-06-27","precision":"day","title":"Binimetinib: approval (US)","note":"Encorafenib + binimetinib approved for BRAF V600 melanoma","from":"binimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-06-27","precision":"day","title":"Encorafenib: approval (US)","note":"BRAF V600 melanoma with binimetinib (COLUMBUS)","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-07-18","precision":"day","title":"Ribociclib: approval (US)","note":"Pre/perimenopausal women and with fulvestrant (MONALEESA-7/-3)","from":"ribociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-07-20","precision":"day","title":"Ivosidenib: approval (US)","note":"First IDH1 inhibitor","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-09-28","precision":"day","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: first systemic therapy approved for CSCC","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-10-16","precision":"day","title":"Talazoparib: approval (US)","note":"gBRCA HER2-negative locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer (EMBRACA)","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-11-02","precision":"day","title":"Lorlatinib: approval (US)","note":"ALK+ NSCLC after prior ALK TKIs (accelerated)","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"First-line CD30+ peripheral T-cell lymphoma with CHP (ECHELON-2)","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-11-21","precision":"day","title":"Venetoclax: approval (US)","note":"Newly diagnosed AML in unfit patients with azacitidine/decitabine/LDAC (accelerated)","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-11-28","precision":"day","title":"Gilteritinib: approval (US)","note":"ADMIRAL interim; full OS data 2019","from":"gilteritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2018-12-19","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"First-line maintenance in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer (SOLO-1)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2019","kind":"year","name":"2019 in oncology","aka":["2019"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2019: 661 entries, 190 papers, 172 papers listed on people's pages, 113 landmarks and 79 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"661 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2019: 190 papers, 172 papers listed on people's pages, 113 landmarks, 79 trials reported, 55 approvals, 18 regulatory events, 10 companies founded, 6 journals founded, 5 financing rounds, 5 laws and regulations, 5 guideline changes and 3 technologies.\n\nOf those, 15 to the day, 8 to the month and 638 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2018","2020"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2019,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib approved in US","note":"CLL/SLL, first-line and relapsed (ELEVATE-TN, ASCEND)","from":"acalabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Alpelisib approved in US","note":"PIK3CA-mutant HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with fulvestrant after endocrine therapy","from":"alpelisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Anlotinib approved in China","note":"Advanced soft tissue sarcoma after chemotherapy; small cell lung cancer after at least two lines","from":"anlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Apalutamide approved in US","note":"mHSPC (TITAN)","from":"apalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer, with bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel.","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in EU","note":"Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC with PD-L1 expression of 1 percent or more (SP142 immune cells), with nab-paclitaxel, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Axitinib approved in US","note":"First-line advanced RCC with pembrolizumab or avelumab","from":"axitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BRACAnalysis CDx approved in US","note":"Olaparib maintenance in germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer","from":"bracanalysis-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after crizotinib. TA571, published 20 March 2019, subject to the commercial arrangement.","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"HCC previously treated with sorafenib","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Camrelizumab approved in China","note":"Classical Hodgkin lymphoma; subsequently HCC, NSCLC, ESCC (second line 2020, first line with chemotherapy 2021), nasopharyngeal","from":"camrelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Dacomitinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated locally advanced or metastatic EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. TA595, published 14 August 2019, subject to the commercial arrangement (ARCHER 1050).","from":"dacomitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Dacomitinib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"dacomitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible with Rd (MAIA) and VMP","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Darolutamide approved in US","note":"Non-metastatic CRPC","from":"darolutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Dexamethasone approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma in combination with other antimyeloma products (Hemady)","from":"dexamethasone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Enfortumab vedotin approved in US","note":"Advanced urothelial cancer after platinum and PD-1/PD-L1 (accelerated)","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in JP","note":"NTRK fusion solid tumours","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in US","note":"ROS1-positive metastatic NSCLC; NTRK fusion solid tumours (≥12 years, extended to ≥1 month 2023)","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Enzalutamide approved in US","note":"mHSPC (ARCHES)","from":"enzalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Erdafitinib approved in US","note":"FGFR3/2-altered advanced urothelial cancer after platinum (accelerated)","from":"erdafitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Fedratinib approved in US","note":"Intermediate-2/high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis","from":"fedratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Flumatinib approved in CN","note":"Newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"flumatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx approved in EU","note":"CE-IVD","from":"foundationone-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed IDH1-mutated AML unfit for intensive chemotherapy","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"larotrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Lunit INSIGHT MMG approved in EU","note":"CE mark","from":"lunit-insight-mmg","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Luspatercept approved in US","note":"Beta-thalassaemia transfusion-dependent anaemia","from":"luspatercept","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Mia (Mammography Intelligent Assessment) approved in EU","note":"CE mark, mammography decision support","from":"kheiron-mia","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"myChoice CDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for niraparib in HRD-positive advanced ovarian cancer","from":"mychoice-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NBTXR3 (hafnium oxide nanoparticles) approved in EU","note":"CE mark: locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma of the limb or trunk wall, with preoperative radiotherapy","from":"nbtxr3","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Obinutuzumab approved in US","note":"Previously untreated CLL with venetoclax, fixed duration (CLL14); with acalabrutinib (ELEVATE-TN)","from":"obinutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved in EU","note":"Germline BRCA1/2-mutated HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after an anthracycline and a taxane (OlympiAD).","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved in US","note":"Maintenance treatment of deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma whose disease has not progressed on at least 16 weeks of fi...","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Oncomine Dx Target Test approved in Japan","note":"Multi-gene companion diagnostic system for NSCLC","from":"oncomine-dx-target-test","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Paige Prostate Detect approved in EU","note":"CE mark","from":"paige-prostate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx approved in US","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (CPS ≥1) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (CPS ≥10)","from":"dako-pd-l1-22c3-pharmdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pexidartinib approved in US","note":"Symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumour not amenable to surgery","from":"pexidartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Polatuzumab vedotin approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL with bendamustine-rituximab after ≥2 lines (accelerated)","from":"polatuzumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ProFound AI (iCAD) approved in EU","note":"CE mark","from":"icad-profound-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Quizartinib approved in Japan","note":"Relapsed/refractory FLT3-ITD AML","from":"quizartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ramucirumab approved in US","note":"HCC with AFP ≥400 ng/mL after sorafenib","from":"ramucirumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b approved in EU","note":"Polycythaemia vera without symptomatic splenomegaly","from":"ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ruxolitinib approved in US","note":"Steroid-refractory acute GVHD","from":"ruxolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Selinexor approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (≥4 lines) with dexamethasone","from":"selinexor","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Talazoparib approved in EU","note":"Germline BRCA1/2-mutated HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (EMBRACA); marketing authorisation issued 20 June 2019.","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"therascreen companion diagnostic kits (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, FGFR, BRAF) approved in US","note":"therascreen PIK3CA (tissue and plasma): alpelisib in breast cancer; therascreen FGFR: erdafitinib in urothelial cancer","from":"therascreen-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab approved in China","note":"Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (first); subsequently urothelial, NSCLC, HCC, ESCC, gastric, nasopharyngeal","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, ≥2 prior anti-HER2 regimens","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine approved in US","note":"Adjuvant HER2+ breast cancer with residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy","from":"trastuzumab-emtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Treosulfan approved in EU","note":"Conditioning before allogeneic HSCT (with fludarabine) in adults and children","from":"treosulfan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in US","note":"Refractory metastatic gastric/GEJ cancer (TAGS)","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tucidinostat (chidamide) approved in China","note":"HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with exemestane after endocrine therapy (ACE)","from":"tucidinostat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"VENTANA PD-L1 (SP142) Assay approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for atezolizumab in PD-L1 IC ≥1% triple-negative breast cancer","from":"ventana-pd-l1-sp142","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Zanubrutinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed MCL (accelerated)","from":"zanubrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Anbogen Therapeutics founded","note":"Taipei","from":"anbogen-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Aqemia founded","note":"Paris","from":"aqemia","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Careology founded","note":"London","from":"careology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Grit Bio founded","note":"Beijing","from":"grit-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"HiberCell founded","note":"New York, NY","from":"hibercell","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"LaNova Medicines founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"lanova-medicines","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Remix Therapeutics founded","note":"Watertown, Massachusetts","from":"remix-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics founded","note":"Shanghai","from":"shanghai-juncell-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Suzhou Forlong Biotechnology founded","note":"Suzhou","from":"suzhou-forlong-biotechnology","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Triana Biomedicines founded","note":"Lexington, MA","from":"triana-biomedicines","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Careology: Seed","note":"GBP 1.12 million from UK health and technology angel investors (not named)","from":"careology","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Geneos Therapeutics: Series A","note":"$11m","from":"geneos-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"IDEAYA Biosciences: IPO","note":"$58m. 5.75 million shares at 10 US dollars, including full exercise of the underwriters' option","from":"ideaya-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Kumquat Biosciences: Form D offering","note":"$56m. Total sold per amended Form D filed August 2019","from":"kumquat-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tmunity Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$75m. Equity offering, first sale 22 October 2019","from":"tmunity-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ablative MR-guided radiotherapy for locally advanced disease enters trials","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["mr-linac","sbrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ACNS0121 confirms post-operative conformal radiotherapy","note":"Ependymoma. COG phase 2 (JCO 2019) reports outcomes by extent of resection and molecular group.","from":"ependymoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Alpelisib approved for PIK3CA-mutant disease (SOLAR-1)","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["solar-1","alpelisib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Alpelisib: first PI3K inhibitor in breast cancer","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["alpelisib","solar-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0531: further response-based reduction, two cycles for the most favourable children","note":"Intermediate-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","refs":["inrg-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0532: tandem transplant beats single transplant","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["anbl0532","tandem-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0532: tandem transplant improves EFS (JAMA)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["anbl0532","tandem-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANNOUNCE fails; olaratumab withdrawn","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["announce"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANNOUNCE: olaratumab fails and is withdrawn","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["announce"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ARAMIS: darolutamide approved for nmCRPC","note":"Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nmcrpc","refs":["darolutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"AREN0532: surgery alone confirmed for very-low-risk stage I","note":"Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)","from":"wilms-tumor","refs":["active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ARST0531: irinotecan does not improve outcome but spares cyclophosphamide","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":["irinotecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Autologous transplant in HIV lymphoma (BMT CTN 0803 / AMC 071)","note":"HIV-associated (AIDS-related) lymphomas. Outcomes comparable to HIV-negative controls.","from":"hiv-associated-lymphoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BEACON CRC gives BRAF V600E disease a targeted option","note":"Colorectal cancer. 665 patients; encorafenib with cetuximab and binimetinib 9.0 versus 5.4 months, the doublet 8.4 months.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-kopetz-beacon-encorafenib-braf-colorectal-nejm-2019","beacon-crc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BEACON CRC: encorafenib plus cetuximab improves survival after prior therapy","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["beacon-crc","encorafenib","cetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BILCAP: adjuvant capecitabine","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Six months of capecitabine after resection of biliary tract cancer becomes the adjuvant standard.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["bilcap"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BILCAP: adjuvant capecitabine after resection","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["bilcap","capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"BILCAP: adjuvant capecitabine after resection","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["bilcap","capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CALGB 10403: paediatric regimen in adults 17 to 39 published; FDA guidance on including adolescents in adult cancer trials","note":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","from":"aya-cancers","refs":["asparaginase"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASPIAN confirms chemo-immunotherapy with durvalumab","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["caspian","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASPIAN: durvalumab plus chemotherapy","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["caspian","durvalumab","luis-paz-ares"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASPS: cediranib improves progression-free survival against placebo","note":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","from":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASSIOPEIA: daratumumab quadruplet raises deep responses","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 436: nivolumab plus brentuximab vedotin, 73 percent response rate","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["nivolumab","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CLL14: one year of venetoclax-obinutuzumab approved; ELEVATE-TN reports acalabrutinib","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["cll14","venetoclax","elevate-tn","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib effective regardless of genotype","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. Diamond and colleagues, Nature Medicine 2019.","from":"histiocytoses","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib phase 2 shows responses in most patients regardless of mutation","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"COMPASS, targeted profiling at scale and ctDNA as a clinical test","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Classical tumours respond to chemotherapy three times as often as basal-like; 3,594 profiled tumours give KRAS 88% and MSI or TMB-high 0.5%; a CLI...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-okane-gata6-basal-like-compass-ccr-2020","paper-singhi-targeted-genome-profiling-3594-pdac-gastroenterology-2019","paper-groot-kras-ctdna-clinical-test-resected-pancreatic-ccr-2019","ctdna-mrd-positive"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"England replaces the guaiac test with the faecal immunochemical test","note":"Colorectal cancer. From June 2019 every screening invitation in England carries a faecal immunochemical test kit, read at a threshold of 120 micrograms of haemoglobin per gram of f...","from":"colorectal","refs":["fit-test","bowel-cancer-screening-uk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"England starts the Targeted Lung Health Check programme","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Mobile CT scanners parked in supermarket car parks in the areas with the highest lung cancer rates, inviting ever-smokers aged 55 to 74 through their GP re...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["nhs-targeted-lung-health-check","targeted-lung-health-check"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ENLIVEN phase 3 and FDA approval of pexidartinib","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). First systemic therapy approved for TGCT (August 2019), with a boxed hepatotoxicity warning.","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":["pexidartinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved for NTRK fusion tumours and ROS1 lung cancer","note":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","refs":["entrectinib","nct02568267"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved for ROS1 lung cancer and NTRK fusion tumours","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["entrectinib","nct02568267","alexander-drilon"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"EpSSG RMS 2005: maintenance vinorelbine-cyclophosphamide improves survival (Lancet Oncol)","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":["vinorelbine","cyclophosphamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Erdafitinib (first targeted therapy) and enfortumab vedotin (first ADC) approved","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["erdafitinib","enfortumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Erdafitinib: first targeted drug for FGFR3-altered urothelial cancer","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["erdafitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Fedratinib approved","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). JAKARTA; the second JAK inhibitor after an eight-year gap.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["fedratinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Fedratinib approved after JAKARTA","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":["fedratinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Fixed-duration therapy: CLL14; acalabrutinib approved","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Venetoclax-obinutuzumab for 12 months; ELEVATE-TN and ASCEND establish acalabrutinib.","from":"cll","refs":["cll14","acalabrutinib","elevate-tn"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"FLOT4: docetaxel quadruplet becomes perioperative standard; trifluridine/tipiracil third line (TAGS)","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["flot","trifluridine-tipiracil"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"FLOT4: perioperative FLOT beats ECF","note":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","from":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","refs":["flot"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Four kinds of small-cell lung cancer, and plasma as a first test","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Transcription factor expression splits small-cell disease into four subtypes; in parallel, cell-free DNA is shown to be non-inferior to tissue genotypin...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-rudin-sclc-molecular-subtypes-nat-rev-cancer-2019","paper-leighl-nile-cfdna-tissue-genotyping-ccr-2019","paper-aggarwal-plasma-genotyping-personalised-therapy-jama-oncol-2019"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"GEFCAPI 04: classifier-directed therapy does not beat empirical chemotherapy","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","from":"cup-favourable-subsets","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"GEFCAPI 04: site-specific therapy by classifier no better than empirical chemotherapy","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"GEFCAPI 04: site-specific therapy by molecular classifier no better than empiric chemotherapy","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Genomic studies show KRAS and GNAS mutations and few APC mutations, distinguishing appendiceal from colorectal cancer","note":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","from":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"HYPO-RT-PC: seven fractions match 39","note":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","from":"prostate-intermediate-risk","refs":["hypo-rt-pc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Induction gemcitabine-cisplatin improves survival (Zhang, NEJM)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Induction gemcitabine-cisplatin improves survival in locoregionally advanced disease","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Interfant-06: AML-type intensification adds nothing; six-year event-free survival 46 percent","note":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","from":"all-infant","refs":["interfant-06"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-042: monotherapy label widened to PD-L1 of 1 percent or more, benefit concentrated at 50 percent or more","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["keynote-042","pembrolizumab","tony-mok"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: IO first line","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["keynote-048"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line in recurrent disease","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["keynote-048"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line in recurrent disease","note":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","refs":["keynote-048"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line in recurrent disease","note":"Oral tongue and floor of mouth cancer","from":"oral-tongue-cancer","refs":["keynote-048"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048: pembrolizumab first line; RTOG 1016 and De-ESCALaTE show cetuximab cannot replace cisplatin","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["keynote-048","hpv-deescalation-caution"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib + pembrolizumab accelerated approval (KEYNOTE-146)","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib phase 2: median progression-free survival 17.5 months","note":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","from":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"LUME-Meso fails; nintedanib abandoned in mesothelioma","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["lume-meso","nintedanib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"MAIA: Dara-Rd improves survival in transplant-ineligible disease","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"MAIA: daratumumab-Rd approved for transplant-ineligible myeloma","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"MD Anderson series: induction response guides local therapy and improves survival","note":"Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) and SWI/SNF-deficient sinonasal carcinoma","from":"sinonasal-undifferentiated-carcinoma","refs":["platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"mEOC/GOG 241 randomised trial closes early for poor accrual","note":"Mucinous ovarian cancer","from":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Meta-analysis of MAGIC, CLASSIC, ARTIST and ITACA-S: no chemotherapy benefit in MSI-high tumours","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"miR-371a-3p validated as a serum marker (Dieckmann, JCO)","note":"Testicular germ cell tumours","from":"testicular","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"MyPathway: trastuzumab plus pertuzumab active in HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["mypathway","pertuzumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NCCN publishes dedicated SBA guideline","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)","from":"small-bowel","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NCCN publishes its first guideline for small bowel adenocarcinoma","note":"Localised small bowel adenocarcinoma (stage I to III, resected)","from":"localised-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PARP maintenance extends beyond BRCA","note":"Ovarian cancer. PRIMA (niraparib, all comers) and PAOLA-1 (olaparib + bevacizumab, HRD-positive).","from":"ovarian","refs":["prima","paola-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PD-1 blockade second line: pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-181) and nivolumab (ATTRACTION-3)","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["pembrolizumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab first line in recurrent disease (KEYNOTE-048)","note":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue)","from":"oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["keynote-048"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab phase 2 in ACC (Raj, JCO)","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab plus axitinib first line (KEYNOTE-426)","note":"Clear cell renal cell carcinoma","from":"clear-cell-rcc","refs":["keynote-426"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab-axitinib and avelumab-axitinib: IO-TKI era begins","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["keynote-426","axitinib","avelumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PERSEPHONE: six months of trastuzumab nearly as good as twelve","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["persephone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Phase 1b: trastuzumab deruxtecan responses in HER2-low tumours","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PLATO trials open to personalise radiotherapy dose by stage","note":"Localised anal squamous cell carcinoma (stage I to III)","from":"localised-anal-cancer","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Polatuzumab vedotin approved with BR for relapsed disease","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["polatuzumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"POLO: olaparib maintenance delays progression in germline BRCA carriers","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["polo","olaparib","talia-golan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"POLO: olaparib maintenance delays progression in germline BRCA carriers; FDA approval in December","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["polo","olaparib","talia-golan","astrazeneca"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"POLO: olaparib maintenance in gBRCA","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. First biomarker-directed approval.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["polo","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Population whole genomes and TILs","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SCAN-B whole-genome sequencing puts HRDetect-high at 59% of TNBC (Nat Med); Loi's pooled 2,148 patients fix TILs as the strongest early progno...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-staaf-tnbc-whole-genome-scan-b-nat-med-2019","paper-loi-tils-pooled-early-tnbc-jco-2019"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PRIMA and PAOLA-1 extend PARP maintenance beyond BRCA","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["prima","paola-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PRIMA and PAOLA-1 extend PARP maintenance to HRD-positive and all-comer populations","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["prima","paola-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Rare but real: microsatellite instability, and PSMA PET measured properly","note":"Prostate cancer. Microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient disease is found in 3.1% of 1,033 men, with durable checkpoint inhibitor responses in 6 of 11 treated...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-abida-msi-prostate-checkpoint-blockade-jama-oncol-2019","paper-fendler-psma-pet-biochemical-recurrence-jama-oncol-2019","paper-abida-genomic-correlates-outcome-mcrpc-pnas-2019","psma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib (SARC024, REGOBONE) and cabozantinib (CABONE) show activity at relapse","note":"Osteosarcoma","from":"osteosarcoma","refs":["regorafenib","cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Response-adapted treatment of SNUC","note":"Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers (including esthesioneuroblastoma). Amit and colleagues, JAMA Oncol.","from":"sinonasal","refs":["cisplatin","etoposide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b approved in Europe","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). The first interferon licensed for PV, on PROUD-PV and CONTINUATION-PV; FDA approval followed in November 2021.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","proud-pv"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Rovalpituzumab tesirine (first DLL3 ADC) fails","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["dll3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 1016 and De-ESCALaTE: cetuximab inferior to cisplatin","note":"Oropharyngeal cancer (tonsil and base of tongue)","from":"oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-1016","de-escalate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 1016 and De-ESCALaTE: cetuximab inferior to cisplatin","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["rtog-1016","de-escalate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"SABR-COMET reports","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Randomised phase 2 trial in which stereotactic radiotherapy to all sites of oligometastatic disease was associated with longer survival...","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["sbrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Selumetinib active in recurrent pLGG","note":"Paediatric low-grade glioma. PBTC-029 phase 2 (Fangusaro, Lancet Oncology) reports responses in BRAF-altered and NF1-associated tumours.","from":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"STRASS2 opens: neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus surgery alone","note":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","from":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin","ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"T-DXd approved; HER2CLIMB proves CNS benefit","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","her2climb"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tagraxofusp NEJM pivotal data (Pemmaraju)","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)","from":"bpdcn","refs":["tagraxofusp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"The bowel lining is already mutated","note":"Colorectal cancer. About 1% of morphologically normal colorectal crypts in middle age carry a probable driver mutation, so adenomas and cancers are the rare outcomes of a process h...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-lee-six-somatic-mutation-normal-colorectal-crypts-nature-2019"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"TITAN, ENZAMET and ARCHES: androgen receptor inhibitors for all","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["arches","apalutamide","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab plus axitinib phase 1b reports responses in nearly half","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["toripalimab","axitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab with docetaxel: phase 2 response rate 70.2 percent","note":"Salivary duct carcinoma","from":"salivary-duct-carcinoma","refs":["trastuzumab","docetaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab-docetaxel in HER2+ salivary duct carcinoma (Takahashi, JCO); lenvatinib in ACC (Tchekmedyian, JCO)","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":["trastuzumab","docetaxel","lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"TTFields device approval (HDE) on STELLAR","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["stellar","optune"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib in refractory childhood LCH","note":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Donadieu and colleagues (JCO) report responses in nearly all BRAF V600E children, with reactivation after stopping.","from":"langerhans-cell-histiocytosis","refs":["vemurafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib reported to produce responses in refractory BRAF-mutant children","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["vemurafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of breast tumours, 5th edition","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Medullary carcinoma becomes a pattern of invasive carcinoma of no special type; metaplastic, adenoid cystic, apocrine and secretory carcinomas...","from":"tnbc","refs":["medullary-pattern-breast-carcinoma","metaplastic-breast-carcinoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of breast tumours, 5th edition","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Keeps invasive carcinoma of no special type as the default group and folds the former medullary, oncocytic, lipid-rich, glycogen-rich, sebaceous and pleo...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["who-breast-classification"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of digestive tumours, 5th edition","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adenosquamous, colloid and undifferentiated carcinomas and the IPMN- and MCN-associated carcinomas listed as variants of ductal adenocarcinoma; so...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["pancreatic-adenosquamous-carcinoma","pancreatic-colloid-carcinoma","pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc","solid-pseudopapillary-neoplasm"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification, 5th edition","note":"Gallbladder cancer. The digestive system volume standardises the nomenclature of gallbladder carcinoma and its precursors (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, intracholecystic papil...","from":"gallbladder","refs":["gallbladder-carcinoma-in-situ-and-dysplasia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO digestive system classification extends NET G3 to the whole gut","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":["net-grade-ki67"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO digestive system classification: grade 3 tumour and carcinoma become distinct entities","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":["net-grade-ki67"]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WHO renames the tumour goblet cell adenocarcinoma with a three-tier grade","note":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","from":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Zanubrutinib approved","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["zanubrutinib"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"JCO global oncology founded","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","from":"jco-global-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Journal of breast imaging founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"journal-of-breast-imaging","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"medRxiv founded","note":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, BMJ and Yale University","from":"medrxiv","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NAR cancer founded","note":"Oxford University Press","from":"nar-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Radiology. Imaging cancer founded","note":"Radiological Society of North America","from":"radiology-imaging-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"The Lancet Digital Health founded","note":"Elsevier","from":"lancet-digital-health","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"China Drug Administration Law (2019) and expedited pathways","note":"China, statute.","from":"china-drug-administration-law","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"China Human Genetic Resources rules (2019, 2023)","note":"China, regulation.","from":"china-hgr-rules","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"India New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules 2019","note":"India, regulation.","from":"india-new-drugs-rules-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Project Orbis","note":"International, scheme.","from":"project-orbis","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tobacco 21","note":"United States, statute.","from":"tobacco-21","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"6 versus 12 months of adjuvant trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (PERSEPHONE): 4-year disease-free survival results of a randomised phase 3 non-...","note":"Earl HM, Hiller L, Vallier AL, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-persephone-lancet-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT: Tracer Uptake in 28 Different Kinds of Cancer","note":"Kratochwil C, Flechsig P, Lindner T, et al. Journal of Nuclear Medicine.","from":"paper-kratochwil-j-nucl-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A 16-yr Follow-up of the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer","note":"Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Månsson M, et al. European Urology.","from":"paper-hugosson-eur-urol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A combination of humanised anti-CD19 and anti-BCMA CAR T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial","note":"Yan Z, Cao J, Cheng H, et al. The Lancet Haematology.","from":"paper-cd19-multiple-myeloma-lancet-haematol-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A multicentre, phase IIa study of zolbetuximab as a single agent in patients with recurrent or refractory advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or lower oesoph...","note":"Türeci O, Sahin U, Schulze-Bergkamen H, et al. Annals of Oncology.","from":"paper-peter-thuss-patience-ann-oncol-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A pediatric regimen for older adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of CALGB 10403","note":"Stock W, Luger SM, Advani AS, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-stock-blood","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A phase III randomised clinical trial of perioperative therapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy) in locally advanced gallbladder cancers (POLC...","note":"Engineer R, Patkar S, Lewis SC, et al. BMJ Open.","from":"paper-polcagb-protocol-bmj-open-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"A view on drug resistance in cancer","note":"Vasan N, Baselga J, Hyman DM. Nature.","from":"paper-vasan-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): final overall surviva...","note":"Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-latitude-lancet-oncol-2019-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Accuracy of gallium-68 PSMA-11 PET in localising recurrent prostate cancer: a prospective single-arm clinical trial","note":"Fendler WP, Calais J, Eiber M, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-fendler-psma-pet-biochemical-recurrence-jama-oncol-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ACNS0121: conformal radiotherapy for paediatric ependymoma, chemotherapy for incompletely resected tumours and observation after complete resection","note":"Merchant TE, Bendel AE, Sabin ND, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-acns0121-ependymoma-conformal-radiotherapy-merchant-jco-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ACNS1123: response-based reduced radiotherapy for localised CNS non-germinomatous germ cell tumours","note":"Fangusaro J, Wu S, MacDonald S, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-acns1123-nggct-reduced-radiotherapy-fangusaro-jco-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Activating mutations in CSF1R and additional receptor tyrosine kinases in histiocytic neoplasms","note":"Durham BH, Lopez Rodrigo E, Picarsic J, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-durham-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ADMIRAL: gilteritinib pills versus chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"Perl AE, Martinelli G, Cortes JE, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-admiral-gilteritinib-flt3-nejm-2019","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Advances in Auto-Segmentation","note":"Cardenas CE, Yang J, Anderson BM, et al. 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diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (JULIET)","note":"NEJM","from":"stephen-schuster","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tisotumab vedotin in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumours (InnovaTV 201): a first-in-human, multicentre, phase 1–2 trial","note":"The Lancet Oncology","from":"dearbhaile-collins","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) in patients with advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer: a dose-expansion, phase 1 study","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"doi-toshihiko","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab Emtansine for Residual Invasive HER2-Positive Breast Cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"charles-geyer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine for residual invasive HER2-positive breast cancer (KATHERINE)","note":"NEJM","from":"gunter-von-minckwitz","refs":["eleftherios-mamounas"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma with the anti-PD-1, tislelizumab: results of a phase 2, single-arm, multicenter study","note":"Leukemia","from":"yuqin-song","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tumor genomic profiling guides patients with metastatic gastric cancer to targeted treatment: the VIKTORY umbrella trial","note":"Cancer Discovery","from":"lee-jeeyun","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Tumor microenvironment and breast cancer survival: combined effects of breast fat, M2 macrophages and hyaluronan create a dismal prognosis","note":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment","from":"satu-tiainen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Updated guidelines for predictive biomarker testing in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a National Consensus of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spa...","note":"Clinical and Translational Oncology","from":"pilar-garrido","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Use of letrozole after aromatase inhibitor-based therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer (NRG Oncology/NSABP B-42)","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"eleftherios-mamounas","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Usefulness of Deep Learning Analysis for the Diagnosis of Malignancy in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas","note":"Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology","from":"yasumasa-niwa","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Vaccine Strategies to Improve Anti-cancer Cellular Immune Responses","note":"Frontiers in 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months; HR 0.64.","from":"admiral","refs":["aml","aml-flt3","gilteritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ALESIA reported","note":"Investigator-assessed progression-free survival significantly longer with alectinib than crizotinib, consistent with the global ALEX trial.","from":"alesia","refs":["alk-positive-nsclc","alectinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANBL0531 reported","note":"Three-year event-free survival 83.2 percent and overall survival 94.9 percent with response- and biology-based reduction of chemotherapy; overall survival 100 percent for localised...","from":"anbl0531","refs":["neuroblastoma-intermediate-risk","neuroblastoma","childhood-cancers","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ANNOUNCE reported","note":"OS HR 1.05 (negative); drug 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induction.","from":"cao-aro-aio-12","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","folfox","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CARD reported","note":"Median imaging-based progression-free survival 8.0 against 3.7 months (hazard ratio 0.54, 95 percent confidence interval 0.40 to 0.73) and overall survival 13.6 against 11.0 months...","from":"card","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","cabazitaxel","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASPIAN reported","note":"OS 13.0 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.73; 3-year OS 17.6% vs 5.8%.","from":"caspian","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"CASSIOPEIA reported","note":"Daratumumab added to VTd increased stringent complete responses and lengthened progression-free survival; approved for transplant-eligible myeloma in 2019 (EU) and 2020 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metastasis-free survival at 18 months 80.9 against 76.2 percent: no benefit.","from":"colopec","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","oxaliplatin","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Combination of External Beam Radiotherapy With 153Sm-EDTMP to Treat High Risk Osteosarcoma reported","from":"nct01886105","refs":["osteosarcoma","samarium-153-lexidronam"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"De-ESCALaTE HPV reported","note":"Severe toxicity similar; 2-year overall survival 97.5% (cisplatin) vs 89.4% (cetuximab).","from":"de-escalate","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ECLIPSE (GVAX pancreas and CRS-207) reported","note":"Median overall survival 3.7 months with cyclophosphamide, GVAX pancreas and CRS-207 against 4.6 months with chemotherapy in the primary cohort (hazard ratio 1.17, 95 percent 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1...","from":"erspc","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Expanded Access to Diagnostic Imaging for Staging of Recurrent Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct02260817","refs":["prostate","choline-c11"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"FLOT4-AIO reported","note":"Perioperative FLOT improved overall survival over ECF or ECX in resectable gastric and junctional adenocarcinoma.","from":"flot4","refs":["oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","esophageal","gastric","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine, cisplatin and nab-paclitaxel phase 2 (MD Anderson and Mayo) reported","note":"Median PFS 11.8 months; partial response 45%; median OS 19.2 months (single 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perce...","from":"ibra-study","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"IMblaze370 reported","note":"Median overall survival 8.87 months with atezolizumab and cobimetinib against 8.51 months with regorafenib (hazard ratio 1.00).","from":"imblaze370","refs":["colorectal","atezolizumab","cobimetinib","regorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"INTELLANCE-1 reported","note":"Depatuxizumab mafodotin added to radiotherapy and temozolomide did not improve overall survival in EGFR-amplified glioblastoma; stopped for futility.","from":"intellance-1","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","depatuxizumab-mafodotin","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Interfant-06 reported","note":"6-year EFS 46.1%; intensification no benefit.","from":"interfant-06","refs":["all-leukemia","all-infant","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-042 reported","note":"Median overall survival 20.0 vs 12.2 months (PD-L1 50% or more, hazard ratio 0.69); 16.7 vs 12.1 months (1% or more, hazard ratio 0.81); no difference at 1 to 49%.","from":"keynote-042","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","pembrolizumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-048 reported","note":"OS 14.9 vs 10.7 months (CPS ≥20, monotherapy); 13.0 vs 10.7 (all, with chemotherapy).","from":"keynote-048","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","laryngeal-cancer","oral-cavity-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-170 reported","note":"Objective response rate 45%, complete response 13%, in 53 patients with relapsed or refractory disease; FDA accelerated approval June 2018.","from":"keynote-170","refs":["primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","dlbcl","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-426 reported","note":"OS HR 0.84 final (47.2 vs 40.8 months); PFS HR 0.69.","from":"keynote-426","refs":["rcc","clear-cell-rcc","pembrolizumab","axitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"KLASS-01 reported","note":"Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy was non-inferior to open surgery for five-year overall survival in stage I gastric cancer, with fewer wound complications.","from":"klass-01","refs":["early-gastric-cancer","gastric"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"LUME-Meso reported","note":"PFS HR 1.01, negative.","from":"lume-meso","refs":["mesothelioma","nintedanib","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Lung-SEARCH reported","note":"No clear stage shift (54.8 against 45.2 percent early stage, one-sided p = 0.24); sputum sensitivity 40.5 percent with a 32.8 percent cumulative false-positive rate, and 55 percent...","from":"lungsearch","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"MAIA reported","note":"Daratumumab, lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free and later overall survival over lenalidomide and dexamethasone in transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed myelom...","from":"maia","refs":["myeloma-transplant-ineligible","multiple-myeloma","daratumumab","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NRG Oncology RTOG 0521 reported","note":"Four-year overall survival 93 against 89 percent with adjuvant docetaxel added to androgen suppression and radiotherapy (hazard ratio 0.69, 90 percent confidence interval 0.49 to 0...","from":"rtog-0521","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-39/RTOG 0413 reported","note":"10-year ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence 4.6% (partial breast) vs 3.9% (whole breast); equivalence not established.","from":"nsabp-b39","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","ductal-carcinoma-in-situ"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"ORATOR reported","note":"Swallowing quality of life at one year was statistically but not clinically meaningfully better after radiotherapy than after transoral robotic surgery; oncological outcomes were s...","from":"orator","refs":["hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","oropharyngeal-cancer","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PAOLA-1 / ENGOT-ov25 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.59 overall, 0.33 HRD-positive; 5-year OS 65.5% vs 48.4% in HRD-positive.","from":"paola-1","refs":["ovarian","high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Plus Epacadostat vs Standard of Care in mRCC (KEYNOTE-679/ECHO-302) reported","from":"nct03260894","refs":["rcc","pembrolizumab","epacadostat","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab Plus Epacadostat, Pembrolizumab Monotherapy, and the EXTREME Regimen in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (KEYNOTE-669...","from":"nct03358472","refs":["head-and-neck","pembrolizumab","epacadostat","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PERSEPHONE reported","note":"4-year DFS 89.4% vs 89.8%, non-inferior.","from":"persephone","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Phase III Open Label First Line Therapy Study of MEDI 4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus SOC in Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) reported","from":"nct02453282","refs":["nsclc","durvalumab","tremelimumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Placebo-controlled Trial of F-627 in Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Myelotoxic Chemotherapy reported","from":"nct02872103","refs":["breast-cancer","efbemalenograstim-alfa"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"POLO reported","note":"PFS HR 0.53; OS HR 0.83 (not significant).","from":"polo","refs":["pancreatic","brca-palb2-pdac","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PRIMA / ENGOT-OV26 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.62 overall, 0.43 HRD-positive; final OS HR 1.01.","from":"prima","refs":["ovarian","high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","niraparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"PROSPECT reported","note":"Median overall survival 34.4 months with PROSTVAC (hazard ratio 1.01), 33.2 months with PROSTVAC and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (1.02) and 34.3 months with pl...","from":"prospect-prostvac","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","prostvac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"RAPID (accelerated partial-breast irradiation) reported","note":"Eight-year ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence 3.0 percent with twice-daily partial-breast irradiation against 2.8 percent with whole-breast irradiation (non-inferior), with late...","from":"rapid","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"REACH-2 reported","note":"Ramucirumab improved overall survival over placebo in alpha-fetoprotein-high hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib; approved in May 2019.","from":"reach-2","refs":["hcc-advanced","hcc","ramucirumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"REGOBONE reported","note":"Regorafenib improved eight-week progression-free survival over placebo in relapsed osteosarcoma, with signals in the Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma cohorts.","from":"regobone","refs":["osteosarcoma","ewing-sarcoma","chondrosarcoma","chordoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"RTOG 1016 reported","note":"5-year overall survival 84.6% (cisplatin) vs 77.9% (cetuximab); non-inferiority not met.","from":"rtog-1016","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"SABR-COMET: stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer reported","note":"5-year OS 42.3% vs 17.7% (long-term update, JCO 2020).","from":"sabr-comet","refs":["metastatic-cancer","breast-hr-positive","nsclc","colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy Study for the Treatment of Non-Aggressive Basal Cell Carcinoma With Photodynamic Therapy 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three years roughly halved breast cancer events compared with placebo with few serious adverse effects.","from":"tam-01","refs":["ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","breast-cancer","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"TAPPAS reported","note":"Adding TRC105 to pazopanib did not improve progression-free survival; stopped for futility.","from":"tappas","refs":["angiosarcoma","vascular-tumours","sarcoma","carotuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2019","precision":"year","title":"WINTHER reported","note":"Primary endpoint (progression-free survival ratio against the prior line) not met in either arm; transcriptomic matching was feasible and higher matching scores tracked with longer...","from":"winther","refs":["rare-cancers"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-02-28","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous trastuzumab-hyaluronidase (Herceptin Hylecta)","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-03","precision":"month","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with nab-paclitaxel for PD-L1-positive (SP142 IC 1 percent or more) unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC on IMpassion130 progression-free survival","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-03-08","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"PD-L1+ metastatic TNBC with nab-paclitaxel (accelerated; IMpassion130)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-03-18","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Extensive-stage SCLC with chemotherapy (IMpower133)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2019-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2018-2019 updates for Renal cell carcinoma","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approvals of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (April 2018, CheckMate 214) and pembrolizumab plus axitinib (April 2019, KEYNOTE-426).","from":"rcc","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab","pembrolizumab","axitinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-04-04","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Men with HR+/HER2- breast cancer","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2019-05","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2019 update for HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine for residual disease, May 2019 (KATHERINE).","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-emtansine","katherine"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-05","precision":"month","title":"Signatera: designation (US)","note":"FDA Breakthrough Device designation","from":"signatera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-05-03","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant treatment of HER2+ early breast cancer with residual disease (KATHERINE)","from":"trastuzumab-emtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-05-15","precision":"day","title":"Venetoclax: approval (US)","note":"First-line CLL with obinutuzumab (CLL14)","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-05-23","precision":"day","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"Humanitarian device exemption, malignant pleural mesothelioma","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2019-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2017-2019 updates for Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of axicabtagene ciloleucel (October 2017) and tisagenlecleucel (May 2018) in the third line, and polatuzumab vedotin with bendamustine-ritux...","from":"dlbcl","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel","tisagenlecleucel","polatuzumab-vedotin","bendamustine"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2019-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2019 update for Multiple myeloma","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of daratumumab with lenalidomide-dexamethasone for transplant-ineligible patients, June 2019 (MAIA).","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-06-10","precision":"day","title":"Polatuzumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with BR in R/R DLBCL","from":"polatuzumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-06-14","precision":"day","title":"Quizartinib: complete response letter (US)","note":"Complete response letter for relapsed/refractory indication (QuANTUM-R)","from":"quizartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-09-17","precision":"day","title":"Lenvatinib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with pembrolizumab in endometrial cancer (KEYNOTE-146)","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2019-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2019 updates for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab (May 2019, CLL14) and first-line acalabrutinib (November 2019, ELEVATE-TN).","from":"cll","refs":["venetoclax","obinutuzumab","cll14","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-11-21","precision":"day","title":"Acalabrutinib: approval (US)","note":"CLL/SLL","from":"acalabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-12","precision":"month","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-12-01","precision":"day","title":"Enasidenib: withdrawal (EU)","note":"Marketing application withdrawn after EMA objections on efficacy","from":"enasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-12-18","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, advanced urothelial cancer after platinum and PD-1/PD-L1 (EV-201)","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-12-20","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer after ≥2 anti-HER2 regimens (DESTINY-Breast01)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2019-12-27","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"gBRCA metastatic pancreatic cancer maintenance (POLO)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2020","kind":"year","name":"2020 in oncology","aka":["2020"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2020: 793 entries, 208 papers, 186 papers listed on people's pages, 131 landmarks and 107 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"793 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2020: 208 papers, 186 papers listed on people's pages, 131 landmarks, 107 trials reported, 79 approvals, 36 regulatory events, 19 financing rounds, 10 companies founded, 8 technologies, 7 guideline changes and 2 journals founded.\n\nOf those, 30 to the day, 13 to the month and 750 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2019","2021"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2020,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Anlotinib approved in China","note":"Advanced medullary thyroid cancer","from":"anlotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, with carboplatin and etoposide. TA638, published 1 July 2020, only at ECOG performance status 0 or 1 (IMpower133).","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in UK","note":"Triple-negative unresectable locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with PD-L1 of 1 percent or more, with nab-paclitaxel, untreated for metastatic disease; NICE TA639 (1 July...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib approved in China","note":"EGFR T790M-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after EGFR TKI therapy","from":"aumolertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved in EU","note":"EU brand Ayvakyt","from":"avapritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved in US","note":"Unresectable/metastatic GIST with PDGFRA exon 18 mutation including D842V","from":"avapritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Avelumab approved in US","note":"Maintenance after first-line platinum in advanced urothelial cancer","from":"avelumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Azacitidine approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed AML unfit for intensive chemotherapy, with venetoclax (VIALE-A)","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Azacitidine approved in US","note":"Oral azacitidine (Onureg) maintenance after intensive induction (QUAZAR AML-001)","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Belantamab mafodotin approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma ≥4 lines (accelerated; withdrawn 2022)","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"First-line maintenance with olaparib in HRD-positive ovarian cancer","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"BRACAnalysis CDx approved in US","note":"Olaparib in germline BRCA-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"bracanalysis-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel approved in EU","note":"MCL after ≥2 lines including a BTK inhibitor","from":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma","from":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in US","note":"First-line ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Capmatinib & tepotinib approved in US","note":"MET exon 14 skipping NSCLC (capmatinib; tepotinib 2021)","from":"capmatinib-tepotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Capmatinib approved in US","note":"Metastatic NSCLC with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation (accelerated approval)","from":"capmatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E mCRC with encorafenib","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab sarotalocan approved in Japan","note":"Unresectable locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer (conditional)","from":"cetuximab-sarotalocan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"clonoSEQ approved in US","note":"MRD in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"clonoseq","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved in US","note":"With atezolizumab and vemurafenib in BRAF V600 melanoma","from":"cobimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral) approved in US","note":"MDS and CMML","from":"decitabine-cedazuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E mCRC with cetuximab, previously treated","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Ensartinib approved in CN","note":"ALK-positive NSCLC after crizotinib","from":"ensartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours, including colorectal cancer. TA644, published 12 August 2020, withdrawn: replaced by TA1118, which NICE terminated on 7 January 2026 with no com...","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ROS1-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in patients who have not had a ROS1 inhibitor. TA643, published 12 August 2020, subject to the commercial arrangement.","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Entrectinib approved in UK","note":"NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: NICE TA644 (12 August 2020) recommended entrectinib within the Cancer Drugs Fund; it was replaced by TA1118 (terminated appraisal, 7 January 202...","from":"entrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Fluoroestradiol F-18 (FES PET) approved in US","note":"Detection of ER-positive lesions as an adjunct to biopsy in patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer","from":"fluoroestradiol-f18","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE) approved in US","note":"Same (Cu-64 DOTATATE)","from":"ga68-dotatate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Gallium-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11) approved in US","note":"PSMA PET (UCLA/UCSF NDA); kits 2021-2022","from":"ga68-psma-11","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Glasdegib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"glasdegib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Guardant360 CDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for osimertinib (EGFR) in NSCLC; first liquid comprehensive genomic profiling test","from":"guardant360-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Inetetamab approved in CN","note":"HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer after chemotherapy, with vinorelbine","from":"inetetamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Isatuximab approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma with pomalidomide-dexamethasone; 2021 with carfilzomib-dexamethasone","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Larotrectinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours, including colorectal cancer. 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Doxorubicin with or without tazemetostat, first line (NCT04204941).","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":["tazemetostat","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FAST-Forward: whole-breast radiotherapy in one week","note":"Breast cancer (all types). 26 Gy in five fractions non-inferior to 40 Gy in fifteen at five years; adopted across the United Kingdom and accelerated by the pandemic.","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["fast-forward","fast-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves encorafenib with cetuximab, the first targeted therapy for the subtype","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["encorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FIGHT-202: pemigatinib approved for FGFR2 fusion-positive cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["fight-202","pemigatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin approved for newly diagnosed CD33-positive AML in children from one month","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":["gemtuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"GEOMETRY mono-1: capmatinib approved; VISION: tepotinib reported","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["geometry-mono-1","capmatinib","nct02864992","tepotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Global Retinoblastoma Study: survival tied to national income (JAMA Oncol)","note":"Retinoblastoma","from":"retinoblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"HER2-low proposed as a clinical category","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB: tucatinib approved, the first drug proven in active brain metastases","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["her2climb","tucatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB: tucatinib triplet benefits patients with HER2-positive brain metastases","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["tucatinib","her2climb"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Homologous recombination deficiency defined for platinum selection; fibroblast atlas","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Core and biallelic repair-gene mutations predict first-line platinum benefit (hazard ratio 0.44); single-cell sequencing adds antigen-presenting f...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-park-hrd-pancreatic-platinum-ccr-2020","paper-elyada-antigen-presenting-cafs-single-cell-cancer-discov-2019","hrd-positive"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave150: atezolizumab + bevacizumab beats sorafenib","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma. First regimen to improve OS over sorafenib; new standard.","from":"hcc","refs":["imbrave150","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab beats sorafenib","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["imbrave150","atezolizumab","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave150: atezolizumab-bevacizumab","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMspire150: atezolizumab triplet approved on progression-free survival","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Inter-B-NHL Ritux 2010: rituximab improves outcomes in children","note":"Burkitt lymphoma. Minard-Colin and colleagues (NEJM 2020).","from":"burkitt-lymphoma","refs":["rituximab","inter-b-nhl-ritux-2010"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"InterAACT: carboplatin and paclitaxel becomes the first-line standard","note":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"metastatic-anal-cancer","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"InterAAct: carboplatin-paclitaxel first-line standard","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","from":"anal","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"INVICTUS: ripretinib approved in the fourth line","note":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","from":"gist-imatinib-resistant","refs":["invictus","ripretinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Japanese multicentre series: 17 percent response to anti-PD-1 in acral melanoma","note":"Acral melanoma","from":"acral-melanoma","refs":["nivolumab","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"JAVELIN Head and Neck 100: PD-L1 blockade with chemoradiation fails","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["javelin-hn-100"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"JCOG1009/1010: endoscopic dissection extended to small undifferentiated tumours","note":"Early gastric cancer","from":"early-gastric-cancer","refs":["jcog","endoscopic-resection"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-158 pancreatic cohort: responses in a minority, some durable","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-177: chemotherapy-free first line for dMMR; BEACON: encorafenib + cetuximab for BRAF","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["keynote-177","encorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-177: pembrolizumab beats chemotherapy first line","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["keynote-177","thierry-andre"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-204: pembrolizumab beats brentuximab in relapse","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["keynote-204","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-522 and IMpassion031: immunotherapy raises pathological complete response","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["keynote-522","impassion031","pembrolizumab","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-629: pembrolizumab approved for recurrent or metastatic disease","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["keynote-629","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Locoregional radiotherapy added to chemotherapy improves survival in de novo metastatic disease","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Lurbinectedin accelerated approval in relapsed SCLC","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["lurbinectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Lurbinectedin approved second line on a 35 percent response rate","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["lurbinectedin","jazz","pharmamar"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Luspatercept approved","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). MEDALIST in ring-sideroblast MDS after ESA failure; COMMANDS (2023) moves it to first line.","from":"mds","refs":["luspatercept"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Luspatercept approved after MEDALIST","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["luspatercept"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate reported in relapsed somatostatin-receptor-positive esthesioneuroblastoma","note":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)","from":"esthesioneuroblastoma","refs":["lutathera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"MD Anderson reports survival gains with targeted therapy, immunotherapy and surgery","note":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer","from":"anaplastic-thyroid-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"monarchE: adjuvant abemaciclib; PALLAS negative for palbociclib","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["monarche","pallas-penelope-b"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"monarchE: adjuvant abemaciclib; RxPONDER in node-positive disease","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["monarche","abemaciclib","rxponder"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NAVIGATOR: avapritinib responses in 88 percent; FDA approval","note":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","from":"gist-pdgfra-d842v","refs":["avapritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Naxitamab approved for relapsed disease (accelerated)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["naxitamab","naxitamab-201"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Naxitamab granted accelerated approval for relapsed or refractory bone or marrow disease","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["naxitamab","naxitamab-201"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NELSON confirms the mortality benefit in Europe","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Volume CT at baseline and years 1, 3 and 5.5 in 13,195 men and 2,594 women aged 50 to 74 in the Netherlands and Belgium: a lung cancer death rate ratio of...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["low-dose-ct-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NICE NG151 and the UK surveillance guidelines","note":"Colorectal cancer. One guideline for colorectal cancer from Lynch syndrome prevention to follow-up, alongside the BSG, ACPGBI and Public Health England rules that decide who gets a...","from":"colorectal","refs":["colonoscopy-surveillance-intervals","circumferential-resection-margin","obstructing-colorectal-cancer"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-ipilimumab first line","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NRG CC001: hippocampal-avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy with memantine preserves cognition","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["nrg-cc001"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Oral decitabine-cedazuridine approved","note":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-higher-risk","refs":["decitabine-cedazuridine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Oral decitabine-cedazuridine approved for MDS and CMML","note":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia and MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms","from":"cmml","refs":["decitabine-cedazuridine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Oral metronomic methotrexate-celecoxib beats cisplatin","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy first line","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). KEYNOTE-355 in CPS ≥10 disease.","from":"tnbc","refs":["keynote-355"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved (KEYNOTE-629)","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ","note":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","from":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab phase 2 trials report responses in about a fifth of patients","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pemigatinib: first FGFR2 inhibitor","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pemigatinib: first FGFR2 inhibitor approved","note":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","from":"biliary-tract-cancer","refs":["pemigatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pemigatinib: first targeted approval in biliary cancer","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["pemigatinib","fight-202"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Phase 1 ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant chondrosarcoma reports durable stable disease","note":"Chondrosarcoma","from":"chondrosarcoma","refs":["ivosidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Pomalidomide approved for KS (HIV-positive and -negative)","note":"Kaposi sarcoma","from":"kaposi-sarcoma","refs":["pomalidomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Poorly differentiated chordoma recognised as SMARCB1-deficient entity","note":"Chordoma. WHO classification of soft tissue and bone tumours, fifth edition.","from":"chordoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-3 molecular analysis: chemotherapy benefit concentrated in p53-abnormal tumours","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":["portec-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PORTEC-3 molecular analysis: no benefit from chemotherapy in POLE-ultramutated tumours","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":["portec-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Post-neoadjuvant ctDNA triples the relapse hazard","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). BRE12-158's preplanned analysis of 196 residual-disease patients: distant relapse hazard ratio 2.99 and death hazard ratio 4.16 when ctDNA is...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-radovich-ctdna-ctc-bre12-158-jama-oncol-2020","ctdna-mrd-positive"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC primary report; HALO-301 negative; ASCO makes biomarker testing routine","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy: 16.0 versus 14.3 months, R0 71 versus 40 percent. Pegvorhyaluronidase: 11.2 versus 11.5 months.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-preopanc-preoperative-chemoradiotherapy-jco-2020","paper-halo-301-pegvorhyaluronidase-jco-2020","paper-asco-metastatic-pancreatic-cancer-guideline-update-jco-2020","preopanc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-1: neoadjuvant chemoradiation before surgery improves long-term survival in resectable and borderline disease","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["preopanc","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-1: neoadjuvant chemoradiation improves clear-margin resection and long-term survival","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["preopanc","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PROfound: olaparib for HRR-mutant disease","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["profound","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"proPSMA: PSMA PET more accurate than conventional staging","note":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","from":"prostate-high-risk","refs":["propsma","psma-pet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PSMA PET approved for recurrence","note":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","from":"prostate-bcr","refs":["psma-pet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PSMA PET approved; PROfound approves olaparib for HRR-mutant mCRPC","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["ga68-psma-11","propsma","profound","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PSMA PET replaces conventional staging","note":"Prostate cancer. In 302 randomised men, PSMA PET-CT is 27% more accurate than CT with bone scan, changes management twice as often and delivers less than half the radiation.","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-propsma-hofman-lancet-2020","psma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"RAPIDO: short-course radiotherapy then chemotherapy establishes total neoadjuvant therapy","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["rapido","total-neoadjuvant-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"REMORA: lenvatinib 38 percent response rate in thymic carcinoma","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"REMORA: lenvatinib in thymic carcinoma","note":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-epithelial","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Ripretinib (INVICTUS) and avapritinib (D842V) approved; tazemetostat approved for epithelioid sarcoma","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["ripretinib","invictus","avapritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"SABR-COMET long-term results","note":"Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread). Five-year survival more than doubles with stereotactic radiotherapy to all metastases in the randomised phase 2 trial.","from":"metastatic-cancer","refs":["sabr-comet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ASCENT: OS 12.1 vs 6.7 months in pretreated disease; first ADC for TNBC.","from":"tnbc","refs":["ascent","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"SANET trials positive in China (surufatinib)","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["sanet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib (LIBRETTO-001) and pralsetinib (ARROW) approved","note":"RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ret-fusion-nsclc","refs":["selpercatinib","nct03157128","pralsetinib","alexander-drilon"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib and pralsetinib approved for RET-mutant MTC","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4)","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["selpercatinib","pralsetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib and pralsetinib: RET-selective inhibitors approved","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["selpercatinib","pralsetinib","arrow-thyroid"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["selpercatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved for RET-mutant disease","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer","from":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["selpercatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Selumetinib approved for NF1 plexiform neurofibromas, the precursor lesion","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":["selumetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"STRASS: preoperative radiotherapy does not improve abdominal recurrence-free survival","note":"Retroperitoneal sarcoma","from":"retroperitoneal-sarcoma","refs":["strass"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"STRASS: preoperative radiotherapy does not improve retroperitoneal sarcoma outcomes overall","note":"Liposarcoma","from":"liposarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Systemic bevacizumab for severe respiratory papillomatosis reported","note":"Rare cancers of childhood (NCI PDQ umbrella)","from":"rare-childhood-cancers","refs":["bevacizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Tafasitamab-lenalidomide (L-MIND) approved for transplant-ineligible relapse","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["tafasitamab","l-mind"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Tata Memorial: oral metronomic chemotherapy beats cisplatin","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat accelerated approval","note":"Epithelioid sarcoma. FDA, 23 January 2020, based on EZH-202 (Gounder and colleagues, Lancet Oncol 2020).","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":["tazemetostat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat approved for SMARCB1-negative epithelioid sarcoma","note":"Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (ATRT). First EZH2 inhibitor approval; paediatric rhabdoid tumour responses in the phase 1 programme.","from":"atrt","refs":["tazemetostat","ezh2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Three-continent gallbladder genomics","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 167 tumours from Korea, India and Chile: ELF3 frameshift neoantigens, CTNNB1, STK11 and Wnt alterations (Pandey et al., Nature Communications).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-pandey-gallbladder-elf3-nat-commun-2020","ctnnb1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TROPHIMMUN: avelumab cures most women with single-agent-resistant low-risk disease","note":"Low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (FIGO score 0 to 6)","from":"low-risk-gtn","refs":["avelumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TROPHIMMUN: avelumab in methotrexate-resistant low-risk GTN","note":"Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia","from":"gestational-trophoblastic","refs":["avelumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Tucatinib, margetuximab, Phesgo approved","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["tucatinib","margetuximab","pertuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"VIALE-A: venetoclax plus azacitidine lengthens life; full approval","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","from":"aml-older-unfit","refs":["viale-a","venetoclax","azacitidine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"VIALE-A: venetoclax-azacitidine improves survival in unfit AML","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. OS 14.7 vs 9.6 months; full approval October 2020; oral azacitidine maintenance approved (QUAZAR).","from":"aml","refs":["viale-a","venetoclax","azacitidine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification defines HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma; p53-mutant and wild-type groups recognised","note":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","from":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","refs":["hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification divides vulvar squamous cell carcinoma into HPV-associated and HPV-independent types","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification separates expansile from infiltrative mucinous carcinoma","note":"Mucinous ovarian cancer","from":"mucinous-ovarian-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"WHO launches the Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative (90-70-90 by 2030)","note":"Cervical cancer. Swedish registry study shows ~88% cancer reduction in women vaccinated before 17.","from":"cervical","refs":["hpv-vaccine","hpv-testing"]},{"group":"journal","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Blood cancer discovery founded","note":"American Association for Cancer Research","from":"blood-cancer-discovery","refs":[]},{"group":"journal","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Nature Cancer founded","note":"Springer Nature","from":"nature-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges","note":"Depil S, Duchateau P, Grupp SA, et al. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.","from":"paper-depil-nat-rev-drug-discov","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts","note":"Sahai E, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E, et al. Nature Reviews Cancer.","from":"paper-sahai-nat-rev-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"A phase 3, single-arm, prospective study of remestemcel-L, ex vivo culture-expanded adult human mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of pediatric patient...","note":"Kurtzberg J, Abdel-Azim H, Carpenter P, et al. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation.","from":"paper-msb-gvhd001-bbmt-2020","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"A randomized phase 3 trial of zanubrutinib vs ibrutinib in symptomatic Waldenström macroglobulinemia: the ASPEN study","note":"Tam CS, Opat S, D'Sa S, et al. Blood.","from":"paper-tam-blood","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"A Randomized Phase III Study of Abemaciclib Versus Erlotinib in Patients with Stage IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With a Detectable KRAS Mutation Who Failed Pri...","note":"Goldman JW, Mazieres J, Barlesi F, et al. Frontiers in oncology.","from":"paper-nct02152631-front-oncol-2020","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"A unifying paradigm for transcriptional heterogeneity and squamous features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","note":"Hayashi A, Fan J, Chen R, et al. Nature Cancer.","from":"paper-hayashi-squamous-basal-like-pancreatic-nat-cancer-2020","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"AALL0434: nelarabine in newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults","note":"Dunsmore KP, Winter SS, Devidas M, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-aall0434-nelarabine-t-all-dunsmore-jco-2020","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"AAML1031: bortezomib with standard chemotherapy for children with acute myeloid leukaemia does not improve outcomes","note":"Aplenc R, Meshinchi S, Sung L, et al. 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for a...","from":"acns0333","refs":["atrt","brain-tumours","childhood-cancers","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ACTG A5263/AMC 066 reported","note":"Week-48 progression-free survival 50 percent with paclitaxel against 20 percent with oral etoposide, and 64 percent against 44 percent with bleomycin plus vincristine; both investi...","from":"actg-a5263","refs":["kaposi-sarcoma","vascular-tumours","sarcoma","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ADAURA reported","note":"OS HR 0.49.","from":"adaura","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","resectable-nsclc","osimertinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"AgeX reported","note":"Recruitment closed March 2020; the mortality endpoint is not due until the trial ends in December 2031 (ISRCTN33292440).","from":"agex","refs":["breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"An Open-label, Phase 2 Study of ACP-196 in Subjects With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia reported","from":"nct02180724","refs":["waldenstrom","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Aplidin - Dexamethasone in Relapsed/Refractory Myeloma reported","from":"nct01102426","refs":["multiple-myeloma","plitidepsin","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ARTISTIC meta-analysis reported","note":"Event-free survival hazard ratio 0.95 (95 percent confidence interval 0.75 to 1.21, p=0.70) for adjuvant against early salvage radiotherapy, a 1 percentage point difference at 5 ye...","from":"artistic-meta-analysis","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT reported","note":"OS 12.1 vs 6.7 months, HR 0.48.","from":"ascent","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ASPEN (Waldenström macroglobulinaemia) reported","note":"Zanubrutinib did not significantly increase the complete or very good partial response rate over ibrutinib, but had markedly less cardiovascular and other toxicity; approved for Wa...","from":"aspen-wm","refs":["waldenstrom","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","zanubrutinib","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Beat AML Master Trial reported","note":"Genomic assignment within seven days was feasible; patients treated on Beat AML sub-studies had median overall survival of 12.8 months against 3.9 months for those choosing standar...","from":"beat-aml-master-trial","refs":["aml","azacitidine","venetoclax","gilteritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"BROCADE3 reported","note":"PFS 14.5 vs 12.6 months (HR 0.71, p 0.0016); final OS 32.4 vs 28.2 months (HR 0.92, p 0.43). Not licensed.","from":"brocade3","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","breast-hr-positive","veliparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CABONE reported","note":"Cabozantinib met the activity thresholds in both the Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma cohorts.","from":"cabone","refs":["osteosarcoma","ewing-sarcoma","sarcoma","cabozantinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CAPP2 reported","note":"Colorectal cancer in 9 percent of participants on aspirin against 13 percent on placebo over ten years (hazard ratio 0.65, p 0.035); hazard ratio 0.56 among those who completed two...","from":"capp2","refs":["msi-high-colorectal","aspirin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 143 reported","note":"OS 9.8 vs 10.0 months, HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.83-1.30); no benefit.","from":"checkmate-143","refs":["glioblastoma","nivolumab","bevacizumab-glioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 358 reported","note":"Neoadjuvant nivolumab produced pathological complete responses in a substantial share of resectable Merkel cell carcinomas, with durable responses; nivolumab also showed activity i...","from":"checkmate-358","refs":["merkel-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","cervical"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649 reported","note":"CPS ≥5: OS 14.4 vs 11.1 months (HR 0.71); 5-year OS 16% vs 6%.","from":"checkmate-649","refs":["gastric","gastric-pdl1-high","gastric-msi-high","esophageal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 743 reported","note":"OS 18.1 vs 14.1 months, HR 0.74; 5-year OS 14% vs 6%.","from":"checkmate-743","refs":["mesothelioma","pleural-mesothelioma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 9ER reported","note":"PFS HR 0.51; OS HR 0.77 at ~4 years (46.5 vs 36.0 months).","from":"checkmate-9er","refs":["rcc","nivolumab","cabozantinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 9LA reported","note":"Median overall survival 14.1 against 10.7 months at the interim analysis (hazard ratio 0.69, p=0.00065), and 15.6 against 10.9 months with longer follow-up.","from":"checkmate-9la","refs":["nsclc","lung-squamous-cell-carcinoma","lung-adenocarcinoma","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Chemotherapy With or Without Trastuzumab After Surgery in Treating Women With Invasive Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct01275677","refs":["breast-cancer","cyclophosphamide","docetaxel","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ClarIDHy reported","note":"PFS HR 0.37; crossover-adjusted OS HR 0.49.","from":"claridhy","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","ivosidenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"COG AALL0434 reported","note":"Nelarabine improved disease-free survival in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and Capizzi methotrexate outperformed high-dose methotrexate.","from":"aall0434","refs":["all-paediatric-high-risk","all-leukemia","nelarabine","methotrexate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"CROWN reported","note":"5-year PFS 60% vs 8%, HR 0.19 (JCO 2024).","from":"crown","refs":["nsclc","secondary-brain-tumours","alk-positive-nsclc","lorlatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"D-ALBA (GIMEMA LAL2116) reported","note":"18-month OS 95%, DFS 88%.","from":"d-alba","refs":["all-leukemia","dasatinib","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"DART (SWOG S1609): nivolumab plus ipilimumab in rare tumours reported","note":"Neuroendocrine cohort: about one in four responded, concentrated in high-grade disease; angiosarcoma cohort about one in four, mostly cutaneous scalp and face tumours; many other c...","from":"dart-s1609","refs":["rare-cancers","neuroendocrine","extrapulmonary-nec","vascular-tumours"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"DESKTOP III / ENGOT-ov20 reported","note":"OS 53.7 vs 46.0 months (HR 0.75).","from":"desktop-iii","refs":["ovarian","high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Gastric01 reported","note":"Higher objective response rate and longer overall survival with trastuzumab deruxtecan than with irinotecan or paclitaxel; approved in January 2021.","from":"destiny-gastric01","refs":["gastric-her2-positive","gastric","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ERGO2: ketogenic diet and fasting during re-irradiation of recurrent glioma reported","note":"6-month PFS 20% vs 16%; median OS 11.1 vs 10.5 months; no benefit.","from":"ergo2","refs":["glioblastoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Euro Ewing 2012 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.71; OS HR 0.62 favouring VDC/IE.","from":"euro-ewing-2012","refs":["sarcoma","doxorubicin","ifosfamide","treosulfan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FAST (5-fraction whole-breast radiotherapy) reported","note":"At ten years, 28.5 Gy in five once-weekly fractions gave normal-tissue effects no worse than 50 Gy in twenty-five (odds ratio 1.22, 0.87 to 1.72), while 30 Gy was worse (2.12, 1.55...","from":"fast-trial","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FAST-Forward reported","note":"5-year ipsilateral breast tumour relapse 1.4% (26 Gy in 5) vs 2.1% (40 Gy in 15), non-inferior.","from":"fast-forward","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"FIGHT-202 reported","note":"ORR 37%; PFS 7.0 months; OS 17.5 months.","from":"fight-202","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","pemigatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"GARNET reported","note":"Dostarlimab produced durable objective responses in roughly four in ten patients with mismatch repair-deficient recurrent endometrial cancer; accelerated approval in April 2021.","from":"garnet","refs":["endometrial-mmr-deficient","endometrial","dostarlimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Gefitinib vs gefitinib plus pemetrexed-carboplatin in EGFR-mutant lung cancer (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"PFS 16 vs 8 months (HR 0.51); OS not reached vs 17 months (HR 0.45).","from":"gefitinib-chemo-tmh","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","gefitinib","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"GEICAM/2003-11_CIBOMA/2004-01 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06), p 0.136, not significant; non-basal subgroup DFS HR 0.53 vs basal 0.94 (interaction p 0.069).","from":"geicam-ciboma","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"GEOMETRY mono-1 reported","note":"Response rate 68% (treatment-naive, n=28) and 41% (previously treated, n=69) in MET exon 14 skipping disease; about a third in high-level MET amplification.","from":"geometry-mono-1","refs":["nsclc","met-altered-nsclc","capmatinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"GETUG-AFU 17 reported","note":"Five-year event-free survival 92 percent with adjuvant against 90 percent with salvage radiotherapy (hazard ratio 0.81, 95 percent confidence interval 0.48 to 1.36); late grade 2 o...","from":"getug-afu-17","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr","triptorelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"HALO 109-301 reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.2 months with PEGPH20 plus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine against 11.5 months with placebo (hazard ratio 1.00, 95 percent confidence interval 0.80 to 1.2...","from":"halo-301","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","pegvorhyaluronidase-alfa","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"HERO reported","note":"Sustained castration through 48 weeks in 96.7 against 88.8 percent (difference 7.9 percentage points, 95 percent confidence interval 4.1 to 11.8, superior, p<0.001); castrate testo...","from":"hero","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","prostate-high-risk","relugolix"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IBIS-II (International Breast Intervention Study II) reported","note":"Breast cancer in 85 of 1,920 on anastrozole against 165 of 1,944 on placebo after a median 131 months, hazard ratio 0.51 (Lancet 2020).","from":"ibis-ii","refs":["breast-cancer","anastrozole","tamoxifen"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave150 reported","note":"OS 19.2 vs 13.4 months, HR 0.66.","from":"imbrave150","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMpassion031 reported","note":"Pathological complete response 58% vs 41% (all patients); 69% vs 49% in PD-L1-positive disease.","from":"impassion031","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","atezolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMpassion131 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.82 (not significant); OS trend unfavourable; US indication withdrawn 2021.","from":"impassion131","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","atezolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMpower110 reported","note":"In the PD-L1-highest subgroup, median overall survival 20.2 against 13.1 months (hazard ratio 0.59, p=0.01).","from":"impower110","refs":["pdl1-high-nsclc","nsclc","atezolizumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"IMspire150 reported","note":"Atezolizumab added to vemurafenib and cobimetinib prolonged investigator-assessed progression-free survival in BRAF V600-mutant melanoma, without an overall survival benefit; appro...","from":"imspire150","refs":["braf-v600-melanoma","melanoma","atezolizumab","vemurafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Inter-B-NHL Ritux 2010 reported","note":"3-year EFS 93.9% vs 82.3%, HR 0.32; OS also improved.","from":"inter-b-nhl-ritux-2010","refs":["burkitt-lymphoma","dlbcl","rituximab","methotrexate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"InterAACT reported","note":"Response rate 57 percent with cisplatin-fluorouracil against 59 percent with carboplatin-paclitaxel; serious adverse events 62 against 36 percent; median overall survival 12.3 agai...","from":"interaact","refs":["metastatic-anal-cancer","anal","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"INVICTUS reported","note":"PFS HR 0.15; OS HR 0.36.","from":"invictus","refs":["sarcoma","gist-imatinib-resistant","ripretinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"JAVELIN Bladder 100 reported","note":"OS 21.4 vs 14.3 months, HR 0.69.","from":"javelin-bladder-100","refs":["urothelial","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"JAVELIN Head and Neck 100 reported","note":"PFS HR 1.21; futility.","from":"javelin-hn-100","refs":["head-and-neck","hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-057 reported","note":"Pembrolizumab produced complete responses in a substantial minority of patients with BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ, about half of them lasting a year or more; approved in Janu...","from":"keynote-057","refs":["non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","urothelial","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-062 reported","note":"Pembrolizumab alone was non-inferior to chemotherapy for overall survival in PD-L1-positive disease; pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy was not superior to chemotherapy; large benefit...","from":"keynote-062","refs":["gastric-pdl1-high","gastric-msi-high","gastric","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-158 reported","note":"Biliary cohort ORR 5.8% (6/104); median OS 7.4 months; median PFS 2.0 months; median duration of response not reached.","from":"keynote-158","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","msi-high-pdac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-177 reported","note":"PFS 16.5 vs 8.2 months (HR 0.60); 5-year OS 54.8%, median OS 77.5 months.","from":"keynote-177","refs":["colorectal","msi-high-colorectal","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-204 reported","note":"PFS 13.2 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.65.","from":"keynote-204","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","pembrolizumab","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-355 reported","note":"OS HR 0.73 in CPS ≥10.","from":"keynote-355","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-522 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.63; OS HR 0.66 (5-year); 7-year OS 85.1% vs 77.2%.","from":"keynote-522","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","pembrolizumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-590 reported","note":"OS 12.4 vs 9.8 months (HR 0.73); 5-year OS HR 0.72.","from":"keynote-590","refs":["esophageal","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-629 reported","note":"Objective response 34% in recurrent or metastatic disease and 50% in locally advanced disease.","from":"keynote-629","refs":["advanced-cutaneous-scc","cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"L-MIND reported","note":"ORR 60%, CR 43%.","from":"l-mind","refs":["dlbcl","tafasitamab","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Lung-MAP (SWOG S1400 and S1900) reported","note":"Genotype-matched targeted arms (taselisib, palbociclib, AZD4547) closed for futility; nivolumab plus ipilimumab did not beat nivolumab (S1400I); ramucirumab plus pembrolizumab impr...","from":"lung-map","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Lurbinectedin basket trial, small-cell lung cancer cohort reported","note":"Objective response 35.2 percent (37 of 105); grade 3-4 neutropenia in 46 percent.","from":"lurbinectedin-basket-sclc","refs":["extensive-stage-sclc","sclc","lurbinectedin","topotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"MEDALIST reported","note":"Luspatercept produced transfusion independence for eight weeks or longer in significantly more patients than placebo; approved in April 2020.","from":"medalist","refs":["mds-lower-risk","mds","luspatercept"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"monarchE reported","note":"iDFS HR 0.68.","from":"monarche","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","abemaciclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"MSB-GVHD001 reported","note":"Day-28 overall response 70.4% in 54 treated children, above the prespecified 45% historical control; overall survival 74.1% at day 100 and 68.5% at day 180.","from":"msb-gvhd001","refs":["remestemcel-l"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NALA reported","note":"Neratinib plus capecitabine improved progression-free survival over lapatinib plus capecitabine and reduced interventions for central nervous system disease; approved in February 2...","from":"nala","refs":["her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","breast-her2-positive","breast-cancer","neratinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"National Lung Matrix Trial reported","note":"Most of the 22 biomarker-drug cohorts did not meet their pre-set efficacy thresholds; the trial demonstrated national molecular screening and the limits of single-agent matching.","from":"national-lung-matrix-trial","refs":["nsclc","palbociclib","crizotinib","selumetinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NAVIGATOR reported","note":"Very high, durable response rate in PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST; approved for that indication in January 2020.","from":"navigator","refs":["gist-pdgfra-d842v","gist","sarcoma","avapritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Naxitamab Study 201 reported","note":"ORR 50%.","from":"naxitamab-201","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk","naxitamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NCI-MATCH (EAY131) reported","note":"5,954 patients enrolled; 17.8 percent assigned to an arm. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAF V600 tumours (38 percent response) and nivolumab in dMMR non-colorectal tumours (36 per...","from":"nci-match","refs":["rare-cancers","dabrafenib","trametinib","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"New EPOC reported","note":"Median overall survival 55.4 months with cetuximab against 81.0 months without (hazard ratio 1.45).","from":"new-epoc","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"NRG CC001 reported","note":"Cognitive failure hazard ratio 0.74 with hippocampal avoidance; no difference in intracranial control or survival.","from":"nrg-cc001","refs":["brain-tumours","metastatic-cancer","secondary-brain-tumours","memantine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Oral metronomic chemotherapy vs intravenous cisplatin (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"Median OS 7.5 vs 6.1 months, HR 0.773; grade 3+ adverse events 19% vs 30%.","from":"metronomic-vs-cisplatin-tmh","refs":["head-and-neck","oral-cavity-cancer","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","buccal-mucosa-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ORIENT-11 reported","note":"PFS 8.9 vs 5.0 months, HR 0.482.","from":"orient-11","refs":["nsclc","sintilimab","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ORIOLE reported","note":"Progression at 6 months 19 percent after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy against 61 percent under observation (p=0.005); total consolidation of PSMA-avid disease reduced new les...","from":"oriole","refs":["prostate","prostate-bcr","prostate-mhspc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PAKT reported","note":"PFS 5.9 vs 4.2 months (HR 0.74); OS 19.1 vs 12.6 months (HR 0.61, p 0.04); PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-altered PFS 9.3 vs 3.7 months (HR 0.30). Not confirmed by CAPItello-290.","from":"pakt","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","capivasertib","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PALLAS & PENELOPE-B reported","note":"PALLAS iDFS HR 0.96; PENELOPE-B iDFS HR 0.93; both null.","from":"pallas-penelope-b","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PANFIRE-2 reported","note":"Median overall survival 17 months from diagnosis (95 percent confidence interval 15 to 19) and 10 months from electroporation in locally advanced disease; local recurrence 46 perce...","from":"panfire-2","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"plasmaMATCH reported","note":"Circulating tumour DNA matched tissue genotyping with about 93 percent sensitivity; neratinib (HER2 mutations) and capivasertib plus fulvestrant (AKT1 mutations, receptor-positive)...","from":"plasmamatch","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","tnbc","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PROfound reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.34; OS HR 0.69 (cohort A).","from":"profound","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PROPHYLOCHIP-PRODIGE 15 reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 44 percent with second-look surgery and HIPEC against 53 percent with surveillance.","from":"prophylochip","refs":["colorectal","oxaliplatin","irinotecan","mitomycin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"proPSMA reported","note":"Accuracy 92% vs 65%.","from":"propsma","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"PROUD-PV and CONTINUATION-PV reported","note":"By 36 months, complete haematological response with improved disease burden and molecular response were both more frequent with ropeginterferon than hydroxyurea.","from":"proud-pv","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","hydroxyurea"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"QUAZAR AML-001 reported","note":"Median overall survival 24.7 months with oral azacitidine against 14.8 months with placebo (hazard ratio 0.69); approved in the United States in September 2020.","from":"quazar-aml-001","refs":["aml","aml-older-unfit","leukaemia","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"RADICALS-RT reported","note":"Five-year biochemical progression-free survival 85 percent with adjuvant against 88 percent with early salvage radiotherapy (hazard ratio 1.10, 95 percent confidence interval 0.81...","from":"radicals-rt","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"RAPIDO reported","note":"3-year disease-related treatment failure 23.7% vs 30.4%; pathological complete response 28% vs 14%.","from":"rapido","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","capecitabine","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Rasburicase in Patients at High Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) During Cycle-2 reported","from":"nct01200485","refs":["leukaemia","rasburicase"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"RAVES (TROG 08.03/ANZUP) reported","note":"Five-year freedom from biochemical progression 87 percent with early salvage against 86 percent with adjuvant radiotherapy (hazard ratio 1.12, 95 percent confidence interval 0.65 t...","from":"raves","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ROAR (Rare Oncology Agnostic Research) basket: BRAF V600E biliary tract cancer cohort reported","note":"Biliary cohort ORR 51% (22/43, investigator) and 47% (independent review); grade 3 or worse GGT rise 12%.","from":"roar","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","rare-cancers"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"RxPONDER (SWOG S1007) reported","note":"No chemo benefit postmenopausal; iDFS HR 0.60 with chemo premenopausal.","from":"rxponder","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","oncotype-dx"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"SANET-ep and SANET-p reported","note":"PFS HR 0.33 (ep), 0.49 (p).","from":"sanet","refs":["neuroendocrine","surufatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"Savolitinib vs. Sunitinib in MET-driven PRCC. reported","from":"nct03091192","refs":["rcc","papillary-rcc","savolitinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"STRASS (EORTC 62092) reported","note":"Abdominal recurrence-free survival not improved by preoperative radiotherapy; possible benefit in liposarcoma subgroups only.","from":"strass","refs":["retroperitoneal-sarcoma","liposarcoma","leiomyosarcoma","sarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TAPUR (Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry) reported","note":"Continuous cohort reporting: positive signals for pembrolizumab in high tumour mutational burden cancers and trastuzumab plus pertuzumab in ERBB2-amplified colorectal cancer; palbo...","from":"tapur","refs":["rare-cancers","colorectal","nsclc","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TARGIT-A (targeted intraoperative radiotherapy) reported","note":"Five-year local recurrence 2.11 percent with single-dose intraoperative radiotherapy against 0.95 percent with external beam, meeting the 2.5 percent non-inferiority margin; at a m...","from":"targit-a","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TELESTO reported","note":"Median event-free survival 1,440 days with deferasirox against 1,091 days with placebo (hazard ratio 0.636, p 0.015).","from":"telesto","refs":["mds-lower-risk","mds"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TRIBE2 reported","note":"Progression-free survival 2 of 19.2 against 16.4 months (hazard ratio 0.74).","from":"tribe2","refs":["colorectal","folfoxiri","folfox","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"TROPHIMMUN reported","note":"hCG normalisation in 8 of 15 women (53 percent) with single-agent chemotherapy-resistant disease, none of whom relapsed; grade 1 to 2 adverse events in 93 percent and no treatment-...","from":"trophimmun","refs":["low-risk-gtn","gestational-trophoblastic","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"VIALE-A reported","note":"OS 14.7 vs 9.6 months, HR 0.66; CR 36.7% vs 17.9%.","from":"viale-a","refs":["aml","aml-older-unfit","venetoclax","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"VISION (tepotinib) reported","note":"Independent-review objective response 46% (95% CI 36 to 57) among 99 patients with at least nine months of follow-up; median duration of response 11.1 months (Paik, NEJM 2020).","from":"nct02864992","refs":["nsclc","met-altered-nsclc","tepotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"VOYAGER reported","note":"PFS HR 1.25 (negative).","from":"voyager","refs":["sarcoma","gist-pdgfra-d842v","avapritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2020","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-2 reported","note":"High objective and complete response rates with durable remissions in mantle cell lymphoma after BTK inhibitor failure; approved in July 2020.","from":"zuma-2","refs":["mantle-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","brexucabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-01-23","precision":"day","title":"Tazemetostat: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, epithelioid sarcoma","from":"tazemetostat","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-03","precision":"month","title":"Signatera: approval (US)","note":"Medicare coverage (MolDX) for stage II-III colorectal cancer","from":"signatera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-03-27","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Extensive-stage SCLC with chemotherapy (CASPIAN)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2020 update for HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of tucatinib, April 2020 (HER2CLIMB).","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["tucatinib","her2climb"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-04","precision":"month","title":"Cetuximab: approval (US)","note":"With encorafenib for BRAF V600E mCRC (BEACON)","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-04-08","precision":"day","title":"Encorafenib: approval (US)","note":"BRAF V600E metastatic CRC with cetuximab after prior therapy (BEACON)","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-04-17","precision":"day","title":"Tucatinib: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ metastatic breast cancer including brain metastases, with trastuzumab and capecitabine (HER2CLIMB)","from":"tucatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-04-22","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, metastatic TNBC after ≥2 prior therapies","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-04-29","precision":"day","title":"Niraparib: approval (US)","note":"First-line ovarian maintenance, all-comers (PRIMA)","from":"niraparib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-05","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2018-2020 updates for Ovarian cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of first-line maintenance olaparib (December 2018, SOLO-1), niraparib (April 2020, PRIMA) and olaparib with bevacizumab (May 2020, PAOLA-1).","from":"ovarian","refs":["olaparib","niraparib","bevacizumab","solo-1"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-01","precision":"day","title":"Daratumumab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous Darzalex Faspro","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-08","precision":"day","title":"Bevacizumab: approval (US)","note":"With olaparib as HRD-positive maintenance (PAOLA-1)","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-08","precision":"day","title":"Selpercatinib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, RET-fusion NSCLC and thyroid cancer, RET-mutant MTC (LIBRETTO-001)","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-15","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"With nivolumab in first-line NSCLC (CheckMate 227) and HCC","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-15","precision":"day","title":"Ripretinib: approval (US)","note":"INVICTUS","from":"ripretinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-19","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"HRR-mutant mCRPC (PROfound)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-05-29","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable HCC with bevacizumab (IMbrave150)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-06","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG acute myeloid leukaemia in adults 2020 (Heuser et al.) for Acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2020.","from":"aml","refs":["venetoclax","azacitidine","viale-a","gilteritinib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2019-2020 updates for Bladder & urothelial cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of enfortumab vedotin (December 2019) and approval of avelumab maintenance (June 2020, JAVELIN Bladder 100).","from":"urothelial","refs":["enfortumab-vedotin","avelumab","javelin-bladder-100"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2020 updates for Colorectal cancer","note":"1 row added, 1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approvals of encorafenib with cetuximab (April 2020, BEACON) and first-line pembrolizumab for MSI-high disease (June 2020, KEYNOTE...","from":"colorectal","refs":["encorafenib","cetuximab","pembrolizumab","keynote-177"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06","precision":"month","title":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx: label change (US)","note":"TMB ≥10 mut/Mb companion claim for pembrolizumab","from":"foundationone-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06-15","precision":"day","title":"Lurbinectedin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, second-line SCLC","from":"lurbinectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06-16","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"TMB-high solid tumours (tumour-agnostic)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06-18","precision":"day","title":"Tazemetostat: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, follicular lymphoma","from":"tazemetostat","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06-29","precision":"day","title":"Pertuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Phesgo SC","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-06-29","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Phesgo (pertuzumab, trastuzumab, hyaluronidase) subcutaneous","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-07-07","precision":"day","title":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral): approval (US)","note":"MDS/CMML","from":"decitabine-cedazuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-07-31","precision":"day","title":"Tafasitamab: approval (US)","note":"L-MIND accelerated approval","from":"tafasitamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-08-05","precision":"day","title":"Belantamab mafodotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines (DREAMM-2)","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-08-26","precision":"day","title":"FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx: approval (US)","note":"FoundationOne Liquid CDx approved","from":"foundationone-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-09","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG prostate cancer 2020 (Parker et al.) for Prostate cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2020.","from":"prostate","refs":["abiraterone","enzalutamide","apalutamide","docetaxel"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-09","precision":"month","title":"Disitamab vedotin: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, HER2+ urothelial cancer","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-09-01","precision":"day","title":"Azacitidine: approval (US)","note":"Onureg maintenance in AML","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-09-25","precision":"day","title":"Cetuximab sarotalocan: approval (Japan)","note":"World-first approval of a photoimmunotherapy drug","from":"cetuximab-sarotalocan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-10-02","precision":"day","title":"Ipilimumab: approval (US)","note":"With nivolumab in mesothelioma (CheckMate 743)","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-10-16","precision":"day","title":"Azacitidine: approval (US)","note":"Venetoclax + azacitidine full approval in unfit AML (VIALE-A)","from":"azacitidine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-10-16","precision":"day","title":"Venetoclax: approval (US)","note":"Full approval in AML (VIALE-A)","from":"venetoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2020-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2020 updates for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of sacituzumab govitecan (April 2020) and approval of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for PD-L1 CPS 10 or above (November 2020, K...","from":"tnbc","refs":["sacituzumab-govitecan","ascent","pembrolizumab","keynote-355"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-11-13","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Metastatic TNBC, PD-L1 CPS ≥10, with chemotherapy (KEYNOTE-355)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-11-25","precision":"day","title":"Naxitamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval (Study 201, 12-230)","from":"naxitamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-12","precision":"month","title":"Oncotype DX: label change (US)","note":"RxPONDER extends to 1-3 positive nodes (postmenopausal)","from":"oncotype-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-12","precision":"month","title":"Sotorasib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2020-12-18","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant EGFR-mutant NSCLC after resection (ADAURA)","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2021","kind":"year","name":"2021 in oncology","aka":["2021"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2021: 793 entries, 197 papers, 194 papers listed on people's pages, 134 landmarks and 97 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"793 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2021: 197 papers, 194 papers listed on people's pages, 134 landmarks, 97 trials reported, 77 approvals, 32 regulatory events, 26 financing rounds, 11 companies founded, 10 guideline changes, 7 technologies, 6 laws and regulations and 2 journals founded.\n\nOf those, 24 to the day, 18 to the month and 751 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2020","2022"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2021,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Abemaciclib approved in US","note":"Adjuvant high-risk node-positive HR+/HER2- early breast cancer","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in EU","note":"Exon 20; 1L with lazertinib Jan 2025","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in US","note":"EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Asciminib approved in US","note":"CML after ≥2 prior TKIs; T315I CML","from":"asciminib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) approved in US","note":"ALL/LBL with hypersensitivity to E. coli asparaginase (Rylaze)","from":"asparaginase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 on at least 50 percent of tumour cells or 10 percent of tumour-infiltrating immune cells and no EGFR or ALK alteration.","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib approved in China","note":"First-line EGFR exon 19 deletion or L858R NSCLC (AENEAS)","from":"aumolertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved in US","note":"Advanced systemic mastocytosis","from":"avapritinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belumosudil approved in US","note":"Chronic GVHD after failure of ≥2 lines of systemic therapy (age ≥12)","from":"belumosudil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved in US","note":"VHL-associated RCC, CNS haemangioblastoma, pNET","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Brexucabtagene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory B-ALL in adults","from":"brexucabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Brigatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer not previously treated with an ALK inhibitor. TA670, published 27 January 2021 (ALTA-1L), subject to the commercial arrangement.","from":"brigatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"First-line advanced RCC with nivolumab (CheckMate 9ER)","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine) approved in US","note":"Paediatric patients ≥1 year","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed ALK-positive ALCL in patients 1-21 years","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dalpiciclib approved in China","note":"HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with fulvestrant after endocrine therapy (DAWNA-1)","from":"dalpiciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Disitamab vedotin approved in China","note":"HER2+ gastric cancer; HER2-expressing urothelial cancer","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Donafenib approved in China","note":"First-line unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ZGDH3)","from":"donafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved in US","note":"dMMR recurrent/advanced endometrial cancer; dMMR solid tumours","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Duvelisib approved in EU","note":"CLL after ≥2 therapies; FL after ≥2 therapies","from":"duvelisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in England (NICE)","note":"BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic colorectal cancer after previous systemic treatment, with cetuximab.","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Envafolimab approved in China","note":"Previously treated MSI-H or dMMR advanced solid tumours","from":"envafolimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Fedratinib approved in EU","note":"Myelofibrosis, JAK-inhibitor-naive or after ruxolitinib","from":"fedratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Furmonertinib approved in China","note":"EGFR T790M-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after EGFR TKI therapy","from":"furmonertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Guardant360 CDx approved in US","note":"Companion claims for sotorasib (KRAS G12C) and amivantamab (EGFR exon 20 insertion)","from":"guardant360-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Icotinib approved in China","note":"Adjuvant treatment of resected stage II to IIIA EGFR-mutant NSCLC (EVIDENCE)","from":"icotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines","from":"idecabtagene-vicleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide) approved in Australia","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer","from":"illuccix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide) approved in US","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer (initial staging with suspected metastasis; suspected recurrence)","from":"illuccix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Infigratinib approved in US","note":"Previously treated unresectable or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with an FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement (accelerated approval). Indication withdrawn in 2024","from":"infigratinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, with nivolumab and two cycles of platinum doublet chemotherapy: not recommended. TA724, published 8 September 2021.","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in US","note":"Previously treated IDH1-mutated cholangiocarcinoma","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC with pembrolizumab; endometrial cancer with pembrolizumab","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory LBCL after ≥2 lines","from":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 systemic therapies","from":"zynlonta","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lorlatinib approved in US","note":"First-line ALK+ NSCLC","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lunit INSIGHT MMG approved in US","note":"510(k) clearance, mammography lesion detection","from":"lunit-insight-mmg","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mobocertinib approved in US","note":"EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC after platinum. 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Objective response in 26 of 84 patients (31 per cent) whose disease had progressed on or who could not tolerate a hedgehog inhibitor.","from":"basal-cell-carcinoma","refs":["cemiplimab-advanced-bcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 577 and KEYNOTE-590 bring immunotherapy to oesophageal cancer","note":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["checkmate-577","keynote-590"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649 and KEYNOTE-062 subgroups: large gains from PD-1 blockade in MSI-high disease","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":["checkmate-649","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649: nivolumab + chemotherapy first line; KEYNOTE-811 adds pembrolizumab to trastuzumab; T-DXd approved (DESTINY-Gastric01)","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["checkmate-649","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 649: nivolumab plus chemotherapy extends survival; FDA approval","note":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","from":"gastric-pdl1-high","refs":["checkmate-649","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Checkpoint inhibitors first line","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ClarIDHy: ivosidenib approved for IDH1-mutant cholangiocarcinoma","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["claridhy","ivosidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COMPOSE opens: 177Lu-edotreotide against chemotherapy or everolimus in aggressive grade 2 and grade 3 tumours","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":["nct04919226","itm-11"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CONFIRM: nivolumab improves survival in relapsed disease","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CROSS 10-year data; CheckMate 577 adjuvant nivolumab; KEYNOTE-590 and ESCORT-1st first-line chemo-IO","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["cross","checkmate-577","keynote-590","escort-1st"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast03: T-DXd beats T-DM1","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["destiny-breast03"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved for mismatch repair deficient solid tumours after chemotherapy","note":"Mismatch repair deficient (MSI-high) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"msi-high-pdac","refs":["dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved for recurrent dMMR endometrial cancer after GARNET","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq sets sequencing; KEYNOTE-716 extends adjuvant IO to stage II; tebentafusp phase 3 positive","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["dreamseq","keynote-716","imcgp100-202"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq: immunotherapy first, targeted therapy second","note":"BRAF V600-mutant melanoma","from":"braf-v600-melanoma","refs":["dreamseq"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EHE international consensus","note":"Vascular tumours (angiosarcoma, epithelioid haemangioendothelioma, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma). Surveillance first, sirolimus for progression (ESMO Open).","from":"vascular-tumours","refs":["active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMBRACE-I: MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy gives local control above ninety percent","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Lung 1: cemiplimab approved in PD-L1-high disease","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["empower-lung-1","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guideline allows omission of adjuvant therapy for stage I to II POLE-ultramutated disease","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EXPeRT consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment","note":"Pancreatoblastoma","from":"pancreatoblastoma","refs":["whipple","cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-positive gastric cancer; KEYNOTE-811 adds pembrolizumab first line","note":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GOG 279: cisplatin-gemcitabine chemoradiation for locally advanced disease","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":["cisplatin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II node management applies to both subtypes","note":"HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (p53-mutant)","from":"hpv-independent-vulvar-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II: radiotherapy for sentinel micrometastases","note":"Vulvar cancer","from":"vulvar","refs":["imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GROINSS-V II: radiotherapy replaces lymphadenectomy for sentinel node metastases of two millimetres or less","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"HD17: radiotherapy omitted in PET-negative early unfavourable disease","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["pet-adapted-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"HER2-low measured at about a third of TNBC","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Schettini (3,689 HER2-negative cancers, 36.6% of triple-negative) and Denkert (34.0% of 1,162 hormone receptor-negative trial patients) fix th...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-schettini-her2-low-features-npj-breast-cancer-2021","paper-denkert-her2-low-pooled-neoadjuvant-lancet-oncol-2021","her2-low-ihc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first BCMA CAR-T approved","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["idecabtagene-vicleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first myeloma CAR-T","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ide-cel: first myeloma CAR-T; CARTITUDE-1 shows 98% response","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["idecabtagene-vicleucel","cartitude-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Immunotherapy is measured and found wanting, and sequence is shown to matter","note":"Prostate cancer. KEYNOTE-199 gave objective response rates of 5 and 3 percent with pembrolizumab and PD-L1 predicted nothing, consistent with a median tumour mutational burden of 2...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-antonarakis-keynote-199-pembrolizumab-jco-2020","paper-chung-comprehensive-genomic-profiling-prostate-jco-po-2019","paper-denmeade-transformer-bipolar-androgen-therapy-jco-2021","paper-conti-trans-ancestry-gwas-prostate-nat-genet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Immunotherapy series in peritoneal disease","note":"Peritoneal mesothelioma. Early phase 2 and retrospective data for nivolumab plus ipilimumab and for atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.","from":"peritoneal-mesothelioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMpassion131 fails and atezolizumab is withdrawn in breast cancer","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["impassion131"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMpower010: adjuvant atezolizumab improves disease-free survival in PD-L1-positive stage II to IIIA","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["nct02486718","atezolizumab","enriqueta-felip","heather-wakelee"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IMWG lowers the diagnostic threshold to 5 percent circulating plasma cells","note":"Plasma cell leukaemia","from":"plasma-cell-leukaemia","refs":["flow-cytometry"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"International NUT Carcinoma Registry outcomes","note":"NUT carcinoma (midline carcinoma with NUTM1 rearrangement). Chau and colleagues, JCO: fusion partner and initial treatment predict survival.","from":"nut-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved (ClarIDHy); infigratinib approved then withdrawn (2022)","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["ivosidenib","claridhy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02 and CAPTAIN-1st: PD-1 antibodies with gemcitabine-cisplatin lengthen progression-free survival; endoscopic nasopharyngectomy beats re-irradiation","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["jupiter-02","captain-1st","toripalimab","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02, CAPTAIN-1st, RATIONALE-309: PD-1 + GP first line","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["toripalimab","camrelizumab","tislelizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-02: PD-1 plus chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma; BNCT approved in Japan","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["jupiter-02","bnct"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-204: pembrolizumab beats brentuximab vedotin in relapsed disease","note":"Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"relapsed-refractory-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["keynote-204","pembrolizumab","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-522 changes early-stage care","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Neoadjuvant/adjuvant pembrolizumab approved for stage II-III TNBC; OS benefit confirmed 2024.","from":"tnbc","refs":["keynote-522","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-716: adjuvant pembrolizumab approved for stage IIB and IIC","note":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","from":"stage-ii-melanoma","refs":["keynote-716","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib + pembrolizumab OS benefit; dostarlimab approved for dMMR recurrence (GARNET); molecular classification enters ESGO guidelines","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["keynote-775","dostarlimab","endometrial-molecular-classes"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib-pembrolizumab beats chemotherapy after platinum in pMMR disease","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":["keynote-775"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775: lenvatinib-pembrolizumab extends survival after platinum","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["keynote-775"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826 adds pembrolizumab to first-line therapy in cervical cancer, extrapolated to vaginal cancer","note":"Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-associated)","from":"vaginal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826: first-line chemo-immunotherapy; tisotumab vedotin accelerated approval; EMPOWER-Cervical 1","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["keynote-826","tisotumab-vedotin","empower-cervical-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826: pembrolizumab with chemotherapy extends median survival to 26.4 months","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["keynote-826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lenvatinib approved in Japan for unresectable thymic carcinoma","note":"Thymic carcinoma","from":"thymic-carcinoma","refs":["lenvatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine approved; BELINDA fails while ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM succeed","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["zynlonta","lotis-2","belinda","zuma-7"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Low-PV: interferon helps low-risk patients too","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Ropeginterferon plus phlebotomy kept more low-risk patients at target than phlebotomy alone.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["low-pv"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung cancer in never smokers gets its own classification","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. Whole genomes of 232 never-smoker lung cancers find no tobacco signature and three copy-number subtypes, one of them slow-growing with driver progenitor...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-zhang-lung-cancer-never-smokers-nat-genet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Metronomic adjuvant capecitabine improves failure-free survival; CSCO-ASCO guideline published","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["capecitabine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Molecular studies show a genotype distinct from appendiceal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours","note":"Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix","from":"goblet-cell-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"MONALEESA-2 final OS: ribociclib extends survival by a year","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["monaleesa-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab + chemotherapy first line","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved for cancer of unknown primary in Japan after NivoCUP","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved for CUP in Japan (NivoCUP)","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-cabozantinib, lenvatinib-pembrolizumab, adjuvant pembrolizumab, belzutifan (VHL), tivozanib approved","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["checkmate-9er","clear","keynote-564","belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NRG-HN002: 60 Gy with cisplatin acceptable, 60 Gy alone not","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["nrg-hn002-hn005"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Olverembatinib approved in China for T315I chronic and accelerated phase","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":["olverembatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA: adjuvant olaparib","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). One year of olaparib after standard therapy improves iDFS and OS in gBRCA carriers.","from":"tnbc","refs":["olympia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA: adjuvant olaparib for germline BRCA carriers","note":"Male breast cancer. Trial included men.","from":"male-breast-cancer","refs":["olaparib","olympia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OUTBACK: adjuvant chemotherapy after chemoradiation gives no benefit","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["outback"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PAPMET: cabozantinib beats sunitinib","note":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","from":"papillary-rcc","refs":["cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PD-L1 assays shown not to be interchangeable","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Rugo and colleagues on 614 IMpassion130 tumours: SP142, SP263 and 22C3 positive in 46, 75 and 73 percent, concordance 69 percent.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-rugo-pd-l1-assay-comparison-impassion130-jnci-2021","impassion130","idea-tnbc-pd-l1-assay-harmonisation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PEACE-1: European triplet therapy","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["peace-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved for early disease; OlympiA adjuvant olaparib","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["pembrolizumab","olympia","olaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab-based regimen extended to triple-negative inflammatory disease","note":"Inflammatory breast cancer","from":"inflammatory-breast-cancer","refs":["keynote-522","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Plasma at scale, and the noise it carries","note":"Prostate cancer. Circulating tumour DNA is detectable in 94% of 3,334 men with advanced prostate cancer and agrees with tissue on BRCA mutations 93% of the time; in parallel, clona...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-tukachinsky-ctdna-3334-advanced-prostate-ccr-2021","paper-jensen-clonal-haematopoiesis-cfdna-interference-prostate-jama-oncol-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 23: induction mFOLFIRINOX improves disease-free survival","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["prodige-23"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 7 and the fall of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy","note":"Colorectal cancer. Adding oxaliplatin hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy to complete cytoreductive surgery changed nothing (median overall survival 41.7 against 41.2 months...","from":"colorectal","refs":["colorectal-peritoneal-metastases","hipec","colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Review of pathology and molecular features (Luchini)","note":"Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas with osteoclast-like giant cells","from":"pancreatic-undifferentiated-carcinoma-ogc","refs":["histopathology-ihc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Romidepsin US PTCL indication withdrawn","note":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). Confirmatory Ro-CHOP trial negative.","from":"peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","refs":["romidepsin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b approved for PV","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). PROUD/CONTINUATION-PV: superior long-term haematologic and molecular response versus hydroxyurea.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["ropeginterferon-alfa-2b"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Rucaparib maintenance phase 2 extends the approach to PALB2 and somatic alterations","note":"BRCA or PALB2-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"brca-palb2-pdac","refs":["rucaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SARC033: trametinib shows modest activity","note":"Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma","from":"epithelioid-haemangioendothelioma","refs":["mek"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SCLC molecular subtypes (A, N, P, I) proposed","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["idea-sclc-subtype-directed"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Screening widens, and adjuvant immunotherapy arrives","note":"Lung cancer (all types). The United States task force lowered eligibility to age 50 and 20 pack-years, two years after Aldrich showed 31 percent of white smokers qualified against...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-uspstf-lung-cancer-screening-jama-2021","paper-aldrich-uspstf-screening-african-american-smokers-jama-oncol-2019","paper-felip-impower010-adjuvant-atezolizumab-lancet-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SJMB03 subgroup outcomes; ACNS0331 shows CSI dose reduction below 23.4 Gy unsafe for most","note":"Medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved after CodeBreaK 100: the first KRAS inhibitor","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["sotorasib","ferdinandos-skoulidis","amgen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved for KRAS G12C lung cancer, the first KRAS inhibitor","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["sotorasib","amgen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib becomes the first approved KRAS inhibitor (lung cancer)","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["sotorasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib proves KRAS is druggable (G12C)","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Only 1-2% of pancreatic cancers carry G12C, but the door is open.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["sotorasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib: first KRAS inhibitor; amivantamab for exon 20 insertions","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["sotorasib","amivantamab","egfr-exon20-insertion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Sub-tumour microenvironments and the CA 19-9 lead time","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Reactive and deserted tissue states track immunity and chemoprotection; CA 19-9 rises two years before diagnosis, reaching 60% sensitivity only in...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-grunwald-subtme-pancreatic-cell-2021","paper-fahrmann-ca19-9-lead-time-gastroenterology-2021","paper-gonda-precede-consortium-recommendations-gastroenterology-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tebentafusp improves overall survival (NEJM)","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":["tebentafusp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tepotinib approved; savolitinib approved in China","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["tepotinib","savolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tisotumab vedotin accelerated approval; EMPOWER-Cervical 1 positive for cemiplimab","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["tisotumab-vedotin","empower-cervical-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tisotumab vedotin approved","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["tisotumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Total neoadjuvant therapy arrives in rectal cancer","note":"Colorectal cancer. RAPIDO cuts three-year treatment failure from 30.4 to 23.7 percent; PRODIGE 23 raises three-year disease-free survival from 69 to 76 percent.","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-bahadoer-rapido-short-course-radiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2021","paper-conroy-prodige-23-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-rectal-lancet-oncol-2021","paper-quenet-prodige-7-hipec-peritoneal-colorectal-lancet-oncol-2021"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UKCTOCS: screening does not save lives; DESKTOP III: selected surgery at relapse does","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["ukctocs","desktop-iii"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening from 45","note":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","from":"early-onset-colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening","fit-test"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Vemurafenib + rituximab: chemo-free durable remissions (NEJM)","note":"Hairy cell leukaemia","from":"hairy-cell-leukemia","refs":["vemurafenib","rituximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISION: 177Lu-PSMA-617 improves survival; TheraP beats cabazitaxel on response","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["vision","therap"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISION: 177Lu-PSMA-617 lengthens life","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["vision","pluvicto"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VOYAGER: avapritinib no better than regorafenib in unselected GIST","note":"PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST","from":"gist-pdgfra-d842v","refs":["voyager","avapritinib","regorafenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 adds CDKN2A/B deletion and TERT promoter mutation as grade 3 criteria","note":"Meningioma","from":"meningioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 adopts molecular groups for ependymoma","note":"Ependymoma","from":"ependymoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 defines four paediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas","note":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma)","from":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 defines medulloblastoma by molecular group with methylation profiling","note":"WNT-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-wnt","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 groups them as non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma with eight subgroups","note":"Group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma (non-WNT/non-SHH)","from":"medulloblastoma-group-3-4","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 lists CNS germ cell tumour types alongside their gonadal counterparts","note":"Central nervous system germ cell tumours (germinoma and non-germinomatous)","from":"cns-germ-cell-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 lists spinal ependymoma, MYCN-amplified, and regrades myxopapillary ependymoma to grade 2","note":"Spinal cord tumours (intramedullary and intradural)","from":"spinal-cord-tumours","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 renames the type astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, grades 2 to 4, with CDKN2A/B deletion as a grade 4 criterion","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021 splits SHH-activated medulloblastoma by TP53 status","note":"SHH-activated medulloblastoma","from":"medulloblastoma-shh","refs":["methylation-profiling"]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO 2021: IDH-wild-type glioblastoma defined molecularly","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"WHO's fifth edition reclassifies lung tumours","note":"Lung cancer (all types). 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Oncology","from":"joe-chang","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TGFβ drives NK cell metabolic dysfunction in human metastatic breast cancer","note":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer","from":"john-kennedy","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary","note":"Neuro-Oncology","from":"cree-ian","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The additive diagnostic value of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography computed tomography to multiparametric magnetic resonance imagi...","note":"European Urology","from":"louise-emmett","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2021","note":"Cancer 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for non-communicable diseases","note":"The Lancet Oncology","from":"weiderpass-elisabete","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The immune cell landscape of metastatic uveal melanoma correlates with overall survival","note":"Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research","from":"antonio-rosato","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The KEYNOTE-811 trial of dual PD-1 and HER2 blockade in HER2-positive gastric cancer","note":"Nature","from":"yelena-janjigian","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases","note":"Genes & Diseases","from":"seyed-rouhollah-miri","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The prognostic and predictive role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in early breast cancer, especially in the HER2+ su...","note":"Breast Cancer Research and Treatment","from":"satu-tiainen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"THE ROLE OF SALIVARY AND SERUM CA125 AND ROUTINE BLOOD TESTS IN PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN MALIGNANCIES","note":"Acta Clin Croat","from":"robert-separovic","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"The value of preoperative 18F-FDG PET metabolic and volumetric parameters in predicting microvascular invasion and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular ca...","note":"Nuclear Medicine Communications","from":"song-shaoli","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Three-Year Follow-up of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Anthracyclines in the Presence of Dual ERBB2 Blockade in Patients With ERBB2 -Positive Breast C...","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"sabine-linn","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Thyroid cancer overdiagnosis revisited","note":"Cancer Epidemiol","from":"ivan-s-stilidi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Timing to achieve the highest rate of pCR after preoperative radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 3085 patients from 7 randomized trials","note":"Radiotherapy and Oncology","from":"vincenzo-valentini","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone as First-line Treatment for Advanced Squamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"wang-jie-cams","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Tissue-Agnostic Drug Development: A New Path to Drug Approval","note":"Cancer Discovery","from":"shivaani-kummar","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Toward robust mammography-based models for breast cancer risk (Mirai)","note":"Science Translational Medicine","from":"regina-barzilay","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Initial Experience with the Real-Time Oncology Review Program","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"r-angelo-de-claro","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Ultra-rare sarcomas: a consensus paper from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society community of experts on the incidence threshold and the list of entities","note":"Cancer","from":"silvia-stacchiotti","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Undertreatment and overtreatment in older patients treated with chemotherapy","note":"Journal of Geriatric Oncology","from":"jaime-feliu","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Update on Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Surgical Staging of Endometrial Carcinoma","note":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","from":"ane-gerda-eriksson","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Upregulation of FGF9 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Transdifferentiation to Small Cell Lung Cancer","note":"Cancer Research","from":"koichi-fukunaga","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Use of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"thomas-george","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib, a dual inhibitor of mutant IDH1/2, in recurrent or progressive glioma; results of a first-in-human phase I trial","note":"Clinical Cancer Research","from":"ingo-mellinghoff","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AI polyp detection in colonoscopy","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ai-endoscopy-detection","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AI scoring of biomarkers and grade on pathology slides","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"ai-pathology-scoring","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Enformer and Borzoi (DeepMind, Calico)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"enformer-borzoi","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KRAS & RAS inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"kras-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Methylation classifier for sarcomas","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"sarcoma-methylation-classifier","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Mirai (MIT breast cancer risk from mammograms)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"mirai","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Photon-counting CT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"photon-counting-ct","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study Evaluating Intensive Chemotherapy With or Without Glasdegib or Azacitidine With or Without Glasdegib In Patients With Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid...","from":"nct03416179","refs":["leukaemia","glasdegib","cpx-351","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Brentuximab Vedotin + Adriamycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine in Pediatric Participants With Advanced Stage Newly Diagnosed Hodgkin Lymphoma reporte...","from":"nct02979522","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Durvalumab or Tremelimumab Monotherapy, or Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab or Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma reported","from":"nct02519348","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","tremelimumab","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Ramucirumab (LY3009806) or Merestinib (LY2801653) in Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer reported","from":"nct02711553","refs":["metastatic-cancer","ramucirumab","cisplatin","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AALL1331 reported","note":"Blinatumomab consolidation gave two-year disease-free survival of 54.4 percent against 39.0 percent with chemotherapy in high- and intermediate-risk relapse (not statistically sign...","from":"aall1331","refs":["all-paediatric-relapsed","all-leukemia","leukaemia","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"AMPECT reported","note":"Objective response 39% (independent review), durable, enriched in TSC2-mutant tumours; FDA approval November 2021.","from":"ampect","refs":["pecoma","sarcoma","sirolimus-albumin-bound"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"An Efficacy and Safety Study of Apalutamide (JNJ-56021927) in Combination With Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone Versus Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone in P...","from":"nct02257736","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","apalutamide","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ARROW (thyroid cohorts) reported","note":"ORR 71% (naive MTC), 89% (RET-fusion thyroid).","from":"arrow-thyroid","refs":["thyroid","ret-fusion-nsclc","nsclc","pralsetinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ATEMPT reported","note":"Very high three-year invasive disease-free survival with one year of trastuzumab emtansine in stage I disease, but clinically relevant toxicity was not lower than with paclitaxel p...","from":"atempt","refs":["her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","breast-her2-positive","breast-cancer","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ATLANTIS reported","note":"OS HR 0.97, not significant.","from":"atlantis","refs":["sclc","lurbinectedin","topotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"BELINDA reported","note":"EFS HR 1.07 (negative).","from":"belinda","refs":["dlbcl"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"BMT CTN 1102 reported","note":"Three-year overall survival 47.9 percent with a donor and reduced-intensity transplant against 26.6 percent without a donor (p 0.0001); leukaemia-free survival 35.8 against 20.6 pe...","from":"bmt-ctn-1102","refs":["mds-higher-risk","mds","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"C-144-01 reported","note":"ORR 31.4%; median DOR 36.5 months (5-year analysis).","from":"c-144-01","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","lifileucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CameL reported","note":"PFS 11.3 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.60.","from":"camel","refs":["nsclc","camrelizumab","carboplatin","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAPTAIN-1st reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 9.7 vs 6.9 months (hazard ratio 0.54).","from":"captain-1st","refs":["nasopharyngeal","head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAPTIVATE reported","note":"CR 55%; uMRD 77%; 4-year PFS ~79%.","from":"captivate","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","ibrutinib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CARTITUDE-1 reported","note":"ORR 98%; ~33% progression-free at 5 years without maintenance.","from":"cartitude-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","ciltacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CAVE mCRC reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.6 months overall; 17.3 months with RAS and BRAF wild-type plasma against 10.4 months with mutated plasma (hazard ratio 0.49).","from":"cave","refs":["colorectal","cetuximab","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab in basal cell carcinoma after a hedgehog inhibitor reported","note":"Objective response by independent central review in 26 of 84 patients (31 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 21 to 42) with five complete responses; grade 3 or 4 treatment-e...","from":"cemiplimab-advanced-bcc","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","locally-advanced-bcc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 274 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.70; OS HR 0.83 (ITT), median 75 vs 50.1 months.","from":"checkmate-274","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 577 reported","note":"DFS 22.4 vs 11.0 months (HR 0.69); OS 51.7 vs 35.3 months (HR 0.85, NS).","from":"checkmate-577","refs":["esophageal","gastric","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","oesophageal-adenocarcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 648 reported","note":"PD-L1 ≥1%: OS 15.4 vs 9.1 months (nivo + chemo, HR 0.54); 13.7 vs 9.1 months (nivo + ipi, HR 0.64).","from":"checkmate-648","refs":["esophageal","oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CHRYSALIS reported","note":"Amivantamab produced durable responses in EGFR exon 20 insertion non-small-cell lung cancer after platinum chemotherapy; accelerated approval in May 2021.","from":"chrysalis","refs":["egfr-mutant-nsclc","nsclc","lung-cancer","amivantamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CLEAR (KEYNOTE-581) reported","note":"PFS 23.9 vs 9.2 months (HR 0.39); OS HR 0.79.","from":"clear","refs":["rcc","lenvatinib","pembrolizumab","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"CODEL reported","note":"Temozolomide alone gave shorter progression-free survival than radiotherapy-containing treatment in 1p/19q-codeleted glioma; the redesigned comparison of radiotherapy with temozolo...","from":"codel","refs":["oligodendroglioma","glioblastoma","temozolomide","procarbazine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COG ACNS0331 reported","note":"Involved-field boost non-inferior (5-year EFS 82.5% vs 80.5%); 18 Gy CSI inferior to 23.4 Gy (71.4% vs 82.9%).","from":"acns0331","refs":["medulloblastoma","medulloblastoma-wnt","medulloblastoma-group-3-4","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"COG ACNS0332 reported","note":"Carboplatin radiosensitisation improved event-free and overall survival in group 3 high-risk medulloblastoma; isotretinoin maintenance was stopped for futility.","from":"acns0332","refs":["medulloblastoma-group-3-4","medulloblastoma","carboplatin","vincristine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DAWNA-1 reported","note":"PFS 15.7 vs 7.2 months, HR 0.42.","from":"dawna-1","refs":["breast-hr-positive","dalpiciclib","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast03 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.33; OS HR 0.64.","from":"destiny-breast03","refs":["breast-her2-positive","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-CRC01 reported","note":"Confirmed objective response 45.3 percent in HER2-positive disease; interstitial lung disease in 6 percent, two deaths.","from":"destiny-crc01","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134) reported","note":"2-year OS 71.8% vs 51.5%.","from":"dreamseq","refs":["melanoma","braf-v600-melanoma","advanced-melanoma","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ECOG-ACRIN EA1131 reported","note":"Closed for futility: platinum not superior or non-inferior to capecitabine for iDFS in basal-like residual TNBC (primary hazard ratio not indexed).","from":"ea1131","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","carboplatin","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Osilodrostat in Cushing's Disease reported","from":"nct02697734","refs":["pituitary-tumours","osilodrostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD reported","note":"PFS HR 0.55 in ESR1-mutant.","from":"emerald","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","elacestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Cervical 1 / GOG-3016 / ENGOT-cx9 reported","note":"OS 12.0 vs 8.5 months (HR 0.69).","from":"empower-cervical-1","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EMPOWER-Lung 1 reported","note":"Median overall survival not reached vs 14.2 months (hazard ratio 0.57) in PD-L1 50% or more; 26.1 vs 13.3 months in the three-year update; median progression-free survival 8.2 vs 5...","from":"empower-lung-1","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","cemiplimab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ESCORT-1st reported","note":"OS 15.3 vs 12.0 months, HR 0.70.","from":"escort-1st","refs":["esophageal","camrelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"eXalt3 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 25.8 vs 12.7 months (hazard ratio 0.51, blinded independent review, intent-to-treat); intracranial response 63.6% vs 21.1% in patients with target...","from":"nct02767804","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","ensartinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"EXPLORER reported","note":"Overall response rate 75 percent and complete remission rate 36 percent in 53 evaluable patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis; maximum tolerated dose not reached; recommende...","from":"explorer","refs":["advanced-systemic-mastocytosis","systemic-mastocytosis","avapritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FMT plus pembrolizumab in anti-PD-1-refractory melanoma (Pittsburgh) reported","note":"6 of 15 patients with clinical benefit (3 objective responses).","from":"fmt-pd1-refractory-melanoma-pitt","refs":["melanoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"FOCUS4 reported","note":"FOCUS4-C: adavosertib improved progression-free survival in RAS and TP53 co-mutated tumours (hazard ratio 0.35).","from":"focus4","refs":["colorectal","adavosertib","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"GLOW reported","note":"PFS HR 0.216; OS HR 0.487 (4-year).","from":"glow","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","ibrutinib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"IARC India HPV vaccine dose study (one, two or three doses) 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Negative.","from":"keynote-119","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","pembrolizumab","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-564 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.72; OS HR 0.62.","from":"keynote-564","refs":["rcc","clear-cell-rcc","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-716 reported","note":"RFS and DMFS improved; 5-year benefit sustained (ESMO 2025).","from":"keynote-716","refs":["melanoma","stage-ii-melanoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-775 / Study 309 reported","note":"OS 18.3 vs 11.4 months (HR 0.62).","from":"keynote-775","refs":["endometrial","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","endometrial-nsmp","lenvatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-811 reported","note":"Higher response rate and longer progression-free survival with pembrolizumab added to trastuzumab and chemotherapy, with benefit concentrated in PD-L1-positive tumours; accelerated...","from":"keynote-811","refs":["gastric-her2-positive","gastric","pembrolizumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-826 reported","note":"OS 26.4 vs 16.8 months (HR 0.63), all comers.","from":"keynote-826","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","pembrolizumab","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"LOTIS-2 reported","note":"ORR 48%, CR 24%.","from":"lotis-2","refs":["dlbcl","zynlonta"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Low-PV reported","note":"Haematocrit at or below 45% without progression at 12 months: 84% vs 60%.","from":"low-pv","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","ropeginterferon-alfa-2b"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung ART reported","note":"Postoperative mediastinal radiotherapy did not improve three-year disease-free survival in completely resected N2 disease; mediastinal relapse fell but cardiopulmonary toxicity ros...","from":"lung-art","refs":["resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Lung-MAP S1400I: nivolumab with or without ipilimumab reported","note":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab did not improve survival over nivolumab alone; the trial closed for futility.","from":"lung-map-s1400i","refs":["nsclc","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NEOLAP reported","note":"Surgical conversion 35.9 percent with continued nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine against 43.9 percent with sequential FOLFIRINOX (odds ratio 0.72; p 0.38); median overall survival 1...","from":"neolap","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","folfirinox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Neulasta-controlled Trial of F-627 in Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Myelotoxic Chemotherapy reported","from":"nct03252431","refs":["breast-cancer","efbemalenograstim-alfa","pegfilgrastim"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"NIFTY reported","note":"BICR PFS 7.1 vs 1.4 months, HR 0.56 (0.39 to 0.81), p=0.0019; re-read PFS 4.2 vs 1.7 months, HR 0.61 (0.44 to 0.86).","from":"nifty","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","liposomal-irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OlympiA reported","note":"iDFS HR 0.58; OS HR 0.72.","from":"olympia","refs":["tnbc","breast-hr-positive","tnbc-early","hr-positive-early-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ORIENT-32 reported","note":"OS HR 0.57; PFS HR 0.56.","from":"orient-32","refs":["hcc","sintilimab","bevacizumab","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"OUTBACK / ANZGOG 0902 / GOG-0274 reported","note":"5-year OS 72% vs 71%; no benefit.","from":"outback","refs":["cervical","locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PANOPTIMOX-PRODIGE 35 reported","note":"Six-month progression-free survival 47.1 percent (six months of FOLFIRINOX), 42.9 percent (four months then fluorouracil maintenance) and 34.1 percent (alternating gemcitabine and...","from":"panoptimox-prodige-35","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","folfirinox","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PAPMET (SWOG S1500) reported","note":"Cabozantinib lengthened progression-free survival compared with sunitinib in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma; the crizotinib and savolitinib arms closed for futility.","from":"papmet","refs":["papillary-rcc","rcc","cabozantinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PATCH (Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone) reported","note":"Transdermal oestradiol suppressed testosterone as well as a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist with no difference in time to first cardiovascular event (hazard ratio 1.1...","from":"patch-transdermal-oestradiol","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","prostate-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PEACE-1 reported","note":"OS HR 0.82 in the overall population and HR 0.75 in the ADT plus docetaxel population; HR 0.72 in high-volume disease.","from":"peace-1","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","abiraterone","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PENELOPE-B reported","note":"One year of palbociclib added to endocrine therapy did not improve invasive disease-free survival.","from":"penelope-b","refs":["hr-positive-early-high-risk","breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Oral Panobinostat in Adult Participants With Relapsed/Refractory Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma reported","from":"nct00742027","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","panobinostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"POLARIX reported","note":"2-year PFS 76.7% vs 70.2%, HR 0.73; 5-year OS HR 0.85 (NS).","from":"polarix","refs":["dlbcl","polatuzumab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"POP-RT reported","note":"5-year biochemical failure-free survival 95% (whole pelvis) vs 81.2% (prostate only).","from":"pop-rt","refs":["prostate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 23 reported","note":"3-year disease-free survival 76% vs 69% (hazard ratio 0.69); pathological complete response 28% vs 12%.","from":"prodige-23","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","oxaliplatin","irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 7 reported","note":"Median overall survival 41.7 against 41.2 months (hazard ratio 1.00); more late grade 3 or worse complications with HIPEC.","from":"prodige-7","refs":["colorectal","oxaliplatin","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"PSMA-PreRP reported","note":"Per-patient sensitivity 0.40 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.46) and specificity 0.95 (0.92 to 0.97) for pelvic nodal metastasis against histopathology in the 277-man surgery cohort; positive pr...","from":"psma-prerp","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","illuccix","ga68-psma-11"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"RELIANCE reported","note":"ORR 75.9%, CR 51.7%.","from":"reliance","refs":["dlbcl","relmacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"RESOLVE reported","note":"Median overall survival 9.7 months with ibrutinib plus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine against 10.8 months with placebo (p 0.3225); progression-free survival 5.3 against 6.0 months...","from":"resolve","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","ibrutinib","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ROCKstar reported","note":"Best overall response 74% (200 mg once daily) and 77% (200 mg twice daily); the FDA analysis of the once-daily dose found 75% through cycle 7 day 1.","from":"rockstar","refs":["belumosudil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy Comparison of Docetaxel and Ixabepilone in Non Metastatic Poor Prognosis Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct00630032","refs":["breast-cancer","cyclophosphamide","docetaxel","epirubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Efficacy of LCI699 in Cushing's Disease Patients reported","from":"nct01331239","refs":["pituitary-tumours","osilodrostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SPINET reported","note":"Closed early for slow recruitment; the underpowered comparison favoured lanreotide over placebo for progression-free survival.","from":"spinet","refs":["lung-net","neuroendocrine","octreotide-lanreotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study Comparing Rovalpituzumab Tesirine Versus Topotecan in Subjects With Advanced or Metastatic Small Cell Lung Cancer With High Levels of Delta-like Protein 3...","from":"nct03061812","refs":["sclc","rovalpituzumab-tesirine","topotecan","dexamethasone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study of MEDI4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Urothelial Cancer reported","from":"nct02516241","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) Compared to Best Supportive Care Following Chemotherapy in Patients With Lung Cancer [ reported","note":"IMpower010: adjuvant atezolizumab after platinum chemotherapy improved disease-free survival in resected stage II to IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer, most in tumours with PD-L1 on...","from":"nct02486718","refs":["nsclc","sclc","resectable-nsclc","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1406 reported","note":"Progression-free survival hazard ratio 0.50 with vemurafenib added; response 17 against 4 percent.","from":"swog-s1406","refs":["colorectal","braf-v600e-colorectal","vemurafenib","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1505 reported","note":"Two-year overall survival 47 percent with perioperative modified FOLFIRINOX and 48 percent with perioperative gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel; neither exceeded the 40 percent histo...","from":"swog-s1505","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","folfirinox","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"SYSUCC-001 reported","note":"5-year DFS 82.8% vs 73.0% (HR 0.64, p 0.03); 10-year DFS 78.1% vs 66.6% (HR 0.61); 10-year OS 82.4% vs 73.7% (HR 0.67, p 0.058).","from":"sysucc-001","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TheraP (ANZUP 1603) reported","note":"PSA50 66% vs 37%; OS HR 0.97.","from":"therap","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pluvicto","cabazitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TOSCA reported","note":"Relapse-free survival hazard ratio 1.13 for three against six months, crossing the non-inferiority limit; no overall survival difference.","from":"tosca","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TPExtreme (GORTEC 2014-01) reported","note":"TPEx did not improve overall survival over EXTREME, but gave similar survival with a shorter schedule and less toxicity.","from":"tpextreme","refs":["recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","head-and-neck","docetaxel","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TRIUMPH reported","note":"Confirmed objective response 30 percent in tissue-positive and 28 percent in ctDNA-positive patients, against 0 percent in a matched real-world reference group.","from":"triumph","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","pertuzumab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"TRYbeCA-1 reported","note":"Primary overall survival endpoint not met.","from":"trybeca-1","refs":["pancreatic","eryaspase","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UKCTOCS reported","note":"No significant reduction in ovarian cancer mortality.","from":"ukctocs","refs":["ovarian"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UKLS reported","note":"42 cancers in 1,994 people scanned, 85.7 percent at stage 1 or 2; lung cancer mortality relative rate 0.65 (0.41 to 1.02) at a median 7.3 years, and 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92) pooled with...","from":"ukls","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"UX023T-CL201 reported","note":"Serum phosphorus rose from 0.52 mmol/L at baseline to 0.82 mmol/L at week 144 (p<0.0001); 33% of baseline fractures or pseudofractures fully healed and 13% partially healed by week...","from":"ux023t-cl201","refs":["burosumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISION reported","note":"OS HR 0.62.","from":"vision","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pluvicto"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"VISMONEO (vismodegib before surgery for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Surgical downstaging in 44 of 55 patients (80 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 67 to 90) with 27 complete responses, an objective response rate of 71 per cent, and recurre...","from":"vismoneo","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","locally-advanced-bcc","skin-cancer","vismodegib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZGDH3 (donafenib vs sorafenib) reported","note":"OS 12.1 vs 10.3 months, HR 0.83.","from":"zgdh3","refs":["hcc","donafenib","sorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-5 reported","note":"High objective and complete response rates in relapsed follicular lymphoma with durable remissions; accelerated approval in March 2021.","from":"zuma-5","refs":["follicular-lymphoma","marginal-zone-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2021","precision":"year","title":"ZUMA-7 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.40; OS HR 0.73; 4-year OS 54.6% vs 46.0%.","from":"zuma-7","refs":["dlbcl","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-01","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 2021 (Eichhorst et al.) for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2021.","from":"cll","refs":["ibrutinib","venetoclax","rituximab","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-01-15","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma (DESTINY-Gastric01)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02","precision":"month","title":"Tebentafusp: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"tebentafusp","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02-09","precision":"day","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"Advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-02-22","precision":"day","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"First-line PD-L1 ≥50% NSCLC (EMPOWER-Lung 1)","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-03","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG multiple myeloma 2021 (Dimopoulos et al.) for Multiple myeloma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2021.","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab","bortezomib","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-03","precision":"day","title":"Lorlatinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line ALK+ NSCLC (CROWN); full approval","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-05","precision":"day","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma (ZUMA-5)","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-03-30","precision":"day","title":"CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine): label change (US)","note":"Paediatric expansion","from":"cpx-351","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-positive gastric cancer (January 2021, DESTINY-Gastric01) and nivolumab with chemotherapy (April 2021, Ch...","from":"gastric","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-gastric04","nivolumab","checkmate-649"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-07","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (US)","note":"Full approval in metastatic TNBC (ASCENT); accelerated approval in urothelial cancer","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-22","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, dMMR recurrent/advanced endometrial cancer after platinum","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-04-23","precision":"day","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 lines (LOTIS-2)","from":"zynlonta","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-21","precision":"day","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC after platinum","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-26","precision":"day","title":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu: approval (US)","note":"PSMA PET imaging in prostate cancer: first 18F PSMA agent","from":"pylarify","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-05-28","precision":"day","title":"Sotorasib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, KRAS G12C NSCLC after ≥1 therapy: first KRAS inhibitor","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Adagrasib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Disitamab vedotin: approval (China)","note":"Conditional approval, HER2+ gastric cancer after ≥2 lines","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Galleri: filing (US)","note":"Launched as a laboratory-developed test","from":"galleri","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-06","precision":"month","title":"Teclistamab: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-07","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Endometrial cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of dostarlimab for dMMR recurrent disease (April 2021, GARNET) and full approval of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (July 2021, KEYNOTE-775).","from":"endometrial","refs":["dostarlimab","pembrolizumab","lenvatinib","keynote-775"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-09","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Full approval and cisplatin-ineligible expansion (EV-301)","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-21","precision":"day","title":"Lenvatinib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval, pMMR endometrial cancer (KEYNOTE-775)","from":"lenvatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-07-26","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"High-risk early TNBC, neoadjuvant and adjuvant (KEYNOTE-522)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","note":"1 row added, 1 row removed. Anchored to FDA approval of neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab (July 2021, KEYNOTE-522); withdrawal of the atezolizumab TNBC indication (August 2021...","from":"tnbc","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-522","atezolizumab","impassion130"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08","precision":"month","title":"Atezolizumab: withdrawal (US)","note":"Genentech withdrew the US TNBC indication after the confirmatory IMpassion131 trial (paclitaxel partner) showed no progression-free or overall survival benefit and the FDA's accele...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-13","precision":"day","title":"Belzutifan: approval (US)","note":"VHL disease-associated RCC, CNS haemangioblastoma, pNET: first HIF-2α inhibitor","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-17","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"dMMR solid tumours (tumour-agnostic, accelerated)","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-08-27","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: withdrawal (US)","note":"TNBC indication withdrawn after IMpassion131","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-09-20","precision":"day","title":"Tisotumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after chemotherapy (innovaTV 204)","from":"tisotumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2020-2021 updates for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"4 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of adjuvant osimertinib (December 2020, ADAURA), sotorasib and amivantamab (May 2021), adjuvant atezolizumab (October 2021, IMpower010).","from":"nsclc","refs":["osimertinib","adaura","sotorasib","adagrasib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 update for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of adjuvant abemaciclib, October 2021 (monarchE).","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["abemaciclib","monarche"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Cervical cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of tisotumab vedotin (September 2021) and approval of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for PD-L1 CPS 1 or above (October 2021, KEY...","from":"cervical","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-826","tisotumab-vedotin","innovatv-301"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10","precision":"month","title":"Signatera: approval (US)","note":"Medicare coverage for immunotherapy response monitoring, pan-cancer","from":"signatera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10-12","precision":"day","title":"Abemaciclib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant high-risk node-positive HR+/HER2- early breast cancer, Ki-67 ≥20% (monarchE)","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-10-15","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant NSCLC, PD-L1 ≥1% (IMpower010)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-11","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG metastatic breast cancer 2021 (Gennari et al.) for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, November 2021.","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["ribociclib","abemaciclib","palbociclib","alpelisib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2021-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021 updates for Renal cell carcinoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of nivolumab plus cabozantinib (January 2021, CheckMate 9ER), pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib (August 2021, CLEAR) and adjuvant pembrolizumab...","from":"rcc","refs":["nivolumab","cabozantinib","pembrolizumab","lenvatinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-11-22","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval, pretreated metastatic TNBC","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-12-23","precision":"day","title":"Patritumab deruxtecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI and platinum","from":"patritumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2021-12-31","precision":"day","title":"Disitamab vedotin: approval (China)","note":"HER2-expressing urothelial cancer after platinum","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2022","kind":"year","name":"2022 in oncology","aka":["2022"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2022: 665 entries, 158 papers, 134 papers listed on people's pages, 124 landmarks and 98 trials reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"665 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2022: 158 papers, 134 papers listed on people's pages, 124 landmarks, 98 trials reported, 66 approvals, 40 regulatory events, 24 financing rounds, 8 guideline changes, 4 laws and regulations, 4 technologies, 2 companies founded, 2 journals founded and 1 expected date.\n\nOf those, 25 to the day, 24 to the month and 616 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2021","2023"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2022,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Adagrasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C NSCLC (accelerated)","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with an EGFR exon 20 insertion after platinum-based chemotherapy: not recommended.","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel approved in US","note":"Second-line LBCL refractory or relapsed within 12 months","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Cadonilimab approved in China","note":"Recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer after platinum","from":"cadonilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Capmatinib & tepotinib approved in EU","note":"Tepmetko 2022; Tabrecta 2022","from":"capmatinib-tepotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CERVAVAC (quadrivalent HPV vaccine, India) approved in IN","note":"Prevention of HPV 6/11/16/18-related cancers and genital warts, ages 9-26. 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DYNAMIC cut adjuvant chemotherapy use in resected stage II colon cancer from 28% to 15% with non-inferior two-year recurrence-free survival, the first randomised...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-dynamic-nejm-2022","paper-henriksen-ctdna-stage-iii-colorectal-improve-it-ccr-2022"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AALL1231 removes prophylactic cranial irradiation for most T-ALL; bortezomib helps T-lymphoblastic lymphoma only","note":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-high-risk","refs":["prophylactic-cranial-irradiation","bortezomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AAML1031: sorafenib improves event-free survival in high allelic ratio FLT3-ITD AML; bortezomib adds nothing","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":["sorafenib","bortezomib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Adagrasib approved after KRYSTAL-1, with brain activity","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["adagrasib","pasi-janne"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"African ancestry linked to the TNBC immune landscape","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Martini's RNA sequencing of African American, West and East African tumours finds 613 ancestry-associated genes and distinct tumour-associated...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-martini-african-ancestry-tnbc-cancer-discov-2022","paper-huo-tcga-ancestry-breast-jama-oncol-2017"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AGILE: ivosidenib plus azacitidine for unfit IDH1-mutated patients","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in older or unfit patients","from":"aml-older-unfit","refs":["agile","ivosidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AGILE: ivosidenib plus azacitidine lengthens life in newly diagnosed unfit patients; olutasidenib approved","note":"IDH1- and IDH2-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-idh","refs":["agile","ivosidenib","olutasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AHOD2131 opens: brentuximab vedotin and nivolumab in early-stage high-risk disease from age 5","note":"Early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage I to II)","from":"early-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["ahod2131","brentuximab-vedotin","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ALLIANCE A021501: adding stereotactic radiotherapy to neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX gives worse outcomes","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["sbrt","folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ALPINE: zanubrutinib beats ibrutinib head to head","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["alpine","zanubrutinib","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ANCHOR: treating anal HSIL in people living with HIV cuts progression to anal cancer by 57 percent","note":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (precursor)","from":"anal-hsil-precursor","refs":["precancer-ablation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ANCHOR: treating HSIL prevents anal cancer in people with HIV","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)","from":"anal","refs":["precancer-ablation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ARASENS: darolutamide triplet cuts death by a third","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["arasens","darolutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ASTRUM-005: serplulimab plus chemotherapy in China","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["astrum-005","serplulimab","cheng-ying","henlius"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ATHENA-MONO confirms rucaparib maintenance; later-line PARP labels narrowed after survival data","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["athena-mono","rucaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"BCLC update subdivides intermediate stage and introduces treatment stage migration","note":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","from":"hcc-intermediate","refs":["bclc-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CAPS5: 77.8 percent of surveillance-detected cancers are stage I","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 1,461 high-risk people enrolled; across CAPS1 to 5 (1,731 people) 57.9 percent of the 19 surveillance-detected cancers were stage I, with five-yea...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["pancreatic-surveillance","paper-dbouk-caps5-stage-survival-jco-2022"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 648: nivolumab + chemotherapy and nivolumab + ipilimumab approved; RATIONALE-306 reported","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["checkmate-648","rationale-306"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 648: nivolumab combinations first line","note":"Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"oesophageal-squamous-cell-carcinoma","refs":["checkmate-648"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 816: neoadjuvant immunotherapy; tremelimumab-durvalumab (POSEIDON)","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["checkmate-816","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 816: neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy raises pathological complete response from 2 to 24 percent","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["checkmate-816","nivolumab","patrick-forde","jonathan-spicer"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved for adults with histiocytic neoplasms including Langerhans cell histiocytosis","note":"Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (with or without risk-organ involvement)","from":"lch-multisystem","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved for histiocytic neoplasms","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease, Rosai-Dorfman disease and other histiocytic neoplasms. FDA approval October 2022 for adults with ECD, RDD and LCH.","from":"histiocytoses","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved for histiocytic neoplasms in the United States","note":"Erdheim-Chester disease","from":"erdheim-chester-disease","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Cobimetinib approved for histiocytic neoplasms; WHO lists Rosai-Dorfman disease among histiocytic neoplasms","note":"Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","from":"rosai-dorfman-disease","refs":["cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved for ALK-positive IMT","note":"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT). FDA, 14 July 2022, adults and children aged 1 year and older.","from":"inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumour","refs":["crizotinib","race-for-children-act"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib approved for BRAF V600E solid tumours regardless of site","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","braf"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast04 and FDA approval","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":["destiny-breast04","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast04 includes HER2-low triple-negative tumours","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["destiny-breast04","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Lung01: trastuzumab deruxtecan approved, the first HER2-directed lung cancer therapy","note":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"her2-mutant-nsclc","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","daiichi-sankyo"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Detecting the lineage change without a biopsy, and measuring the disparity in the genome","note":"Prostate cancer. Cell-free DNA methylation separates neuroendocrine from castration-resistant adenocarcinoma with near-perfect discrimination in two small cohorts; a 2,069-man sing...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-berchuck-cfdna-methylation-nepc-detection-ccr-2022","paper-stopsack-prostate-genomes-by-race-ccr-2022"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab alone produces complete responses in every mismatch-repair deficient rectal cancer treated","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["dostarlimab","andrea-cercek","luis-diaz"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab: complete responses in every dMMR rectal cancer treated; PARADIGM","note":"Colorectal cancer. Organ preservation without surgery in the first Memorial Sloan Kettering cohort (Cercek, NEJM); panitumumab beat bevacizumab in left-sided RAS wild-type disease.","from":"colorectal","refs":["dostarlimab","paradigm"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab added to chemotherapy (TOPAZ-1)","note":"Biliary tract cancer (all types)","from":"biliary-tract-cancer","refs":["durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"E3311: reduced-dose radiotherapy after transoral surgery","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["ecog-e3311"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-1 shows overall survival benefit; WHO reclassifies nodular lymphocyte-predominant disease","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["echelon-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ECHELON-1 six-year update shows an overall survival advantage","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["echelon-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ELN 2022 places all FLT3-ITD AML in intermediate risk","note":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-flt3","refs":["eln-risk"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ELN 2022 risk, WHO/ICC classifications, AGILE, olutasidenib","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Genetics-first classification; ivosidenib-azacitidine OS HR 0.44; second IDH1 inhibitor approved.","from":"aml","refs":["eln-risk","agile","olutasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ESMO-EURACAN salivary gland guideline","note":"Salivary gland cancers","from":"salivary-gland","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ESTIMABL2 and IoN: no radioactive iodine for low-risk disease","note":"Papillary thyroid cancer. Both trials found equivalent outcomes without ablation.","from":"papillary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["radioiodine-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ESTIMABL2: no radioiodine for low-risk disease; ASTRA adjuvant redifferentiation negative","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["estimabl2","astra"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Euro Ewing 2012 unifies VDC/IE; DeFi positive","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["euro-ewing-2012","defi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Euro Ewing 2012: VDC/IE superior to VIDE (Lancet)","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"First bispecific: mosunetuzumab","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Off-the-shelf CD20×CD3 with ~60% CR in third line.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["mosunetuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"First GD2 CAR-T responses in patients","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). Majzner and colleagues (Nature) report clinical and radiographic improvement with intravenous then intracerebroventricular...","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":["glioma-car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"FOENIX-CCA2: futibatinib approved; TOPAZ-1: durvalumab added to chemotherapy","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["foenix-cca2","futibatinib","topaz-1","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GD2 CAR-T responses in DIPG (Stanford)","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["glioma-car-t"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GOG 281: trametinib doubles progression-free survival","note":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GOG-0261: carboplatin-paclitaxel non-inferior to ifosfamide-paclitaxel","note":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","from":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","refs":["carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"HER2-low becomes a treatment category (DESTINY-Breast04)","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["destiny-breast04"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"HER2-low: T-DXd works in 'HER2-negative' disease","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). DESTINY-Breast04 includes TNBC patients with HER2-low tumours.","from":"tnbc","refs":["destiny-breast04","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"HIMALAYA: durvalumab plus tremelimumab (STRIDE) beats sorafenib","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["himalaya","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"HIMALAYA: STRIDE approved; BCLC update adds systemic therapy for some BCLC-B","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["himalaya","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Ibrutinib-venetoclax fixed duration (EU); CLL13 and GLOW","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Venetoclax combinations beat chemoimmunotherapy in fit patients; ibrutinib-venetoclax approved in Europe.","from":"cll","refs":["cll13-gaia","glow","captivate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ICC and WHO redefine accelerated and blast phase thresholds","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, accelerated and blast phase","from":"cml-advanced-phase","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"IELSG32 7-year update confirms cures","note":"Primary CNS lymphoma","from":"primary-cns-lymphoma","refs":["autologous-stem-cell-transplant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"INTRIGUE: ctDNA genotype predicts ripretinib vs sunitinib benefit","note":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)","from":"gist","refs":["ripretinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"INTRIGUE: ripretinib not superior to sunitinib second line; genotype subgroups diverge","note":"Imatinib-resistant GIST","from":"gist-imatinib-resistant","refs":["nct03673501","ripretinib","sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"IPSS-M adds mutations to risk scoring","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"IPSS-M and WHO5/ICC","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Molecular risk model with 31 genes; classification renamed myelodysplastic neoplasms with genetically defined entities.","from":"mds","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Joint European polyp guideline updated","note":"Gallbladder cancer. ESGAR, EAES, EFISDS and ESGE set size and risk-factor rules for cholecystectomy and ultrasound follow-up.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["gallbladder-polyp","paper-gallbladder-polyp-joint-guideline-eur-radiol-2022"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"LMS-04: doxorubicin plus trabectedin doubles progression-free survival in leiomyosarcoma","note":"Soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (localised and advanced)","from":"extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","refs":["lms-04"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"LMS-04: doxorubicin plus trabectedin improves progression-free survival","note":"Uterine sarcoma. Pautier and colleagues, Lancet Oncol.","from":"uterine-sarcoma","refs":["doxorubicin","trabectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"LMS-04: doxorubicin plus trabectedin improves progression-free survival","note":"Leiomyosarcoma","from":"leiomyosarcoma","refs":["trabectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine accelerated approval after SORAYA","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine approved for platinum-resistant disease","note":"High-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine: first ovarian ADC","note":"Ovarian cancer. Accelerated approval; full approval after MIRASOL OS benefit in 2024.","from":"ovarian","refs":["mirvetuximab-soravtansine","mirasol"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Mirvetuximab: first ovarian ADC","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MOCCA and other trials test immunotherapy in clear cell carcinoma","note":"Clear cell ovarian cancer","from":"clear-cell-ovarian-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MOUNTAINEER: tucatinib plus trastuzumab, response rate 38 percent, median survival 24 months","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["mountaineer","tucatinib","tanios-bekaii-saab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MSK-IMPACT reference cohort","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 244 samples: TP53 63%, CDKN2A 21%, ERBB2 15%, KRAS 11%, actionable alterations in 35% of patients (Giraldo et al., Clinical Cancer Research).","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-giraldo-gallbladder-msk-impact-ccr-2022"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Nadofaragene firadenovec: first bladder gene therapy","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["nadofaragene-firadenovec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Nadofaragene firadenovec: first gene therapy for bladder cancer","note":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","from":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["nadofaragene-firadenovec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NCCN publishes a dedicated ampullary adenocarcinoma guideline","note":"Ampullary cancer (ampulla of Vater). Subtype-directed treatment recommendations formalised.","from":"ampullary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab: 51% pathological complete response (NEJM)","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab: pathological complete response in 51 percent (NEJM)","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Neurofibromatosis type 2 renamed NF2-related schwannomatosis","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NICHE-2 neoadjuvant nivolumab-ipilimumab and dostarlimab in rectal cancer","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["niche-2","dostarlimab","andrea-cercek"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-relatlimab (Opdualag) approved; tebentafusp approved; SWOG S1801 shows neoadjuvant benefit","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["relativity-047","relatlimab-nivolumab","tebentafusp","swog-s1801"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NordICC: the first randomised trial of screening colonoscopy","note":"Colorectal cancer. 84,585 people in Poland, Norway and Sweden; a single invitation cut the 10-year risk of colorectal cancer from 1.20 to 0.98 percent, with 455 invitations needed...","from":"colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening","colonoscopy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"OPRA: about half of patients keep their rectum after total neoadjuvant therapy","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["opra","julio-garcia-aguilar"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PACIFIC five-year update: 42.9 percent alive versus 33.4 percent","note":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","refs":["pacific","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pacritinib approved for severe thrombocytopenia after PERSIST-2","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":["pacritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pacritinib for severe thrombocytopenia","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis)","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["pacritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab responses reported in the KEYNOTE-158 vulvar cohort","note":"HPV-associated vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","from":"hpv-associated-vulvar-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pluvicto approved; ARASENS establishes triplet therapy","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["pluvicto","arasens","darolutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"POLARIX: first frontline improvement on R-CHOP in twenty years; CAR-T approved second line","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["polarix","polatuzumab-vedotin","axicabtagene-ciloleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PRODIGE 24 at five years: median survival 53.5 months","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX against gemcitabine: median overall survival 53.5 versus 35.5 months, five-year survival 43.2 versus 31.4 percent, ha...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-prodige-24-five-year-outcomes-jama-oncol-2022","prodige-24"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PROpel and MAGNITUDE: PARP inhibitor plus abiraterone","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["propel","magnitude"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RAINBO NSMP-ORANGE opens: progestin versus chemotherapy after surgery","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RAINBO programme opens, with POLEmut-BLUE testing de-escalation","note":"POLE-ultramutated endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-pole-ultramutated","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Randomised phase 2: axitinib delays progression versus observation","note":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma","from":"adenoid-cystic-carcinoma","refs":["axitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"rEECur: high-dose ifosfamide best of four relapse regimens","note":"Ewing sarcoma","from":"ewing-sarcoma","refs":["ifosfamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RELATIVITY-047: nivolumab plus relatlimab approved; Dutch trial shows TIL beats ipilimumab","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["relativity-047","relatlimab-nivolumab","til-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"SEQUOIA: zanubrutinib beats bendamustine-rituximab; GLOW: ibrutinib-venetoclax approved in Europe","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["sequoia","zanubrutinib","glow"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"STAMPEDE: abiraterone improves survival in high-risk non-metastatic disease","note":"Localised prostate cancer, high and very high risk","from":"prostate-high-risk","refs":["stampede","abiraterone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1801: three doses before surgery beat the same drug given only after","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["swog-s1801"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Tabelecleucel approved in the EU","note":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). First allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy approved; December 2022, for relapsed or refractory EBV-positive PTLD.","from":"post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disorder","refs":["allogeneic-cell-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TAPPAS: TRC105 plus pazopanib fails to beat pazopanib","note":"Angiosarcoma","from":"angiosarcoma","refs":["pazopanib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Tebentafusp approved","note":"Uveal melanoma. FDA January 2022; EMA April 2022.","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":["tebentafusp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab: first BCMA bispecific approved (MajesTEC-1)","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["teclistamab","majestec-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab: first myeloma bispecific","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["teclistamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab: first myeloma bispecific; cilta-cel approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["teclistamab","majestec-1","ciltacabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"The UK National Screening Committee recommends targeted screening","note":"Lung cancer (all types). 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Fifth edition endocrine tumours.","from":"parathyroid-carcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification separates HPV-associated and HPV-independent penile squamous cell carcinoma","note":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","from":"localised-penile-cancer","refs":["hpv-p16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"WHO classifies B-ALL with BCR::ABL1-like features as an entity","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph-like or BCR::ABL1-like ALL)","from":"all-ph-like","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"WHO drops type 1 and 2 in favour of molecular groups","note":"Papillary renal cell carcinoma","from":"papillary-rcc","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"WHO endorses single-dose HPV vaccination (KEN SHE); OUTBACK negative","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["ken-she","outback"]},{"group":"history","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"WHO renames pituitary adenoma as PitNET","note":"Pituitary tumours (pituitary neuroendocrine tumours) and pituitary carcinoma. 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technology record states it.","from":"lag3-blockade","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Parsortix label-free circulating tumour cell harvest","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"parsortix-ctc-harvest","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Virus-specific T cells","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"virus-specific-t-cells","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Study of ACP-196 (Acalabrutinib) in Subjects With Relapsed/Refractory CLL and Intolerant of Ibrutinib Therapy reported","from":"nct02717611","refs":["cll","cll-relapsed","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Apalutamide Combined With GnRH Agonist in Participants With Androgen Receptor Positive Salivary Gland Carcinoma 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Combined With Nivolumab vs Nivolumab Alone in Participants With Previously Untreated Inoperable or Metastatic Melanoma reported","from":"nct03635983","refs":["melanoma","bempegaldesleukin","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Selpercatinib (LY3527723) in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumors Including RET Fusion-positive Solid Tumors, Medullary Thyroid Cancer a reported","from":"nct04280081","refs":["thyroid","medullary-thyroid-cancer","selpercatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Study That Provides Long-term Safety Follow-up and Examines Long-term Exposure to Abiraterone Acetate reported","from":"nct01517802","refs":["prostate","abiraterone","prednisone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Two Combinations of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Mutant Targeted Therapies Plus Azacitidine in Participants With...","from":"nct02677922","refs":["aml","aml-idh","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"A Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease reported","from":"nct02663908","refs":["prostate","degarelix"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AALL1231 reported","note":"Bortezomib did not significantly improve four-year event-free survival for the whole group (83.8 against 80.1 percent) but did for T-lymphoblastic lymphoma; cranial radiotherapy wa...","from":"aall1231","refs":["all-paediatric-high-risk","all-leukemia","leukaemia","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ACP-196 (Acalabrutinib), a Novel Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor, for Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Richter's Syndrome or Prolymphocytic Leu...","from":"nct02029443","refs":["cll","richter-transformation-cll","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AENEAS reported","note":"PFS 19.3 vs 9.9 months, HR 0.46.","from":"aeneas","refs":["nsclc","aumolertinib","gefitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AGILE reported","note":"OS 24.0 vs 7.9 months; HR 0.44.","from":"agile","refs":["aml","aml-idh","ivosidenib","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"AHOD1331 reported","note":"Three-year event-free survival 92.1 percent with brentuximab vedotin plus AVEPC against 82.5 percent with ABVE-PC (hazard ratio 0.41, p < 0.001), with no increase in toxicity; appr...","from":"ahod1331","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","childhood-cancers","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Alliance A021501 reported","note":"18-month overall survival 66.7 percent with neoadjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX alone against 47.3 percent with chemotherapy plus hypofractionated radiotherapy; the radiotherapy arm cl...","from":"alliance-a021501","refs":["pancreatic","borderline-resectable-pdac","folfirinox","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ALPINE reported","note":"PFS HR 0.65; AF 5.2% vs 13.3%.","from":"alpine","refs":["cll","cll-relapsed","zanubrutinib","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ANCHOR reported","note":"Progression to anal cancer 173 per 100,000 person-years with treatment against 402 with active monitoring, a 57 percent reduction (95% CI 6 to 80, p 0.03); the trial stopped early...","from":"anchor","refs":["anal-hsil-precursor","anal","fluorouracil","imiquimod"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Anetumab ravtansine versus vinorelbine in relapsed mesothelin-positive pleural mesothelioma reported","note":"PFS 4.3 vs 4.5 months, HR 1.22; primary endpoint not met.","from":"anetumab-vs-vinorelbine-mpm","refs":["mesothelioma","anetumab-ravtansine","vinorelbine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ARASENS reported","note":"OS HR 0.68.","from":"arasens","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","darolutamide","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ASTRUM-005 reported","note":"OS 15.4 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.63.","from":"astrum-005","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","serplulimab","platinum-etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ATHENA-MONO / GOG-3020 reported","note":"PFS 20.2 vs 9.2 months (HR 0.52).","from":"athena-mono","refs":["ovarian","platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","rucaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"BRE12-158 (Hoosier Oncology Group) reported","note":"2-year DFS 56.6% (genomically directed) vs 62.4% (physician's choice); no difference in DFS, DDFS or OS. Post-surgical ctDNA predicted outcome.","from":"bre12-158","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CAPItello-291 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.60 overall; HR 0.50 in AKT-pathway-altered.","from":"capitello-291","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","capivasertib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CAPSTONE-1 reported","note":"OS 15.3 vs 12.8 months, HR 0.72.","from":"capstone-1","refs":["sclc","adebrelimab","carboplatin","etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 548 reported","note":"OS 28.9 vs 32.1 months, HR 1.1 (95% CI 0.9-1.3); no PFS or OS benefit.","from":"checkmate-548","refs":["glioblastoma","nivolumab","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 816 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.63; OS HR 0.72.","from":"checkmate-816","refs":["nsclc","resectable-nsclc","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 915 reported","note":"Nivolumab plus low-dose ipilimumab did not improve recurrence-free survival over nivolumab alone after resection of stage III to IV melanoma.","from":"checkmate-915","refs":["stage-iii-melanoma","melanoma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CHRONOS reported","note":"Objective response 30 percent (8 of 27) and disease control 63 percent in ctDNA-selected patients; 31 percent of those screened were excluded by a resistance mutation.","from":"chronos","refs":["colorectal","panitumumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"CodeBreaK 200 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.66; OS HR 1.01.","from":"codebreak-200","refs":["nsclc","kras-g12c-nsclc","sotorasib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"COSMIC-313 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.73; OS HR 1.02 (no benefit).","from":"cosmic-313","refs":["rcc","cabozantinib","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DeFi reported","note":"PFS HR 0.29; ORR 41% vs 8%.","from":"defi","refs":["sarcoma","nirogacestat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast04 reported","note":"OS HR 0.64.","from":"destiny-breast04","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc","her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","tnbc-metastatic"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Lung01 reported","note":"High response rate with durable responses in HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer; accelerated approval in August 2022.","from":"destiny-lung01","refs":["her2-mutant-nsclc","nsclc","lung-cancer","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DETERMINATION reported","note":"Early autologous transplant added to RVd and lenalidomide maintenance prolonged progression-free survival; overall survival did not differ at the primary analysis.","from":"determination","refs":["myeloma-transplant-eligible","multiple-myeloma","lenalidomide","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"DYNAMIC reported","note":"Chemotherapy use 15% vs 28% with non-inferior RFS.","from":"dynamic","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ECOG-ACRIN E3311 reported","note":"Two-year progression-free survival 96.9% (observation), 94.9% (50 Gy), 96.0% (60 Gy) and 90.7% (high-risk chemoradiation).","from":"ecog-e3311","refs":["oropharyngeal-cancer","hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"EPCORE NHL-1 reported","note":"ORR 63%, CR 39%.","from":"epcore-nhl-1","refs":["dlbcl","epcoritamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"ESTIMABL2 reported","note":"3-year event-free 95.6% vs 95.9% (non-inferior).","from":"estimabl2","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"FLASH [Fluorescent Light Activated Synthetic Hypericin] Clinical Study: Topical SGX301 (Synthetic Hypericin) for the Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Myc...","from":"nct02448381","refs":["cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","hypericin-sgx301"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"FOENIX-CCA2 reported","note":"ORR 42%; PFS 9.0 months; OS 21.7 months.","from":"foenix-cca2","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","futibatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"FURLONG reported","note":"PFS 20.8 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.44.","from":"furlong","refs":["nsclc","furmonertinib","gefitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GEMSTONE-301 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 9.0 against 5.8 months by blinded independent review, including after sequential chemoradiotherapy.","from":"gemstone-301","refs":["stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","sugemalimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GEMSTONE-302 reported","note":"PFS 7.8 vs 4.9 months, HR 0.50.","from":"gemstone-302","refs":["nsclc","sugemalimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"GÖTEBORG-2 (MRI-based prostate cancer screening) reported","note":"Clinically insignificant cancer 0.6% vs 1.2% (RR 0.46); clinically significant cancer 0.9% vs 1.1%.","from":"goteborg-2","refs":["prostate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"HIMALAYA reported","note":"OS HR 0.78; 5-year OS 19.6% vs 9.4%.","from":"himalaya","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"IMbassador250 reported","note":"Overall survival not improved: stratified hazard ratio 1.12 (95 percent confidence interval 0.91 to 1.37, p=0.28) for atezolizumab with enzalutamide against enzalutamide alone.","from":"imbassador250","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","atezolizumab","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"JCOG0802 / WJOG4607L reported","note":"Segmentectomy was superior to lobectomy for overall survival; in the pure-solid subgroup five-year overall survival was 92.4 against 86.1 percent (hazard ratio 0.64).","from":"jcog0802","refs":["resectable-nsclc","lung-adenocarcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"JUPITER-06 reported","note":"OS 17.0 vs 11.0 months (HR 0.58); PFS HR 0.58.","from":"jupiter-06","refs":["esophageal","toripalimab","paclitaxel","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"KEN SHE (single-dose HPV vaccine) reported","note":"Single-dose efficacy 97.5% against persistent HPV16/18.","from":"ken-she","refs":["cervical","head-and-neck","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-091 (PEARLS) reported","note":"Disease-free survival significantly improved in the overall population; the co-primary endpoint in the PD-L1 50 percent or greater population was not met.","from":"keynote-091","refs":["resectable-nsclc","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-412 reported","note":"Pembrolizumab added to chemoradiotherapy did not significantly improve event-free survival.","from":"keynote-412","refs":["hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","head-and-neck","pembrolizumab","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"LEAP-002 reported","note":"OS HR 0.84, not significant.","from":"leap-002","refs":["hcc","lenvatinib","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"LMS-04 reported","note":"Median PFS 12.2 vs 6.2 months (HR 0.41); overall survival also favoured the combination at later follow-up.","from":"lms-04","refs":["leiomyosarcoma","uterine-sarcoma","extremity-soft-tissue-sarcoma","retroperitoneal-sarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Lung-MAP S1800A: ramucirumab plus pembrolizumab reported","note":"Median overall survival 14.5 months with ramucirumab plus pembrolizumab versus 11.6 months with standard of care (hazard ratio 0.69); confirmation sought in the phase 3 Pragmatica-...","from":"lung-map-s1800a","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","ramucirumab","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MAGNITUDE reported","note":"BRCA cohort rPFS HR 0.53; HRR-negative futility.","from":"magnitude","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","niraparib","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MajesTEC-1 reported","note":"ORR 63%, ≥CR 39%.","from":"majestec-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","teclistamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Margetuximab Plus Chemotherapy vs Trastuzumab Plus Chemotherapy in the Treatment of HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct02492711","refs":["breast-cancer","margetuximab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MonumenTAL-1 reported","note":"ORR ~73%.","from":"monumental-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","talquetamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"MOUNTAINEER reported","note":"Phase 2 ORR 38.1%, DOR 12.4 months; phase 3 ongoing.","from":"mountaineer","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","tucatinib","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH (APEC1621) reported","note":"Actionable alteration in 31.5% of the first 1,000 tumours; 28.4% assigned and 13.1% enrolled on a treatment arm.","from":"pediatric-match","refs":["larotrectinib","selpercatinib","vemurafenib","erdafitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable stage II to IV skin squamous cell carcinoma reported","note":"Pathological complete response in 40 of 79 patients (51 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval 39 to 62) and pathological major response in a further 13 per cent, with grade 3 o...","from":"neoadjuvant-cemiplimab-cscc","refs":["cutaneous-scc","advanced-cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NeoTRIP (NeoTRIPaPDL1) reported","note":"pCR 48.6% vs 44.4% (OR 1.18, p 0.48), not significant; EFS (primary) awaited.","from":"neotrip","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","atezolizumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NICHE-2 reported","note":"pCR 68%, major pathologic response 95%; 3-year DFS 100%.","from":"niche-2","refs":["colorectal","msi-high-colorectal","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"NordICC (Nordic-European Initiative on Colorectal Cancer) reported","note":"10-year colorectal cancer risk 0.98% vs 1.20% (RR 0.82) by invitation; mortality RR 0.90, not significant.","from":"nordicc","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Oleclumab (MEDI9447) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutant (EGFRm) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Novel Combination Study reported","from":"nct03381274","refs":["nsclc","oleclumab","osimertinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"OPRA reported","note":"3-year disease-free survival 76% in both arms; 3-year survival without total mesorectal excision 41% (induction) vs 53% (consolidation).","from":"opra","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PARADIGM reported","note":"OS 37.9 vs 34.3 months (HR 0.82) in left-sided RAS wild-type disease.","from":"paradigm","refs":["colorectal","panitumumab","bevacizumab","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab With Talimogene Laherparepvec or Placebo in Unresected Melanoma reported","from":"nct02263508","refs":["melanoma","talimogene-laherparepvec","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Pevonedistat Plus Azacitidine Versus Single-Agent Azacitidine as First-Line Treatment for Participants With Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (HR MDS), Chro...","from":"nct03268954","refs":["leukaemia","azacitidine","pevonedistat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-1 reported","note":"5-year OS 20.5% vs 6.5% (HR 0.73, p 0.025); primary analysis median OS 16.0 vs 14.3 months (HR 0.78, p 0.096).","from":"preopanc","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","borderline-resectable-pdac","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"PROpel reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.66 (ITT); OS HR 0.81 (NS).","from":"propel","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","olaparib","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Prostate Radiation Therapy or Short-Term Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Pelvic Lymph Node Radiation Therapy With or Without Prostate Radiation Therapy in Trea...","note":"Five-year freedom from progression after prostatectomy 70.9 percent with prostate bed radiotherapy alone, 81.3 percent with added short-term androgen deprivation and 87.4 percent w...","from":"nct00567580","refs":["prostate","prostate-bcr","flutamide","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"QuANTUM-First reported","note":"OS 31.9 vs 15.1 months; HR 0.776.","from":"quantum-first","refs":["aml","aml-flt3","quizartinib","cytarabine-7-3"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"QUILT 3.032 reported","note":"CR 71%.","from":"quilt-3-032","refs":["urothelial","nogapendekin-alfa","bcg-intravesical"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Radiation Therapy With or Without Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct00936390","refs":["prostate","bicalutamide","flutamide","goserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Radiation Therapy With or Without Trastuzumab in Treating Women With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Who Have Undergone Lumpectomy reported","from":"nct00769379","refs":["ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","trastuzumab","trastuzumab-biosimilars"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RATIONALE-302 reported","note":"OS 8.6 vs 6.3 months, HR 0.70.","from":"rationale-302","refs":["esophageal","tislelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RATIONALE-306 reported","note":"OS 17.2 vs 10.6 months (HR 0.66); PD-L1 ≥1% OS 16.8 vs 9.6 months.","from":"rationale-306","refs":["esophageal","tislelizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"RELATIVITY-047 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.75; median OS 51.0 vs 34.1 months.","from":"relativity-047","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","relatlimab-nivolumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"SEQUOIA reported","note":"PFS HR 0.42 vs BR; 5-year PFS 72.2% in del(17p).","from":"sequoia","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","pancreatic","metastatic-pdac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"SORAYA reported","note":"Objective responses in about a third of patients with folate receptor alpha-high platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; accelerated approval in November 2022.","from":"soraya","refs":["platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","high-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","ovarian","mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"STELLAR (rectal cancer) reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 64.5 against 62.3 percent, non-inferior; more acute toxicity before surgery.","from":"stellar-rectal","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","capox","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Stem Cell Transplantation With NiCord® (Omidubicel) vs Standard UCB in Patients With Leukemia, Lymphoma, and MDS reported","from":"nct02730299","refs":["all-leukemia","leukaemia","omidubicel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Study of Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) Versus Ibrutinib in Previously Treated Participants With High Risk Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) reported","from":"nct02477696","refs":["cll","cll-relapsed","acalabrutinib","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Study of Denileukin Diftitox in Participants With Stage IIIC and Stage IV Melanoma reported","from":"nct01127451","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","denileukin-diftitox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Study of Durvalumab + Tremelimumab With Chemotherapy or Durvalumab With Chemotherapy or Chemotherapy Alone for Patients With Lung Cancer (POSEIDON). reported","note":"Durvalumab with chemotherapy improved progression-free survival (5.5 against 4.8 months, hazard ratio 0.74, p=0.0009) but not significantly overall survival; adding a limited cours...","from":"nct03164616","refs":["nsclc","sclc","durvalumab","tremelimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Study of Durvalumab With Tremelimumab Versus SoC as 1st Line Therapy in Metastatic Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (NEPTUNE) reported","from":"nct02542293","refs":["nsclc","durvalumab","tremelimumab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Study of Poziotinib in Participants With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer reported","from":"nct02659514","refs":["breast-cancer","poziotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1801 reported","note":"2-year EFS 72% vs 49%; HR 0.58.","from":"swog-s1801","refs":["melanoma","stage-iii-melanoma","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"Therapy for Pediatric Relapsed or Refractory Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma reported","from":"nct01700946","refs":["all-leukemia","dexamethasone","vincristine","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"To Assess Safety and Efficacy of Agents Targeting DNA Damage Repair With Olaparib Versus Olaparib Monotherapy. reported","from":"nct03330847","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","olaparib","ceralasertib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TOPAZ-1 reported","note":"OS HR 0.76; 2-year OS 23.6% vs 11.5%.","from":"topaz-1","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","gallbladder"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TRANSFORM reported","note":"EFS HR 0.36; CR 74% vs 43%.","from":"transform","refs":["dlbcl"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TreeTopp reported","note":"ORR 9.4% vs 4.8%; PFS 2.83 vs 2.79 months, HR 0.90; OS 7.8 vs 7.5 months, HR 1.11; gallbladder subgroup PFS 2.9 vs 1.6 months, HR 0.55 (0.26 to 1.19).","from":"treetopp","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","varlitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TROPiCS-02 reported","note":"OS 14.4 vs 11.2 months, HR 0.79.","from":"tropics-02","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"TUXEDO-1 reported","note":"Intracranial responses in most patients with active HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases.","from":"tuxedo-1","refs":["her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","breast-her2-positive","breast-cancer","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2022","precision":"year","title":"VIOLET reported","note":"Physical function at five weeks 4.65 points better after keyhole surgery; serious adverse events after discharge 30.7 against 37.8 percent; no difference in progression-free or ove...","from":"violet","refs":["nsclc","lung-cancer","resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-01","precision":"month","title":"Satricabtagene autoleucel: designation (US)","note":"RMAT designation, CLDN18.2+ gastric cancer","from":"satricabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-01","precision":"month","title":"Telisotuzumab vedotin: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, c-MET overexpressing NSCLC","from":"telisotuzumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-01-25","precision":"day","title":"Tebentafusp: approval (US)","note":"HLA-A*02:01+ unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma: first TCR therapeutic approved","from":"tebentafusp","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-02-28","precision":"day","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines (CARTITUDE-1)","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-03","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG bladder cancer 2022 (Powles et al.) for Bladder & urothelial cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2022.","from":"urothelial","refs":["avelumab","javelin-bladder-100","nivolumab","checkmate-274"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-03","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021-2022 updates for Melanoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of adjuvant pembrolizumab for stage IIB-IIC (December 2021, KEYNOTE-716) and nivolumab plus relatlimab (March 2022, RELATIVITY-047).","from":"melanoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-716","relatlimab-nivolumab","relativity-047"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03","precision":"month","title":"Lenalidomide: label change (US)","note":"First generics launch (volume-limited)","from":"lenalidomide","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03","precision":"month","title":"Sintilimab: complete response letter (US)","note":"Complete response letter for ORIENT-11 (first-line non-squamous NSCLC); ODAC voted 14 to 1 that additional data were needed for US applicability","from":"sintilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03-04","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Neoadjuvant NSCLC with chemotherapy (CheckMate 816)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03-11","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant gBRCA high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer (OlympiA)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03-18","precision":"day","title":"Relatlimab + nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable or metastatic melanoma, age ≥12 (RELATIVITY-047): first LAG-3 therapy","from":"relatlimab-nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-03-23","precision":"day","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan: approval (US)","note":"PSMA+ mCRPC after ARPI and taxane (VISION)","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-04","precision":"month","title":"Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel: approval (US)","note":"First nab-paclitaxel generics","from":"paclitaxel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-04","precision":"month","title":"Tebentafusp: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"tebentafusp","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2022-04-01","precision":"day","title":"Lung-MAP (SWOG S1400 and S1900): primary completion","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"lung-map","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-04-01","precision":"day","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel: approval (US)","note":"Second-line LBCL refractory or relapsed within 12 months (ZUMA-7)","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-05","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022 update for HER2-positive breast cancer","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan in the second line, May 2022 (DESTINY-Breast03).","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","trastuzumab-emtansine","destiny-breast03"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-05","precision":"month","title":"Ripretinib: label change (US)","note":"Label updated with INTRIGUE data","from":"ripretinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-05","precision":"month","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan: filing (China)","note":"Merck licenses ex-Greater-China rights (deal expanded December 2022)","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-05-04","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"Second-line HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (DESTINY-Breast03)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-05-25","precision":"day","title":"Ivosidenib: approval (US)","note":"Combination with azacitidine (AGILE)","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022 update for Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approvals of axicabtagene ciloleucel (April 2022, ZUMA-7) and lisocabtagene maraleucel (June 2022, TRANSFORM) in the second line.","from":"dlbcl","refs":["axicabtagene-ciloleucel","lisocabtagene-maraleucel","zuma-7","transform"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-06","precision":"month","title":"Rucaparib: label change (US)","note":"Later-line treatment indication withdrawn after ARIEL4 OS imbalance","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-06-29","precision":"day","title":"Cadonilimab: approval (China)","note":"First PD-1×CTLA-4 bispecific approved anywhere","from":"cadonilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022 updates for Prostate cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of 177Lu-PSMA-617 (March 2022, VISION) and darolutamide with docetaxel (August 2022, ARASENS).","from":"prostate","refs":["pluvicto","vision","darolutamide","abiraterone"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022 updates for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of adjuvant olaparib for germline BRCA carriers (March 2022, OlympiA) and trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-low disease (August 2022, DESTINY-...","from":"tnbc","refs":["olaparib","olympia","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-breast04"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-08-03","precision":"day","title":"Acalabrutinib: label change (US)","note":"Tablet formulation co-administrable with acid-reducing agents","from":"acalabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-08-05","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (DESTINY-Breast04); first HER2-low indication","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-08-11","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"HER2-mutant NSCLC (accelerated)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-08-24","precision":"day","title":"Teclistamab: approval (EU)","note":"Conditional approval: first BCMA bispecific worldwide","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-09","precision":"month","title":"Relatlimab + nivolumab: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval, PD-L1 <1% melanoma","from":"relatlimab-nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-09-02","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Biliary tract cancer with chemotherapy (TOPAZ-1)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-09-21","precision":"day","title":"Selpercatinib: approval (US)","note":"RET-fusion solid tumours (tumour-agnostic, accelerated); full approval in NSCLC","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2022-10","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG gastric cancer 2022 (Lordick et al.) for Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","note":"2 rows added. 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Anchored to Sponsor withdrawals of later-line PARP inhibitor treatment indications (June to September 2022) after overall-survival signals; FDA accelera...","from":"ovarian","refs":["olaparib","rucaparib","niraparib","mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-11","precision":"month","title":"Niraparib: label change (US)","note":"Second-line maintenance restricted to gBRCA after OS data","from":"niraparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-11","precision":"month","title":"Tarlatamab: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, ES-SCLC after platinum","from":"tarlatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-11-10","precision":"day","title":"Brentuximab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Paediatric high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"brentuximab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-11-14","precision":"day","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, FRα-high platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (SORAYA)","from":"mirvetuximab-soravtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-11-22","precision":"day","title":"Belantamab mafodotin: withdrawal (US)","note":"Withdrawn after DREAMM-3 failed to confirm benefit","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12","precision":"month","title":"Loncastuximab tesirine: approval (EU)","note":"Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"zynlonta","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12","precision":"month","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12","precision":"month","title":"Nonavalent HPV vaccine: label change (WHO)","note":"One-dose schedule endorsed (SAGE)","from":"gardasil-9","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12","precision":"month","title":"Revumenib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"revumenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12-01","precision":"day","title":"Olutasidenib: approval (US)","note":"Study 2102-HEM-101 pivotal cohort","from":"olutasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12-11","precision":"day","title":"Rucaparib: withdrawal (US)","note":"Clovis Oncology bankruptcy; asset sold to pharma&","from":"rucaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2022-12-12","precision":"day","title":"Adagrasib: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, KRAS G12C NSCLC after ≥1 therapy","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2023","kind":"year","name":"2023 in oncology","aka":["2023"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2023: 719 entries, 176 papers, 132 papers listed on people's pages, 126 trials reported and 123 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"719 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2023: 176 papers, 132 papers listed on people's pages, 126 trials reported, 123 landmarks, 66 approvals, 42 regulatory events, 20 financing rounds, 16 technologies, 13 guideline changes, 2 companies founded, 2 expected dates and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 29 to the day, 27 to the month and 663 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2022","2024"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2023,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Adebrelimab approved in China","note":"First-line extensive-stage small cell lung cancer with carboplatin and etoposide (CAPSTONE-1)","from":"adebrelimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved in US","note":"Advanced RCC after PD-1/PD-L1 and VEGF-TKI","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in US","note":"Refractory mCRC with trifluridine/tipiracil (SUNLIGHT)","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Binimetinib approved in US","note":"BRAF V600E metastatic NSCLC with encorafenib","from":"binimetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Camrelizumab + rivoceranib approved in China","note":"First-line unresectable HCC","from":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- breast cancer with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alteration, with fulvestrant","from":"capivasertib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Crisantaspase (recombinant Erwinia asparaginase) approved in EU","note":"ALL and lymphoblastic lymphoma, in a multi-agent regimen, after hypersensitivity or silent inactivation to E. coli-derived asparaginase (adults and children from 1 month).","from":"crisantaspase","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib + trametinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"BRAF V600 mutation-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, first line only. TA898, published 14 June 2023, recommends the combination only as first-line treatment of advanced...","from":"dabrafenib-trametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Dalpiciclib approved in China","note":"First-line HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with an aromatase inhibitor (DAWNA-2)","from":"dalpiciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral) approved in EU","note":"EU brand Inaqovi","from":"decitabine-cedazuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Efbemalenograstim alfa approved in US","note":"Decrease in febrile neutropenia in adults with non-myeloid malignancies on myelosuppressive chemotherapy","from":"efbemalenograstim-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Eflornithine (DFMO) approved in US","note":"Maintenance to reduce relapse risk in high-risk neuroblastoma after ≥PR to prior therapy including anti-GD2","from":"eflornithine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Elacestrant approved in US","note":"ESR1-mutant ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer after ≥1 endocrine therapy","from":"elacestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Elranatamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines (accelerated)","from":"elranatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Enfortumab vedotin approved in US","note":"First-line advanced urothelial cancer with pembrolizumab","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Enzalutamide approved in US","note":"High-risk biochemical recurrence (EMBARK)","from":"enzalutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Epcoritamab approved in EU","note":"EU brand Tepkinly. Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"epcoritamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Epcoritamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL or high-grade B-cell lymphoma after ≥2 lines (accelerated)","from":"epcoritamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Equecabtagene autoleucel approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after three or more lines including a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent","from":"equecabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Flotufolastat F-18 approved in US","note":"PSMA PET in prostate cancer","from":"flotufolastat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Fruquintinib approved in US","note":"Refractory mCRC after fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, anti-VEGF, and anti-EGFR if appropriate","from":"fruquintinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Futibatinib approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"futibatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Glofitamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 lines (accelerated)","from":"glofitamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Glumetinib approved in CN","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping","from":"glumetinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Guardant360 CDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for elacestrant (ESR1 mutation) in ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer","from":"guardant360-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Inaticabtagene autoleucel approved in China","note":"Adult relapsed or refractory CD19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","from":"inaticabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Iruplinalkib approved in CN","note":"ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer after crizotinib; first line from 2024","from":"iruplinalkib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory IDH1-mutated MDS","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Luspatercept approved in US","note":"First-line anaemia in ESA-naive lower-risk MDS","from":"luspatercept","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system) approved in US","note":"Uveal melanoma with unresectable hepatic metastases via hepatic delivery system (Hepzato Kit)","from":"melphalan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Melphalan hepatic delivery system approved in US","note":"Uveal melanoma with unresectable hepatic metastases affecting less than half the liver and no or limited extrahepatic disease","from":"hepzato","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Momelotinib approved in US","note":"Intermediate/high-risk myelofibrosis with anaemia","from":"momelotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Motixafortide approved in US","note":"With filgrastim, to mobilise haematopoietic stem cells for collection and autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma","from":"motixafortide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Nirogacestat approved in US","note":"Progressing desmoid tumours requiring systemic treatment","from":"nirogacestat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Neoadjuvant treatment of resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (4 cm or more, or node positive), with chemotherapy. TA876, published 22 March 2023 (CheckMate 816).","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib approved in UK","note":"Adjuvant treatment of BRCA mutation-positive HER2-negative high-risk early breast cancer after chemotherapy; NICE TA886 (10 May 2023) recommends within the marketing authorisation...","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Omidubicel approved in US","note":"Adults and children aged 12 and over with haematologic malignancies undergoing umbilical cord blood transplantation after myeloablative conditioning, to reduce time to neutrophil r...","from":"omidubicel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Orelabrutinib approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory marginal zone lymphoma","from":"orelabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Previously treated MSI-high or dMMR endometrial, biliary, colorectal, gastric or small intestine cancer.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in UK","note":"Mismatch repair deficient or MSI-high tumours: NICE TA914 (20 September 2023) covers previously treated endometrial, gastric, small intestine, biliary and colorectal cancer and doe...","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in US","note":"Locally advanced unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer (gallbladder cancer included) with gemcitabine and cisplatin (KEYNOTE-966).","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu approved in EU","note":"EU brand Pylclari (Curium)","from":"pylarify","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pirtobrutinib approved in US","note":"Relapsed MCL after BTK inhibitor (accelerated, January); CLL/SLL after BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors (accelerated, December)","from":"pirtobrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Polatuzumab vedotin approved in US","note":"Untreated DLBCL, IPI ≥2, with R-CHP (Pola-R-CHP)","from":"polatuzumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Quizartinib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD AML with 7+3, consolidation, and maintenance","from":"quizartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Regorafenib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after previous treatment or when those treatments are unsuitable.","from":"regorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Repotrectinib approved in US","note":"ROS1+ locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC","from":"repotrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Retifanlimab approved in US","note":"Metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"retifanlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Rivoceranib (apatinib) approved in China","note":"First-line unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with camrelizumab (CARES-310)","from":"rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer after endocrine therapy and ≥2 chemotherapies","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated RET fusion-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. TA911, published 26 July 2023, recommends selpercatinib with managed access only, under a managed access agreemen...","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Sintilimab approved in China","note":"First-line gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma with chemotherapy (ORIENT-16)","from":"sintilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant) approved in EU","note":"Same","from":"sodium-thiosulfate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Sunvozertinib approved in CN","note":"EGFR exon 20 insertion NSCLC after platinum","from":"sunvozertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Talazoparib approved in US","note":"HRR-mutant mCRPC with enzalutamide","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Talicabtagene autoleucel approved in IN","note":"Relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. DCGI market authorisation; first CAR-T approved in India","from":"talicabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Talquetamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines (accelerated)","from":"talquetamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tempus xT CDx approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for cetuximab and panitumumab (KRAS/NRAS wild-type colorectal cancer) with tumour-profiling claims","from":"tempus-xt-cdx","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab approved in US","note":"Recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, first line with chemotherapy and later lines","from":"toripalimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in EU","note":"Unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer after chemotherapy in the metastatic setting or recurrence within 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy (DESTINY-Breast04), hormone-re...","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in US","note":"Refractory mCRC with bevacizumab","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tucatinib approved in US","note":"HER2+ RAS-wild-type mCRC with trastuzumab","from":"tucatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tucatinib approved in US","note":"HER2-positive, RAS wild-type unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer that has progressed after fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan, with trastuzumab.","from":"tucatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Vebreltinib approved in CN","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping","from":"vebreltinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Vorolanib approved in CN","note":"Advanced renal cell carcinoma after a prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with everolimus (June 2023)","from":"vorolanib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zanubrutinib approved in US","note":"CLL/SLL, all lines (SEQUOIA, ALPINE)","from":"zanubrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NEC Bio founded","note":"Schiphol","from":"nec-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Noetik founded","note":"South San Francisco, CA","from":"noetik","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Abdera Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$110m. Led by venBio Partners; the company's launch release reports USD 142 million in combined Series A and B financing","from":"abdera-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Adela: Series A","note":"$48m. Round name not given in the release (listed as Series A1 extension on the company news page); existing investors plus new investor Labcorp; cumulative funding $108 million.","from":"adela","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ARTBIO: Series A","note":"$90m","from":"artbio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CARGO Therapeutics: IPO","note":"$281m. 18,750,000 shares at $15.00; Nasdaq CRGX","from":"cargo-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Carrum Health: Series B","note":"$45m. Led by OMERS Growth Equity","from":"carrum-health","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Emergence Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"Deal terms not disclosed; founding investor Heidelberg Pharma expected about USD 7 million for its stake plus up to USD 5 million in milestones","from":"emergence-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Enliven Therapeutics: Crossover","note":"$165m. 165 million US dollar private placement closed concurrently with the reverse merger into Imara (Nasdaq: ELVN) on 23 February 2023","from":"enliven-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Geneos Therapeutics: Series A","note":"$5m. Series A3","from":"geneos-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Haystack Oncology: Acquisition","note":"$392m. Quest 10-K: all-cash transaction for $392 million net of cash acquired, comprising $304 million cash and contingent consideration initially estimated at $88 million; up to $...","from":"haystack-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Ibex Medical Analytics: Series C","note":"$55m. Led by 83North, September 2023; cumulative funding over $100 million.","from":"ibex-medical-analytics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"K36 Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$70m. Led by Nextech Invest with participation from Bristol Myers Squibb and existing investors","from":"k36-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Mablink Bioscience: Acquisition","note":"Agreement announced 18 October 2023; terms not disclosed","from":"mablink-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Mariana Oncology: Series B","note":"$175m","from":"mariana-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Neogene Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$320m. Initial payment of $200 million on completion (16 January 2023) plus up to $120 million in contingent milestone and non-contingent consideration; total up to $320 million","from":"neogene-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Nimbus Therapeutics: Crossover","note":"$210m. Described by STAT as a private financing round led by GV with SR One and Atlas Venture; no series letter given","from":"nimbus-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Noetik: Seed","note":"$14m. Led by DCVC","from":"noetik","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Onc.AI: Series A","note":"$25m. Company page dated January 2023; investors not named on the page","from":"onc-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"POINT Biopharma: Acquisition","note":"$1.4bn. Cash tender offer at USD 12.50 per share, an aggregate of approximately USD 1.4 billion, under a merger agreement dated 2 October 2023; completion reported in an 8-K filed...","from":"point-biopharma","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tmunity Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"Completed in the first quarter of 2023; Gilead reported acquired IPR&D of $481 million for the quarter driven primarily by Tmunity plus Arcellx and Nurix payments, so the Tmunity p...","from":"tmunity-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Universal DX: Series B","note":"$70m. Initial closing of approximately $70 million with investors including Quest Diagnostics, announced 20 November 2023.","from":"universal-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ADIUVO: no benefit from adjuvant mitotane in low-risk resected disease","note":"Localised adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage I to III, resectable)","from":"localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ADIUVO: no benefit of adjuvant mitotane in low-risk disease","note":"Adrenocortical carcinoma","from":"adrenocortical","refs":["mitotane"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ADMEC-O: the first randomised adjuvant signal","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma. 179 patients randomised 2 to 1 to a year of nivolumab or observation; disease-free survival 84 against 73 per cent at 24 months, hazard ratio 0.58 with a con...","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["admec-o"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Air pollution gets a mechanism, and first-line treatment is intensified","note":"Lung cancer (all types). PM2.5 was shown to promote rather than initiate EGFR-driven lung cancer, with oncogenic EGFR mutations in 18 percent of histologically normal lungs; FLAURA...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-hill-lung-adenocarcinoma-air-pollutants-nature-2023","paper-planchard-flaura2-osimertinib-chemotherapy-nejm-2023","paper-heymach-aegean-perioperative-durvalumab-nejm-2023","paper-dellphi-301-nejm-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ASCO and CAP HER2 testing update recognises HER2-low","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved by the FDA, the first drug for the disease","note":"Alveolar soft part sarcoma","from":"alveolar-soft-part-sarcoma","refs":["atezolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Autogene cevumeran phase 1: personalised mRNA vaccine after surgery raises T cells that track with staying recurrence-free","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["autogene-cevumeran","vinod-balachandran","paper-rojas-mrna-neoantigen-vaccine-pancreatic-nature-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Avapritinib approved for indolent SM","note":"Systemic mastocytosis. PIONEER; FDA approval May 2023, the first therapy for the indolent form.","from":"systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["avapritinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Bispecific antibodies approved","note":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all types). Glofitamab and epcoritamab, off-the-shelf CD20 x CD3 antibodies, approved for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.","from":"non-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["glofitamab","epcoritamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab after induction: two-year disease-free survival 82 percent in the Interfant pilot","note":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","from":"all-infant","refs":["blinatumomab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Bomedemstat enters phase 3","note":"Essential thrombocythaemia (ET). Merck starts the Shorespan-007 trial against hydroxyurea in high-risk ET.","from":"essential-thrombocythaemia","refs":["bomedemstat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"c-TRAK TN: acting on ctDNA came too late","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). UK trial, 161 women under surveillance; 27 percent ctDNA-positive by a year, 72 percent of them already metastatic on staging; none of five gi...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-turner-c-trak-tn-ctdna-pembrolizumab-ann-oncol-2023","ctdna","idea-tnbc-ctdna-guided-adjuvant-decisions"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CARTITUDE-4 and KarMMa-3 move CAR-T earlier; elranatamab and talquetamab approved","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["cartitude-4","karmma-3","elranatamab","talquetamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 76K: adjuvant nivolumab approved for stage IIB and IIC","note":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","from":"stage-ii-melanoma","refs":["nct04099251","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CHONQUER phase 3 trial of ivosidenib opens","note":"Chondrosarcoma","from":"chondrosarcoma","refs":["nct06127407"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CLL13: venetoclax-obinutuzumab beats chemoimmunotherapy in fit patients","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["cll13-gaia"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CodeBreaK 100 pancreatic cohort (sotorasib) and KRYSTAL-1 (adagrasib) report activity in previously treated pancreatic cancer","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["sotorasib","adagrasib","tanios-bekaii-saab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CodeBreaK 200: sotorasib beats docetaxel on progression-free but not overall survival","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["codebreak-200","sotorasib","paper-codebreak-200-lancet-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"COMMANDS: luspatercept beats epoetin alfa in first line","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["luspatercept","epoetin-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"COSMIC-313 triplet fails on OS; CONTACT-03 closes IO rechallenge; belzutifan approved after IO/TKI (LITESPARK-005); ZIRCON validates CAIX PET","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["cosmic-313","contact-03","litespark-005","caix-pet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ctDNA and residual cancer burden shown independently prognostic","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Stecklein's 80-patient registry: ctDNA positive in a third of residual-disease patients, rising with RCB class, with three-year event-free sur...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-stecklein-ctdna-rcb-tnbc-residual-disease-npj-2023","ctdna-mrd-positive"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAF V600E paediatric high-grade glioma","note":"Paediatric high-grade glioma (excluding diffuse midline glioma). Hargrave and colleagues (JCO) report durable responses in the paediatric cohort.","from":"paediatric-high-grade-glioma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","dabrafenib","trametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Lung02 confirms the 5.4 mg/kg dose with less lung inflammation","note":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"her2-mutant-nsclc","refs":["destiny-lung02","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"DIPLOMA: minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy non-inferior for R0 resection in pancreatic cancer","note":"Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN-associated carcinoma)","from":"mcn-associated-carcinoma","refs":["distal-pancreatectomy","robotic-surgery"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"DUO-E: durvalumab with chemotherapy, PFS hazard ratio 0.42 in dMMR tumours","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["duo-e"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"E2211 final analysis: CAPTEM beats temozolomide alone","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["capecitabine-temozolomide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EAU-ASCO collaborative guideline","note":"Penile cancer. First joint European and American guideline for penile cancer.","from":"penile","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EAU-ASCO collaborative guideline sets organ preservation and sentinel node biopsy as standards","note":"Localised penile cancer (organ-confined, node-negative)","from":"localised-penile-cancer","refs":["sentinel-node","mohs-surgery"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EAU-ASCO guideline codifies node management; HERCULES reports responses to pembrolizumab with chemotherapy","note":"Node-positive and metastatic penile cancer","from":"node-positive-penile-cancer","refs":["lymphadenectomy","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Eflornithine approved as maintenance on an external-control comparison; GD2 CAR T-cells produce remissions in relapsed disease","note":"High-risk neuroblastoma","from":"neuroblastoma-high-risk","refs":["eflornithine","nmtrc003","gd2-cart01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Elacestrant (EMERALD) and capivasertib (CAPItello-291) approved","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["emerald","elacestrant","capitello-291","capivasertib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Elacestrant (first oral SERD), capivasertib, sacituzumab in HR+","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["elacestrant","emerald","capivasertib","capitello-291"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EMBARK: enzalutamide delays metastasis in high-risk biochemical recurrence","note":"Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer","from":"prostate-bcr","refs":["embark","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab approved for urothelial cancer","note":"Urethral cancer. Applied by extrapolation to urothelial-type urethral carcinoma.","from":"urethral","refs":["enfortumab-vedotin","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"England announces a national lung cancer screening programme","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Announced on 26 June 2023 at a cost of £270 million a year once fully implemented, expected to deliver almost one million scans and find as many as 9,000 c...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["nhs-targeted-lung-health-check"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ESGO / ESTRO / ESP guidance on rare gynaecological cancers includes vaginal cancer","note":"Vaginal cancer","from":"vaginal","refs":["brachytherapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ESMO guideline codifies the favourable subsets and their treatment","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, favourable subsets","from":"cup-favourable-subsets","refs":["histopathology-ihc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ESMO guideline recommends comprehensive genomic profiling","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-5: neoadjuvant chemotherapy beats immediate surgery for borderline disease","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["gemcitabine","capecitabine","folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EV-302 doubles survival","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["ev-302"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EV-302: enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab replaces platinum first line","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["ev-302"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EV-302: EV + pembrolizumab nearly doubles metastatic survival","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["ev-302","ev-pembro-continuum"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FDA accelerated approval of tucatinib with trastuzumab, the first HER2 approval in colorectal cancer","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["tucatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FLAURA2 and PAPILLON: chemotherapy added to osimertinib; amivantamab plus chemotherapy for exon 20","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["flaura2","nct04538664","amivantamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FOxTROT: chemotherapy before surgery for locally advanced colon cancer","note":"Colorectal cancer. Six weeks of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine before surgery, then 18 weeks after, left fewer patients with residual or recurrent disease at two years than 24 we...","from":"colorectal","refs":["folfox","capox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"GD2 CAR-T phase 1/2 in NEJM","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"GD2-CART01 in NEJM: durable CAR-T remissions in a solid tumour; eflornithine approved (13 Dec)","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["gd2-cart01","eflornithine","nmtrc003"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Glofitamab and epcoritamab approved: off-the-shelf T-cell redirection","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["glofitamab","epcoritamab","epcore-nhl-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Glofitamab, epcoritamab approved","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["glofitamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB-02: tucatinib with trastuzumab emtansine","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["her2climb-02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"HERIZON-BTC-01 published; ESMO biliary tract cancer guideline","note":"Gallbladder cancer. Zanidatamab response rate 41.3 percent in HER2-positive disease after chemotherapy.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["herizon-btc-01","paper-harding-lancet-oncol","paper-esmo-biliary-tract-cancer-guideline-ann-oncol-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Higher-risk combinations fail","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). Magrolimab (ENHANCE) and sabatolimab (STIMULUS-MDS2) add nothing to azacitidine; VERONA (venetoclax) negative in 2024.","from":"mds","refs":["magrolimab","venetoclax","azacitidine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave050: adjuvant atezolizumab-bevacizumab improves recurrence-free survival at interim analysis","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["imbrave050"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IND.227/KEYNOTE-483 positive for pembrolizumab-chemotherapy","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["keynote-483"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INDIGO: vorasidenib delays progression in grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4). Mellinghoff and colleagues (NEJM): median progression-free survival 27.7 versus 11.1 months.","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["vorasidenib","indigo"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INDIGO: vorasidenib in grade 2 astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["vorasidenib","indigo"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INDIGO: vorasidenib in grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma; DCVax-L contested publication","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["indigo","dcvax-l"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"innovaTV 301 and BEATcc positive","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["innovatv-301","beatcc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INTERLACE: induction carboplatin-paclitaxel improves five-year survival from 72 to 80 percent","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["interlace"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KarMMa-3 and CARTITUDE-4: CAR-T beats standard regimens in randomised trials; talquetamab and elranatamab approved","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["karmma-3","cartitude-4","talquetamab","elranatamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-671 and AEGEAN: perioperative pembrolizumab and durvalumab; CALGB 140503: sublobar resection non-inferior","note":"Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"resectable-nsclc","refs":["keynote-671","nct03800134","calgb-140503","heather-wakelee"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-859: pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy extends survival","note":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","from":"gastric-pdl1-high","refs":["keynote-859","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-942: intismeran autogene plus pembrolizumab lowers relapse in phase 2b","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["intismeran-autogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-966: pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy","note":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","from":"intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["keynote-966","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-966: pembrolizumab confirms chemo-IO","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["keynote-966"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-966: pembrolizumab confirms the class effect","note":"Gallbladder cancer","from":"gallbladder","refs":["keynote-966","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-A18 and INTERLACE positive; BEATcc and innovaTV 301 positive","note":"Cervical cancer. Four practice-changing phase 3 results presented at ESMO 2023.","from":"cervical","refs":["keynote-a18","interlace","beatcc","innovatv-301"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-A18: pembrolizumab with chemoradiation improves progression-free and overall survival","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["keynote-a18"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KRYSTAL-1 and CodeBreaK 300 show that adding an anti-EGFR antibody makes KRAS G12C inhibitors work in the bowel","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["nct03785249","codebreak-300","adagrasib","sotorasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-431: selpercatinib beats chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab first line","note":"RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ret-fusion-nsclc","refs":["libretto-431","selpercatinib","zhou-caicun"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-531: selpercatinib beats cabozantinib/vandetanib in medullary cancer","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["libretto-531"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-531: selpercatinib beats multikinase inhibitors in RET-mutant MTC","note":"Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1, MEN2, MEN4). Hadoux and colleagues, NEJM.","from":"multiple-endocrine-neoplasia","refs":["selpercatinib","libretto-531"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-531: selpercatinib beats the multikinase drugs first line","note":"Medullary thyroid cancer","from":"medullary-thyroid-cancer","refs":["selpercatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose nivolumab nearly triples one-year survival","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["low-dose-nivolumab-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Magrolimab and sabatolimab combinations fail","note":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-higher-risk","refs":["magrolimab","sabatolimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Magrolimab with azacitidine fails in TP53-mutated AML","note":"Secondary and therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-secondary","refs":["magrolimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MAJIC-PV links complete response to fewer events","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Ruxolitinib beat best available therapy after hydroxyurea failure, and complete responders had better event-free survival.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["majic-pv","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MARIPOSA beats osimertinib; KEYNOTE-671 perioperative IO; ALINA adjuvant alectinib; repotrectinib approved","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["mariposa","keynote-671","alina","repotrectinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MIRASOL: mirvetuximab soravtansine extends survival, 16.46 versus 12.75 months","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["mirasol"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Momelotinib approved for anaemic myelofibrosis after MOMENTUM","note":"Primary myelofibrosis","from":"primary-myelofibrosis","refs":["momelotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Momelotinib for anaemic myelofibrosis","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). MOMENTUM: symptom, spleen and transfusion-independence benefit versus danazol.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["momelotinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MRTX1133 regressions in G12D models; autogene cevumeran phase 1 in Nature","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"pancreatic","refs":["mrtx1133","autogene-cevumeran"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NAPOLI 3: NALIRIFOX beats gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel first line","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["napoli-3","nalirifox","zev-wainberg","paper-napoli-3-lancet-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NATALEE: adjuvant ribociclib in stage II to III disease","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["natalee","ribociclib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NEONIPIGA: neoadjuvant nivolumab and ipilimumab give pathological complete response in 59 percent","note":"Microsatellite-unstable (MSI-high) gastric cancer","from":"gastric-msi-high","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Nirogacestat approved","note":"Desmoid tumour. DeFi phase 3 (NEJM 2023); FDA approval 27 November 2023, the first for desmoid tumours.","from":"desmoid-tumour","refs":["nirogacestat","defi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Nirogacestat: first drug for desmoid tumours","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["nirogacestat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NOTABLE: nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine lengthens survival in KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["notable-trial","nimotuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PARP + ARPI combinations approved (TALAPRO-2, PROpel, MAGNITUDE); EMBARK for biochemical recurrence","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["talapro-2","propel","magnitude","embark"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PARP inhibition is confirmed, and the biomarker is shown not to be one thing","note":"Prostate cancer. TRITON3 randomised 405 men and found imaging-based progression-free survival of 11.2 against 6.4 months in the BRCA subgroup, and a hazard ratio of 0.95 in the ATM...","from":"prostate","refs":["paper-fizazi-triton3-rucaparib-nejm-2023","paper-abida-triton2-rucaparib-brca-jco-2020"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (Hepzato) approved","note":"Uveal melanoma","from":"uveal-melanoma","refs":["percutaneous-hepatic-perfusion","melphalan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PHAROS: encorafenib plus binimetinib approved","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"braf-v600e-nsclc","refs":["pharos","encorafenib","binimetinib","pfizer"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PIONEER published; avapritinib approved for indolent systemic mastocytosis","note":"Indolent and smouldering systemic mastocytosis","from":"indolent-systemic-mastocytosis","refs":["avapritinib","nct03731260"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pirtobrutinib and bispecific antibodies report activity in Richter cohorts","note":"Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"richter-transformation-cll","refs":["pirtobrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pirtobrutinib approved after BTK and BCL-2 inhibitor failure","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["pirtobrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Pirtobrutinib approved; ibrutinib US MCL indication withdrawn","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["pirtobrutinib","ibrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PROSPECT: FOLFOX with selective chemoradiation is as good as routine chemoradiation","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["prospect"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ProtecT fifteen-year results confirm surveillance","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["protect"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PSMAfore and TALAPRO-2","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["psmafore","talapro-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"QuANTUM-First: quizartinib approved for FLT3-ITD AML up to age 75","note":"FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-flt3","refs":["quantum-first","quizartinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Quizartinib approved in frontline FLT3-ITD AML","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. QuANTUM-First OS 31.9 vs 15.1 months, including patients to age 75.","from":"aml","refs":["quizartinib","quantum-first"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Randomised trial finds no benefit from systemic chemotherapy in unresectable low-grade mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinoma","note":"Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"low-grade-appendiceal-mucinous-neoplasm","refs":["folfox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Retifanlimab approved; ADMEC-O adjuvant nivolumab positive","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["retifanlimab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RUBY and NRG-GY018: chemo-immunotherapy first line, PFS hazard ratios 0.28 and 0.30 in dMMR tumours","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["ruby","nrg-gy018-keynote-868"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RUBY, NRG-GY018 and DUO-E: chemo-immunotherapy first line","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["ruby","nrg-gy018-keynote-868","duo-e"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RUBY, NRG-GY018, DUO-E: chemo-immunotherapy first line","note":"Endometrial cancer. Three trials in one year; dostarlimab approved for dMMR (July 2023).","from":"endometrial","refs":["ruby","nrg-gy018-keynote-868","duo-e"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RUBY/NRG-GY018: IO first line","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SANO: active surveillance non-inferior after complete response","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["sano"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1 7-year OS benefit; PARP later-line labels narrowed","note":"Ovarian cancer. First-line maintenance benefit confirmed while later-line PARP use retreats after OS imbalances (ARIEL4, SOLO3).","from":"ovarian","refs":["solo-1","rucaparib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SOLO-1 seven-year overall survival: 67.0 versus 46.5 percent","note":"Platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-sensitive-ovarian-cancer","refs":["solo-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SPOTLIGHT and GLOW: Claudin 18.2 validated; KEYNOTE-859","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["spotlight-glow","keynote-859"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SPOTLIGHT and GLOW: zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy extends survival","note":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive","refs":["spotlight-glow","zolbetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"STATICE: trastuzumab deruxtecan active in HER2-expressing carcinosarcoma","note":"Uterine carcinosarcoma","from":"uterine-carcinosarcoma","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SUNLIGHT and FRESCO-2 expand late-line options; tucatinib + trastuzumab first HER2 regimen; NICHE-2 pCR 68%","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["sunlight","fresco-2","mountaineer","niche-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1826: nivolumab-AVD beats BV-AVD (ASCO plenary)","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["swog-s1826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"TADPOLE: dabrafenib plus trametinib beats chemotherapy first line","note":"Paediatric low-grade glioma. Higher response rate and longer progression-free survival than carboplatin-vincristine in BRAF V600E pLGG (NEJM); FDA approval in March 2023.","from":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","tadpole"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tata Memorial: low-dose nivolumab nearly triples one-year survival","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["low-dose-nivolumab-tmh"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab approved in the United States for nasopharyngeal carcinoma; hyperfractionated re-irradiation trial published","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["toripalimab","re-irradiation"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab first US approval for nasopharyngeal carcinoma","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["toripalimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Toripalimab: first FDA approval for NPC","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["toripalimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"TRIDENT-1: repotrectinib approved with activity against G2032R","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["repotrectinib","nct03093116","alexander-drilon"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tumour mutational burden fails where it matters","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer. In the trials of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, continuous tissue mutational burden predicts nothing in either histology, and neither do STK11, KEAP1...","from":"nsclc","refs":["paper-keynote-189-407-tmb-jtocrr-2023","paper-keynote-042-tmb-mutations-ann-oncol-2023"]},{"group":"history","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zanubrutinib approved in CLL; ALPINE; pirtobrutinib accelerated approval","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. First BTKi to beat ibrutinib head to head; first non-covalent BTKi in CLL (December).","from":"cll","refs":["zanubrutinib","alpine","pirtobrutinib"]},{"group":"law","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EU pharmaceutical package reform (2023 proposal)","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"eu-pharma-package","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A National Cancer Grid pooled procurement initiative, India","note":"Pramesh CS, Sengar M, Patankar S, et al. Bulletin of the World Health Organization.","from":"paper-pramesh-ncg-pooled-procurement-2023","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Phase IIb, single arm, multicenter trial of sacituzumab govitecan in Chinese patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who received at least two...","note":"Xu B, Ma F, Wang T, et al. International journal of cancer.","from":"paper-nct04454437-int-j-cancer-2023","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"AALL1331: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy in low-risk first relapse of childhood B-ALL","note":"Hogan LE, Brown PA, Ji L, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-aall1331-low-risk-hogan-jco-2023","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer (monarchE): results from a preplan...","note":"Johnston SRD, Toi M, O'Shaughnessy J, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-monarche-lancet-oncol-2023","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for patients with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy: final res...","note":"Attard G, Murphy L, Clarke NW, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-attard-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense","note":"Cheng J, Novati G, Pan J, et al. 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Medicine","from":"armando-santoro","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Smart Start: rituximab, lenalidomide, and ibrutinib in patients with newly diagnosed large B-cell lymphoma","note":"JCO","from":"jason-westin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Standardized and simplified reporting of next-generation sequencing results in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Practical indications from an Italian multid...","note":"Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology","from":"alessandro-delle-donne","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Subtyping-based platform guides precision medicine for heavily pretreated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: the FUTURE phase II umbrella clinical trial","note":"Cell Research","from":"shao-zhi-ming","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SUNLIGHT: trifluridine-tipiracil plus bevacizumab in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer","note":"New England Journal of Medicine","from":"gerald-prager","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Surgical outcomes from the phase 3 CheckMate 816 trial: nivolumab plus platinum-doublet chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone as neoadjuvant treatment for resectab...","note":"JAMA Oncology","from":"jonathan-spicer","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Survival with axicabtagene ciloleucel in large B-cell lymphoma (ZUMA-7)","note":"NEJM","from":"jason-westin","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Symptomatic benefit of momelotinib in patients with myelofibrosis: Results from the SIMPLIFY phase III studies","note":"Cancer Medicine","from":"ruben-mesa","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"The association of miR-204 and mir-483 5p expression with clinicopathological features of Wilms tumor: Could this provide foresight?","note":"Jpn J Clin Oncol","from":"refik-emre-cecen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"The evolution of non-small cell lung cancer metastases in TRACERx","note":"Nature","from":"charles-swanton","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"The menin inhibitor revumenib in KMT2A-rearranged or NPM1-mutant leukaemia","note":"Nature","from":"eytan-stein","refs":["ghayas-issa"]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Therapeutic targeting of EP300/CBP by bromodomain inhibition in hematologic malignancies","note":"Cancer Cell","from":"tim-somervaille","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Towards elimination of cervical cancer – human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical cancer screening in Asian National Cancer Centers Alliance (ANCCA)...","note":"The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific","from":"basu-partha","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2 -Mutant Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Primary Results From the Randomized, Phase II DESTINY-Lung02 Trial","note":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","from":"goto-koichi","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Treatment and follow‐up of children with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase (CML‐CP) in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) era—Two decades of experienc...","note":"British Journal of Haematology","from":"narula-gaurav","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib in IDH1- or IDH2-mutant low-grade glioma (INDIGO)","note":"NEJM","from":"ingo-mellinghoff","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Y chromosome loss in cancer drives growth by evasion of adaptive immunity","note":"Nature","from":"dan-theodorescu","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zanubrutinib or ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ALPINE)","note":"NEJM","from":"jennifer-brown","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma (GLOW)","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"ryu-min-hee","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT)","note":"Lancet","from":"shitara-kohei","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT)","note":"Lancet","from":"kang-yoon-koo","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Talicabtagene autoleucel: approval (IN)","note":"CDSCO/DCGI market authorisation; the developer's page gives the year only","from":"talicabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"AlphaMissense","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"alphamissense","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Biology-guided radiotherapy (RefleXion X1, SCINTIX)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"biology-guided-radiotherapy","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Bispecific ADC","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bispecific-adc","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Gamma-secretase inhibitors","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gamma-secretase-inhibitors","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"GEARS and perturbation prediction benchmarks","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"gears","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Geneformer","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"geneformer","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"GenePT","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"genept","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NVIDIA BioNeMo","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"bionemo","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Oral SERDs","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"oral-serds","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Phikon / Phikon-v2 (Owkin)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"phikon","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RadFM (generalist radiology foundation model)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"radfm","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RFdiffusion / RFdiffusion2 and ProteinMPNN (Baker Lab)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"rfdiffusion","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Sybil (MIT/MGH lung cancer risk from CT)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"sybil","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tempus multimodal models","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"tempus-multimodal","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"TROP2 PET","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"trop2-pet","refs":[]},{"group":"technology","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Universal Cell Embedding (UCE)","note":"First use in humans or first approval, as the technology record states it.","from":"universal-cell-embedding","refs":[]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Phase 2 Study of Tarlatamab in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) reported","note":"Objective response 40 percent at the 10 mg dose and 32 percent at 100 mg in previously treated small-cell lung cancer; median progression-free survival 4.9 and 3.9 months.","from":"nct05060016","refs":["sclc","tarlatamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Phase I/II Study of MEDI4736 in Combination With Olaparib in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. reported","from":"nct02734004","refs":["ovarian","sclc","gastric","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Safety and Efficacy Study of XERMELO® + First-line Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer reported","from":"nct03790111","refs":["biliary-tract-cancer","cholangiocarcinoma","telotristat-ethyl"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Giredestrant Compared With Physician's Choice of Endocrine Monotherapy in Participants With Previously Treated Est...","from":"nct04576455","refs":["breast-hr-positive","giredestrant","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Acalabrutinib vs Investigator's Choice of Idelalisib Plus Rituximab or Bendamustine Plus Rituximab in R/R CLL 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Least 18 Years of Age With Adva...","from":"nct04214288","refs":["breast-hr-positive","camizestrant","fulvestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ADIUVO reported","note":"Five-year recurrence-free survival 79 percent with adjuvant mitotane against 75 percent with surveillance (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.85); overall survival not significant...","from":"adiuvo","refs":["localised-adrenocortical-carcinoma","adrenocortical","mitotane"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ADMEC-O (adjuvant nivolumab in completely resected Merkel cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Disease-free survival 85 per cent at 12 months and 84 per cent at 24 months with adjuvant nivolumab against 77 and 73 per cent with observation (hazard ratio 0.58, 95 per cent conf...","from":"admec-o","refs":["merkel-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ALINA reported","note":"DFS HR 0.24.","from":"alina","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","resectable-nsclc","alectinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Alliance A071401 reported","note":"Six-month progression-free survival 83% (10 of 12) in grade 1 and 33% (8 of 24) in grade 2 to 3 NF2-mutant meningioma; both cohorts met the trial's decision criterion for promising...","from":"a071401","refs":["meningioma","gsk2256098"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"AMAROS (EORTC 10981-22023) reported","note":"Ten-year axillary recurrence 1.82 percent after radiotherapy against 0.93 percent after clearance, with no difference in survival and lymphoedema halved (11.9 against 24.5 percent...","from":"amaros","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"An Efficacy and Safety Study of Enzalutamide Plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Versus Placebo Plus ADT in Chinese Patients With 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responders against 13.4 months in non-responders (p 0.003 at 18 months; p 0.007 at 3.2 y...","from":"autogene-cevumeran-phase-1","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","autogene-cevumeran","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"BEATcc / ENGOT-Cx10 / GOG-3030 reported","note":"OS 32.1 vs 22.8 months (HR 0.68).","from":"beatcc","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","atezolizumab","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"c-TRAK TN reported","note":"ctDNA detected in 27.3% by 12 months; 72% of ctDNA-positive patients had metastases on staging; 0 of 5 patients on pembrolizumab cleared ctDNA.","from":"c-trak-tn","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CAIRO5 reported","note":"FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab better than a doublet for right-sided or RAS/BRAF-mutant disease; panitumumab no better than bevacizumab for left-sided wild-type disease.","from":"cairo5","refs":["colorectal","folfoxiri","folfox","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CALGB 140503 (Alliance) reported","note":"5-year disease-free survival 63.6% (sublobar) vs 64.1% (lobectomy), non-inferior; 5-year overall survival 80.3% vs 78.9%.","from":"calgb-140503","refs":["nsclc","resectable-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CALLA reported","note":"Durvalumab added to chemoradiotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival in locally advanced cervical cancer.","from":"calla","refs":["locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","cervical","durvalumab","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CanStem111P reported","note":"Median overall survival 11.4 months with napabucasin plus nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine against 11.7 months with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio 1.07, 95 percent confidence 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met.","from":"circulate-japan","refs":["colorectal","signatera","trifluridine-tipiracil","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CK-301-101 reported","note":"Objective response 47% (37 of 78) in metastatic disease by independent central review at the primary report, median duration of response not reached; the current label reports 50%...","from":"ck-301-101","refs":["cutaneous-scc","advanced-cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","cosibelimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CLL13 / GAIA reported","note":"5-year PFS 81.3% (GIV), 69.8% (GV), 57.4% (RV), 50.7% (CIT).","from":"cll13-gaia","refs":["cll","cll-treatment-naive","venetoclax","obinutuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CodeBreaK 100 (pancreatic cancer cohort) reported","note":"Objective response 21 percent (8 of 38; 95 percent confidence interval 10 to 37); median progression-free survival 4.0 months; median overall survival 6.9 months; grade 3 treatment...","from":"codebreak-100","refs":["pancreatic","kras-g12c-pdac","metastatic-pdac","sotorasib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CodeBreaK 300 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.49.","from":"codebreak-300","refs":["colorectal","kras-g12c-colorectal","sotorasib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"COLUMBIA-1: Novel Oncology Therapies in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab as First- Line Therapy in MSS-CRC reported","from":"nct04068610","refs":["colorectal","durvalumab","oleclumab","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"COMMANDS reported","note":"More patients achieved transfusion independence with a haemoglobin rise on luspatercept than on epoetin alfa; first-line approval in August 2023.","from":"commands","refs":["mds-lower-risk","mds","luspatercept","epoetin-alfa"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"CONTACT-03 reported","note":"PFS HR 1.03; OS HR 0.94, 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(84.6% in IHC 3+); cervical ORR 50%.","from":"destiny-pantumor02","refs":["endometrial","cervical","endometrial-p53-abnormal","uterine-carcinosarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Docetaxel, Carboplatin, Trastuzumab, and Pertuzumab With or Without Estrogen Deprivation in Treating Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Positive Oper...","from":"nct02003209","refs":["breast-cancer","carboplatin","docetaxel","goserelin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"DUO-E / GOG-3041 / ENGOT-EN10 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.42 (dMMR, durvalumab); 0.57 (pMMR, durvalumab + olaparib).","from":"duo-e","refs":["endometrial","endometrial-mmr-deficient","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"DUO-O / ENGOT-ov46 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.63; interim OS HR 0.95.","from":"duo-o","refs":["ovarian","durvalumab","olaparib","bevacizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EMBARK reported","note":"MFS HR 0.42 (combination).","from":"embark","refs":["prostate","prostate-bcr","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ESPAC-5 reported","note":"One-year overall survival 39 percent with immediate surgery against 78 percent with neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus capecitabine, 84 percent with FOLFIRINOX and 60 percent with chemor...","from":"espac-5","refs":["borderline-resectable-pdac","pancreatic","gemcitabine","capecitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39 reported","note":"OS HR 0.47.","from":"ev-302","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","enfortumab-vedotin","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FIREFLY-1 reported","note":"ORR 67% (RANO-HGG) and 51% (RAPNO-LGG) in arm 1; median DOR 16.6 months.","from":"firefly-1","refs":["paediatric-low-grade-glioma","tovorafenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FLAURA2 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.62; OS HR 0.77.","from":"flaura2","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","osimertinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Fostamatinib as a Single Agent or in Combination With Ruxolitinib for Treatment of Patients With Myelofibrosis With Severe Thrombocytopenia reported","from":"nct04543279","refs":["primary-myelofibrosis","fostamatinib","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FOxTROT reported","note":"Residual or recurrent disease within two years 16.9 percent with six weeks of preoperative chemotherapy against 21.5 percent with postoperative chemotherapy alone (rate ratio 0.72...","from":"foxtrot","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","folfox","capox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"FRESCO-2 reported","note":"OS 7.4 vs 4.8 months, HR 0.66.","from":"fresco-2","refs":["colorectal","fruquintinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"GD2-CART01 (Bambino Gesù phase 1/2) reported","note":"ORR 63%, CR 33%; 3-year OS 60%.","from":"gd2-cart01","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"HBI0101 (NXC-201) multiple myeloma phase 1 reported","note":"Overall response rate 75%, (stringent) complete response 50% and very good partial response 25% in the first 20 patients; grade 1 to 2 cytokine release syndrome in 90%, no grade 3...","from":"nxc-201-mm","refs":["multiple-myeloma","nxc-201-car-t"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB-02 reported","note":"PFS 9.5 vs 7.4 months, HR 0.76; OS no benefit.","from":"her2climb-02","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","tucatinib","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"HERIZON-BTC-01 reported","note":"Confirmed ORR by independent central review 41.3% (33/80, 95% CI 30.4 to 52.8) in HER2 IHC 2+/3+ cohort; grade 3 treatment-related adverse events 18%; 53% of patients had gallbladd...","from":"herizon-btc-01","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IMAGINE (varnimcabtagene autoleucel, Immuneel) reported","from":"imagine-varnimcabtagene","refs":["dlbcl","all-leukemia","varnimcabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave050 reported","note":"Interim RFS HR 0.72; benefit not sustained at update.","from":"imbrave050","refs":["hcc","hcc-early","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IMerge reported","note":"Imetelstat produced eight-week transfusion independence in significantly more patients than placebo; approved in June 2024.","from":"imerge","refs":["mds-lower-risk","mds","imetelstat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INAVO120 reported","note":"PFS 15.0 vs 7.3 months, HR 0.43; OS 34.0 vs 27.0 months, HR 0.67.","from":"inavo120","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","inavolisib","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"IND.227 / KEYNOTE-483 reported","note":"OS 17.3 vs 16.1 months, HR 0.79; ORR 52% vs 29%.","from":"keynote-483","refs":["mesothelioma","pleural-mesothelioma","pembrolizumab","pemetrexed"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INDIGO reported","note":"PFS 27.7 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.39.","from":"indigo","refs":["glioblastoma","idh-mutant-astrocytoma","oligodendroglioma","vorasidenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"innovaTV 301 / ENGOT-cx12 / GOG-3057 reported","note":"OS 11.5 vs 9.5 months (HR 0.70).","from":"innovatv-301","refs":["cervical","recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","tisotumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INSITE reported","note":"Residual cancer removed by guided margins in 27 of 357 patients; per-margin specificity 85.2% and sensitivity 49.3%; second surgery avoided in 9 of 62 patients with positive margin...","from":"insite","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc","breast-her2-positive","pegulicianine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"INTERLACE reported","note":"5-year OS 80% vs 72% (HR 0.60); PFS HR 0.65.","from":"interlace","refs":["cervical","locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KarMMa-3 reported","note":"PFS 13.3 vs 4.4 months, HR 0.49.","from":"karmma-3","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","idecabtagene-vicleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-671 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.58; OS HR 0.72.","from":"keynote-671","refs":["nsclc","resectable-nsclc","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-859 reported","note":"OS HR 0.78 (all); CPS ≥10 OS 15.7 vs 11.8 months (HR 0.65).","from":"keynote-859","refs":["gastric","gastric-pdl1-high","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-966 reported","note":"OS 12.7 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.83.","from":"keynote-966","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","intrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","gallbladder"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-A18 / ENGOT-cx11 / GOG-3047 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.70; 36-month OS 82.6% vs 74.8% (HR 0.67).","from":"keynote-a18","refs":["cervical","locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-431 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.46.","from":"libretto-431","refs":["nsclc","ret-fusion-nsclc","selpercatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LIBRETTO-531 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.28; 12-month PFS 86.8% vs 65.7%.","from":"libretto-531","refs":["thyroid","selpercatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LITESPARK-005 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.75; ORR 22.7% vs 3.5%; OS not significant.","from":"litespark-005","refs":["rcc","belzutifan","everolimus"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose nivolumab plus metronomic chemotherapy (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"1-year OS 43.4% vs 16.3%; median OS 10.1 vs 6.7 months; HR 0.545.","from":"low-dose-nivolumab-tmh","refs":["head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","buccal-mucosa-cancer","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Low-dose olanzapine for cancer anorexia (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"Weight gain over 5%: 60% vs 9%; appetite improvement 43% vs 13%.","from":"olanzapine-appetite-tmh","refs":["gastric","nsclc","pancreatic","hcc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"LUMINA reported","note":"5-year local recurrence 2.3% without radiotherapy in luminal A disease.","from":"lumina","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MagnetisMM-3 reported","note":"ORR 61%.","from":"magnetismm-3","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","elranatamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MAJIC-PV reported","note":"Complete response within 1 year: 43% vs 26%; complete response associated with better event-free survival.","from":"majic-pv","refs":["polycythaemia-vera","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MARIPOSA reported","note":"PFS HR 0.70; OS HR 0.75.","from":"mariposa","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","amivantamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MASAI (Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence) reported","note":"Cancer detection 6.1 vs 5.1 per 1,000; screen-reading workload reduced 44.3% (interim).","from":"masai","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc","transpara"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MIMic-01: healthy-donor FMT plus anti-PD-1, first-line melanoma reported","note":"ORR 65% (13 of 20), 4 complete responses; no FMT-related serious adverse events.","from":"mimic-01","refs":["melanoma","nivolumab","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MIRASOL / GOG-3045 reported","note":"OS 16.46 vs 12.75 months (HR 0.67).","from":"mirasol","refs":["ovarian","platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","mirvetuximab-soravtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"MOMENTUM reported","note":"Momelotinib improved symptom response, transfusion independence and spleen response compared with danazol; approved in September 2023.","from":"momentum","refs":["primary-myelofibrosis","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","momelotinib","danazol"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NAPOLI 3 reported","note":"OS HR 0.84; PFS HR 0.69.","from":"napoli-3","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","nalirifox","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NATALEE reported","note":"iDFS HR 0.75.","from":"natalee","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","ribociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NEONAX reported","note":"18-month disease-free survival 33.3 percent (perioperative) and 41.4 percent (adjuvant), both below the 55 percent target; median overall survival 25.5 against 16.7 months in the i...","from":"neonax","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NMTRC003/003B (DFMO maintenance) reported","note":"EFS HR 0.48 vs external control.","from":"nmtrc003","refs":["neuroblastoma","neuroblastoma-high-risk","eflornithine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NOTABLE (nimotuzumab, KRAS wild-type pancreatic cancer) reported","note":"Overall survival improved with nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine in KRAS wild-type disease.","from":"notable-trial","refs":["pancreatic","kras-wild-type-pdac","nimotuzumab","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"NRG-GY018 / KEYNOTE-868 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.30 (dMMR), 0.54 (pMMR).","from":"nrg-gy018-keynote-868","refs":["endometrial","endometrial-mmr-deficient","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","endometrial-nsmp"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ORIENT-16 reported","note":"OS 15.2 vs 12.3 months (HR 0.77); CPS ≥5: 18.4 vs 12.9 months (HR 0.66).","from":"orient-16","refs":["gastric","sintilimab","oxaliplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Peritumoral lidocaine before breast cancer surgery (Tata Memorial) reported","note":"5-year DFS 86.6% vs 82.6% (HR 0.74); OS 90.1% vs 86.4% (HR 0.71).","from":"lidocaine-peritumoral-tmh","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc","breast-her2-positive"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PERSEUS reported","note":"PFS HR 0.42; 48-month PFS 84.3% vs 67.7%.","from":"perseus","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-transplant-eligible","daratumumab","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PHAROS reported","note":"Response rate 75% (treatment-naive, n=59) and 46% (previously treated, n=39); FDA approval October 2023.","from":"pharos","refs":["nsclc","braf-v600e-nsclc","encorafenib","binimetinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Phase 1/2 Study of MRTX849 in Patients With Cancer Having a KRAS G12C Mutation KRYSTAL-1 reported","note":"Pancreatic cancer cohort: objective response in 7 of 21 patients (33.3 percent); across the 57 evaluable non-lung, non-colorectal KRAS G12C tumours response 35.1 percent, median du...","from":"nct03785249","refs":["metastatic-cancer","colorectal","kras-g12c-colorectal","kras-g12c-pdac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Study of Lenalidomide and Eltrombopag in Patients With Symptomatic Anemia reported","from":"nct01772420","refs":["leukaemia","eltrombopag","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PREHAB: multimodal prehabilitation before colorectal cancer surgery reported","note":"Fewer severe complications and faster recovery with prehabilitation; surgery not delayed.","from":"prehab-trial","refs":["colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PROSPECT (Alliance N1048) reported","note":"5-year disease-free survival 80.8% (FOLFOX, selective chemoradiation) vs 78.6% (chemoradiation), non-inferior; 9% of the FOLFOX arm received chemoradiation.","from":"prospect","refs":["colorectal","rectal-cancer","folfox","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"PSMAfore reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.41.","from":"psmafore","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pluvicto"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"RUBY / ENGOT-EN6 / GOG-3031 reported","note":"OS 44.6 vs 28.2 months overall (HR 0.69); dMMR PFS HR 0.28.","from":"ruby","refs":["endometrial","endometrial-mmr-deficient","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","uterine-carcinosarcoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"SANO reported","note":"2-year OS non-inferior (HR 1.14); ~one-third avoided surgery.","from":"sano","refs":["esophageal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"ScreenTrustCAD reported","note":"One radiologist plus AI detected 261 screen-detected cancers vs 250 for two radiologists (relative proportion 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.09), meeting non-inferiority; AI alone 246 and...","from":"screentrustcad","refs":["breast-hr-positive","tnbc","lunit-insight-mmg"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Serial FES PET/CT to Measure Hormone Expression in Patients Undergoing Endocrine Targeted Therapy 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0.31.","from":"tadpole","refs":["paediatric-low-grade-glioma","dabrafenib-trametinib","carboplatin","vincristine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"TALAPRO-2 reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.63 (ITT); OS HR 0.80 (ITT), 0.62 (HRR-mutant).","from":"talapro-2","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","talazoparib","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Advanced Solid Tumors, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, or Histiocytic Disorders With EZH2, SMARCB1, or SMARC...","from":"nct03213665","refs":["sarcoma","tazemetostat"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"THOR reported","note":"OS 12.1 vs 7.8 months, HR 0.64 (cohort 1).","from":"thor","refs":["urothelial","erdafitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2023","precision":"year","title":"TRACERx reported","note":"Copy-number heterogeneity predicted recurrence or death with a hazard ratio of 4.9; 8 percent of 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Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, January 2023.","from":"colorectal","refs":["tucatinib","trastuzumab","mountaineer","panitumumab"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-01","precision":"month","title":"FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga): filing (US)","note":"Novartis acquires rights after Clovis bankruptcy","from":"fap-2286","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-01","precision":"month","title":"Zanidatamab: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, HER2+ biliary tract cancer","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-01-19","precision":"day","title":"Tucatinib: approval (US)","note":"HER2+ RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with trastuzumab (MOUNTAINEER, accelerated)","from":"tucatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-01-19","precision":"day","title":"Zanubrutinib: approval (US)","note":"CLL/SLL","from":"zanubrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-01-27","precision":"day","title":"Elacestrant: approval (US)","note":"ESR1-mutated ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer after ≥1 endocrine therapy (EMERALD): first oral SERD","from":"elacestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-02","precision":"month","title":"Sonesitatug vedotin: filing (US)","note":"AstraZeneca licenses global rights from KYM Biosciences","from":"cmg901","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-02-03","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (US)","note":"HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer after endocrine therapy and ≥2 chemotherapies (TROPiCS-02)","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-02-22","precision":"day","title":"Intismeran autogene: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, adjuvant melanoma","from":"intismeran-autogene","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-03","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 update for Melanoma","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to DREAMseq publication (JCO, January 2023).","from":"melanoma","refs":["dabrafenib-trametinib","nivolumab","ipilimumab","dreamseq"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-03","precision":"month","title":"Vorasidenib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"vorasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-03-03","precision":"day","title":"Abemaciclib: label change (US)","note":"Adjuvant indication broadened to remove Ki-67 requirement","from":"abemaciclib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-04","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG oncogene-addicted metastatic NSCLC 2023 (Hendriks et al.) for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2023.","from":"nsclc","refs":["lorlatinib","alectinib","brigatinib","crizotinib"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-04","precision":"month","title":"Intismeran autogene: designation (EU)","note":"PRIME designation","from":"intismeran-autogene","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-04-03","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval with pembrolizumab, cisplatin-ineligible first line","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-04-06","precision":"day","title":"Ibrutinib: withdrawal (US)","note":"MCL and MZL indications voluntarily withdrawn after confirmatory trials missed","from":"ibrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-04-19","precision":"day","title":"Polatuzumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Frontline Pola-R-CHP (POLARIX)","from":"polatuzumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-05","precision":"month","title":"Lifileucel: filing (US)","note":"BLA submitted","from":"lifileucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-05-19","precision":"day","title":"Epcoritamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval in DLBCL (EPCORE NHL-1)","from":"epcoritamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-05-31","precision":"day","title":"Olaparib: approval (US)","note":"With abiraterone in BRCA-mutated mCRPC (PROpel)","from":"olaparib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 updates for Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of polatuzumab-R-CHP in the first line (April 2023, POLARIX), epcoritamab (May 2023) and glofitamab (June 2023).","from":"dlbcl","refs":["polatuzumab-vedotin","polarix","epcoritamab","glofitamab"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 updates for Prostate cancer","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of olaparib with abiraterone (May 2023, PROpel) and talazoparib with enzalutamide (June 2023, TALAPRO-2) for HRR-mutated castration-resistant...","from":"prostate","refs":["olaparib","talazoparib","abiraterone","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-06-15","precision":"day","title":"Glofitamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, relapsed/refractory DLBCL after ≥2 lines","from":"glofitamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-06-20","precision":"day","title":"Talazoparib: approval (US)","note":"HRR-mutant mCRPC with enzalutamide (TALAPRO-2)","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-07","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 update for Acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of quizartinib with induction and consolidation for FLT3-ITD AML, July 2023 (QuANTUM-First).","from":"aml","refs":["quizartinib","midostaurin","quantum-first"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-07","precision":"month","title":"Glofitamab: approval (EU)","note":"Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"glofitamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-07-20","precision":"day","title":"Quizartinib: approval (US)","note":"Frontline FLT3-ITD AML (QuANTUM-First)","from":"quizartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-07-31","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"dMMR primary advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer with chemotherapy (RUBY)","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2021-2023 updates for Multiple myeloma","note":"1 row added, 1 row removed. Anchored to FDA approvals of idecabtagene vicleucel (March 2021), ciltacabtagene autoleucel (February 2022), teclistamab (October 2022), talquetamab and...","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["idecabtagene-vicleucel","ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","teclistamab","elranatamab"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-08","precision":"month","title":"Bevacizumab: label change (US)","note":"With trifluridine/tipiracil in refractory mCRC","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-08","precision":"month","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil: approval (US)","note":"SUNLIGHT combination","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-08-11","precision":"day","title":"Niraparib: approval (US)","note":"Niraparib + abiraterone (Akeega) for BRCA-mutated mCRPC (MAGNITUDE)","from":"niraparib","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2023-08-31","precision":"day","title":"Study of Atezolizumab Plus Carboplatin and Etoposide With or Without Tiragolumab in Participants With Untreated Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: primary...","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct04665856","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-09","precision":"month","title":"Elacestrant: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"elacestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-10","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO-ESGO consensus and CPG newly diagnosed and relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer 2023 for Ovarian cancer","note":"1 row added, 1 row recategorised. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2023.","from":"ovarian","refs":["olaparib","niraparib","paola-1","prima"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022-2023 updates for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of neoadjuvant nivolumab with chemotherapy (March 2022, CheckMate 816) and perioperative pembrolizumab (October 2023, KEYNOTE-671).","from":"nsclc","refs":["nivolumab","checkmate-816","pembrolizumab","keynote-671"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-10-11","precision":"day","title":"Encorafenib: approval (US)","note":"BRAF V600E NSCLC with binimetinib","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-10-16","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Perioperative NSCLC (KEYNOTE-671)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-10-27","precision":"day","title":"Toripalimab: approval (US)","note":"First FDA approval for nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"toripalimab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 updates for Colorectal cancer","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of trifluridine/tipiracil with bevacizumab (August 2023, SUNLIGHT) and fruquintinib (November 2023, FRESCO-2).","from":"colorectal","refs":["trifluridine-tipiracil","bevacizumab","sunlight","fruquintinib"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 updates for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of elacestrant (January 2023) and capivasertib (November 2023).","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["elacestrant","emerald","capivasertib","capitello-291"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-11","precision":"month","title":"Vusolimogene oderparepvec: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, anti-PD-1-failed melanoma","from":"vusolimogene-oderparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-11-08","precision":"day","title":"Fruquintinib: approval (US)","note":"FRESCO-2","from":"fruquintinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-11-16","precision":"day","title":"Capivasertib: approval (US)","note":"HR+/HER2- breast cancer with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alteration, with fulvestrant (CAPItello-291): first AKT inhibitor","from":"capivasertib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-11-27","precision":"day","title":"Nirogacestat: approval (US)","note":"First systemic therapy for desmoid tumours (DeFi)","from":"nirogacestat","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-12","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2022-2023 updates for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added, 1 row removed. Anchored to FDA approval of zanubrutinib for CLL (January 2023, ALPINE and SEQUOIA) and pirtobrutinib after BTK and BCL-2 inhibitor...","from":"cll","refs":["zanubrutinib","acalabrutinib","ibrutinib","alpine"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2023-12","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023 update for Renal cell carcinoma","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA approval of belzutifan after immunotherapy and VEGF-TKI, December 2023 (LITESPARK-005).","from":"rcc","refs":["belzutifan","litespark-005"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12","precision":"month","title":"Cosibelimab: complete response letter (US)","note":"Complete response letter citing third-party manufacturing inspection findings","from":"cosibelimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12","precision":"month","title":"Patritumab deruxtecan: filing (US)","note":"BLA submitted (HERTHENA-Lung01)","from":"patritumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12","precision":"month","title":"Sotorasib: complete response letter (US)","note":"FDA declines full approval based on CodeBreaK 200; postmarketing dose study required","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12-01","precision":"day","title":"Pirtobrutinib: approval (US)","note":"CLL/SLL accelerated approval","from":"pirtobrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12-11","precision":"day","title":"Izalontamab brengitecan: filing (US)","note":"BMS licenses global rights ex-China from SystImmune (up to $8.4B)","from":"izalontamab-brengitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12-13","precision":"day","title":"Eflornithine (DFMO): approval (US)","note":"First oral maintenance therapy; externally controlled evidence","from":"eflornithine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12-14","precision":"day","title":"Belzutifan: approval (US)","note":"Advanced RCC after PD-1/PD-L1 and VEGF-TKI (LITESPARK-005)","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2023-12-15","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Full approval with pembrolizumab, all first-line advanced urothelial cancer (EV-302)","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2023-12-25","precision":"day","title":"A Study of ASP2215 Versus Salvage Chemotherapy In Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) With FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) Mutat...","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct03182244","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2024","kind":"year","name":"2024 in oncology","aka":["2024"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2024: 702 entries, 141 landmarks, 131 papers, 112 trials reported and 91 papers listed on people's pages. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"702 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2024: 141 landmarks, 131 papers, 112 trials reported, 91 papers listed on people's pages, 84 approvals, 69 regulatory events, 31 financing rounds, 28 technologies, 10 guideline changes, 3 expected dates and 2 laws and regulations.\n\nOf those, 50 to the day, 30 to the month and 622 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2023","2025"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2024,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Adagrasib approved in EU","note":"KRAS G12C NSCLC after ≥1 line; 5 Jan 2024 (conditional). Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Adagrasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C colorectal cancer with cetuximab","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Adagrasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer after fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan chemotherapy, with cetuximab.","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Afamitresgene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Advanced MAGE-A4+ synovial sarcoma, HLA-A*02+ (age ≥12 from 2026)","from":"afamitresgene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Alectinib approved in US","note":"Adjuvant ALK+ NSCLC after resection (stage IB ≥4 cm to IIIA)","from":"alectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in US","note":"First-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC with lazertinib","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Asciminib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase (ASC4FIRST)","from":"asciminib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Benmelstobart approved in CN","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, first line, with anlotinib and platinum-etoposide chemotherapy","from":"benmelstobart","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved in US","note":"Consolidation in CD19+ B-ALL regardless of MRD","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cadonilimab approved in China","note":"First-line persistent/recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer with chemotherapy ± bevacizumab; first-line gastric cancer with chemotherapy","from":"cadonilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib approved in EU","note":"ER+/HER2- mBC with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alteration; 17 Jun 2024","from":"capivasertib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cetuximab approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C mCRC with adagrasib","from":"cetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed myeloma after ≥1 line, lenalidomide-refractory","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cologuard Plus approved in US","note":"Colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults aged 45 and older","from":"cologuard-plus","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cosibelimab approved in US","note":"Metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous SCC not curable by surgery or radiation","from":"cosibelimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Crizotinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ROS1-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in patients who have not had a ROS1 inhibitor.","from":"crizotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed transplant-eligible with VRd (PERSEUS)","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Denileukin diftitox approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory stage I to III CTCL after at least one systemic therapy (Lymphir)","from":"denileukin-diftitox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Dostarlimab approved in US","note":"Primary advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer with chemotherapy (all-comers)","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in UK","note":"Locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer with gemcitabine and cisplatin; NICE TA944 recommended 10 January 2024 with a commercial arrangement.","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Efbemalenograstim alfa approved in EU","note":"Reduction in duration of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy in adults (excluding CML and MDS)","from":"efbemalenograstim-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation, with cetuximab and mFOLFOX6, previously untreated. Accelerated approval on 20 December 2024 on BREAKWATER.","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ensartinib approved in US","note":"ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, ALK-inhibitor-naive","from":"ensartinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Epcoritamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma after ≥2 lines (accelerated; full 2025 with R2)","from":"epcoritamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Erdafitinib approved in US","note":"FGFR3-altered advanced urothelial cancer after ≥1 systemic therapy incl. PD-1/PD-L1 (full)","from":"erdafitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Fruquintinib approved in EU","note":"Previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Fruzaqla marketing authorisation issued 20 June 2024.","from":"fruquintinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Fulzerasib approved in China","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant advanced NSCLC after at least one systemic therapy","from":"fulzerasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Futibatinib approved in UK","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement after at least one systemic treatment; NICE TA1005 recommended 11 September 2024 as an alternat...","from":"futibatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Garsorasib approved in China","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant advanced NSCLC after at least one systemic therapy","from":"garsorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Glecirasib approved in CN","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer after prior systemic therapy","from":"glecirasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Golidocitinib approved in CN","note":"Relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma","from":"golidocitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel approved in US","note":"After ≥2 lines including IMiD, PI, and anti-CD38","from":"idecabtagene-vicleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Imetelstat approved in US","note":"Low- to intermediate-1-risk MDS with transfusion-dependent anaemia after ESA failure","from":"imetelstat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Inavolisib approved in US","note":"PIK3CA-mutant HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with palbociclib and fulvestrant","from":"inavolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin approved in US","note":"Paediatric patients ≥1 year with relapsed/refractory CD22+ B-ALL","from":"inotuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab approved in CN","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after platinum chemotherapy","from":"iparomlimab-tuvonralimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) approved in US","note":"Liposomal irinotecan in NALIRIFOX first-line metastatic pancreatic cancer","from":"irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Isatuximab approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible with VRd (IMROZ)","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ivonescimab approved in China","note":"EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI (with chemotherapy); first-line PD-L1+ NSCLC","from":"ivonescimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ivosidenib approved in UK","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with an IDH1 R132 mutation after one or more systemic treatments; NICE TA948 recommended 31 January 2024 with a commercial arrange...","from":"ivosidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lazertinib approved in US","note":"First-line EGFR exon 19 del / L858R NSCLC with amivantamab","from":"lazertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lifileucel approved in US","note":"Unresectable/metastatic melanoma after anti-PD-1 (and BRAF/MEK if applicable)","from":"lifileucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Limertinib approved in CN","note":"Locally advanced or metastatic EGFR T790M-mutant non-small cell lung cancer after prior EGFR inhibitor therapy","from":"limertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Liposomal irinotecan approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma in NALIRIFOX (NAPOLI 3). FDA label (DailyMed)","from":"liposomal-irinotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL after BTK inhibitor and BCL-2 inhibitor (accelerated)","from":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate approved in US","note":"Paediatric ≥12 years; first-line (NETTER-2 label)","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Mavorixafor approved in US","note":"WHIM syndrome (warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis) in patients aged 12 and over","from":"mavorixafor","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MI Cancer Seek approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic claims across several solid tumours, with tumour-profiling claims","from":"caris-mi-cancer-seek","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine approved in EU","note":"FRα+ platinum-resistant ovarian; 14 Nov 2024","from":"mirvetuximab-soravtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Momelotinib approved in EU","note":"Myelofibrosis with moderate-to-severe anaemia","from":"momelotinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma","from":"nalirifox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept approved in US","note":"BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS ± papillary tumours, with BCG","from":"nogapendekin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Obecabtagene autoleucel approved in US","note":"Relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL, adults","from":"obecabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Odronextamab approved in EU","note":"R/R DLBCL and follicular lymphoma after ≥2 lines (conditional)","from":"odronextamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) approved in US","note":"Metastatic NSCLC after platinum with PD-1 or docetaxel","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pegulicianine approved in US","note":"Fluorescence imaging in adults with breast cancer as an adjunct for intraoperative detection of residual cancer after lumpectomy","from":"pegulicianine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Resectable non-small-cell lung cancer at high risk of recurrence, neoadjuvant with platinum chemotherapy then adjuvant alone.","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ponatinib approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL with chemotherapy (accelerated)","from":"ponatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Remestemcel-L approved in US","note":"Steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease in children aged two months and older","from":"remestemcel-l","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Repotrectinib approved in US","note":"NTRK-fusion solid tumours (tumour-agnostic)","from":"repotrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Retifanlimab approved in EU","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma","from":"retifanlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia, age ≥1","from":"revumenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ribociclib approved in US","note":"Adjuvant stage II-III HR+/HER2- breast cancer at high risk of recurrence","from":"ribociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan approved in China","note":"Pretreated advanced TNBC; later EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Shield approved in US","note":"Colorectal cancer screening, average-risk adults ≥45","from":"shield","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Sugemalimab approved in EU","note":"First-line metastatic NSCLC with platinum chemotherapy, no sensitising EGFR, ALK, ROS1 or RET alterations","from":"sugemalimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Talazoparib approved in UK","note":"HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations after an anthracycline or a taxane; NICE TA952 (21 February 2024) recommends withi...","from":"talazoparib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab approved in US","note":"Extensive-stage SCLC after platinum chemotherapy","from":"tarlatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab approved in US","note":"Second-line ESCC after chemotherapy; first-line HER2-negative gastric/GEJ with chemotherapy (PD-L1 ≥1)","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tovorafenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory BRAF-altered paediatric low-grade glioma (accelerated)","from":"tovorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in UK","note":"HER2-low metastatic or unresectable breast cancer after chemotherapy: NICE TA992 (29 July 2024) does not recommend trastuzumab deruxtecan, the cost per quality-adjusted life year b...","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"HER2 IHC3+ solid tumours (tumour-agnostic)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"Unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive (IHC 3+) solid tumours after previous systemic treatment, including colorectal cancer.","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trifluridine/tipiracil approved in England (NICE)","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer after two lines of treatment, with bevacizumab. TA1008, published 25 September 2024, recommends the combination within its marketing authorisation subj...","from":"trifluridine-tipiracil","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TruSight Oncology Comprehensive approved in US","note":"Companion diagnostic for larotrectinib (NTRK fusions) with tumour-profiling claims","from":"trusight-oncology-comprehensive","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tunlametinib approved in CN","note":"Advanced NRAS-mutant melanoma after prior immunotherapy","from":"tunlametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Varnimcabtagene autoleucel approved in IN","note":"Relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma. CDSCO market authorisation as announced by Immuneel; ARI-0001 is separately approved in Spain under the hospital exemption","from":"varnimcabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib approved in US","note":"Grade 2 IDH-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma after surgery, age ≥12","from":"vorasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zanidatamab approved in US","note":"HER2+ (IHC 3+) unresectable/metastatic biliary tract cancer, previously treated. Ziihera label (openFDA); 53% of HERIZON-BTC-01 patients had gallbladder cancer: https://api.fda.gov...","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zenocutuzumab approved in US","note":"NRG1-fusion NSCLC and pancreatic adenocarcinoma","from":"zenocutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zevorcabtagene autoleucel approved in China","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after three or more lines including a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent","from":"zevorcabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved in EU","note":"1L CLDN18.2+ HER2- gastric/GEJ; 19 Sep 2024","from":"zolbetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved in Japan","note":"CLDN18.2+ HER2- gastric cancer (first approval, March 2024)","from":"zolbetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved in US","note":"First-line CLDN18.2+ (≥75%), HER2- locally advanced/metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma with fluoropyrimidine/platinum chemotherapy","from":"zolbetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Adcendo: Series B","note":"$135m","from":"adcendo","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Affini-T Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$18m. 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Late filing made 20 November 2024 for an equity offering first sold 17 September 2019; includes USD 6.1 million of converted notes","from":"deep-6-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Deep 6 AI: Form D offering","note":"$27m. Late filing made 20 November 2024 for an equity offering first sold 26 April 2022; USD 26.9 million sold of USD 33.8 million","from":"deep-6-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Enlaza Therapeutics: Series A","note":"$100m. Led by the Life Sciences group of J.P. Morgan Private Capital","from":"enlaza-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Firefly Bio: Series A","note":"$94m","from":"firefly-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Halda Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$24m. 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Predecessor Inhibrx, Inc. sold its INBRX-101 (alpha-1 antitrypsin) asset to Sanofi for about 2.2 billion US dollars aggregate value; oncology assets were spun out into Inhi...","from":"inhibrx","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Kheiron Medical Technologies: Acquisition","note":"Acquired by DeepHealth, a wholly owned subsidiary of RadNet, announced 22 October 2024; terms not disclosed.","from":"kheiron-medical-technologies","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Mariana Oncology: Acquisition","note":"$1.0bn. USD 1 billion upfront plus up to USD 750 million in milestones","from":"mariana-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Noetik: Series A","note":"$40m","from":"noetik","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Onc.AI: Grant","note":"$2m. National Cancer Institute SBIR grant, per company website","from":"onc-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pheon Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$120m","from":"pheon-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ProfoundBio: Acquisition","note":"$1.8bn. All-cash deal announced 3 April 2024; Nasdaq copy of the Genmab company announcement","from":"profoundbio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Radionetics Oncology: Series A","note":"$53m. Brought total raised to USD 82.5 million","from":"radionetics-oncology","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Scorpion Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$126m. Total sold of a 150 million US dollar offering per Form D filed July 2024","from":"scorpion-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SonALAsense: Grant","note":"$46m. ARPA-H award of up to USD 46 million (Dec 2024) for sonodynamic therapy in haematologic malignancies; milestone-contingent","from":"sonalasense","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Treeline Biosciences: Form D offering","note":"$422m. Total sold per Form D filed October 2024","from":"treeline-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Universal DX: Series B","note":"Series B closed August 2024 with existing investors including Quest Diagnostics and new investors including Olympus Innovation Ventures; extension amount not disclosed.","from":"universal-dx","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Valar Labs: Series A","note":"$22m. 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Vemurafenib plus cobimetinib produces responses in nearly all BRAF V600E papillary craniopharyngiomas (Lancet Oncology).","from":"craniopharyngioma","refs":["vemurafenib","cobimetinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Anktiva (N-803 + BCG) approved; erdafitinib full approval (THOR)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["nogapendekin-alfa","thor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"AQUILA: daratumumab monotherapy delays progression in high-risk disease","note":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","from":"smouldering-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ARST1431: temsirolimus + chemotherapy improves EFS in intermediate risk","note":"Rhabdomyosarcoma","from":"rhabdomyosarcoma","refs":["temsirolimus"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ASC4FIRST: asciminib approved for newly diagnosed chronic phase","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic phase","from":"cml-chronic-phase","refs":["asciminib","nct04971226"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Asciminib first line","note":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). ASC4FIRST: higher MMR at 48 weeks than investigator-selected TKI; FDA accelerated approval October 2024.","from":"cml","refs":["asciminib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ASCO guideline on small bowel adenocarcinoma","note":"Small intestine cancer (small bowel adenocarcinoma)","from":"small-bowel","refs":["capox","folfox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"AUGMENT-101: revumenib, the first menin inhibitor, approved for relapsed KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia","note":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","refs":["augment-101","revumenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"BEAT-meso misses OS; non-epithelioid subgroup benefits","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["beat-meso"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved for consolidation of newly diagnosed CD19-positive B-ALL","note":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","refs":["blinatumomab","e1910"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab approved for consolidation of newly diagnosed CD19-positive B-ALL","note":"High-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (high-risk B-ALL and T-ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-high-risk","refs":["blinatumomab","e1910"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab consolidation approved for adults and children with B-ALL after E1910","note":"Adolescent and young adult cancers (ages 15 to 39)","from":"aya-cancers","refs":["blinatumomab","e1910"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab frontline","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","from":"all-leukemia","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Blinatumomab frontline (E1910, AALL1731), ponatinib frontline (PhALLCON), obe-cel approved","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Immunotherapy becomes part of standard first-line therapy for adults and children; second CAR-T for adult ALL; revumenib approved for KMT2Ar leukaemi...","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["e1910","aall1731","phallcon","obecabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"BREAKWATER: encorafenib-cetuximab-FOLFOX first line; accelerated approval in December","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["breakwater"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"BRUIN CLL-321 reads out; lisocabtagene maraleucel approved for double-refractory CLL","note":"Relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll-relapsed","refs":["bruin-cll-321","lisocabtagene-maraleucel","transcend-cll-004"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CABINET published with lung and thymic tumours in the extra-pancreatic cohort","note":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","from":"lung-net","refs":["cabinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib phase 2 reports disease control in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma","note":"Advanced and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ENSAT stage IV or unresectable)","from":"advanced-adrenocortical-carcinoma","refs":["cabozantinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 8HW: nivolumab plus ipilimumab cuts progression by 79 percent","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["checkmate-8hw"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"COMET: active monitoring non-inferior at two years","note":"Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Hwang and colleagues (JAMA, December 2024); first randomised evidence for monitoring low-risk DCIS.","from":"ductal-carcinoma-in-situ","refs":["active-surveillance"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CONTINUUM: sintilimab added to chemoradiotherapy improves event-free survival","note":"Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage III to IVA)","from":"locoregionally-advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["checkpoint-inhibitor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cosibelimab approved","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["cosibelimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cosibelimab approved (December)","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cosibelimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CUPISCO: molecularly guided therapy after induction chemotherapy lengthens progression-free survival","note":"Cancer of unknown primary, unfavourable (adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma)","from":"cup-unfavourable","refs":["cupisco","cgp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CUPISCO: molecularly guided therapy improves PFS (Lancet)","note":"Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)","from":"cancer-of-unknown-primary","refs":["cgp"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast06: earlier line and HER2-ultralow","note":"HER2-low and HER2-ultralow metastatic breast cancer","from":"her2-low-metastatic-breast-cancer","refs":["destiny-breast06"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast12: intracranial response in most patients","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["destiny-breast12"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast12: trastuzumab deruxtecan active in HER2-positive brain metastases","note":"Brain metastases (secondary brain tumours)","from":"secondary-brain-tumours","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-breast12"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD-1 and LEAP-012: TACE + systemic therapy improves PFS; HIMALAYA 5-year OS 19.6%","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["emerald-1","leap-012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Epcoritamab and zanubrutinib-obinutuzumab approved for relapsed FL","note":"Follicular lymphoma","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["epcoritamab","zanubrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ESOPEC: FLOT better than CROSS in adenocarcinoma","note":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","from":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","refs":["flot"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FDA accelerated approval of adagrasib with cetuximab","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["adagrasib","cetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves vorasidenib","note":"Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted","from":"oligodendroglioma","refs":["vorasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves vorasidenib for grade 2 IDH-mutant astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma","note":"Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant (grades 2 to 4)","from":"idh-mutant-astrocytoma","refs":["vorasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"First CAR-T in CLL; AMPLIFY presented","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Liso-cel accelerated approval (March); AMPLIFY fixed-duration acalabrutinib-venetoclax at ASH.","from":"cll","refs":["lisocabtagene-maraleucel","transcend-cll-004","amplify"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FIRSTMAPPP: sunitinib delays progression","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Baudin and colleagues, Lancet: first randomised trial in metastatic PPGL.","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":["sunitinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FIRSTMAPPP: sunitinib improves progression-free survival; Azedra withdrawn from the market","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["sunitinib","i131-mibg"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Genotype reaches the operating theatre and stage III","note":"Lung cancer (all types). ALINA gave adjuvant alectinib after resection of ALK-positive disease (93.8 against 63.0 percent disease-free at two years), LAURA gave osimertinib after c...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["paper-wu-alina-adjuvant-alectinib-nejm-2024","paper-lu-laura-osimertinib-stage-iii-nejm-2024","paper-mariposa-nejm-2024","paper-adriatic-nejm-2024"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"HARMONi-2: ivonescimab beats pembrolizumab on progression-free survival in China","note":"PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation","from":"pdl1-high-nsclc","refs":["harmoni-2","ivonescimab","paper-harmoni-2-lancet-2025","akeso"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"HD21 (BrECADD) published in Lancet; S1826 in NEJM","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["hd21","swog-s1826"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IELSG37: radiotherapy can be omitted after complete metabolic response","note":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma","from":"primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","refs":["ielsg37","pet-adapted-therapy"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Imetelstat approved","note":"Myelodysplastic syndromes / neoplasms (MDS). IMerge: telomerase inhibitor achieves durable transfusion independence after ESA failure.","from":"mds","refs":["imetelstat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Imetelstat approved after IMerge: the first telomerase inhibitor","note":"Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-lower-risk","refs":["imetelstat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IMROZ and CEPHEUS: quadruplets for fit transplant-ineligible patients","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-ineligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-ineligible","refs":["imroz","cepheus","isatuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Inavolisib approved in the first line for PIK3CA-mutant relapse (INAVO120)","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["inavo120","inavolisib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin approved for children with relapsed or refractory CD22-positive B-ALL","note":"Relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-relapsed","refs":["inotuzumab-ozogamicin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"International Anal Neoplasia Society screening guidelines for people at high risk","note":"Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (precursor)","from":"anal-hsil-precursor","refs":["hpv-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"INTUITT-NF2: brigatinib active across NF2-related tumours","note":"Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). Plotkin and colleagues (NEJM) report the first platform trial in the condition.","from":"vestibular-schwannoma","refs":["brigatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-522 overall survival benefit published","note":"Early triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-early","refs":["keynote-522"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-564 shows OS benefit; CheckMate 214 8-year data; TiNivo-2 negative","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["keynote-564","checkmate-214","tinivo-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-B21: adjuvant pembrolizumab misses its primary endpoint overall; dMMR subgroup appears to benefit","note":"Mismatch-repair-deficient endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial-mmr-deficient","refs":["nct04634877"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"KRYSTAL-12: adagrasib beats docetaxel; divarasib enters phase 3 (Krascendo 1)","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"kras-g12c-nsclc","refs":["krystal-12","adagrasib","divarasib","krascendo-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Kyoto guidelines revise surveillance intervals and add cyst fluid molecular markers","note":"Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and other pancreatic cystic precursors","from":"ipmn-cystic-precursors","refs":["endoscopic-ultrasound-systems","ca19-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LAURA (osimertinib after chemoradiation); HARMONi-2: ivonescimab beats pembrolizumab in China; lazertinib approved","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["laura","harmoni-2","lazertinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LAURA: osimertinib after chemoradiation for EGFR-mutated stage III; PACIFIC-2 concurrent durvalumab negative","note":"Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","refs":["laura","osimertinib","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lifileucel: first approved cell therapy for a solid tumour","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["lifileucel","c-144-01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lifileucel: first TIL therapy","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["lifileucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LUMINOSITY: telisotuzumab vedotin response rate 35 percent in c-Met high tumours","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["luminosity","telisotuzumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Lymphocyte-rich stage I tumours do well without chemotherapy","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Leon-Ferre and colleagues, 1,966 untreated patients: five-year distant recurrence-free survival 94 percent with lymphocytes of 50 percent or m...","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-leon-ferre-tils-tnbc-no-chemotherapy-jama-2024","tils","idea-tnbc-de-escalation-for-exceptional-responders"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MARIPOSA: amivantamab plus lazertinib approved first line; LAURA: osimertinib after chemoradiation in stage III","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["mariposa","amivantamab-plus-lazertinib","laura","cho-byoung-chul"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MARS 2 ends radical surgery as standard","note":"Pleural mesothelioma","from":"pleural-mesothelioma","refs":["mars-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MARS 2: surgery worsens survival; pembrolizumab-chemotherapy approved (September)","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["mars-2","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MOTION phase 3 positive for vimseltinib","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). Gelderblom and colleagues, Lancet.","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":["vimseltinib","motion"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NADINA neoadjuvant phase 3; lifileucel first TIL therapy; KEYNOTE-006 ten-year data; COMBI-AD ten-year data","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["nadina","lifileucel","c-144-01","keynote-006"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NADINA: neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab cuts events by two thirds","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["nadina"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NALIRIFOX approved; zenocutuzumab for NRG1 fusions","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"pancreatic","refs":["nalirifox","zenocutuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-2: first-line lutetium-177 dotatate in grade 2 to 3 disease; CABINET pancreatic cohort published","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["nct03972488","lutathera","cabinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-2: first-line lutetium-177 dotatate in grade 2 to 3 tumours with Ki-67 up to 55 percent","note":"Grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour","from":"grade-3-net","refs":["nct03972488","lutathera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-2: first-line PRRT","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-2: lutetium-177 dotatate first line for grade 2 to 3 tumours; CABINET published","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["nct03972488","lutathera","cabinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NETTER-2: PRRT first line in grade 2-3; CABINET published; AlphaMedix Breakthrough designation","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["lutathera","cabinet","alphamedix"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NIAGARA: perioperative durvalumab improves survival","note":"Muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer","from":"muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["niagara"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept with BCG approved","note":"Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","from":"non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","refs":["nogapendekin-alfa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NORPACT-1: neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX does not lengthen survival in clearly resectable disease","note":"Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"resectable-pdac","refs":["folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PACE-B: five-fraction stereotactic radiotherapy non-inferior at five years","note":"Localised prostate cancer, very low and low risk","from":"prostate-low-risk","refs":["pace-b"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PACE-B: stereotactic radiotherapy in five fractions non-inferior","note":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","from":"prostate-intermediate-risk","refs":["pace-b"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab and dostarlimab approved with chemotherapy for all comers","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab","dostarlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved with chemoradiation (Jan); tisotumab full approval (Apr); FDA approves HPV self-collection (May); COMPASSION-16 published; SHAPE trial su...","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["keynote-a18","tisotumab-vedotin","hpv-testing","compassion-16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved with chemoradiation for high-risk locally advanced disease","note":"Locally advanced cervical cancer","from":"locally-advanced-cervical-cancer","refs":["pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab with chemotherapy approved","note":"Pleural mesothelioma","from":"pleural-mesothelioma","refs":["keynote-483"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PERSEUS quadruplet approved; FDA accepts MRD as an endpoint; DREAMM-7/8 positive; cilta-cel and ide-cel approved after 1-2 lines","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["perseus","mrd-negativity-myeloma","dreamm-7","dreamm-8"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PERSEUS: daratumumab-VRd around transplant approved as standard induction","note":"Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, transplant-eligible","from":"myeloma-transplant-eligible","refs":["perseus","daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PhALLCON: ponatinib beats imatinib in adults with Ph-positive ALL","note":"Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (Ph-positive ALL)","from":"all-paediatric-ph-positive","refs":["phallcon","ponatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PHERGain chemotherapy omission; DESTINY-Breast12 brain metastases; zanidatamab approved (BTC)","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["phergain","destiny-breast12","zanidatamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PHERGain: PET-guided omission of chemotherapy","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["phergain"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"POD1UM-303: retifanlimab + chemotherapy improves PFS/OS","note":"Anal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma). FDA approval 2025.","from":"anal","refs":["retifanlimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pooled ONC201 phase 2 data","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). Durable objective responses in recurrent H3 K27M DMG reported in JCO; ACTION phase 3 open.","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":["dordaviprone","action-dmg"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-2: neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine chemoradiation give similar survival","note":"Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"borderline-resectable-pdac","refs":["preopanc","folfirinox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Randomised trial: no benefit of systemic chemotherapy in low-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei","note":"Appendiceal cancer and pseudomyxoma peritonei","from":"appendiceal","refs":["folfox"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Repotrectinib gains tumour-agnostic accelerated approval for NTRK fusions","note":"NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ntrk-fusion-nsclc","refs":["repotrectinib","nct03093116"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib approved for relapsed KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia after AUGMENT-101","note":"Infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (KMT2A-rearranged, under one year)","from":"all-infant","refs":["revumenib","augment-101"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib approved for relapsed KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia from the age of one","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in children","from":"aml-paediatric","refs":["revumenib","augment-101"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib: first menin inhibitor","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml","refs":["revumenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib: first menin inhibitor; magrolimab fails","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Approved for KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia (AUGMENT-101). Magrolimab (CD47) discontinued after ENHANCE trials, a setback for TP53-mutated AML.","from":"aml","refs":["revumenib","augment-101","magrolimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SHAPE: simple hysterectomy non-inferior to radical hysterectomy in low-risk early disease","note":"Early cervical cancer and fertility-sparing surgery","from":"early-cervical-cancer","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Shield blood test approved for screening; BREAKWATER accelerated approval; CheckMate 8HW","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["shield","breakwater","checkmate-8hw"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SPLASH: second PSMA radioligand improves rPFS but not OS","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["splash","lu177-psma-it"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"STARGLO shows OS benefit for glofitamab-GemOx; odronextamab approved in EU","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["starglo","odronextamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SU2C-SARC032: pembrolizumab plus preoperative radiotherapy improves disease-free survival","note":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS)","from":"undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma","refs":["pembrolizumab","imrt-igrt"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SWOG S1826 (nivolumab-AVD) and HD21 (BrECADD) published; nivolumab-AVD becomes the preferred regimen","note":"Advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III to IV)","from":"advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["swog-s1826","hd21","nivolumab","brentuximab-vedotin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab accelerated approval after DeLLphi-301","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["tarlatamab","paper-dellphi-301-nejm-2023","amgen"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab accelerated approval; ADRIATIC changes limited-stage care","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["tarlatamab","adriatic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab approved for small-cell lung cancer, opening DLL3 as a target for extrapulmonary carcinoma","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":["tarlatamab","dll3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab shows activity against DLL3-positive neuroendocrine prostate cancer","note":"Neuroendocrine and small-cell prostate cancer","from":"prostate-nepc","refs":["tarlatamab","dll3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab: first targeted drug for small-cell lung cancer","note":"Lung cancer (all types)","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["tarlatamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"The first prospective immunotherapy evidence in transplant recipients","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Twelve kidney transplant recipients given cemiplimab after cross-taper to a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with pulsed steroids: no reje...","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"The first real signal in microsatellite-stable disease","note":"Colorectal cancer. An Fc-enhanced CTLA-4 antibody with a PD-1 antibody gave 17% responses and 61% disease control in 101 evaluable heavily pre-treated microsatellite-stable patient...","from":"colorectal","refs":["paper-bullock-botensilimab-balstilimab-mss-colorectal-nat-med-2024"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"The UK breast reporting dataset is rewritten","note":"Breast cancer (all types). RCPath G148 version 3 (November 2024) adds the ER low positive category, a separate section on male breast disease, updated handling of specimens after n...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["er-pr-scoring-breast","er-pr-negative-threshold"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab approved in the US (second-line ESCC, first-line gastric); ESOPEC favours FLOT over CROSS in adenocarcinoma","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["tislelizumab","flot"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tisotumab vedotin full approval; COMPASSION-16 positive for cadonilimab in China","note":"Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer","from":"recurrent-metastatic-cervical-cancer","refs":["tisotumab-vedotin","compassion-16"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tovorafenib approved for relapsed BRAF-altered pLGG","note":"Paediatric low-grade glioma. FIREFLY-1 (Nature Medicine 2024) shows durable responses across fusions and V600E; FDA accelerated approval April 2024.","from":"paediatric-low-grade-glioma","refs":["tovorafenib","firefly-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved for HER2 3+ solid tumours after DESTINY-PanTumor02","note":"p53-abnormal endometrial cancer, including uterine serous carcinoma","from":"endometrial-p53-abnormal","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-pantumor02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan receives tumour-agnostic approval for HER2-positive solid tumours","note":"Advanced and metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma","from":"advanced-small-bowel-adenocarcinoma","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TRIANGLE and ECHO","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma. Ibrutinib replaces transplant in fit patients; acalabrutinib + BR improves PFS first line in older patients.","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["ibrutinib","acalabrutinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TrilynX (xevinapant) stopped for futility; petosemtamab Breakthrough designation","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["trilynx","petosemtamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TrilynX stopped: xevinapant worsens outcomes","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["trilynx"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tumour-agnostic approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2 3+ solid tumours after DESTINY-CRC02","note":"HER2-amplified colorectal cancer","from":"her2-amplified-colorectal","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-crc02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tunlametinib approved in China for NRAS-mutant melanoma","note":"Mucosal melanoma","from":"mucosal-melanoma","refs":["tunlametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tunlametinib approved in China for NRAS-mutant melanoma","note":"Acral melanoma","from":"acral-melanoma","refs":["tunlametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Universal germline testing recommended","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ASCO-SSO recommends BRCA1/2 testing for all breast cancer diagnosed at 65 or under and for every PARP inhibitor candidate.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-bedrosian-asco-sso-germline-testing-breast-jco-2024","brca-germline"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"VERONA: venetoclax plus azacitidine does not lengthen life","note":"Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","from":"mds-higher-risk","refs":["venetoclax","azacitidine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib approved","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["vorasidenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Vorasidenib approved for IDH-mutant glioma","note":"Brain and spinal cord tumours (all types). 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FDA accelerated approval (November 2024) on HERIZON-BTC-01, in which gallbladder cancer was the largest subgroup.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["zanidatamab","her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zanidatamab for HER2+ BTC","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["zanidatamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zanidatamab receives accelerated approval for HER2-positive biliary tract cancer","note":"Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (perihilar and distal)","from":"extrahepatic-cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["zanidatamab","her2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zanidatamab: first HER2 approval in biliary cancer; T-DXd tumour-agnostic HER2 IHC3+; NALIRICC negative","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["zanidatamab","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","naliricc"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zenocutuzumab approved for NRG1 fusion-positive pancreatic cancer","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["zenocutuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zenocutuzumab approved for NRG1 fusion-positive pancreatic cancer","note":"KRAS wild-type pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-wild-type-pdac","refs":["zenocutuzumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved (Japan March, US October); zanidatamab approved in biliary cancer","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["zolbetuximab","zanidatamab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved for claudin 18.2-positive disease","note":"Oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma","from":"oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","refs":["zolbetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab approved in Japan, the United States and Europe","note":"Claudin 18.2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-cldn18-2-positive","refs":["zolbetuximab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Zolbetuximab: first CLDN18.2 drug","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"BIOSECURE Act","note":"United States, statute.","from":"biosecure-act","refs":[]},{"group":"law","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FDA laboratory-developed test (LDT) rule","note":"United States, regulation.","from":"fda-ldt-rule","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"[ 89 Zr]Zr-girentuximab for PET-CT imaging of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: a prospective, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial","note":"Shuch B, Pantuck AJ, Bernhard JC, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-shuch-lancet-oncol","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"177 Lu-PSMA-617 versus a change of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor therapy for taxane-naive patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prosta...","note":"Morris MJ, Castellano D, Herrmann K, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-psmafore-lancet-2024","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"3-year invasive disease-free survival with chemotherapy de-escalation using an 18 F-FDG-PET-based, pathological complete response-adapted strategy in HER2-posit...","note":"Pérez-García JM, Cortés J, Ruiz-Borrego M, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-phergain-lancet-2024-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A Cell-free DNA Blood-Based Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening","note":"Chung DC, Gray DM, Singh H, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-eclipse-shield-n-engl-j-med-2024","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A foundation model for clinical-grade computational pathology and rare cancers detection","note":"Vorontsov E, Bozkurt A, Casson A, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-vorontsov-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A pathology foundation model for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction","note":"Wang X, Zhao J, Marostica E, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-wang-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A Perspective on the CD47-SIRPA Axis in High-Risk Neuroblastoma","note":"Tang XX, Shimada H, Ikegaki N. Current oncology.","from":"paper-cd47-neuroblastoma-curr-oncol-2024","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A visual-language foundation model for computational pathology","note":"Lu MY, Chen B, Williamson DFK, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-lu-nat-med","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"A whole-slide foundation model for digital pathology from real-world data","note":"Xu H, Usuyama N, Bagga J, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-xu-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","note":"Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-abramson-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Early Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer in the APHINITY Trial: Third Interim Overall Surviv...","note":"Loibl S, Jassem J, Sonnenblick A, et al. 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docetaxel versus docetaxel in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (UpFrontPSMA)","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"sandhu-shahneen","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Small cell lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumours","note":"Breathe (Sheff)","from":"assia-konsoulova","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"State-of-the-Art Management of Colorectal Cancer: Treatment Advances and Innovation","note":"American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book","from":"chee-cheng-ean","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for primary kidney cancer (TROG 15.03 FASTRACK II): a non-randomised phase 2 trial","note":"Lancet Oncology","from":"shankar-siva","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Target-Driven Tissue-Agnostic Drug Approvals—A New Path of Drug 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PARTNER trial of neoadjuvant olaparib with chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer","note":"Nature","from":"jean-abraham","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Tisotumab vedotin as second- or third-line therapy for recurrent cervical cancer (innovaTV 301)","note":"NEJM","from":"ignace-vergote","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Towards a general-purpose foundation model for computational pathology (UNI)","note":"Nature Medicine","from":"faisal-mahmood","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Transfusions of packed red blood cells in surgery for liver cancer: predictor of impaired overall survival but not recurrence-free survival – impact of blood tr...","note":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery","from":"jurgen-weitz","refs":[]},{"group":"person-paper","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan versus trastuzumab emtansine in HER2-positive 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0.58.","from":"bruin-cll-321","refs":["cll","cll-relapsed","pirtobrutinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CABINET (Alliance A021602) reported","note":"PFS HR 0.23 (pNET), 0.38 (epNET).","from":"cabinet","refs":["neuroendocrine","pancreatic-net","small-intestinal-net","lung-net"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab for kidney transplant recipients with advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma reported","note":"No kidney rejection or graft loss in 12 kidney transplant recipients given cemiplimab after cross-taper to a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with pulsed corticosteroids, wi...","from":"cemiplimab-kidney-transplant-cscc","refs":["cutaneous-scc","advanced-cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CEPHEUS reported","note":"MRD-neg 60.9% vs 39.4%; PFS HR 0.57.","from":"cepheus","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-transplant-ineligible","daratumumab","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 8HW reported","note":"First-line PFS 54.1 vs 5.9 months (HR 0.21); combination vs nivolumab PFS HR 0.62.","from":"checkmate-8hw","refs":["colorectal","msi-high-colorectal","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 9DW reported","note":"OS 23.7 vs 20.6 months, HR 0.79; ORR 36% vs 13%.","from":"checkmate-9dw","refs":["hcc","hcc-advanced","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"CLL12 reported","note":"Ibrutinib delayed progression to symptomatic disease but did not improve survival: five-year overall survival 93.3 percent against 93.6 percent with placebo; watch and wait 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specificity 89.6%.","from":"eclipse-shield","refs":["colorectal","shield"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ECOG-ACRIN E1910 reported","note":"3-year OS 85% vs 68%; HR 0.41.","from":"e1910","refs":["all-leukemia","aya-cancers","blinatumomab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"EMBER-3 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.62 (ESR1-mutant, monotherapy); HR 0.57 (combination vs monotherapy).","from":"ember-3","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","imlunestrant","abemaciclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD-1 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.77; OS HR 0.80, not significant.","from":"emerald-1","refs":["hcc","hcc-intermediate","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"ESOPEC reported","note":"Perioperative FLOT improved overall survival compared with CROSS chemoradiotherapy in resectable oesophageal adenocarcinoma.","from":"esopec","refs":["oesophageal-adenocarcinoma","esophageal","fluorouracil","leucovorin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FELIX reported","note":"ORR 77%, CR 55%; grade ≥3 CRS 2.4%.","from":"felix","refs":["all-leukemia","obecabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FIRSTMAPPP reported","note":"Progression-free survival at 12 months 36 percent with sunitinib against 19 percent with placebo, meeting the primary endpoint of the first randomised trial in the disease.","from":"firstmappp","refs":["metastatic-ppgl","pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","sunitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FOCUS reported","note":"Objective response rate 36.3% by independent central review in 91 treated patients (complete response 7.7%), above the prespecified historical benchmark; median duration of respons...","from":"nct02678572","refs":["uveal-melanoma","hepzato","melphalan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"FUMANBA-1 reported","note":"ORR about 96% in infused patients (JAMA Oncol 2024).","from":"fumanba-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","equecabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"GBM AGILE reported","note":"Regorafenib, the first arm, did not improve overall survival in newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma; paxalisib and VAL-083 did not graduate; later arms continue.","from":"gbm-agile","refs":["glioblastoma","brain-tumours","regorafenib","temozolomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"GHSG HD21 reported","note":"4-year PFS 94.3% vs 90.9%, HR 0.66; less toxicity.","from":"hd21","refs":["hodgkin-lymphoma","advanced-stage-classical-hodgkin-lymphoma","brentuximab-vedotin","doxorubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"HARMONi-2 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.51; OS statistically significant (2026 announcement).","from":"harmoni-2","refs":["nsclc","pdl1-high-nsclc","ivonescimab","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"HARMONi-A reported","note":"PFS 7.1 vs 4.8 months, HR 0.46.","from":"harmoni-a","refs":["nsclc","ivonescimab","pemetrexed","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"HERTHENA-Lung01: Patritumab Deruxtecan in Subjects With Metastatic or Locally Advanced EGFR-mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer reported","from":"nct04619004","refs":["nsclc","sclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","patritumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"I-SPY 2.2 reported","note":"Ongoing; the first block results and de-escalation rates were reported from 2024.","from":"i-spy-2-2","refs":["breast-cancer","tnbc","breast-her2-positive","breast-hr-positive"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IELSG37 reported","note":"30-month progression-free survival 96.7% (observation) vs 98.5% (radiotherapy) in patients with complete metabolic response; radiotherapy can be omitted.","from":"ielsg37","refs":["primary-mediastinal-b-cell-lymphoma","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IGNYTE-ESO reported","note":"ORR 42%.","from":"ignyte-eso","refs":["sarcoma","letetresgene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IMROZ reported","note":"PFS HR 0.60.","from":"imroz","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-transplant-ineligible","isatuximab","bortezomib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"INTUITT-NF2 reported","note":"Brigatinib produced radiographic responses in 10 percent of target tumours and 23 percent of all tumours, slowed growth of every tumour type and improved hearing in 35 percent of e...","from":"intuitt-nf2","refs":["vestibular-schwannoma","meningioma","brain-tumours","brigatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"IPATunity130 reported","note":"PFS 7.4 vs 6.1 months (HR 1.02, 0.71 to 1.45); OS 24.4 vs 24.9 months (HR 1.08). Negative.","from":"ipatunity130","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","ipatasertib","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"KRYSTAL-12 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.58.","from":"krystal-12","refs":["nsclc","kras-g12c-nsclc","adagrasib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LAPIS reported","note":"Primary overall survival endpoint not met.","from":"lapis-trial","refs":["pancreatic","pamrevlumab","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","folfirinox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LAURA reported","note":"PFS HR 0.16.","from":"laura","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","osimertinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LEAP-012 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.66; final OS HR 0.98.","from":"leap-012","refs":["hcc","hcc-intermediate","lenvatinib","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LGX818 and MEK162 in Combination With a Third Agent (BKM120, LEE011, BGJ398 or INC280) in Advanced BRAF Melanoma reported","from":"nct02159066","refs":["melanoma","infigratinib","capmatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LINKER-MM1 reported","note":"ORR 70%, ≥CR 45%.","from":"linker-mm1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","linvoseltamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LUMINOSITY reported","note":"ORR 28.6% overall; 34.6% in c-Met high, 22.9% in c-Met intermediate.","from":"luminosity","refs":["nsclc","met-altered-nsclc","telisotuzumab-vedotin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"LUMMICAR STUDY 1 reported","from":"lummicar-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","zevorcabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Magrolimab + Azacitidine Versus Azacitidine + Placebo in Untreated Participants With Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) reported","from":"nct04313881","refs":["mds","magrolimab","azacitidine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MANIFEST-2 reported","note":"Pelabresib plus ruxolitinib roughly doubled the week-24 spleen volume response over ruxolitinib alone; the symptom endpoint did not reach significance.","from":"manifest-2","refs":["primary-myelofibrosis","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","pelabresib","ruxolitinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MARS 2 reported","note":"OS HR 1.28 favouring no surgery; median 19.3 vs 24.8 months.","from":"mars-2","refs":["mesothelioma","pleural-mesothelioma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MERMAID-2 reported","from":"mermaid-2","refs":["nsclc","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MORPHO reported","note":"Relapse-free survival hazard ratio 0.679 for gilteritinib against placebo, not statistically significant overall; in the prespecified MRD-positive half of patients the hazard ratio...","from":"morpho","refs":["aml-flt3","aml","leukaemia","gilteritinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"MOTION reported","note":"ORR 40% vs 0%.","from":"motion","refs":["sarcoma","tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","vimseltinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NADINA reported","note":"12-month EFS 83.7% vs 57.2%; HR 0.32.","from":"nadina","refs":["melanoma","stage-iii-melanoma","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NALIRICC (AIO) reported","note":"OS 6.9 vs 8.2 months; not improved.","from":"naliricc","refs":["cholangiocarcinoma","gallbladder","biliary-tract-cancer","liposomal-irinotecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NeoPACT reported","note":"pCR 58% (48 to 67); RCB 0 or 1 69%; 3-year EFS 86% (98% with pCR, 68% without).","from":"neopact","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","carboplatin","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Neotorch reported","note":"Median event-free survival not estimable against 15.1 months in stage III disease (hazard ratio 0.40, 95 percent confidence interval 0.28 to 0.57).","from":"neotorch","refs":["resectable-nsclc","toripalimab","cisplatin","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NIAGARA reported","note":"EFS HR 0.68; OS HR 0.75.","from":"niagara","refs":["urothelial","muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"NORPACT-1 reported","note":"Alive at 18 months: 60 percent with neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX against 73 percent with upfront surgery (p 0.032); median overall survival 25.1 against 38.5 months (hazard ratio 1.52, p...","from":"norpact-1","refs":["resectable-pdac","pancreatic","folfirinox","fluorouracil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PACE-B reported","note":"5-year biochemical or clinical failure-free 95.8% (SBRT) vs 94.6% (conventional), non-inferior.","from":"pace-b","refs":["prostate","prostate-low-risk","prostate-intermediate-risk"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PACIFIC-2 reported","note":"Concurrent durvalumab with chemoradiotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival over chemoradiotherapy alone.","from":"pacific-2","refs":["stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","nsclc","lung-cancer","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PARTIQoL reported","note":"No difference between protons and IMRT in EPIC bowel quality of life at 24 months (primary endpoint, p=0.836) or in urinary or sexual function; five-year progression-free survival...","from":"partiqol","refs":["prostate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PARTNER reported","note":"Germline BRCA group: three-year survival 100 percent (39 patients, one relapse) with the gap schedule versus 88 percent (45 patients, nine relapses) with chemotherapy alone (Univer...","from":"partner","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","olaparib","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PATINA reported","note":"Palbociclib added to maintenance anti-HER2 and endocrine therapy lengthened progression-free survival.","from":"patina","refs":["breast-her2-positive","breast-hr-positive","breast-cancer","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab with or without anetumab ravtansine in mesothelin-positive pleural mesothelioma (NCI) reported","from":"nci-anetumab-pembrolizumab-mpm","refs":["mesothelioma","anetumab-ravtansine","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PhALLCON reported","note":"MRD-negative CR 34.4% vs 16.7%.","from":"phallcon","refs":["all-leukemia","ponatinib","imatinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"PHERGain reported","note":"3-year iDFS 95.4% in the PET-adapted arm; ~1 in 3 spared chemotherapy.","from":"phergain","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab","pertuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Ponsegromab phase 2 in cancer cachexia reported","note":"Placebo-adjusted weight gain 2.81 kg at 400 mg over 12 weeks; improved appetite and activity.","from":"ponsegromab-phase-2","refs":["nsclc","pancreatic","colorectal"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"postMONARCH reported","note":"PFS 6.0 vs 5.3 months, HR 0.73.","from":"postmonarch","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","abemaciclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"RADICALS-HD reported","note":"Ten-year metastasis-free survival 78.1 percent with 24 months of androgen deprivation against 71.9 percent with 6 months (hazard ratio 0.773, 95 percent confidence interval 0.612 t...","from":"radicals-hd","refs":["prostate","prostate-high-risk","prostate-bcr","bicalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"RAMP 201 reported","note":"ORR 44%, median PFS 19.6 months in KRAS-mutant LGSOC.","from":"ramp-201","refs":["ovarian","avutometinib-defactinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SAR408701 Versus Docetaxel in Previously Treated, Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 5 (CEACAM5) Positive Metastatic Non-squamous Non-small...","from":"nct04154956","refs":["nsclc","tusamitamab-ravtansine","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SENOMAC reported","note":"Five-year recurrence-free survival 89.7 percent with sentinel node biopsy alone against 88.7 percent with completion axillary clearance (hazard ratio 0.89, 0.66 to 1.19, non-inferi...","from":"senomac","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SHAPE (CCTG CX.5) reported","note":"Simple hysterectomy was non-inferior to radical hysterectomy for three-year pelvic recurrence in low-risk early cervical cancer, with fewer urinary complications.","from":"shape","refs":["early-cervical-cancer","cervical"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SPLASH reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.71; interim OS HR 1.11.","from":"splash","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","lu177-psma-it"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"STARGLO reported","note":"OS HR 0.62; FDA CRL 2025 over applicability.","from":"starglo","refs":["dlbcl","glofitamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Subcutaneous (SC) Versus Pembrolizumab Intravenous (IV) Administered With Platinum Doublet Chemotherapy in Participan reported","from":"nct04956692","refs":["nsclc","sclc","pembrolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ublituximab in Combination With Umbralisib and Venetoclax Compared to Ublituximab in Combination With Umbralisib in S...","from":"nct03801525","refs":["cll","umbralisib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Study to Evaluate Safety and Dosimetry of Lutathera in Adolescent Patients With GEP-NETs and PPGLs reported","from":"nct04711135","refs":["pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","lutathera"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lutathera in Patients With Grade 2 and Grade 3 Advanced GEP-NET reported","from":"nct03972488","refs":["neuroendocrine","small-intestinal-net","pancreatic-net","grade-3-net"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SunRISe-1 reported","note":"CR 82%; 51% in CR at 12 months.","from":"sunrise-1","refs":["urothelial","tar-200"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"SYD985 in Patients With HER2-expressing Recurrent, Advanced or Metastatic Endometrial Carcinoma reported","from":"nct04205630","refs":["endometrial","trastuzumab-duocarmazine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TiNivo-2 reported","note":"PFS HR 1.10; no benefit from nivolumab rechallenge.","from":"tinivo-2","refs":["rcc","tivozanib","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Transarterial Chemoembolization Compared With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy or Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Residual...","from":"nct02762266","refs":["hcc","ethiodized-oil"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TRIANGLE reported","note":"Three-year failure-free survival 88 percent with ibrutinib added to induction, transplant and maintenance against 72 percent with standard induction and transplant (hazard ratio 0...","from":"triangle","refs":["mantle-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","ibrutinib","rituximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"TrilynX reported","note":"EFS 19.4 vs 33.1 months (worse with xevinapant).","from":"trilynx","refs":["head-and-neck","hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","xevinapant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2024","precision":"year","title":"Valemetostat Tosylate (DS-3201b), an Enhancer of Zeste Homolog (EZH) 1/2 Dual Inhibitor, for Relapsed/Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (VALENTINE-PTCL01) r...","from":"nct04703192","refs":["peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-01-19","precision":"day","title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel: label change (US)","note":"Class boxed warning for T-cell malignancies","from":"axicabtagene-ciloleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-01-19","precision":"day","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel: label change (US)","note":"Class boxed warning for T-cell malignancies","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-02","precision":"month","title":"ESMO ESMO CPG early breast cancer 2024 (Loibl et al.) for Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to Annals of Oncology publication, 2024.","from":"tnbc","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-522","olaparib","olympia"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-02","precision":"month","title":"Vepdegestrant: designation (US)","note":"Fast Track designation","from":"vepdegestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-02-16","precision":"day","title":"Lifileucel: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, unresectable/metastatic melanoma after anti-PD-1 (C-144-01): first TIL therapy","from":"lifileucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-02-16","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line with chemotherapy (FLAURA2)","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-02-20","precision":"day","title":"Teclistamab: label change (US)","note":"Biweekly dosing added for responders","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-02-26","precision":"day","title":"Actinium-225 DOTATATE: filing (US)","note":"BMS completes RayzeBio acquisition ($4.1B)","from":"ryz101","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-03","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 update for Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of lisocabtagene maraleucel for CLL after BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors, March 2024 (TRANSCEND CLL 004).","from":"cll","refs":["lisocabtagene-maraleucel","transcend-cll-004"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-03","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for Bladder & urothelial cancer","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of enfortumab vedotin with pembrolizumab (December 2023, EV-302) and nivolumab with gemcitabine-cisplatin (March 2024, C...","from":"urothelial","refs":["enfortumab-vedotin","pembrolizumab","ev-302","nivolumab"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03","precision":"month","title":"Tislelizumab: approval (US)","note":"Second-line ESCC (RATIONALE-302)","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03","precision":"month","title":"Zolbetuximab: approval (Japan)","note":"World-first approval","from":"zolbetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03","precision":"month","title":"Zongertinib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation","from":"zongertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-01","precision":"day","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"First-line exon 20 insertion with chemotherapy (PAPILLON)","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-06","precision":"day","title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin: label change (US)","note":"Paediatric expansion","from":"inotuzumab-ozogamicin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-14","precision":"day","title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel: approval (US)","note":"First CAR-T in CLL (TRANSCEND CLL 004), accelerated","from":"lisocabtagene-maraleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-19","precision":"day","title":"Ponatinib: approval (US)","note":"Frontline Ph+ ALL (PhALLCON), accelerated","from":"ponatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-22","precision":"day","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine: approval (US)","note":"Full approval with OS benefit (MIRASOL)","from":"mirvetuximab-soravtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-03-25","precision":"day","title":"Odronextamab: complete response letter (US)","note":"CRLs for DLBCL and FL, confirmatory trial enrolment status","from":"odronextamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-04-05","precision":"day","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed myeloma after ≥1 prior line, lenalidomide-refractory (CARTITUDE-4)","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-04-05","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"HER2 IHC3+ solid tumours, tumour-agnostic (accelerated)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-04-18","precision":"day","title":"Tisagenlecleucel: label change (US)","note":"Class boxed warning for T-cell malignancies","from":"tisagenlecleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-04-23","precision":"day","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate: approval (US)","note":"Paediatric patients ≥12 years","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-04-29","precision":"day","title":"Tisotumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Full approval with OS benefit (innovaTV 301)","from":"tisotumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05","precision":"month","title":"Camrelizumab + rivoceranib: complete response letter (US)","note":"First CRL: manufacturing inspection findings","from":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05","precision":"month","title":"Camrelizumab: complete response letter (US)","note":"Complete response letter for camrelizumab + rivoceranib in HCC (manufacturing/inspection)","from":"camrelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05-16","precision":"day","title":"Tarlatamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, ES-SCLC after platinum (DeLLphi-301)","from":"tarlatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05-23","precision":"day","title":"Shield: advisory committee (US)","note":"FDA advisory committee votes favourably","from":"shield","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05-24","precision":"day","title":"Ivonescimab: approval (China)","note":"EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI, with chemotherapy (HARMONi-A)","from":"ivonescimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-05-29","precision":"day","title":"Selpercatinib: approval (US)","note":"Paediatric ≥2 years","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for Melanoma","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA accelerated approval of lifileucel (February 2024) and NADINA publication (NEJM, June 2024).","from":"melanoma","refs":["lifileucel","c-144-01","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"Actinium-225 PSMA agents: filing (US)","note":"AstraZeneca completes Fusion Pharmaceuticals acquisition; FPI-2265 phase 3 planned","from":"ac225-psma","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"Daraxonrasib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, previously treated metastatic PDAC","from":"daraxonrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"Letetresgene autoleucel: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy for MRCLS","from":"letetresgene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"Lutetium-177 dotatate: label change (US)","note":"First-line label based on NETTER-2","from":"lutathera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06","precision":"month","title":"Zidesamtinib: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, ROS1+ NSCLC after prior ROS1 TKI","from":"zidesamtinib","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2024-06-14","precision":"day","title":"Tazemetostat with doxorubicin as front-line therapy for advanced epithelioid sarcoma (EZH-301 run-in): primary completion","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"tazemetostat-doxorubicin-es","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06-14","precision":"day","title":"Blinatumomab: approval (US)","note":"Consolidation in CD19+ Ph-negative B-ALL regardless of MRD (E1910)","from":"blinatumomab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06-21","precision":"day","title":"Adagrasib: approval (US)","note":"KRAS G12C colorectal cancer with cetuximab (accelerated)","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-06-26","precision":"day","title":"Patritumab deruxtecan: complete response letter (US)","note":"Complete response letter citing third-party manufacturing inspection","from":"patritumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-07-29","precision":"day","title":"Shield: approval (US)","note":"PMA approval: first blood test for primary colorectal cancer screening (ECLIPSE)","from":"shield","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-07-30","precision":"day","title":"Daratumumab: approval (US)","note":"Dara-VRd induction/consolidation (PERSEUS)","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-08","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023-2024 updates for Endometrial cancer","note":"1 row recategorised. Anchored to FDA approvals of dostarlimab with carboplatin-paclitaxel for dMMR disease (July 2023, RUBY), pembrolizumab with carboplatin-paclitaxel (June 2024...","from":"endometrial","refs":["dostarlimab","pembrolizumab","durvalumab","ruby"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08","precision":"month","title":"Ifinatamab deruxtecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, extensive-stage SCLC after platinum","from":"ifinatamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08","precision":"month","title":"Odronextamab: approval (EU)","note":"Conditional approval DLBCL and FL","from":"odronextamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08","precision":"month","title":"Shield: approval (US)","note":"Medicare coverage under the blood-based CRC screening NCD","from":"shield","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08-01","precision":"day","title":"Afamitresgene autoleucel: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, MAGE-A4+ HLA-A*02+ advanced synovial sarcoma (SPEARHEAD-1): first TCR-T for a solid tumour","from":"afamitresgene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08-01","precision":"day","title":"Dostarlimab: approval (US)","note":"All-comer primary advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer with chemotherapy","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08-06","precision":"day","title":"Vorasidenib: approval (US)","note":"Grade 2 IDH-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma after surgery, age ≥12 (INDIGO): first targeted therapy for low-grade glioma","from":"vorasidenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-08-19","precision":"day","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"First-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC with lazertinib (MARIPOSA)","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for Multiple myeloma","note":"1 row recategorised, 2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of cilta-cel in the second line and ide-cel in the third line (April 2024, CARTITUDE-4 and KarMMa-3), D-VRd (July 2024...","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","idecabtagene-vicleucel","cartitude-4","karmma-3"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for Non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"3 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of osimertinib with chemotherapy (February 2024, FLAURA2), adjuvant alectinib (April 2024, ALINA), amivantamab with lazertinib (August 2024...","from":"nsclc","refs":["osimertinib","amivantamab","lazertinib","flaura2"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09","precision":"month","title":"Cadonilimab: approval (China)","note":"First-line cervical cancer (COMPASSION-16)","from":"cadonilimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09-12","precision":"day","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous atezolizumab (Tecentriq Hybreza)","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09-17","precision":"day","title":"Ribociclib: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant stage II-III HR+/HER2- early breast cancer at high risk (NATALEE)","from":"ribociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09-19","precision":"day","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"After osimertinib, with chemotherapy (MARIPOSA-2)","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09-20","precision":"day","title":"Isatuximab: approval (US)","note":"IMROZ frontline","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-09-25","precision":"day","title":"Osimertinib: approval (US)","note":"Unresectable stage III after chemoradiation (LAURA)","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2023-2024 updates for Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for HER2-negative disease (November 2023, KEYNOTE-859) and zolbetuximab (October 2024, SPOTLIGHT and GLOW...","from":"gastric","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-859","zolbetuximab","spotlight-glow"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for Cervical cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approval of pembrolizumab with chemoradiation for FIGO 2014 stage III-IVA disease (January 2024, KEYNOTE-A18); INTERLACE publication (Lancet, October...","from":"cervical","refs":["pembrolizumab","keynote-a18","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2024-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024 updates for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of adjuvant ribociclib (September 2024, NATALEE) and inavolisib (October 2024, INAVO120).","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["ribociclib","natalee","inavolisib","inavo120"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-10","precision":"month","title":"Raludotatug deruxtecan: filing (US)","note":"Merck co-development of R-DXd under the Daiichi Sankyo alliance","from":"raludotatug-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2024-10-10","precision":"day","title":"GAIN: primary publication of the closed German trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine-cisplatin before re-resection of incidental gallbladder cancer (completed 10 Oct...","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["gain-igbc","incidental-gallbladder-cancer"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-10-10","precision":"day","title":"Inavolisib: approval (US)","note":"PIK3CA-mutant HR+/HER2- endocrine-resistant advanced breast cancer with palbociclib and fulvestrant (INAVO120)","from":"inavolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-10-15","precision":"day","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"Optune Lua, metastatic NSCLC after platinum (LUNAR)","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-10-18","precision":"day","title":"Zolbetuximab: approval (US)","note":"SPOTLIGHT/GLOW; companion diagnostic VENTANA CLDN18 (43-14A)","from":"zolbetuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11","precision":"month","title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine: approval (EU)","note":"EMA approval","from":"mirvetuximab-soravtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11","precision":"month","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: withdrawal (US)","note":"Urothelial cancer indication voluntarily withdrawn after TROPiCS-04","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11","precision":"month","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan: approval (China)","note":"NMPA approval, pretreated advanced TNBC (OptiTROP-Breast01); first TROP2 ADC approved in China","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11-08","precision":"day","title":"Obecabtagene autoleucel: approval (US)","note":"FELIX; approved without REMS","from":"obecabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11-15","precision":"day","title":"Revumenib: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia, age ≥1: first menin inhibitor","from":"revumenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-11-20","precision":"day","title":"Zanidatamab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, previously treated HER2+ (IHC3+) biliary tract cancer (HERIZON-BTC-01)","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12","precision":"month","title":"Tislelizumab: approval (US)","note":"First-line gastric/GEJ (RATIONALE-305)","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2024-12-02","precision":"day","title":"Safety and Efficacy Study of GEN1046 as a Single Agent or in Combination With Pembrolizumab for Treatment of Recurrent (Non-small Cell) Lung Cancer: primary com...","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct05117242","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-03","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-04","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Limited-stage SCLC after chemoradiation (ADRIATIC)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-04","precision":"day","title":"Zenocutuzumab: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval, NRG1-fusion NSCLC and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (eNRGy): first therapy for NRG1 fusions","from":"zenocutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-13","precision":"day","title":"Cosibelimab: approval (US)","note":"Approved for cSCC","from":"cosibelimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-20","precision":"day","title":"Encorafenib: approval (US)","note":"First-line BRAF V600E mCRC with cetuximab and mFOLFOX6 (BREAKWATER, accelerated)","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2024-12-27","precision":"day","title":"Nivolumab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous nivolumab (Opdivo Qvantig)","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2025","kind":"year","name":"2025 in oncology","aka":["2025"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2025: 610 entries, 129 trials reported, 126 papers, 90 landmarks and 78 approvals. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"610 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2025: 129 trials reported, 126 papers, 90 landmarks, 78 approvals, 68 regulatory events, 58 papers listed on people's pages, 34 financing rounds, 12 technologies, 8 guideline changes, 5 expected dates, 1 company founded and 1 law or regulation.\n\nOf those, 30 to the day, 46 to the month, 1 to the quarter and 533 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2024","2026"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2025,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ArteraAI Prostate approved in US","note":"Localised prostate cancer risk stratification and ADT benefit prediction","from":"artera-ai-prostate","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Adjuvant treatment of resected non-small-cell lung cancer after platinum chemotherapy, where PD-L1 is on 50 percent or more of tumour cells and the tumour is not EGFR-mutant or ALK...","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Avutometinib + defactinib approved in US","note":"KRAS-mutated recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer after prior systemic therapy (accelerated)","from":"avutometinib-defactinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belantamab mafodotin approved in EU","note":"R/R myeloma with BorDex or PomDex; 23 Jul 2025","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belantamab mafodotin approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥1 prior line, in combination","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved in EU","note":"ccRCC after ≥2 lines; VHL-associated tumours; 12 Feb 2025 (conditional). Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved in US","note":"Advanced pancreatic and extra-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours after prior therapy (CABINET)","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Catumaxomab approved in EU","note":"Intraperitoneal treatment of malignant ascites in adults with EpCAM-positive carcinomas not eligible for further systemic therapy (Korjuny)","from":"catumaxomab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab approved in US","note":"Adjuvant high-risk CSCC after surgery and radiation","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Darolutamide approved in US","note":"mHSPC with ADT alone (ARANOTE)","from":"darolutamide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan approved in EU","note":"HR+/HER2- mBC after endocrine + chemo; 4 Apr 2025","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan approved in EU","note":"HR-positive, HER2-negative unresectable or metastatic breast cancer after endocrine therapy and at least one line of chemotherapy; marketing authorisation issued 4 April 2025.","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer after endocrine therapy and chemotherapy","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"EGFR-mutant NSCLC after EGFR TKI and platinum chemotherapy","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Dordaviprone approved in US","note":"Recurrent H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma, age ≥1 (accelerated)","from":"dordaviprone","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Dorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood) approved in EU","note":"Adults with haematological malignancies requiring allogeneic HSCT after myeloablative conditioning with no other suitable donor cells","from":"dorocubicel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, with etoposide and either carboplatin or cisplatin.","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (4 cm or more, or node positive) without an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement, neoadjuvant with platinum chemotherapy then adjuvant alone.","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer that has not progressed after platinum-based chemoradiotherapy.","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Fruquintinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer at third line or later, only when trifluridine-tipiracil with bevacizumab is unsuitable.","from":"fruquintinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200) approved in US","note":"BCG-unresponsive high-risk NMIBC with CIS, with or without papillary tumours","from":"tar-200","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HER2 IHC and ISH companion assays (HercepTest, PATHWAY 4B5, HER2 Dual ISH) approved in US","note":"PATHWAY 4B5 extended to HER2-ultralow (IHC 0 with membrane staining)","from":"her2-testing-assays","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Illuccix (kit for Ga-68 gozetotide) approved in US","note":"Gozellix kit; selection of patients for PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy","from":"illuccix","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Imetelstat approved in EU","note":"Lower-risk MDS transfusion-dependent anaemia","from":"imetelstat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Imlunestrant approved in US","note":"ER+/HER2- ESR1-mutated advanced breast cancer after ≥1 line of endocrine therapy","from":"imlunestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Inavolisib approved in EU","note":"PIK3CA-mutant ER+/HER2- mBC with palbociclib + fulvestrant; 18 Jul 2025","from":"inavolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Ipilimumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated unresectable or metastatic MSI-high or dMMR colorectal cancer, with nivolumab. TA1065, published 28 May 2025.","from":"ipilimumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Lazertinib approved in EU","note":"1L EGFR-mutant NSCLC with amivantamab; 20 Jan 2025","from":"lazertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Linvoseltamab approved in EU","note":"R/R myeloma ≥3 lines; 23 Apr 2025 (conditional). Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"linvoseltamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Linvoseltamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥4 lines (accelerated)","from":"linvoseltamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Lorlatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"ALK-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer not previously treated with an ALK inhibitor.","from":"lorlatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Lurbinectedin approved in US","note":"First-line maintenance with atezolizumab in ES-SCLC (full approval)","from":"lurbinectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan approved in US","note":"PSMA+ mCRPC after ARPI, before chemotherapy","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Mirdametinib approved in EU","note":"Symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas in NF1, age 2 and over (Ezmekly, conditional)","from":"mirdametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Mirdametinib approved in US","note":"NF1 with symptomatic plexiform neurofibromas not amenable to complete resection, adults and children 2 and over (Gomekli)","from":"mirdametinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Mitomycin C approved in US","note":"Recurrent low-grade intermediate-risk NMIBC (intravesical gel)","from":"mitomycin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) approved in EU","note":"First-line treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (Onivyde pegylated liposomal with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin), listed in the EMA therapeutic indicat...","from":"nalirifox","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Nirogacestat approved in EU","note":"Progressing desmoid tumours","from":"nirogacestat","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated unresectable or metastatic MSI-high or dMMR colorectal cancer, with ipilimumab. TA1065, published 28 May 2025, within the marketing authorisation and subject to the comme...","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in US","note":"Unresectable or metastatic MSI-high or dMMR colorectal cancer, with ipilimumab. 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Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"repotrectinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Retifanlimab approved in US","note":"Locally recurrent or metastatic anal SCC with carboplatin-paclitaxel; monotherapy after platinum","from":"retifanlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Revumenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory NPM1-mutant AML","from":"revumenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Satricabtagene autoleucel approved in China","note":"CLDN18.2+ advanced gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma, previously treated","from":"satricabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Savolitinib approved in China","note":"With osimertinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC with MET amplification after EGFR TKI (SACHI)","from":"savolitinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Previously treated RET fusion-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer not previously treated with a RET inhibitor.","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Serplulimab approved in EU","note":"First-line ES-SCLC with carboplatin-etoposide","from":"serplulimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Sevabertinib approved in US","note":"HER2 TKD-mutant non-squamous NSCLC after prior systemic therapy (accelerated)","from":"sevabertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Sonrotoclax approved in China","note":"Relapsed/refractory MCL and CLL/SLL after BTK inhibitor","from":"sonrotoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C colorectal cancer with panitumumab","from":"sotorasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Sotorasib approved in US","note":"KRAS G12C-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer after fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan chemotherapy, with panitumumab. 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Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Ziftomenib approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory NPM1-mutated AML with no satisfactory alternative","from":"ziftomenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Zongertinib approved in US","note":"HER2-mutant NSCLC, previously treated (accelerated)","from":"zongertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Bulsara Bioworks founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"bulsara-bioworks","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Allotera Therapeutics (formerly Wugen): Series C","note":"$115m. Series C announced in late 2025 as stated in the July 2026 release","from":"allotera-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Ambagon Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$5m. Total sold of a 12 million US dollar offering per Form D filed February 2025; issuer address given as Eindhoven","from":"ambagon-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ARTBIO: Series B","note":"$132m. Endpoints reports a USD 132 million raise in July 2025; the Series B label comes from the PR Newswire headline seen in search results, not from a fetched page","from":"artbio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Ataraxis AI: Series A","note":"$20m. Led by AIX Ventures, March 2025.","from":"ataraxis-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Blueprint Medicines: Acquisition","note":"$9.1bn. 129 US dollars per share in cash (equity value about 9.1 billion) plus a contingent value right worth up to 6 US dollars per share for BLU-808 milestones; tender offer comp...","from":"blueprint-medicines","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"BridgeBio Oncology Therapeutics: IPO","note":"$382m. Nasdaq listing via merger with Helix Acquisition Corp. II on 11 August 2025; about 261 million US dollar PIPE led by Cormorant plus about 120 million from the trust, roughly...","from":"bridgebio-oncology-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Callio Therapeutics: Series A","note":"$187m","from":"callio-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Capstan Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$2.1bn. AbbVie paid cash consideration of $2.1 billion ($1.9 billion net of cash acquired); completed August 2025","from":"capstan-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CARGO Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$4.379 in cash per share plus a contingent value right; tender offer completed 18 August 2025","from":"cargo-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cyted Health: Series B","note":"$44m. First close, August 2025; led by EQT Life Sciences with co-leads Advent Life Sciences and British Business Bank.","from":"cyted-health","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Deep 6 AI: Acquisition","note":"Acquired by Tempus AI on 11 March 2025; Deep 6 specific consideration not broken out in the 10-Q","from":"deep-6-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Evergreen Theragnostics: Acquisition","note":"$250m. USD 250 million upfront plus up to USD 752.5 million in milestones; all-cash, announced 28 January 2025","from":"evergreen-theragnostics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Halda Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$3.0bn. 3.05 billion US dollars in cash; completion announced 29 December 2025","from":"halda-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IGM Biosciences: Acquisition","note":"$1.247 in cash per share plus a contingent value right; agreement 1 July 2025, merger completed 14 August 2025","from":"igm-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Imagene AI: Series B","note":"$23m. Led by Larry Ellison with Aguras Pathology Investments, July 2025; total funding $45 million. Source is the company release distributed via Newswire.com.","from":"imagene-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Indapta Therapeutics: Form D offering","note":"$51m. Amount sold at filing of a $51.6 million offering, first sale 24 September 2025","from":"indapta-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"OncoHost: Grant","note":"$3m. EUR 2.5 million EIC Transition Programme grant, reported by the company as USD 2.8 million","from":"oncohost","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Orum Therapeutics: IPO","note":"KOSDAQ listing, 2,500,000 shares at KRW 20,000, gross proceeds about KRW 50 billion; trading from 14 February 2025 under code 475830","from":"orum-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Orum Therapeutics: Series C","note":"$100m. Post-IPO convertible preferred stock investment of KRW 145 billion (approximately USD 100 million) led by KB Investment; the company does not use a series letter","from":"orum-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Outcomes4Me: Series B","note":"$21m. Round not named by the company; labelled Series B here because it followed the 2021 Series A. Led by Salica Investments; total raised to date USD 38 million","from":"outcomes4me","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Owlstone Medical: Grant","note":"$49m. ARPA-H POSEIDON award of up to $49.1 million for at-home multi-cancer early detection tests, October 2025.","from":"owlstone-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Owlstone Medical: Series E","note":"$27m. First close of about $27 million (approximately GBP 22 million) led by Ventura Capital, January 2025.","from":"owlstone-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Pathos AI: Series D","note":"$365m. Post-money valuation about $1.6 billion, May 2025; investors not named in the release.","from":"pathos-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Plexium: Form D offering","note":"$60m. Total sold per Form D filed August 2025; first sale July 2025","from":"plexium","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Poseida Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$1.5bn. $9.00 per share in cash (about $1.0 billion equity value) plus a contingent value right of up to $4.00 per share, total deal value up to about $1.5 billion; announced 26 No...","from":"poseida-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Scorpion Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"Lilly's Q1 2025 results attribute most of a 1.57 billion US dollar acquired in-process R&D charge to the acquisition of Scorpion's PI3K-alpha inhibitor programme STX-478; headline...","from":"scorpion-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Strand Therapeutics: Series B","note":"$153m","from":"strand-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Thyme Care: Series D","note":"$97m. Brought total raised to USD 275 million","from":"thyme-care","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Transgene: Crossover","note":"Public follow-on fundraising of about EUR 105 million (private placement plus PrimaryBid retail offering at EUR 1.02 per share), plus a EUR 39.3 million reserved capital increase f...","from":"transgene","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Treeline Biosciences: Form D offering","note":"$200m. Total sold of a 250 million US dollar offering per Form D filed September 2025","from":"treeline-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Trial Library: Series A","note":"$10m. Co-led by NEXT Ventures and SemperVirens; total raised USD 17.6 million","from":"trial-library","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Triana Biomedicines: Series B","note":"$120m. Oversubscribed; co-led by Ascenta Capital and Bessemer Venture Partners; closed December 2025","from":"triana-biomedicines","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Turnstone Biologics: Acquisition","note":"$0.34 in cash per share plus a contingent value right; agreement 27 June 2025, merger completed 11 August 2025","from":"turnstone-biologics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Vergent Bioscience: Form D offering","note":"$19m. Equity offering of up to USD 31.96 million, first sale 7 October 2025, USD 18.67 million sold at filing","from":"vergent-bioscience","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"AALL1731: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy lifts three-year disease-free survival to 96 percent","note":"Standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children","from":"all-paediatric-standard-risk","refs":["aall1731","paper-aall1731-blinatumomab-children-nejm-2025"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"AMPLIFY: acalabrutinib-venetoclax fixed duration in fit patients","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, first treatment","from":"cll-treatment-naive","refs":["amplify","acalabrutinib","venetoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Analysis shows a large share of appendiceal cancers now arise in adults under 50","note":"Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (mucinous and non-mucinous, including signet ring cell)","from":"appendiceal-adenocarcinoma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ArteraAI Prostate: first predictive AI pathology test","note":"Localised prostate cancer, intermediate risk","from":"prostate-intermediate-risk","refs":["artera-ai-prostate"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT-03, ASCENT-04 and TROPION-Breast02 positive in the first line","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["ascent-03","ascent-04","tropion-breast02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"At-home HPV self-test approved in the US; single-dose schedules adopted by 60+ countries","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["hpv-testing","gardasil-9"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ATOMIC: adjuvant atezolizumab for dMMR stage III; sotorasib + panitumumab approved; CHALLENGE exercise trial","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["atomic","codebreak-300","exercise-oncology"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Avutometinib plus defactinib approved for KRAS-mutant disease","note":"Low-grade serous ovarian cancer","from":"low-grade-serous-ovarian-cancer","refs":["avutometinib-defactinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Beamion LUNG-1: zongertinib approved, the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer","note":"HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"her2-mutant-nsclc","refs":["beamion-lung-1","zongertinib","john-heymach","boehringer-ingelheim"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for advanced pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","note":"Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (SDHx, VHL, RET, NF1, MAX and TMEM127)","from":"hereditary-ppgl","refs":["belzutifan","nct04924075"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for advanced pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","note":"Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","from":"metastatic-ppgl","refs":["belzutifan","nct04924075"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved for PPGL","note":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). FDA, 14 May 2025, LITESPARK-015 cohort A1; first oral therapy for the disease.","from":"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma","refs":["belzutifan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"BREAKWATER overall survival 30.3 versus 15.1 months","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["breakwater","scott-kopetz","elena-elez"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST establishes adjuvant immunotherapy","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 415 patients randomised after surgery and radiotherapy; 24-month disease-free survival 87.1 against 64.1 per cent, hazard ratio 0.32.","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["c-post"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST: adjuvant cemiplimab cuts recurrence after surgery and radiotherapy","note":"Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"advanced-cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST: adjuvant cemiplimab reduces recurrence","note":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","from":"cutaneous-scc","refs":["cemiplimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST: the first drug shown to stop high-risk skin squamous cancer coming back","note":"Skin cancer (all types). 415 patients randomised after surgery and radiotherapy; 24-month disease-free survival 87.1 against 64.1 per cent with adjuvant cemiplimab.","from":"skin-cancer","refs":["c-post"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved (March); COMPETE positive (ENETS, Lancet); AlphaMedix phase 2 meets all endpoints (October)","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["cabozantinib","compete","alphamedix-02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved for previously treated neuroendocrine tumours including lung; ESMO subgroup analysis","note":"Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid)","from":"lung-net","refs":["cabozantinib","cabinet"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved for previously treated neuroendocrine tumours; COMPETE published","note":"Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","from":"small-intestinal-net","refs":["cabozantinib","compete"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib approved; COMPETE published","note":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","from":"pancreatic-net","refs":["cabozantinib","compete"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067 ten-year results: 43 percent alive on the combination","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["checkmate-067"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 743 five-year data: 14% vs 6% alive","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["checkmate-743"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 9DW approval (nivolumab + ipilimumab); second FDA CRL for camrelizumab-rivoceranib","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["checkmate-9dw","camrelizumab-rivoceranib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 9DW: nivolumab plus ipilimumab beats lenvatinib or sorafenib","note":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC C)","from":"hcc-advanced","refs":["checkmate-9dw","nivolumab","ipilimumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Colibactin mutational signature found enriched in early-onset tumours (Nature)","note":"Early-onset colorectal cancer (under 50)","from":"early-onset-colorectal","refs":["colorectal-screening"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved for high-risk smouldering myeloma in the United States","note":"Smouldering multiple myeloma","from":"smouldering-myeloma","refs":["daratumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DeLLphi-304 OS benefit and full approval of tarlatamab; IMforte maintenance approved","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["dellphi-304","imforte","lurbinectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DeLLphi-304: tarlatamab lengthens survival after relapse; IMforte: lurbinectedin maintenance approved","note":"Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer","from":"extensive-stage-sclc","refs":["dellphi-304","tarlatamab","imforte","lurbinectedin"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast05 and DESTINY-Breast11","note":"Early HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","refs":["destiny-breast05","destiny-breast11","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast09 first-line approval; DESTINY-Breast05 and HER2CLIMB-05 positive; trastuzumab rezetecan approved (China, NSCLC)","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["destiny-breast09","destiny-breast05","her2climb-05","trastuzumab-rezetecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Gastric04: trastuzumab deruxtecan beats ramucirumab-paclitaxel in the second line","note":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","from":"gastric-her2-positive","refs":["destiny-gastric04"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Dordaviprone approved","note":"Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (including DIPG). FDA accelerated approval on 6 August 2025 for progressive H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma, the first systemic therapy...","from":"dipg-dmg","refs":["dordaviprone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Dordaviprone approved for H3 K27M diffuse midline glioma","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma. 6 August 2025; first systemic therapy for the disease.","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["dordaviprone"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ECLIPSE: 177Lu-PSMA-I&T meets its endpoint","note":"Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mcrpc","refs":["eclipse-psma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD-1 and LEAP-012: systemic therapy plus TACE delays progression","note":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","from":"hcc-intermediate","refs":["emerald-1","leap-012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"FDA approves sotorasib with panitumumab","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"kras-g12c-colorectal","refs":["sotorasib","panitumumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"FDA restricts first-line PD-1 antibodies to PD-L1 CPS 1 or above; MATTERHORN positive with durvalumab and FLOT","note":"PD-L1-high gastric cancer","from":"gastric-pdl1-high","refs":["matterhorn","durvalumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"First LGSOC therapy (avutometinib + defactinib); ROSELLA and KEYNOTE-B96 positive","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["avutometinib-defactinib","ramp-201","rosella","keynote-b96"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"First MET ADC (telisotuzumab vedotin); Dato-DXd in EGFR-mutant disease; MARIPOSA OS benefit; HER3-DXd BLA withdrawn; zongertinib and sevabertinib approved","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["telisotuzumab-vedotin","datopotamab-deruxtecan","tropion-lung05","herthena-lung02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"First-line ADC era begins","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ASCENT-03, ASCENT-04, and TROPION-Breast02 all positive; TROPION-Breast02 shows OS benefit.","from":"tnbc","refs":["ascent-03","ascent-04","tropion-breast02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB-05: tucatinib in first-line maintenance","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases","from":"her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","refs":["her2climb-05"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IMbrave050 update: the recurrence-free survival benefit is not sustained","note":"Early hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC 0 and A)","from":"hcc-early","refs":["imbrave050"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Imlunestrant approved; INAVO120 OS benefit; T-DXd in HER2-ultralow; evERA and lidERA positive","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["imlunestrant","ember-3","destiny-breast06","evera"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Indian and Chilean landscapes published","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 376 Indian patients (Suryavanshi et al.) and 56 Chilean tumours (Erices et al.) give the high-incidence regions their own frequencies.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-suryavanshi-indian-gallbladder-genomics-jco-go-2025","paper-erices-chilean-gallbladder-landscape-front-oncol-2025"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IoN confirms omission of radioiodine in low-risk disease (Lancet)","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["ion-trial"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-689 approval and NIVOPOSTOP: immunotherapy around surgery","note":"HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (including HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer)","from":"hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","refs":["keynote-689","nivopostop"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-689 perioperative pembrolizumab approved; NRG-HN005 de-escalation fails; petosemtamab and ficerafusp alfa phase 3 trials","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":["keynote-689","nrg-hn002-hn005","liger-hn1","fortifi-hn01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-689: neoadjuvant IO","note":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"head-and-neck","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-B96: pembrolizumab with paclitaxel extends survival in PD-L1-positive disease","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["keynote-b96","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"lidERA: adjuvant giredestrant improves invasive disease-free survival","note":"High-risk early HR-positive breast cancer","from":"hr-positive-early-high-risk","refs":["lidera","giredestrant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Linvoseltamab approved; belantamab re-approved; IMROZ/CEPHEUS labels; iMMagine-1 reports 97% ORR","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["linvoseltamab","linker-mm1","belantamab-mafodotin","imroz"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Linvoseltamab approved; belantamab returns after DREAMM-7 and DREAMM-8; MajesTEC-3 reads out","note":"Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","from":"myeloma-relapsed-refractory","refs":["linvoseltamab","belantamab-mafodotin","dreamm-7","majestec-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Long-term GD2 CAR-T follow-up (Nature Medicine); naxitamab primary-refractory phase 2 (75% CR); eflornithine EU filing","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["gd2-cart01","naxitamab","eflornithine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"MATTERHORN: perioperative durvalumab approved; DESTINY-Gastric04 phase 3; satri-cel CAR-T approved in China; FORTITUDE-101 mixed; CheckMate 649 five-year data","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["matterhorn","destiny-gastric04","satricabtagene-autoleucel","fortitude-101"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Menin inhibitors reach NPM1-mutated AML","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Revumenib NPM1 label (October) and ziftomenib approval (13 November, KOMET-001).","from":"aml","refs":["ziftomenib","komet-001","revumenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Mirdametinib approved for NF1 plexiform neurofibromas in adults and children","note":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)","from":"malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumour","refs":["mirdametinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NIAGARA perioperative durvalumab (March); Inlexzo/TAR-200 (September); EV-303 perioperative EV + pembrolizumab (November); EV-304 positive (December)","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["niagara","tar-200","ev-303","ev-304"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-ipilimumab approved first line; ATOMIC shows adjuvant atezolizumab helps stage III disease","note":"Mismatch-repair deficient (MSI-high) colorectal cancer","from":"msi-high-colorectal","refs":["nivolumab","ipilimumab","atomic"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NIVOPOSTOP: nivolumab after surgery for high-risk disease","note":"Hypopharyngeal cancer","from":"hypopharyngeal-cancer","refs":["nivopostop"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NRG-HN005 closed: de-escalated chemoradiation arms worse","note":"HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","from":"hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer","refs":["nrg-hn002-hn005"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PANOVA-3 positive; daraxonrasib phase 1/2 OS ~14.5 months","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Tumour treating fields with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel: 16.2 against 14.2 months in 571 patients with locally advanced disease.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["panova-3","daraxonrasib","paper-panova-3-ttfields-locally-advanced-pancreatic-jco-2025"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PANOVA-3: tumour treating fields with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel lengthen survival","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["panova-3","ttfields","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Penpulimab approved (FDA)","note":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"nasopharyngeal","refs":["penpulimab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Penpulimab with gemcitabine-cisplatin approved in the United States","note":"Recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma","refs":["penpulimab","nct04974398"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Petosemtamab with pembrolizumab: phase 2 responses in about six in ten; phase 3 under way","note":"Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","from":"recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","refs":["petosemtamab","liger-hn1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Pirtobrutinib traditional approval; sonrotoclax approved in China","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. BRUIN CLL-321 confirms benefit after covalent BTKi (3 December); next-generation BCL-2 inhibitor reaches patients.","from":"cll","refs":["pirtobrutinib","bruin-cll-321","sonrotoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Pluvicto pre-chemotherapy (PSMAfore); ArteraAI Prostate FDA-authorised; PSMAddition positive; ECLIPSE positive; masofaniten discontinued","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["psmafore","artera-ai-prostate","psmaddition","eclipse-psma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"POD1UM-201: a third PD-1 antibody with three-year follow-up","note":"Merkel cell carcinoma. Objective response 54.5 per cent in 101 chemotherapy-naive patients, median progression-free survival 16.0 months and 63 per cent alive at three years.","from":"merkel-cell-carcinoma","refs":["pod1um-201"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"POD1UM-303 published; retifanlimab with carboplatin and paclitaxel approved in the United States","note":"Metastatic and recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma","from":"metastatic-anal-cancer","refs":["retifanlimab","carboplatin","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-2 leaves the resectable question open; vaccine T cells last years","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX 21.9 versus 21.3 months against gemcitabine chemoradiotherapy.","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-preopanc-2-neoadjuvant-folfirinox-vs-chemoradiotherapy-lancet-oncol-2025","paper-sethna-rna-neoantigen-vaccine-long-lived-t-cells-nature-2025","idea-pdac-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-for-all-resectable-disease"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"RELATIVITY-098 adjuvant LAG-3 negative; CheckMate 067 ten-year survival ~50%","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["relativity-098","checkmate-067"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"REMS removed for CAR-T; menin inhibitor combinations enter ALL trials","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. FDA lifts REMS for approved CAR-T products; ziftomenib and revumenib studied in KMT2Ar ALL.","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["tisagenlecleucel","ziftomenib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Rina-S Breakthrough designation in endometrial cancer","note":"Endometrial cancer","from":"endometrial","refs":["rinatabart-sesutecan","rainfol-01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ROSELLA: relacorilant with nab-paclitaxel extends survival, 16.0 versus 11.9 months","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["rosella","relacorilant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Satri-cel CAR-T approved in China","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["satricabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"SERENA-6: switch to camizestrant on circulating tumour DNA; imlunestrant approved (EMBER-3)","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["serena-6","camizestrant","ember-3","imlunestrant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"SUNMO positive (mosun-pola); FDA rejects STARGLO indication over applicability; POLARIX 5-year data","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["sunmo","starglo","polarix"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Sunvozertinib approved for exon 20 insertions; datopotamab deruxtecan approved after EGFR inhibitor and chemotherapy","note":"EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"egfr-mutant-nsclc","refs":["sunvozertinib","datopotamab-deruxtecan","tropion-lung05"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Taletrectinib approved after TRUST-I and TRUST-II","note":"ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"ros1-positive-nsclc","refs":["taletrectinib","nct04395677"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Telisotuzumab vedotin approved; SACHI: osimertinib plus savolitinib for MET-amplified resistance","note":"MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"met-altered-nsclc","refs":["telisotuzumab-vedotin","savolitinib","osimertinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"The de-escalation year: INSEMA, NSABP B-51 and SUPREMO","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Axillary surgery omitted in 4,858 patients, regional nodal irradiation dropped after a complete nodal response, and no survival gain from chest-wall radi...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["insema","nsabp-b51","supremo"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Tislelizumab first-line ESCC approval; CheckMate 577 final OS not significant; DESTINY-Gastric04 for HER2+ GEJ","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["tislelizumab","checkmate-577","destiny-gastric04"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"TNM 9 comes into force","note":"Lung cancer (all types). From 1 January 2025 lung cancer is staged by the ninth edition: the T descriptors unchanged, N2 split into N2a and N2b by the number of mediastinal station...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["tnm-9-lung-cancer","tnm-staging"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"TOPAZ-1 three-year survival update; FIRST-308 doses first US patient","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["topaz-1","first-308"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"TOPAZ-1 three-year update; ctDNA residual disease shown prognostic after biliary resection","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 36-month survival 14.6 vs 6.9 percent with durvalumab. Residual disease hazard ratios of 26 (2025) and 15.86 (2026) in two cohorts.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-topaz-1-three-year-survival-j-hepatol-2025","paper-yu-ctdna-early-recurrence-biliary-tract-cancer-jco-po-2025","paper-malla-ctdna-resected-biliary-tract-cancer-esmo-gi-onc-2026"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"VERIFY: a hepcidin mimetic replaces phlebotomy","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). Rusfertide added to standard care made most patients phlebotomy-free over weeks 20 to 32.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["verify","rusfertide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Vimseltinib approved","note":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT). FDA approval 14 February 2025 for symptomatic TGCT where surgery would worsen function.","from":"tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour","refs":["vimseltinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Vimseltinib approved (14 Feb); lete-cel and Tecelra transferred to US WorldMeds","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["vimseltinib","letetresgene-autoleucel","us-worldmeds"]},{"group":"history","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Ziftomenib and revumenib approved for relapsed NPM1-mutated AML","note":"NPM1-mutated and KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia","from":"aml-npm1-kmt2a","refs":["komet-001","ziftomenib","revumenib"]},{"group":"law","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"European Health Data Space Regulation (EU) 2025/327","note":"European Union, regulation.","from":"european-health-data-space","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A phase 2 open-label study of cemiplimab in patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (EMPOWER-CSCC-1): Final long-term analysis of groups 1, 2...","note":"Hughes BGM, Guminski A, Bowyer S, et al. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.","from":"paper-empower-cscc-1-j-am-acad-dermatol-2025-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A vision-language foundation model for precision oncology","note":"Xiang J, Wang X, Zhang X, et al. Nature.","from":"paper-xiang-nature","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Abemaciclib plus abiraterone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CYCLONE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase...","note":"Smith M, Piulats J, Todenhöfer T, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-nct03706365-lancet-oncol-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Access to timely cancer treatment initiation in India: extent, determinants and trends","note":"Halder P, Dixit J, Gupta N, et al. The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia.","from":"paper-halder-lancet-reg-health-southeast-asia","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Active Monitoring With or Without Endocrine Therapy for Low-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: The COMET Randomized Clinical Trial","note":"Hwang ES, Hyslop T, Lynch T, et al. JAMA.","from":"paper-comet-dcis-jama-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Adjuvant nivolumab and relatlimab in stage III/IV melanoma: the randomized phase 3 RELATIVITY-098 trial","note":"Long GV, Garnett-Benson C, Dolfi S, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-relativity-098-nat-med-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"AMPLIFY: fixed-duration acalabrutinib plus venetoclax, with or without obinutuzumab, versus chemo-immunotherapy in fit CLL patients","note":"Brown JR, Seymour JF, Jurczak W, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-amplify-acalabrutinib-venetoclax-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"AQUILA: daratumumab versus active monitoring in high-risk smouldering multiple myeloma","note":"Dimopoulos MA, Voorhees PM, Schjesvold F, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-aquila-daratumumab-smouldering-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Avasopasem manganese treatment for severe oral mucositis from chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: phase 3 randomized controlled trial (...","note":"Anderson C, Lee CM, Kelley JR, et al. eClinicalMedicine.","from":"paper-roman-anderson-eclinicalmedicine-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Beamion LUNG-1: zongertinib in previously treated HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer","note":"Heymach JV, Ruiter G, Ahn MJ, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-beamion-lung-1-zongertinib-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Biliary Tract Cancers, Version 2.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology","note":"Benson AB, D'Angelica MI, Abrams T, et al. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.","from":"paper-nccn-biliary-tract-cancers-v2-2025-jnccn-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Bireociclib plus fulvestrant for HR+/HER2- advanced female breast cancer progressed on or after endocrine therapy: phase 3 BRIGHT-2 study interim analysis","note":"Wang J, Zhang Q, Li H, et al. Nature Communications.","from":"paper-nct05077449-nat-commun-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"BREAKWATER: encorafenib plus cetuximab with chemotherapy as first treatment for BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer","note":"Elez E, Yoshino T, Shen L, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-breakwater-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST: adjuvant cemiplimab versus placebo in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","note":"Rischin D, Porceddu S, Day F, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-c-post-adjuvant-cemiplimab-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CABINET (Alliance A021602): cabozantinib for advanced neuroendocrine tumours","note":"Chan JA, Geyer S, Zemla T, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-cabinet-cabozantinib-nejm-2024","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in metastatic prostate cancer (CONTACT-02): final analyses from a phase 3, open-label, randomised trial","note":"Agarwal N, Azad AA, Carles J, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-nct04446117-lancet-oncol-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CEPHEUS: daratumumab quadruplet for newly diagnosed myeloma patients not having a transplant, with MRD-negativity as the main endpoint","note":"Usmani SZ, Facon T, Hungria V, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-cepheus-dara-vrd-natmed-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CHALLENGE: a structured exercise programme after chemotherapy improves survival in colon cancer","note":"Courneya KS, Vardy JL, O'Callaghan CJ, et al. (Canadian Cancer Trials Group CO.21). New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-challenge-exercise-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 067 at ten years: nivolumab plus ipilimumab produces long-term survival in half of patients with advanced melanoma","note":"Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Rutkowski P, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-checkmate-067-10-year-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CheckMate 8HW: nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab alone in MSI-high metastatic colorectal cancer","note":"André T, Elez E, Lenz HJ, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-checkmate-8hw-lancet-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Children's Oncology Group AALL1731: blinatumomab added to chemotherapy for children with standard-risk B-cell ALL","note":"Gupta S, Rau RE, Kairalla JA, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-aall1731-blinatumomab-children-nejm-2025","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomized DYNAMIC trial","note":"Tie J, Wang Y, Lo SN, et al. 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Prostate Cancer reported","from":"nct03706365","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","abemaciclib","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Amivantamab and Lazertinib in Combination With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Compared With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With Epidermal Growt...","from":"nct04988295","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","lazertinib","amivantamab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of ASP2215 Versus Salvage Chemotherapy In Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) With FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) Mutat...","from":"nct03182244","refs":["aml","aml-flt3","gilteritinib","cytarabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Ceralasertib Monotherapy and Ceralasertib Plus Durvalumab in Patients With Melanoma and Resistance to PD-(L)1 Inhibition reported","from":"nct05061134","refs":["melanoma","advanced-melanoma","ceralasertib","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Dato-DXd in Chinese Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Triple-negative Breast Cancer and Other Solid Tumors (TROPION-PanTumor02) repo...","from":"nct05460273","refs":["nsclc","tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","datopotamab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Durvalumab as Consolidation Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients reported","from":"nct03706690","refs":["nsclc","stage-iii-unresectable-nsclc","durvalumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Oral Asciminib Versus Other TKIs in Adult Patients With Newly Diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP reported","from":"nct04971226","refs":["cml","cml-chronic-phase","imatinib","nilotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Subcutaneous (SC) Pembrolizumab Coformulated With Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-3475A) vs Intravenous Pembrolizumab in Adult Participants With reported","from":"nct06212752","refs":["nsclc","sclc","pemetrexed","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Subcutaneous (SC) Pembrolizumab Coformulated With Berahyaluronidase Alfa (MK-3475A) vs Intravenous Pembrolizumab in Adult Participants With reported","from":"nct05722015","refs":["nsclc","sclc","pemetrexed","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of TAK-007 in Adults With Relapsed or Refractory (r/r) B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) reported","from":"nct05020015","refs":["non-hodgkin-lymphoma"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"A Study of Zenocutuzumab (MCLA-128) in Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring an NRG1 Fusion (eNRGy) reported","note":"Objective response 30 percent across 158 evaluable NRG1 fusion-positive cancers, 42 percent (15 of 36) in pancreatic cancer; median duration of response 11.1 months; median progres...","from":"nct02912949","refs":["nsclc","pancreatic","kras-wild-type-pdac","metastatic-pdac"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib, Umbralisib, and Ublituximab (AU2) In Relapsed and Untreated CLL reported","from":"nct04624633","refs":["cll","acalabrutinib","umbralisib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Actuate 1801 Part 3B (elraglusib) reported","note":"Overall survival longer with elraglusib in a randomised phase 2; confirmation pending.","from":"actuate-1801","refs":["pancreatic","metastatic-pdac","elraglusib","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ALASCCA reported","note":"3-year recurrence HR 0.49 (PIK3CA hotspot) and 0.42 (other PI3K alterations).","from":"alascca","refs":["colorectal","aspirin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ALEXANDRA / IMpassion030 reported","note":"iDFS HR 1.11 (0.87 to 1.42), p 0.38; stopped for futility at 2,199 of 2,300 patients.","from":"impassion030","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","atezolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ALKOVE-1 reported","note":"ORR 31% in heavily pretreated ALK+ NSCLC; NDA under priority review.","from":"alkove-1","refs":["nsclc","alk-positive-nsclc","neladalkib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"All Japanese Population: Belantamab Mafodotin Plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone (Pd) Versus Bortezomib Plus Pd in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myelo reported","from":"nct06956170","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","belantamab-mafodotin","pomalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ALPHAMEDIX-02 reported","note":"ORR 54.3% (PRRT-naive); all primary endpoints met.","from":"alphamedix-02","refs":["neuroendocrine","alphamedix"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT-03 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.62.","from":"ascent-03","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT-04 / KEYNOTE-D19 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.65; PFS2 improved.","from":"ascent-04","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-metastatic","sacituzumab-govitecan","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Assessing a Regorafenib-irinotecan Combination Versus Regorafenib Alone in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients reported","from":"nct03829462","refs":["rectal-cancer","colon-cancer","regorafenib","folfiri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Assessing an Oral EGFR Inhibitor, Sunvozertinib in Patients Who Have Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR or HER2 Mutation (WU-KONG1) reported","from":"nct03974022","refs":["nsclc","sclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","her2-mutant-nsclc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ATOMIC (Alliance A021502) reported","note":"3-year DFS 86.4% vs 76.6%, HR 0.50.","from":"atomic","refs":["colorectal","msi-high-colorectal","atezolizumab","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Beamion LUNG-1 reported","note":"Confirmed response rate 71% in 75 previously treated patients naive to HER2-directed therapy; 48% after a HER2 antibody-drug conjugate; FDA accelerated approval August 2025.","from":"beamion-lung-1","refs":["nsclc","her2-mutant-nsclc","zongertinib","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"BREAKWATER reported","note":"OS 30.3 vs 15.1 months (HR 0.49); PFS 12.8 vs 7.1 months.","from":"breakwater","refs":["colorectal","braf-v600e-colorectal","encorafenib","cetuximab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"BWEL (Breast Cancer Weight Loss, Alliance A011401) reported","note":"Weight loss achieved; primary iDFS endpoint not met at first analysis (presented 2025; publication pending, verify).","from":"bwel","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"C-POST (cemiplimab after surgery and radiotherapy for high-risk skin squamous cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Disease-free survival at 24 months 87.1 per cent with adjuvant cemiplimab against 64.1 per cent with placebo (hazard ratio 0.32, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.20 to 0.51, p<0.0...","from":"c-post","refs":["cutaneous-scc","advanced-cutaneous-scc","skin-cancer","cemiplimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CAPItello-281 reported","note":"Median rPFS 33.2 against 25.7 months, HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.98, p=0.034); OS HR 0.90 at 26.4% maturity; approved 2026.","from":"capitello-281","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","capivasertib","abiraterone"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CHALLENGE (CCTG CO.21) reported","note":"DFS HR 0.72; OS HR 0.63; 8-year OS 90.3% vs 83.2%.","from":"challenge","refs":["colorectal","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"China Subpopulation: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Belantamab Mafodotin, Bortezomib and Dexamethasone Versus Daratumumab, Bortezomib and Dexame reported","from":"nct06868654","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","belantamab-mafodotin","daratumumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Combination Margetuximab, Retifanlimab, Tebotelimab, and Chemotherapy Phase 2/3 Trial in HER2+ Gastric/GEJ Cancer reported","from":"nct04082364","refs":["gastric-her2-positive","margetuximab","retifanlimab","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"COMPETE reported","note":"PFS 23.9 vs 14.1 months, HR 0.67.","from":"compete","refs":["neuroendocrine","pancreatic-net","small-intestinal-net","itm-11"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CONKO-007 reported","note":"Overall R0 resection rate 25 percent with chemoradiotherapy against 18 percent with chemotherapy (p 0.113); R0 among operated patients 69.4 against 50.0 percent (p 0.04); overall s...","from":"conko-007","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac","folfirinox","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"CT041-ST-01 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 3.25 vs 1.77 months (hazard ratio 0.37) in 156 randomised patients.","from":"nct04581473","refs":["gastric","gastric-cldn18-2-positive","satricabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DeLLphi-304 reported","note":"OS HR 0.60.","from":"dellphi-304","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","tarlatamab","amrubicin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast05 reported","note":"3-year iDFS 92.4% vs 83.7%, HR 0.47.","from":"destiny-breast05","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","trastuzumab-emtansine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast09 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.56.","from":"destiny-breast09","refs":["breast-her2-positive","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Breast11 reported","note":"pCR 67.3% vs 56.3%.","from":"destiny-breast11","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-early-breast-cancer","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DESTINY-Gastric04 reported","note":"OS 14.7 vs 11.4 months, HR 0.70.","from":"destiny-gastric04","refs":["gastric","gastric-her2-positive","trastuzumab-deruxtecan","ramucirumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"DYNAMIC-III reported","note":"ctDNA is strongly prognostic (three-year recurrence-free survival 87 against 49 percent) but de-escalation was not non-inferior and escalation did not help.","from":"dynamic-iii","refs":["colorectal","colon-cancer","signatera","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ECLIPSE reported","note":"rPFS significantly improved.","from":"eclipse-psma","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","lu177-psma-it"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Niraparib to Placebo in Participants With Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 Negative (HER2-) Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene M...","from":"nct04915755","refs":["tnbc","tnbc-early","niraparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"EV-303 / KEYNOTE-905 reported","note":"EFS HR 0.40; OS HR 0.50; pCR 57.1% vs 8.6%.","from":"ev-303","refs":["urothelial","enfortumab-vedotin","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"EV-304 / KEYNOTE-B15 reported","note":"EFS, OS, and pCR significantly improved (topline; details pending).","from":"ev-304","refs":["urothelial","enfortumab-vedotin","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"evERA reported","note":"PFS HR 0.56 (ITT); HR 0.38 (ESR1-mutant).","from":"evera","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","giredestrant","everolimus"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"FORTITUDE-101 reported","note":"Interim OS 17.9 vs 12.5 months (HR 0.61); benefit attenuated on follow-up.","from":"fortitude-101","refs":["gastric","bemarituzumab","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"frontMIND reported","note":"PFS HR 0.75; 2-year PFS 71.1% vs 62.9%.","from":"frontmind","refs":["dlbcl","tafasitamab","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HER2CLIMB-05 reported","note":"PFS 24.9 vs 16.3 months, HR 0.64.","from":"her2climb-05","refs":["breast-her2-positive","her2-positive-breast-brain-metastases","tucatinib","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HERTHENA-Lung02 reported","note":"PFS HR 0.77 (5.8 vs 5.4 months); OS not significant; BLA withdrawn.","from":"herthena-lung02","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","patritumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HORIZON-Breast01 reported","note":"PFS 30.6 vs 8.3 months, HR 0.22.","from":"horizon-breast01","refs":["breast-her2-positive","trastuzumab-rezetecan","pyrotinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"HyBryte (Synthetic Hypericin) Versus Valchlor (Mechlorethamine) in the Treatment of CTCL reported","from":"nct06149247","refs":["cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma","peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma","hypericin-sgx301"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IMforte reported","note":"OS 13.2 vs 10.6 months (HR 0.73); PFS HR 0.54.","from":"imforte","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","lurbinectedin","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"iMMagine-1 reported","note":"ORR 97%.","from":"immagine-1","refs":["multiple-myeloma","anitocabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IMvigor011 reported","note":"DFS HR 0.64; OS HR 0.59 in ctDNA+.","from":"imvigor011","refs":["urothelial","atezolizumab","signatera"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"INSEMA (Intergroup Sentinel Mamma) reported","note":"Five-year invasive disease-free survival 91.9 percent without axillary surgery against 91.7 percent with sentinel node biopsy (hazard ratio 0.91, 0.73 to 1.14, non-inferior); axill...","from":"insema","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"IoN reported","note":"5-year recurrence-free ~98% (no RAI) vs ~96% (RAI).","from":"ion-trial","refs":["thyroid"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Japan Expansion Cohort: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Belantamab Mafodotin, Bortezomib and Dexamethasone Versus Daratumumab, Bortezomib and Dex reported","from":"nct06868667","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","belantamab-mafodotin","daratumumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-641 reported","note":"Median overall survival 24.7 against 27.3 months (hazard ratio 1.04, 95 percent confidence interval 0.88 to 1.22) and radiographic progression-free survival 10.4 against 9.0 months...","from":"keynote-641","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pembrolizumab","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-689 reported","note":"Median EFS 59.7 vs 29.6 months (CPS ≥1).","from":"keynote-689","refs":["head-and-neck","hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-921 reported","note":"Median radiographic progression-free survival 8.6 against 8.3 months (hazard ratio 0.85, 95 percent confidence interval 0.71 to 1.01) and overall survival 19.6 against 19.0 months...","from":"keynote-921","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","pembrolizumab","docetaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-991 reported","note":"Radiographic progression-free survival hazard ratio 1.20 (95 percent confidence interval 0.96 to 1.49, p=0.9467), medians not reached; stopped for futility.","from":"keynote-991","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","pembrolizumab","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KEYNOTE-B96 / ENGOT-ov65 reported","note":"OS 18.2 vs 14.0 months in CPS ≥1 (HR 0.76); ITT OS HR 0.82.","from":"keynote-b96","refs":["ovarian","platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","pembrolizumab","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"KOMET-001 reported","note":"CR 23%, ORR 33%, median OS 6.6 months.","from":"komet-001","refs":["aml","aml-npm1-kmt2a","ziftomenib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"lidERA reported","note":"iDFS ~30% relative reduction (HR ~0.70).","from":"lidera","refs":["breast-hr-positive","hr-positive-early-high-risk","giredestrant"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"MajesTEC-3 reported","note":"36-month PFS 83.4% vs 29.7%; HR ~0.17.","from":"majestec-3","refs":["multiple-myeloma","myeloma-relapsed-refractory","teclistamab","daratumumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"MATTERHORN reported","note":"EFS HR 0.71; OS HR 0.78; 3-year OS 68.6%.","from":"matterhorn","refs":["gastric","durvalumab","flot"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NIVOPOSTOP (GORTEC 2018-01) reported","note":"Three-year disease-free survival 63.1% vs 52.5% (hazard ratio 0.76).","from":"nivopostop","refs":["head-and-neck","hpv-negative-head-and-neck-cancer","nivolumab","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NRG-HN002 & NRG-HN005 (HPV+ de-escalation) reported","note":"HN005: de-escalated arms had worse PFS; control 2-year PFS 98%.","from":"nrg-hn002-hn005","refs":["head-and-neck","oropharyngeal-cancer","hpv-positive-oropharyngeal-cancer"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"NSABP B-51 / RTOG 1304 reported","note":"Regional nodal irradiation after a complete nodal response to chemotherapy did not lengthen the invasive breast cancer recurrence-free interval (hazard ratio 0.88, 0.60 to 1.28, p=...","from":"nsabp-b51","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Panobinostat, Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Busulfan, and Melphalan Before Stem Cell Transplant in Treating Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Multiple Myeloma r...","from":"nct02506959","refs":["plasma-cell-leukaemia","busulfan","gemcitabine","melphalan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PANOVA-3 reported","note":"OS 16.2 vs 14.2 months, HR 0.82.","from":"panova-3","refs":["pancreatic","locally-advanced-pdac","optune","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PATHFINDER 2 reported","from":"pathfinder-2","refs":["galleri"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Patidegib gel in Gorlin syndrome (phase 2A) reported","note":"Post hoc analyses in 17 participants suggested that patidegib topical gel reduced the number of new surgically eligible basal cell carcinomas and the level of hedgehog signalling...","from":"patidegib-gel-gorlin-phase-2","refs":["basal-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","patidegib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab/Vibostolimab (MK-7684A) or Atezolizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy in First Line Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (MK-768...","from":"nct05224141","refs":["sclc","extensive-stage-sclc","pembrolizumab","etoposide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Phase Ib/II of TG4001 and Avelumab in HPV16 Positive R/M Cancers reported","from":"nct03260023","refs":["penile","node-positive-penile-cancer","avelumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Phase II Umbrella Study of Novel Anti-cancer Agents in Participants With NSCLC Who Progressed on an Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Containing Therapy reported","from":"nct03334617","refs":["nsclc","sclc","durvalumab","ceralasertib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"POD1UM-201 (retifanlimab in advanced Merkel cell carcinoma) reported","note":"Objective response in 54.5 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 44.2 to 64.4) with complete responses in 17.8 per cent, median progression-free survival 16.0 months, and 63 pe...","from":"pod1um-201","refs":["merkel-cell-carcinoma","skin-cancer","retifanlimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"POD1UM-303/InterAACT-2 reported","note":"Median progression-free survival 9.3 months with retifanlimab plus carboplatin-paclitaxel against 7.4 months with placebo (hazard ratio 0.63, one-sided p 0.0006); approved in the U...","from":"pod1um-303","refs":["metastatic-anal-cancer","anal","retifanlimab","carboplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"POTOMAC reported","note":"DFS HR 0.68.","from":"potomac","refs":["urothelial","durvalumab","bcg-intravesical"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Pre-BRA (pre-pectoral breast reconstruction evaluation) reported","note":"Implant loss 8.2 percent at three months and a complication in 42.0 percent; physical and sexual wellbeing fell significantly against baseline at three and eighteen months, and two...","from":"pre-bra","refs":["breast-cancer","breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive","tnbc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Precision-T: A Randomized Study of Orca-T in Recipients Undergoing Allogeneic Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies reported","from":"nct05316701","refs":["aml","mds","tregzi"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PREEMPT CRC reported","note":"Sensitivity 79.2% for colorectal cancer and specificity 91.5% for advanced colorectal neoplasia (n = 27,010 evaluable); all primary endpoints met; advanced precancerous lesion sens...","from":"preempt-crc","refs":["colorectal","simplescreen-crc"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Premedication to Reduce Amivantamab Associated Infusion Related Reactions reported","from":"nct05663866","refs":["nsclc","egfr-mutant-nsclc","dexamethasone","methotrexate"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PREOPANC-2 reported","note":"Median overall survival 21.9 months with neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX against 21.3 months with neoadjuvant gemcitabine chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant gemcitabine (hazard ratio 0.88, 95 p...","from":"preopanc-2","refs":["pancreatic","resectable-pdac","borderline-resectable-pdac","folfirinox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"PSMAddition reported","note":"rPFS HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.90, p=0.0021), medians not reached in either arm at the second interim analysis; overall survival not yet reported.","from":"psmaddition","refs":["prostate","prostate-mhspc","pluvicto"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"RAINFOL-01 (Rina-S) reported","note":"ORR 55.6% (ovarian, 120 mg/m²); 50% (endometrial, 100 mg/m²).","from":"rainfol-01","refs":["ovarian","endometrial","rinatabart-sesutecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"RELATIVITY-098 reported","note":"RFS not improved.","from":"relativity-098","refs":["melanoma","relatlimab-nivolumab","nivolumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Response-Based Chemotherapy in Treating Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Younger Patients With Down Syndrome reported","from":"nct02521493","refs":["aml","leukaemia","asparaginase","crisantaspase"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ROMAN reported","note":"Severe oral mucositis incidence 54% vs 64% (relative risk 0.84, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.00; p = 0.045); median duration 8 vs 18 days (p = 0.002).","from":"roman","refs":["head-and-neck","avasopasem-manganese","cisplatin"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"ROSELLA / GOG-3073 reported","note":"OS 16.0 vs 11.9 months (HR 0.69).","from":"rosella","refs":["ovarian","platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","relacorilant","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of a Modified Tafasitamab IV Dosing Regimen Combined With Lenalidomide in R-R DLBCL Patients reported","from":"nct05222555","refs":["dlbcl","tafasitamab","lenalidomide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Activity of AZD0171 in Combination With Durvalumab and Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumours report...","from":"nct04999969","refs":["metastatic-cancer","durvalumab","gemcitabine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2025","precision":"year","title":"SCIN (curettage then imiquimod against 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Anchored to FDA approval of 177Lu-PSMA-617 before taxane chemotherapy, March 2025 (PSMAfore).","from":"prostate","refs":["pluvicto","psmafore","vision"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"177Lu-edotreotide: designation (US)","note":"COMPETE topline at ENETS 2025","from":"itm-11","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"AK146D1: filing (China)","note":"IND cleared; first-in-human phase 1 started","from":"ak146d1","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"Camrelizumab + rivoceranib: complete response letter (US)","note":"Second CRL","from":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"Camrelizumab: complete response letter (US)","note":"Second complete response letter","from":"camrelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan: approval (JP)","note":"First approval worldwide for HR+/HER2- breast cancer (December 2024, Japan MHLW)","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03","precision":"month","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan: approval (China)","note":"EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI failure","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03-04","precision":"day","title":"Tislelizumab: approval (US)","note":"First-line ESCC PD-L1 ≥1% (RATIONALE-306)","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03-26","precision":"day","title":"Cabozantinib: approval (US)","note":"NET indication on CABINET","from":"cabozantinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03-28","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Perioperative muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NIAGARA)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-03-28","precision":"day","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan: approval (US)","note":"PSMA+ mCRPC after ARPI, before chemotherapy (PSMAfore)","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2025-04","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024-2025 updates for Colorectal cancer","note":"2 rows added, 1 row recategorised. 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Anchored to FDA approval of datopotamab deruxtecan for EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI and chemotherapy (June 2025, TROPION-Lung05); withdrawal of the patri...","from":"nsclc","refs":["datopotamab-deruxtecan","tropion-lung05","patritumab-deruxtecan","herthena-lung02"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Adagrasib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval in NSCLC (KRYSTAL-12)","from":"adagrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel: label change (US)","note":"REMS requirements removed for CAR-T class","from":"ciltacabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Dostarlimab: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Therapy designation, dMMR locally advanced rectal cancer (organ preservation)","from":"dostarlimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Inavolisib: label change (US)","note":"OS benefit added to label","from":"inavolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Lifileucel: approval (EU)","note":"Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"lifileucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Relacorilant: filing (US)","note":"NDA submitted (ROSELLA)","from":"relacorilant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Shield: designation (US)","note":"Breakthrough Device designation for Shield multi-cancer (MCD)","from":"shield","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-06","precision":"month","title":"Tarlatamab: filing (US)","note":"Phase 3 DeLLphi-304 OS benefit presented; 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Anchored to FDA approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan with pertuzumab in the first line, 2025 (DESTINY-Breast09).","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","pertuzumab","destiny-breast09"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2025-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2025 updates for Bladder & urothelial cancer","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of perioperative durvalumab with gemcitabine-cisplatin (March 2025, NIAGARA) and the TAR-200 intravesical gemcitabine system for BCG-unrespo...","from":"urothelial","refs":["durvalumab","gemcitabine-cisplatin","niagara","tar-200"]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2025-09","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2025 updates for HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","note":"1 row recategorised, 1 row added. Anchored to FDA approvals of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-low or ultralow disease after endocrine therapy (January 2025, DESTINY-Breast06) and...","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["trastuzumab-deruxtecan","destiny-breast06","destiny-breast04","imlunestrant"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-09","precision":"month","title":"Amivantamab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous formulation (PALOMA-3)","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-09","precision":"month","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous pembrolizumab (Keytruda Qlex)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-09","precision":"month","title":"Satricabtagene autoleucel: approval (China)","note":"First CAR-T approved for a solid tumour (CLDN18.2+ gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma)","from":"satricabtagene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-09-09","precision":"day","title":"Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200): approval (US)","note":"FDA approval of Inlexzo","from":"tar-200","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2025-09-10","precision":"day","title":"POLCAGB primary completion: neoadjuvant chemoradiation vs chemotherapy in locally advanced gallbladder cancer (124 participants; study completion listed as 10 S...","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["polcagb","chemoradiation"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-09-25","precision":"day","title":"Imlunestrant: approval (US)","note":"Approved as Inluriyo","from":"imlunestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2025-09-30","precision":"day","title":"(Peak) A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of CGT9486+Sunitinib vs. Sunitinib in Subjects With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: primary completion","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct05208047","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2025-10","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2025 update for Multiple myeloma","note":"1 row added. Anchored to FDA re-approval of belantamab mafodotin in combination, October 2025 (DREAMM-7, DREAMM-8), after the 2022 withdrawal.","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["belantamab-mafodotin","dreamm-7","dreamm-8"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-10","precision":"month","title":"Belantamab mafodotin: approval (US)","note":"Approval in combination regimens for relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥1 line (DREAMM-7/8)","from":"belantamab-mafodotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-10","precision":"month","title":"Cemiplimab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant high-risk CSCC after surgery and radiation (C-POST)","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-10","precision":"month","title":"Revumenib: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory NPM1-mutant AML","from":"revumenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-10-02","precision":"day","title":"Lurbinectedin: approval (US)","note":"Full approval with atezolizumab as first-line maintenance (IMforte)","from":"lurbinectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"guideline","date":"2025-11","precision":"month","title":"NCCN 2024-2025 updates for Acute myeloid leukaemia","note":"2 rows added. Anchored to FDA approvals of revumenib for KMT2A-rearranged acute leukaemia (November 2024, AUGMENT-101) and ziftomenib for NPM1-mutated AML (2025, KOMET-001).","from":"aml","refs":["revumenib","augment-101","ziftomenib","komet-001"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-11","precision":"month","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"Perioperative gastric/GEJ cancer with FLOT (MATTERHORN)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-11-13","precision":"day","title":"Ziftomenib: approval (US)","note":"KOMET-001; priority review","from":"ziftomenib","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2025-12","precision":"month","title":"ACTICCA-1 primary completion: adjuvant gemcitabine-cisplatin vs capecitabine after resection of cholangiocarcinoma and muscle-invasive gallbladder cancer (789 p...","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["acticca-1","bilcap","capecitabine","gemcitabine-cisplatin"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-12","precision":"month","title":"Disitamab vedotin: filing (China)","note":"First-line urothelial cancer with toripalimab, positive phase 3","from":"disitamab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-12","precision":"month","title":"Tarlatamab: approval (US)","note":"Full approval based on DeLLphi-304","from":"tarlatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-12","precision":"month","title":"Zanidatamab: filing (US)","note":"First-line HER2+ gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (HERIZON-GEA-01) submission","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-12-03","precision":"day","title":"Pirtobrutinib: approval (US)","note":"Traditional approval; label broadened to any prior covalent BTKi","from":"pirtobrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2025-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: filing (US)","note":"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (EV-303/304) submissions following positive results","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2026","kind":"year","name":"2026 in oncology","aka":["2026"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2026: 471 entries, 113 papers, 79 trials reported, 77 regulatory events and 68 landmarks. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"471 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2026: 113 papers, 79 trials reported, 77 regulatory events, 68 landmarks, 56 approvals, 27 financing rounds, 24 expected dates, 24 papers listed on people's pages, 1 company founded, 1 technology and 1 guideline change.\n\nOf those, 68 to the day, 14 to the month, 17 to the quarter and 372 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2025","2027"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2026,"events":[{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib approved in US","note":"Fixed-duration acalabrutinib + venetoclax, previously untreated CLL/SLL without del(17p)/TP53 (AMPLIFY)","from":"acalabrutinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Allogeneic regulatory T cell immunotherapy with HSPC and T cells-vldq approved in US","note":"Adults with haematological malignancies undergoing matched-donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a myeloablative preparative regimen, for hematopoietic and immunologi...","from":"tregzi","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (exon 19 deletion or L858R), with lazertinib.","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with an activating EGFR exon 20 insertion, with carboplatin and pemetrexed.","from":"amivantamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ArteraAI Breast approved in US","note":"Risk stratification in early-stage HR+/HER2- invasive breast cancer","from":"artera-ai-breast","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab approved in US","note":"Adjuvant muscle-invasive bladder cancer, ctDNA-positive after cystectomy","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib approved in EU","note":"Aumseqa: first-line advanced NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 deletion or L858R; advanced EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC","from":"aumolertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan approved in US","note":"Adjuvant clear-cell RCC with pembrolizumab","from":"belzutifan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Bevacizumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"First- and second-line metastatic colorectal cancer with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, only when targeted treatment or immunotherapy is unsuitable.","from":"bevacizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Camizestrant approved in EU","note":"ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with emergent ESR1 mutation, with a CDK4/6 inhibitor; 20 Jul 2026","from":"camizestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Camizestrant approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer with an emergent ESR1 mutation on AI + CDK4/6, with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (accelerated, 4 Sep 2026)","from":"camizestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib approved in US","note":"PTEN-deficient metastatic prostate cancer with abiraterone","from":"capivasertib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Cemiplimab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer unsuitable for definitive chemoradiation, or metastatic disease, with PD-L1 in 1 percent or more of tumour cells and no EGFR o...","from":"cemiplimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Daratumumab approved in US","note":"With teclistamab after ≥1 line (MajesTEC-3); high-risk smouldering myeloma (AQUILA)","from":"daratumumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Daraxonrasib approved in US","note":"Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma after at least one prior systemic therapy, or in adults who are not candidates for multiagent systemic therapy.","from":"daraxonrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"First-line unresectable/metastatic TNBC, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor ineligible","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral) approved in US","note":"Newly diagnosed AML, unfit for intensive induction, with venetoclax (ASCERTAIN-V)","from":"decitabine-cedazuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Durvalumab approved in US","note":"High-risk NMIBC with BCG","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in US","note":"First-line BRAF V600E mCRC with cetuximab and chemotherapy","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Encorafenib approved in US","note":"Metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation. Traditional approval granted 24 February 2026, converting the accelerated approval.","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Gedatolisib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitor (July 2026)","from":"gedatolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Iberdomide approved in US","note":"Multiple myeloma after at least one prior line including a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent, with subcutaneous daratumumab and dexamethasone (Zenbexus, label effe...","from":"iberdomide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Imlunestrant approved in EU","note":"ESR1-mutant ER+/HER2- mBC; 9 Jan 2026","from":"imlunestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Isatuximab approved in US","note":"Subcutaneous formulation (Sarclisa Escena)","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Lazertinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (exon 19 deletion or L858R), with amivantamab.","from":"lazertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Lurbinectedin approved in EU","note":"Maintenance with atezolizumab in ES-SCLC after first-line induction; 29 May 2026","from":"lurbinectedin","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan approved in US","note":"Label expansion (July 2026)","from":"pluvicto","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nadofaragene firadenovec approved in EU","note":"BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS; 28 May 2026 (conditional). Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"nadofaragene-firadenovec","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Resectable non-small-cell lung cancer at high risk of recurrence without an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement: neoadjuvant with platinum chemotherapy then adjuvant alone.","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab approved in US","note":"Untreated advanced classical Hodgkin lymphoma with AVD, age ≥12","from":"nivolumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept approved in EU","note":"BCG-unresponsive NMIBC with CIS, with BCG; 16 Feb 2026 (conditional). Conditional marketing authorisation","from":"nogapendekin-alfa","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) approved in US","note":"Locally advanced pancreatic cancer with chemotherapy","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib approved in England (NICE)","note":"Unresectable stage III EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer that has not progressed after platinum-based chemoradiotherapy.","from":"osimertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Palbociclib approved in US","note":"HR+/HER2+ advanced breast cancer maintenance with anti-HER2 and endocrine therapy","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Pembrolizumab approved in US","note":"Platinum-resistant PD-L1+ ovarian cancer; adjuvant RCC with belzutifan; with sacituzumab govitecan in 1L TNBC","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu approved in US","note":"Pylarify TruVu formulation","from":"pylarify","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Pivekimab sunirine approved in US","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm","from":"pivekimab-sunirine","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Relacorilant approved in US","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer with nab-paclitaxel","from":"relacorilant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Rusfertide approved in US","note":"Erythrocytosis in adults with polycythaemia vera","from":"rusfertide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved in EU","note":"First-line unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC in patients who are not candidates for PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor therapy (ASCENT-03); listed in the EMA therapeutic indica...","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan approved in US","note":"First-line metastatic TNBC: monotherapy (PD-1 ineligible) or with pembrolizumab (PD-L1 CPS ≥10)","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib approved in US","note":"Label update (July 2026)","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Serplulimab approved in England (NICE)","note":"Untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, with carboplatin and etoposide. TA1167, published 18 June 2026 (ASTRUM-005); must be funded in England within 90 days of publicati...","from":"serplulimab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Setmelanotide approved in US","note":"Acquired hypothalamic obesity in adults and children aged 4 years and older. Approved 19 March 2026 (Drugs@FDA supplement 9) on the TRANSCEND trial","from":"setmelanotide","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"SimpleScreen CRC approved in US","note":"Colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults aged 45 and older","from":"simplescreen-crc","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Sonrotoclax approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma after ≥2 lines including a BTK inhibitor (accelerated)","from":"sonrotoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tarlatamab approved in EU","note":"ES-SCLC after platinum-based chemotherapy; 29 May 2026","from":"tarlatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab approved in US","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥1 prior therapy","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tovorafenib approved in EU","note":"Relapsed/refractory paediatric low-grade glioma (conditional)","from":"tovorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan approved in US","note":"Early-stage HER2+ breast cancer (neoadjuvant and post-neoadjuvant)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Vepdegestrant approved in US","note":"ESR1-mutated ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer after endocrine therapy","from":"vepdegestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Vusolimogene oderparepvec approved in US","note":"Unresectable/metastatic melanoma after anti-PD-1, with nivolumab (accelerated)","from":"vusolimogene-oderparepvec","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zanidatamab approved in UK","note":"HER2-positive (IHC 3+) unresectable locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer after at least one line of systemic treatment; MHRA 19 February 2026, NICE TA1153 published...","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zenocutuzumab approved in US","note":"NRG1-fusion cholangiocarcinoma","from":"zenocutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zidesamtinib approved in US","note":"ROS1+ NSCLC (July 2026)","from":"zidesamtinib","refs":[]},{"group":"approval","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zongertinib approved in US","note":"First-line HER2-mutant non-squamous NSCLC","from":"zongertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"company","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"FinalDose founded","note":"San Francisco, CA","from":"finaldose","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"FDA decision on Pluvicto in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (PSMAddition)","note":"Expected date. Novartis announced the supplemental filing after the PSMAddition results in 2025. No action date has been disclosed; the year is our estimate.","from":"pluvicto","refs":["novartis","prostate","psma"]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Adcendo: Series C","note":"$75m","from":"adcendo","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Allotera Therapeutics (formerly Wugen): Series C","note":"$35m. Additional equity and venture debt closed 8 July 2026, bringing the Series C total to $150 million","from":"allotera-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Arcellx: Acquisition","note":"$7.8bn. $115 per share in cash plus a $5 contingent value right; implied equity value $7.8 billion; completed 28 April 2026","from":"arcellx","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ClearNote Health: Series D","note":"$52m. Led by founding investor Mattias Westman; cumulative funding stated as over $185 million.","from":"clearnote-health","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Cullgen: Acquisition","note":"$300m. All-stock transaction valued at approximately 300 million US dollars; announced 2 March 2026, closed 4 May 2026","from":"cullgen","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Empyrean Medical Systems: Debt","note":"Hamilton Reserve Bank made an equity investment of undisclosed size and agreed to arrange a credit line of up to USD 20 million to support 2026 product sales","from":"empyrean-medical-systems","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Firefly Bio: Acquisition","note":"$1.0bn. USD 1 billion in cash, announced 8 June 2026; completion announced on the company website 29 July 2026","from":"firefly-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"GT Medical Technologies: Series E","note":"$100m. Oversubscribed; led by new investor Viking Global Investors","from":"gt-medical-technologies","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Kanvas Biosciences: Series A","note":"$48m. Announced via Business Wire, 6 May 2026, as listed on the company news page","from":"kanvas-biosciences","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Kelonia Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"$3.3bn. Upfront payment of $3.25 billion; up to $7.00 billion in total including clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones; announced 20 April 2026","from":"kelonia-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"MaaT Pharma: Debt","note":"Tranche B of EUR 6 million drawn from a European Investment Bank loan facility in April 2026","from":"maat-pharma","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Monteris Medical: Debt","note":"$35m. Credit facility from Trinity Capital replacing a prior Madryn Asset Management facility","from":"monteris-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Monteris Medical: Series E","note":"$28m. Led by existing investors InnovaHealth Partners and Birchview Capital with new investors OSF Ventures and Colorado University Healthcare Innovation Fund; Madryn Asset Managem...","from":"monteris-medical","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Myricx Bio: Acquisition","note":"$1.1bn. USD 1.1 billion upfront plus up to USD 400 million in milestones; agreement announced 6 July 2026, completed 28 August 2026 per company website","from":"myricx-bio","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Naveris: Acquisition","note":"$160m. CareDx agreed to pay $160 million cash up front plus up to $100 million in revenue milestones (announced 28 April 2026); completion announced July 2026.","from":"naveris","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Neomorph: Series B","note":"$100m. Led by founding investor Deerfield Management; closed April 2026","from":"neomorph","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nucleus RadioPharma: Series B","note":"$50m. USD 50 million financing from OrbiMed announced 20 April 2026; the company did not name the round, labelled Series B here for schema purposes only","from":"nucleus-radiopharma","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nykode Therapeutics: Crossover","note":"Public follow-on private placement on Euronext Oslo: NOK 286 million gross, 65 million new shares at NOK 4.40","from":"nykode-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Obsidian Therapeutics: Crossover","note":"$350m. Oversubscribed private placement completed alongside the reverse merger with Galera Therapeutics; shares began trading on Nasdaq as OBX on 4 August 2026","from":"obsidian-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"OSE Immunotherapeutics: Crossover","note":"Flexible bridge equity financing (warrants) with IRIS Capital Investment: up to 4 million new shares, gross proceeds up to about EUR 19.3 million over 24 months at the then share p...","from":"ose-immunotherapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Perimeter Medical Imaging AI: Crossover","note":"Listed issuer financing exemption (LIFE) unit offering: approximately CAD 6.84 million closed 5 May 2026 with a final tranche to bring the total to CAD 7.52 million; led by Paradig...","from":"perimeter-medical-imaging-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Perimeter Medical Imaging AI: Debt","note":"CAD 6.04 million of 3.59 percent convertible debentures maturing April 2029, including CAD 2.76 million from CEO Adrian Mendes","from":"perimeter-medical-imaging-ai","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Quantum Surgical: Grant","note":"PreciseOnco consortium (with Philips, IGEA, EIBIR and CIRSE) awarded EUR 14.9 million public funding from the EU Innovative Health Initiative plus EUR 9 million in-kind, EUR 23.9 m...","from":"quantum-surgical","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Ratio Therapeutics: Series C","note":"$70m. Brings total capital raised to over USD 240 million","from":"ratio-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Reimagine Care: Acquisition","note":"Acquired by Cureety (Paris) in September 2026; financial terms not disclosed","from":"reimagine-care","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Repare Therapeutics: Acquisition","note":"All shares acquired by non-profit XenoTherapeutics for about 2.20 US dollars per share in cash plus a contingent value right; total deal value not stated","from":"repare-therapeutics","refs":[]},{"group":"funding","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Thyme Care: Series E","note":"$125m. USD 125 million plus, led by Morgan Health; valuation stated as more than USD 2 billion","from":"thyme-care","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"A CA 19-9 cut-off for the Lewis-negative tenth","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. FUT3-null patients, about 10%, have median CA 19-9 of 2.4 U/mL and the same poor survival as patients above 200; a value of 7 or below identifies...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["paper-yeh-ca19-9-lewis-negative-fut3-cutoff-ccr-2026","paper-worthington-precede-early-detection-biomarkers-ijc-2026","paper-daraxonrasib-pancreatic-n-engl-j-med-2026"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Acalabrutinib frontline label expanded","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","from":"cll","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ANBL1531 MIBG randomisation maturing; ALK arm reports","note":"Neuroblastoma (paediatric)","from":"neuroblastoma","refs":["anbl1531"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ASCO 2026: NeoVax personalised vaccine immune responses; multi-target CAR-T; tovorafenib EU approval","note":"Glioma & glioblastoma","from":"glioblastoma","refs":["tovorafenib","glioma-car-t","idea-neoadjuvant-io-glioblastoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"AZUR-1 confirms non-operative management with dostarlimab in mismatch-repair deficient rectal cancer","note":"Rectal cancer","from":"rectal-cancer","refs":["azur-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Bispecific ADC succeeds; first-line ADC approvals","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Iza-bren phase 3 positive (Feb 2026); FDA approves Dato-DXd and sacituzumab govitecan first line (Q2 2026).","from":"tnbc","refs":["bl-b01d1-307","datopotamab-deruxtecan","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"BREAKWATER FOLFIRI cohort and full approval; AZUR-1 priority review; T-DXd and RAS(ON) inhibitors advance","note":"Colorectal cancer","from":"colorectal","refs":["breakwater","azur-1","daraxonrasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"CAPBIL: first UK nationwide gallbladder cancer cohorts","note":"Gallbladder cancer. 285 incidental cancers and 516 operated patients across 24 centres, 2014 to 2022; 67.7 percent of incidental cancers had liver resection.","from":"gallbladder","refs":["paper-mcclements-capbil-incidental-gallbladder-cancer-bjs-2026","paper-mcclements-capbil-surgical-outcomes-gallbladder-cancer-hpb-2026"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib for PTEN-deficient and 177Lu-PSMA-617 for PSMA-positive disease approved","note":"Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer","from":"prostate-mhspc","refs":["capitello-281","psmaddition","capivasertib","pluvicto"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"DAREON-NEC-1 phase 3 of obrixtamig with carboplatin-etoposide opens in DLL3-positive extrapulmonary carcinoma","note":"Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma","from":"extrapulmonary-nec","refs":["nct07544654"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"DREAM3R stopped early; PRMT5 inhibitors and mesothelin cell therapies advance","note":"Mesothelioma","from":"mesothelioma","refs":["dream3r","idea-mtap-prmt5-mesothelioma","idea-mesothelin-car-t-regional"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD-3 positive for PFS; LEAP-012 final OS HR 0.98; IMbrave050 update negative; third camrelizumab-rivoceranib CRL (23 July)","note":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","from":"hcc","refs":["emerald-3","leap-012","imbrave050","cares-310"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"EMERALD-3: durvalumab-tremelimumab plus TACE reported positive","note":"Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC B)","from":"hcc-intermediate","refs":["emerald-3"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"FDA accepts 177Lu-edotreotide NDA (PDUFA 28 August); ACTION-1 dosimetry published; pancreatic subgroup of COMPETE at ENETS","note":"Neuroendocrine tumours","from":"neuroendocrine","refs":["itm-11","action-1"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"First all-oral AML regimen","note":"Acute myeloid leukaemia. Decitabine-cedazuridine + venetoclax approved 13 May 2026 (ASCERTAIN-V, CR 41.6%).","from":"aml","refs":["decitabine-cedazuridine","ascertain-v"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"First PROTAC (vepdegestrant), gedatolisib, and the first ctDNA-triggered switch (camizestrant) approved; persevERA fails upfront","note":"HR-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer","from":"breast-hr-positive","refs":["vepdegestrant","veritac-2","gedatolisib","camizestrant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"First US all-oral fixed-duration regimen; sonrotoclax US approval (MCL); BTK degrader phase 3","note":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Acalabrutinib-venetoclax approved 19 February; sonrotoclax accelerated approval 13 May; CaDAnCe-304 and CELESTIAL-TNCLL enrolling.","from":"cll","refs":["acalabrutinib","amplify","sonrotoclax","bgb-16673"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"First-line antibody-drug conjugate approvals; izalontamab brengitecan phase 3 positive","note":"Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","from":"tnbc-metastatic","refs":["datopotamab-deruxtecan","sacituzumab-govitecan","bl-b01d1-307"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Five years of the NHS England programme reported","note":"Lung cancer (all types). Over two million people invited and 7,193 lung cancers diagnosed to March 2025, 63.1 percent at stage 1 and 12.6 percent at stage 2, with the early-stage s...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["nhs-targeted-lung-health-check"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"frontMIND published in Lancet; EPCORE DLBCL-1 misses OS; frontline bispecific data (EPCORE DLBCL-2) at EHA","note":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","from":"dlbcl","refs":["frontmind","epcore-dlbcl-1","epcore-dlbcl-2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Full approval of the first-line triplet","note":"BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer","from":"braf-v600e-colorectal","refs":["encorafenib","breakwater"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"HER2-ultralow share of TNBC measured","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Boissiere-Michot reclassifies 367 untreated TNBCs as 38% null, 38% ultralow and 24% low, none prognostic; ultralow stays unlabelled in TNBC.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-boissiere-michot-her2-ultralow-tnbc-virchows-arch-2026","her2-ultralow"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"HERIZON-GEA-01: zanidatamab beats trastuzumab; CLARITY-Gastric 01: first CLDN18.2 ADC with OS benefit","note":"Gastric & gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","from":"gastric","refs":["herizon-gea-01","clarity-gastric01"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"IMvigor011 ctDNA-guided atezolizumab and POTOMAC durvalumab + BCG approved; cretostimogene BLA under way","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["imvigor011","potomac","cretostimogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"IMvigor011: ctDNA-guided atezolizumab approved","note":"Bladder & urothelial cancer","from":"urothelial","refs":["imvigor011"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Incidence falls in the old and rises in the young","note":"Colorectal cancer. The American Cancer Society reports colorectal cancer incidence rising 3 percent a year in adults aged 20 to 49 and 0.4 percent a year at 50 to 64, while falling...","from":"colorectal","refs":["early-onset-colorectal"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"INTerpath-001 positive in resected stage IIB to IV melanoma","note":"Stage IIB and IIC melanoma","from":"stage-ii-melanoma","refs":["interpath-001","intismeran-autogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"INTerpath-001: first positive phase 3 personalised vaccine trial","note":"Stage III melanoma (after surgery)","from":"stage-iii-melanoma","refs":["interpath-001","intismeran-autogene"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Intismeran autogene phase 3 positive; RP1 approved with nivolumab; fianlimab-cemiplimab phase 3 misses; brenetafusp phase 3 enrolling","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["interpath-001","intismeran-autogene","vusolimogene-oderparepvec","fianlimab-phase3-melanoma"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Intismeran phase 3 positive; RP1 approved","note":"Melanoma","from":"melanoma","refs":["interpath-001","vusolimogene-oderparepvec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Iza-bren phase 3 positive","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["bl-b01d1-307"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"LITESPARK-022 positive and approved (adjuvant belzutifan + pembrolizumab); LITESPARK-012 first-line triplet falls short","note":"Renal cell carcinoma","from":"rcc","refs":["litespark-022","litespark-012"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"METRO PLUS: metronomic tablets with paclitaxel-carboplatin double survival","note":"Buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal cancer (oral cancer in India)","from":"buccal-mucosa-cancer","refs":["metro-plus-varanasi"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-AVD approved by FDA (20 March) for ages 12+; HD21 5-year data confirm BrECADD","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["swog-s1826","nivolumab","hd21"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Nivolumab-AVD approved first line","note":"Hodgkin lymphoma","from":"hodgkin-lymphoma","refs":["nivolumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"PANKU-Esophagus01: iza-bren improves OS in second-line ESCC; HERIZON-GEA-01 for HER2+ GEJ; CheckMate 648 five-year data","note":"Oesophageal cancer","from":"esophageal","refs":["panku-esophagus01","herizon-gea-01","checkmate-648"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Phase 3 readouts pending for I-DXd and tarlatamab maintenance","note":"Small-cell lung cancer","from":"sclc","refs":["ideate-lung02","dellphi-305"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Pivekimab sunirine approved","note":"Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). CD123 ADC (CADENZA), FDA May 2026.","from":"bpdcn","refs":["pivekimab-sunirine"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Pluvicto approved in metastatic hormone-sensitive disease (31 July); capivasertib + abiraterone approved for PTEN-deficient disease","note":"Prostate cancer","from":"prostate","refs":["psmaddition","pluvicto","capitello-281","capivasertib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"RASolute 302: daraxonrasib lengthens survival after first-line chemotherapy, the first RAS inhibitor to do so","note":"Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"metastatic-pdac","refs":["rasolute-302","daraxonrasib","revolution-medicines"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"RASolute 302: daraxonrasib OS 13.2 vs 6.7 months (HR 0.40)","note":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. ASCO plenary and NEJM; FDA approval of daraxonrasib on 26 August 2026; Optune Pax approved; zoldonrasib combinations reported; AMPLIFY-7P vaccine...","from":"pancreatic","refs":["rasolute-302","optune","zoldonrasib","amplify-7p"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"RASolute 302: daraxonrasib, active against all RAS variants, lengthens survival after chemotherapy","note":"KRAS G12C-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"kras-g12c-pdac","refs":["rasolute-302","daraxonrasib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Relacorilant and pembrolizumab approved for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","from":"platinum-resistant-ovarian-cancer","refs":["relacorilant","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Relacorilant and pembrolizumab approved in platinum-resistant disease","note":"Ovarian cancer","from":"ovarian","refs":["relacorilant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Relacorilant and pembrolizumab approved in platinum-resistant disease","note":"Ovarian cancer. First immunotherapy approval in ovarian cancer (February 2026).","from":"ovarian","refs":["relacorilant","pembrolizumab","keynote-b96"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"RP1 with nivolumab approved for PD-1-refractory melanoma","note":"Advanced melanoma (unresectable stage III and stage IV)","from":"advanced-melanoma","refs":["vusolimogene-oderparepvec"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Rusfertide approved","note":"Polycythaemia vera (PV). FDA approval for phlebotomy-dependent polycythaemia vera.","from":"polycythaemia-vera","refs":["rusfertide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Rusfertide approved for PV","note":"Myeloproliferative neoplasms (PV, ET, myelofibrosis). VERIFY: hepcidin mimetic controls erythrocytosis without phlebotomy; FDA approval August 2026.","from":"myeloproliferative-neoplasms","refs":["rusfertide"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Selinexor maintenance fails (XPORT-EC-042)","note":"Endometrial cancer. Post-hoc TP53-wild-type subgroup hypothesis not confirmed.","from":"endometrial","refs":["xport-ec-042","selinexor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Selpercatinib label update (July 2026)","note":"Thyroid cancer","from":"thyroid","refs":["selpercatinib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Sonrotoclax approved for relapsed MCL","note":"Mantle cell lymphoma","from":"mantle-cell-lymphoma","refs":["sonrotoclax"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Subcutaneous blinatumomab and Interfant-21 progress","note":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Subcutaneous blinatumomab trials (including the first in mixed-phenotype leukaemia) aim to replace continuous infusion; infant trials integrate blina...","from":"all-leukemia","refs":["blinatumomab","interfant-06"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"T-DXd approved neoadjuvant and post-neoadjuvant; palbociclib maintenance for HR+/HER2+ (PATINA)","note":"HER2-positive breast cancer","from":"breast-her2-positive","refs":["destiny-breast11","destiny-breast05","palbociclib"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat withdrawn worldwide","note":"Follicular lymphoma. Secondary haematologic malignancies; EZH2 leaves the FL armamentarium.","from":"follicular-lymphoma","refs":["tazemetostat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat withdrawn worldwide","note":"Epithelioid sarcoma. Ipsen withdraws tazemetostat in all indications on 9 March 2026 after the SYMPHONY-1 data monitoring committee flagged secondary haematologic malignancies (18/...","from":"epithelioid-sarcoma","refs":["tazemetostat"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tazemetostat withdrawn worldwide (9 March); afami-cel full approval and age ≥12 (June); INSIGHT positive","note":"Sarcomas (soft tissue, bone, GIST)","from":"sarcoma","refs":["afamitresgene-autoleucel","insight-gist","ezh2"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab + daratumumab approved after ≥1 line (MajesTEC-3); isatuximab subcutaneous; anito-cel BLA accepted (PDUFA December)","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":["majestec-3","isatuximab","anitocabtagene-autoleucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Teclistamab after ≥1 line; isatuximab SC","note":"Multiple myeloma","from":"multiple-myeloma","refs":[]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"TNM 9 takes effect, and leaves breast staging alone","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Published 3 July 2025 and recommended from 1 January 2026. For breast the classification is unchanged; the yp classification is clarified, basing ypT on...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["tnm-breast-cancer-editions","rcb"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"TROPION-Breast02 and OlympiA six-year update published; CAPItello-290 negative","note":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Datopotamab deruxtecan first line: overall survival 23.7 vs 18.7 months.","from":"tnbc","refs":["paper-tropion-breast02-ann-oncol-2026","paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026","paper-capitello-290-capivasertib-paclitaxel-ann-oncol-2026","tropion-breast02"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Tumour treating fields device approved for locally advanced pancreatic cancer","note":"Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","from":"locally-advanced-pdac","refs":["optune","novocure"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Vepdegestrant, the first PROTAC, approved","note":"HR-positive metastatic breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitors","from":"hr-positive-metastatic-post-cdk46","refs":["vepdegestrant"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"WHO classification of breast tumours, 6th edition","note":"Breast cancer (all types). Published April 2026. Reserves 'variant' for molecular alterations and separates subtype from pattern, updates the HER2 reporting categories so that no m...","from":"breast-cancer","refs":["who-breast-classification"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"World Health Assembly calls for accountable elimination systems; sac-TMT and TIL trials in recurrent disease","note":"Cervical cancer","from":"cervical","refs":["sacituzumab-tirumotecan","lifileucel"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"XPORT-EC-042: maintenance selinexor fails in TP53-wild-type disease","note":"Endometrial cancer with no specific molecular profile","from":"endometrial-nsmp","refs":["xport-ec-042","selinexor"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"XPORT-EC-042: maintenance selinexor fails in TP53-wild-type disease","note":"Advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer","from":"advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","refs":["xport-ec-042"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zenocutuzumab approved for NRG1-fusion cholangiocarcinoma; HERIZON-BTC-302 enrolling","note":"Biliary tract cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)","from":"cholangiocarcinoma","refs":["zenocutuzumab","herizon-btc-302"]},{"group":"history","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Zongertinib first line; zidesamtinib (ROS1) approved; divarasib beats first-generation KRAS inhibitors; neladalkib and ivonescimab under FDA review","note":"Non-small-cell lung cancer","from":"nsclc","refs":["zongertinib","zidesamtinib","krascendo-1","neladalkib"]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"[ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with PSMA-positive metastatic androgen pathway modulator-naive/sensitive prostate cancer (PSMAddition): a phase 3 randomised, c...","note":"Tagawa ST, Sartor O, Piulats JM, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-psmaddition-lancet-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"A first-in-human phase 1a study of LP-184, a tumor-site activated novel alkylating agent, in patients with advanced solid tumors","note":"Mahadevan D, Parekh J, Beck JT, et al. Investigational new drugs.","from":"paper-nct05933265-invest-new-drugs-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"A new CA19-9 cutoff value identifies Lewis antigen status and refines prognostic stratification in PDAC","note":"Yeh CM, Yu CC, Lee AF, et al. Clinical Cancer Research.","from":"paper-yeh-ca19-9-lewis-negative-fut3-cutoff-ccr-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"A Phase 1 dose-escalation study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of OSE-279, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody in patients with advance...","note":"Robert M, Kotecki N, Gomez-Roca C, et al. European Journal of Cancer.","from":"paper-nct05751798-eur-j-cancer-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"A phase 2 study of encorafenib in combination with binimetinib for Chinese participants with BRAF V600E mutated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: Results f...","note":"Zhou H, Zhou Q, Guo Q, et al. Lung cancer.","from":"paper-nct05195632-lung-cancer-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ADAURA: exploratory eight-year overall survival update for adjuvant osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated stage IB to IIIA lung cancer","note":"Wu YL, Majem M, John T, et al. Journal of Thoracic Oncology.","from":"paper-adaura-8-year-os-jto-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Aglatimagene besadenovec (CAN-2409) with radiotherapy for patients with localised prostate cancer: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-con...","note":"DeWeese TL, Manzanera A, Sylvester J, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-nct01436968-lancet-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Amivantamab Monotherapy in Chemorefractory RAS / BRAF Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From OrigAMI-1, an Open-Label, Phase Ib/II Study","note":"Oberstein PE, Hecht JR, Raghav K, et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology.","from":"paper-nct05379595-j-clin-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"An anti-PMEL antibody-drug conjugate with a G q/1 1 inhibitor payload in GNAQ/GNA11-mutant melanomas: a phase 1 trial","note":"Carlino MS, Kapiteijn E, Piperno-Neumann S, et al. Nature Medicine.","from":"paper-nct05415072-nat-med-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Andamertinib in Advanced NSCLC With EGFR Exon 20 Insertions After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy: Results From the Phase 2 KANNON Study","note":"Yang JJ, Mu Y, Wang ZH, et al. Journal of Thoracic Oncology.","from":"paper-nct06015503-j-thorac-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"ARCHES 5-year Survival with Enzalutamide Plus Androgen-deprivation Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients","note":"Armstrong AJ, Petrylak DP, Shore ND, et al. European Urology.","from":"paper-arches-eur-urol-2026-update","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Atezolizumab plus FOLFOX for Stage III Mismatch Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer","note":"Sinicrope FA, Ou FS, Arnold D, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.","from":"paper-atomic-n-engl-j-med-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib as adjuvant therapy in resected EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (ARTS): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","note":"Zhang L, Zhang X, Wu L, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-nct04687241-lancet-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Aumolertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (AENEAS2): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, pha...","note":"Li Z, Hu J, Chen J, et al. The Lancet Oncology.","from":"paper-nct04923906-lancet-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Belzutifan plus lenvatinib versus cabozantinib in patients with previously treated advanced renal cell carcinoma (LITESPARK-011): an open-label, randomised, con...","note":"Motzer RJ, McDermott R, Park SH, et al. The Lancet.","from":"paper-litespark-011-motzer-lancet-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Breast Cancer, Version 4.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology","note":"Gradishar WJ, Moran MS, Abraham J, et al. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.","from":"paper-nccn-breast-cancer-v4-2026-jnccn-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"c-TRAK TN analysis: tissue-free versus tumour-informed ctDNA assays for residual disease in early triple-negative breast cancer","note":"Cunningham N, Cutts RJ, Swift C, et al. JAMA Oncology.","from":"paper-ctrak-tn-tissue-free-mrd-jamaoncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Cancer therapy using antiparasitic medications guided by acupuncture meridian assessment: a case series of six patients","note":"Guilford FT, Yu S. Integrative Medicine (Encinitas).","from":"paper-guilford-antiparasitic-acupuncture-meridian-case-series-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib plus abiraterone in PTEN-deficient metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: CAPItello-281 phase III study","note":"Fizazi K, Clarke NW, De Santis M, et al. Annals of Oncology.","from":"paper-capitello-281-ann-oncol-2026","refs":[]},{"group":"paper","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Capivasertib plus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: results from the randomised, global phase III CAPItello-290 t...","note":"Schmid P, McArthur HL, Cortés J, et al. 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endpoint not met (ASCO GU 2026).","from":"litespark-012","refs":["rcc","belzutifan","lenvatinib","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"LITESPARK-022 reported","note":"DFS significantly improved vs pembrolizumab (interim; HR presented ASCO GU 2026).","from":"litespark-022","refs":["rcc","belzutifan","pembrolizumab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"MATRix/IELSG43 reported","note":"Three-year progression-free survival 78 percent after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplant against 51 percent after non-myeloablative R-DeVIC (hazard ratio 0.43, p 0.00...","from":"ielsg43","refs":["primary-cns-lymphoma","non-hodgkin-lymphoma","brain-tumours","thiotepa"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"METRO PLUS (Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi) reported","note":"Median OS 10 vs 5 months, HR 0.54.","from":"metro-plus-varanasi","refs":["head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","buccal-mucosa-cancer","paclitaxel"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"NHS-Galleri reported","from":"nhs-galleri","refs":["lung-cancer","head-and-neck","colorectal","pancreatic"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Olaparib in Treating Patients With Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer With Aberrant DNA Repair Gene Mutations reported","from":"nct04042831","refs":["gallbladder","cholangiocarcinoma","biliary-tract-cancer","olaparib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Osimertinib Plus Savolitinib in EGFRm+/MET+ NSCLC Following Prior Osimertinib reported","from":"nct03778229","refs":["metastatic-cancer","egfr-mutant-nsclc","met-altered-nsclc","osimertinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"PANKU-Esophagus01 (BL-B01D1-305) reported","note":"OS and PFS significantly improved at interim analysis; numbers per ASCO 2026 presentation.","from":"panku-esophagus01","refs":["esophageal","izalontamab-brengitecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"PEACE-3 (EORTC 1333) reported","note":"Median overall survival 38.2 months with enzalutamide plus radium-223 against 32.6 months with enzalutamide alone (hazard ratio 0.76, 95 percent confidence interval 0.60 to 0.96, p...","from":"peace-3","refs":["prostate","prostate-mcrpc","radium-223","enzalutamide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"persevERA reported","note":"PFS 33.1 vs 28.2 months, not significant.","from":"persevera","refs":["breast-hr-positive","giredestrant","palbociclib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Phase 3 Study of MRTX849 With Cetuximab vs Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer With KRAS G12C Mutation (KRYSTAL-10) 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of Dabrafenib in Combination With Trametinib in Previously Treated Patients With Metastatic, Radio-active Iodine Refracto reported","from":"nct04940052","refs":["thyroid","dabrafenib","trametinib"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study of IMGN632 in Patients With Untreated BPDCN and Relapsed/Refractory BPDCN reported","from":"nct03386513","refs":["bpdcn","myeloproliferative-neoplasms","pivekimab-sunirine"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study of Pimicotinib (ABSK021) for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor (MANEUVER) reported","from":"nct05804045","refs":["tenosynovial-giant-cell-tumour"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study of Retinfanlimab in Combination With INCAGN02385 and INCAGN02390 as First-Line Treatment in Participants With PD-L1-Positive (CPS ≥ 1) Recurrent/Metastati...","from":"nct05287113","refs":["head-and-neck","recurrent-metastatic-hnscc","retifanlimab"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study of RMC-6236 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring Specific Mutations in RAS reported","note":"Second-line daraxonrasib 300 mg in 26 patients with RAS G12-mutated pancreatic cancer: objective response 35 percent, median progression-free survival 8.5 months, median overall su...","from":"nct05379985","refs":["nsclc","sclc","colorectal","pancreatic"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan in Participants With Metastatic Solid Tumors reported","from":"nct03964727","refs":["metastatic-cancer","sacituzumab-govitecan"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Study to Evaluate Imetelstat in Patients With High-Risk MDS or AML Failing HMA-based Therapy 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1.45 (P = 0.009...","from":"transcend","refs":["craniopharyngioma","setmelanotide"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"Vitamin D3 With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer reported","from":"nct04094688","refs":["rectal-cancer","colon-cancer","bevacizumab-glioma","folfox"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2026","precision":"year","title":"XPORT-EC-042 / ENGOT-EN20 / GOG-3083 reported","note":"Primary PFS endpoint not met; mPFS 12.75 vs 7.43 months (mITT) not significant.","from":"xport-ec-042","refs":["endometrial","advanced-recurrent-endometrial-cancer","endometrial-nsmp","selinexor"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-01","precision":"month","title":"Ivonescimab: filing (US)","note":"BLA submitted by Summit for EGFR-mutant NSCLC after TKI (HARMONi)","from":"ivonescimab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-01-16","precision":"day","title":"Epcoritamab: filing (US)","note":"EPCORE DLBCL-1 topline: 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published negative for overall survival in 2026)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["nct03997123","capivasertib","paper-capitello-290-capivasertib-paclitaxel-ann-oncol-2026"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-04-30","precision":"day","title":"Camizestrant: advisory committee (US)","note":"ODAC voted 6-3 against (clinical relevance of ctDNA-triggered switch)","from":"camizestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05","precision":"month","title":"ArteraAI Breast: approval (US)","note":"FDA clearance: first digital-pathology-based risk stratification tool for early HR+/HER2- breast cancer","from":"artera-ai-breast","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05-13","precision":"day","title":"Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral): approval (US)","note":"With venetoclax in newly diagnosed unfit AML","from":"decitabine-cedazuridine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05-13","precision":"day","title":"Sonrotoclax: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval in MCL; priority review, Project Orbis","from":"sonrotoclax","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05-22","precision":"day","title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"First-line unresectable/metastatic TNBC, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor ineligible (TROPION-Breast02)","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05-27","precision":"day","title":"Pivekimab sunirine: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves pivekimab sunirine-pvzy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, an ultra-rare hematologic malignancy","from":"pivekimab-sunirine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-05-28","precision":"day","title":"Durvalumab: approval (US)","note":"High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with BCG (POTOMAC)","from":"durvalumab","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-06","precision":"month","title":"NordICC primary completion on the registry (colonoscopy screening, 95,000 participants, actual; active, not recruiting); study completion is listed as July 2036...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["nordicc","colorectal-screening","idea-crc-screening-uptake-and-age-extension"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-06","precision":"month","title":"RASolute 302 primary completion on the registry (daraxonrasib versus chemotherapy, previously treated metastatic disease, 500 participants, actual; 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active, not recruiti...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["mrd-testing","ctdna","idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-24","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Maintenance in HR+/HER2+ advanced breast cancer with anti-HER2 and endocrine therapy (PATINA)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-24","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"First-line PD-L1+ TNBC with sacituzumab govitecan (ASCENT-04)","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-24","precision":"day","title":"Pertuzumab: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves palbociclib with trastuzumab, with or without pertuzumab, and endocrine therapy for the maintenance treatment of HR-positive, HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","from":"pertuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-24","precision":"day","title":"Sacituzumab govitecan: approval (US)","note":"First-line metastatic TNBC: monotherapy (PD-1 ineligible, ASCENT-03) and with pembrolizumab (CPS ≥10, ASCENT-04)","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-24","precision":"day","title":"Trastuzumab: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves palbociclib with trastuzumab, with or without pertuzumab, and endocrine therapy for the maintenance treatment of HR-positive, HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer","from":"trastuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-25","precision":"day","title":"Tacquell (autologous melanoma-derived tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes): complete response letter (EU)","note":"CHMP negative opinion on Tacquell (autologous TIL) for melanoma; applicant Netherlands Cancer Institute","from":"tacquell","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-06-30","precision":"day","title":"Allogeneic regulatory T cell immunotherapy with HSPC and T cells-vldq: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves allogeneic regulatory T cell-based immunotherapy with HSPC and T cells-vldq (Tregzi, Orca Bio) on the Precision-T trial","from":"tregzi","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07","precision":"month","title":"Isatuximab: approval (US)","note":"Subcutaneous on-body injector","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07","precision":"month","title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan: designation (US)","note":"Commissioner's National Priority Voucher (CNPV) awarded","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-09","precision":"day","title":"Isatuximab: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves isatuximab-irfc for subcutaneous injection for multiple myeloma indications","from":"isatuximab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-10","precision":"day","title":"Enfortumab vedotin: approval (US)","note":"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer with pembrolizumab, with or without berahyaluronidase alfa","from":"enfortumab-vedotin","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-10","precision":"day","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer with enfortumab vedotin, as pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab with berahyaluronidase alfa","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-14","precision":"day","title":"Fulvestrant: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves gedatolisib with fulvestrant, with or without palbociclib, for HR-positive, HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer","from":"fulvestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-14","precision":"day","title":"Gedatolisib: approval (US)","note":"HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer after CDK4/6 inhibitor with palbociclib and fulvestrant (VIKTORIA-1)","from":"gedatolisib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-14","precision":"day","title":"Palbociclib: approval (US)","note":"Gedatolisib with fulvestrant, with or without palbociclib, HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer (VIKTORIA-1)","from":"palbociclib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-14","precision":"day","title":"Selpercatinib: approval (US)","note":"Traditional approval, locally advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive solid tumours","from":"selpercatinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-17","precision":"day","title":"Daraxonrasib: filing (US)","note":"NDA 220910 received by the FDA on the RASolute 302 result","from":"daraxonrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-22","precision":"day","title":"Zidesamtinib: approval (US)","note":"ROS1+ NSCLC after at least one prior ROS1 TKI (ARROS-1)","from":"zidesamtinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-23","precision":"day","title":"Camrelizumab + rivoceranib: complete response letter (US)","note":"Third CRL, again cGMP","from":"camrelizumab-rivoceranib","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-07-30","precision":"day","title":"Open-Label Study of 18F-mFBG for Imaging Neuroblastoma: primary completion","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct04724369","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-07-30","precision":"day","title":"Selinexor: filing (US)","note":"XPORT-EC-042 misses primary endpoint; 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filings to follow","from":"intismeran-autogene","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-08-20","precision":"day","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Patidegib Gel 2% for Preventing Basal Cell Carcinomas on the Face of Adults With Gorlin Syndrome: primary completion","note":"Actual primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct06050122","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-08-25","precision":"day","title":"Tislelizumab: approval (US)","note":"FDA approves zanidatamab-hrii and tislelizumab-jsgr for HER2-positive gastric, gastroesophageal junction, or esophageal adenocarcinoma","from":"tislelizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-08-25","precision":"day","title":"Zanidatamab: approval (US)","note":"First-line HER2-positive gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction or oesophageal adenocarcinoma with tislelizumab and fluoropyrimidine-platinum chemotherapy","from":"zanidatamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-08-26","precision":"day","title":"Daraxonrasib: approval (US)","note":"NDA 220910 approved as Rasonque: adults with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma who have received at least one prior systemic therapy or who are not candidates for multiagent sys...","from":"daraxonrasib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-08-28","precision":"day","title":"177Lu-edotreotide: decision date set (US)","note":"PDUFA goal date for GEP-NET indication","from":"itm-11","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-09-04","precision":"day","title":"Camizestrant: approval (US)","note":"Accelerated approval (Etcamah)","from":"camizestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-09-09","precision":"day","title":"Sevabertinib: approval (US)","note":"FDA grants accelerated approval to sevabertinib for locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer","from":"sevabertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-09-18","precision":"day","title":"FDA decision: zidesamtinib in TKI-pretreated ROS1-positive NSCLC","note":"Confirmed date. PDUFA target action date stated by Nuvalent when the FDA accepted the new drug application. Nuvalent's first potential approval.","from":"zidesamtinib","refs":["nuvalent","ros1","nsclc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-09-22","precision":"day","title":"NHS-Galleri: peer-reviewed test-performance paper (reported: Nature Medicine, 22 September 2026, states the primary endpoint was not met and is reported elsewhe...","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["nhs-galleri","galleri","stage-shift","paper-nhs-galleri-performance-nat-med-2026"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-09-23","precision":"day","title":"FDA advisory committee: Galleri multi-cancer early detection test (PMA)","note":"Confirmed date. Molecular and Clinical Genetics Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee reviews GRAIL's premarket approval application.","from":"galleri","refs":["grail","mced","nhs-galleri","pathfinder-2"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-09-23","precision":"day","title":"FDA Molecular and Clinical Genetics Panel reviews the Galleri premarket approval application","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["galleri","grail","mced"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-09-23","precision":"day","title":"Galleri: advisory committee (US)","note":"FDA Molecular and Clinical Genetics Panel meeting","from":"galleri","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-09-30","precision":"day","title":"JANUS primary completion: adding irinotecan to FOLFOX after long-course radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (760 participants, actual; active, not re...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["rectal-cancer","irinotecan","total-neoadjuvant-therapy","idea-crc-organ-preservation-randomised-in-pmmr-rectal"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-10-01","precision":"day","title":"IMvigor011 study completion on the registry; longer follow-up of ctDNA-negative patients under surveillance","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["imvigor011","atezolizumab"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-10-23","precision":"day","title":"ESMO Congress 2026, Madrid (23 to 27 October)","note":"Confirmed date. Europe's largest oncology congress. Watch for: TROPION-Breast05, first-line ADC + IO data, late-breaking radioligand and bispecific ADC results.","from":"esmo","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-11","precision":"month","title":"AMPLIFY-7P study completion (ELI-002 7P adjuvant KRAS vaccine, 158 participants; primary completion 20 April 2026, actual)","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["amplify-7p","eli-002-7p","shared-antigen-vaccine"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-11-02","precision":"day","title":"AZUR-1 primary completion: dostarlimab monotherapy in untreated mismatch repair-deficient locally advanced rectal cancer (154 participants, actual; active, not...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["azur-1","dostarlimab","organ-preservation","msi-high-colorectal"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-11-14","precision":"day","title":"Ivonescimab: decision date set (US)","note":"PDUFA target date","from":"ivonescimab","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-12-08","precision":"day","title":"San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2026 (8 to 11 December)","note":"Confirmed date. The breast cancer congress. Post-neoadjuvant TNBC ADC trials (ASCENT-05, TROPION-Breast03) and sac-TMT first-line TNBC data are candidates for presentation here or...","from":"tnbc","refs":["breast-hr-positive","breast-her2-positive"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-12-12","precision":"day","title":"ASH Annual Meeting 2026, New Orleans (12 to 15 December)","note":"Confirmed date. Haematology's main congress: CAR-T, bispecifics, menin inhibitors, BCL-2 combinations.","from":"aml","refs":["dlbcl","multiple-myeloma","cll","all-leukemia"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-12-18","precision":"day","title":"ATOMIC (Alliance A021502) study completion: adjuvant FOLFOX with or without atezolizumab in stage III mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer (712 participants...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["atomic","atezolizumab","msi-high-colorectal"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-12-31","precision":"day","title":"TROPION-Breast02 study completion on the registry (datopotamab deruxtecan first line, immunotherapy-ineligible; primary completion 25 August 2025, actual)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["tropion-breast02","datopotamab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Encorafenib: approval (US)","note":"Full approval in first-line BRAF V600E mCRC with OS benefit","from":"encorafenib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields): approval (US)","note":"Optune Pax, locally advanced pancreatic cancer with chemotherapy (PANOVA-3)","from":"optune","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Pembrolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Platinum-resistant PD-L1+ ovarian cancer","from":"pembrolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Relacorilant: approval (US)","note":"Platinum-resistant ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer with nab-paclitaxel","from":"relacorilant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Teclistamab: approval (US)","note":"Relapsed/refractory myeloma after ≥1 prior line, with daratumumab (MajesTEC-3)","from":"teclistamab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"Zongertinib: approval (US)","note":"First-line HER2-mutant non-squamous NSCLC","from":"zongertinib","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Afamitresgene autoleucel: label change (US)","note":"Label extended to patients aged 12 and older","from":"afamitresgene-autoleucel","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Atezolizumab: approval (US)","note":"Adjuvant ctDNA-positive muscle-invasive bladder cancer (IMvigor011): first ctDNA-guided indication","from":"atezolizumab","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Signatera: label change (US)","note":"Used to select ctDNA-positive patients in the first ctDNA-guided drug approval (IMvigor011, atezolizumab)","from":"signatera","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan: approval (US)","note":"Early-stage HER2+ breast cancer: neoadjuvant (DESTINY-Breast11) and post-neoadjuvant residual disease (DESTINY-Breast05)","from":"trastuzumab-deruxtecan","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Trastuzumab emtansine: label change (US)","note":"Displaced post-neoadjuvantly by T-DXd approval (DESTINY-Breast05)","from":"trastuzumab-emtansine","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Vepdegestrant: approval (US)","note":"ESR1-mutated ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer after endocrine therapy: first PROTAC approved","from":"vepdegestrant","refs":[]},{"group":"regulatory","date":"2026-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"Zenocutuzumab: approval (US)","note":"NRG1-fusion cholangiocarcinoma","from":"zenocutuzumab","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"INTerpath-001 full data: intismeran autogene + pembrolizumab, adjuvant melanoma","note":"Expected date. Topline positive 19 August 2026; hazard ratios and curves expected at a late-2026 congress (ESMO or SMR), with regulatory filings to follow.","from":"interpath-001","refs":["intismeran-autogene","melanoma"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"NHS England decision on Galleri rollout after full NHS-Galleri results","note":"Expected date. Full results presented at ASCO 2026 (primary stage III to IV endpoint not met; stage IV reduction reported).","from":"nhs-galleri","refs":["galleri","mced"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"Tempus completes the acquisition of Personalis","note":"Expected date. All-stock deal at $16.25 per share announced July 2026; the companies guided to a close in late 2026 or early 2027.","from":"tempus","refs":["personalis","mrd-testing","liquid-biopsy"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2026-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"TROPION-Breast05: Dato-DXd ± durvalumab vs pembrolizumab + chemotherapy, first-line PD-L1+ TNBC","note":"Expected date. Primary completion per registry falls in 2026; timing of topline is our estimate. Would complete the ADC + IO first-line picture alongside ASCENT-04.","from":"tropion-breast05","refs":["datopotamab-deruxtecan","durvalumab","tnbc"]}]},{"id":"2027","kind":"year","name":"2027 in oncology","aka":["2027"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2027: 32 entries, 31 expected dates and 1 trial reported. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"32 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2027: 31 expected dates and 1 trial reported.\n\nOf those, 9 to the day, 8 to the month, 3 to the quarter and 12 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2026","2028"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2027,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT-05 / OptimICE-RD: sacituzumab govitecan + pembrolizumab, post-neoadjuvant residual TNBC","note":"Expected date. Event-driven iDFS endpoint in patients with residual disease after KEYNOTE-522-type therapy. Would be the first ADC in the curative TNBC setting.","from":"ascent-05","refs":["sacituzumab-govitecan","pembrolizumab","tnbc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"ASCENT-07: sacituzumab govitecan versus chemotherapy, first-line HR-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer","note":"Expected date. Tests the ADC as the first chemotherapy after endocrine therapy. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"sacituzumab-govitecan","refs":["gilead","breast-hr-positive","trop2"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"FDA decision on the Galleri multi-cancer early detection test (premarket approval)","note":"Expected date. Follows the 23 September 2026 advisory committee. PMA decisions typically come months after the panel; no date has been announced.","from":"galleri","refs":["grail","mced","nhs-galleri"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"HARMONi-3: ivonescimab plus chemotherapy versus pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, first-line NSCLC","note":"Expected date. The first head-to-head test of the PD-1 x VEGF bispecific against pembrolizumab in a Western population.","from":"ivonescimab","refs":["summit-therapeutics","akeso","pembrolizumab","nsclc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"IDeate-Lung02: ifinatamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy, relapsed small-cell lung cancer","note":"Expected date. Pivotal phase 3 for the B7-H3 ADC from the Merck and Daiichi Sankyo collaboration. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"ifinatamab-deruxtecan","refs":["daiichi-sankyo","merck","sclc","b7h3"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"Krascendo 1: divarasib versus sotorasib or adagrasib, previously treated KRAS G12C NSCLC","note":"Expected date. The first phase 3 comparing KRAS G12C inhibitors head to head. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"divarasib","refs":["roche-genentech","sotorasib","adagrasib","kras"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"Regulatory filings for intismeran autogene plus pembrolizumab in adjuvant melanoma (INTerpath-001)","note":"Expected date. The sponsors said filings would follow the positive topline result of August 2026 and the full data presentation. Timing is our estimate.","from":"intismeran-autogene","refs":["moderna","merck","pembrolizumab","melanoma"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"REJOICE-Ovarian01: raludotatug deruxtecan in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","note":"Expected date. Phase 2/3 for the CDH6 ADC. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"raludotatug-deruxtecan","refs":["daiichi-sankyo","merck","ovarian","cdh6"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"SUNRAY-01: olomorasib plus pembrolizumab, first-line KRAS G12C NSCLC","note":"Expected date. Phase 3 in first-line KRAS G12C-mutant NSCLC. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"olomorasib","refs":["eli-lilly","pembrolizumab","kras","nsclc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"TROPION-Lung14: datopotamab deruxtecan plus osimertinib, first-line EGFR-mutant NSCLC","note":"Expected date. Would move the TROP2 ADC into the first-line EGFR-mutant setting on top of the standard TKI. Timing is a registry-based estimate.","from":"datopotamab-deruxtecan","refs":["astrazeneca","daiichi-sankyo","osimertinib","nsclc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"US regulatory decision on sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT): first indication","note":"Expected date. Merck holds a Commissioner's National Priority Voucher (July 2026) that promises a 1 to 2 month review once filed.","from":"sacituzumab-tirumotecan","refs":["merck","kelun-biotech"]},{"group":"trial","date":"2027","precision":"year","title":"MOUNTAINEER-03 reported","from":"mountaineer-03","refs":["colorectal","her2-amplified-colorectal","tucatinib","trastuzumab"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-01","precision":"month","title":"A Study to Assess the Dose, Adverse Events, and Change in Disease Activity of Livmoniplimab as an Intravenous (IV) Solution in Combination With Budigalimab as a...","note":"Estimated primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct06109272","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-01","precision":"month","title":"PREOPANC-3 primary completion: perioperative versus adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX for resectable pancreatic cancer (378 estimated participants; active, not recru...","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["preopanc","folfirinox","neoadjuvant-adjuvant","idea-pdac-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-for-all-resectable-disease"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-03-23","precision":"day","title":"DESTINY-PanTumor02 study completion (trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-expressing tumours including biliary)","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["destiny-pantumor02","trastuzumab-deruxtecan"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-04-02","precision":"day","title":"AACR Annual Meeting 2027, Orlando (2 to 7 April)","note":"Confirmed date. Early science and first-in-human data: next-generation ADC payloads, degraders, in vivo CAR-T.","from":"aacr","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-05-16","precision":"day","title":"TOPAZ-1 study completion on the registry (durvalumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin, first line)","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["topaz-1","durvalumab"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-06","precision":"month","title":"ASCENT-05 / OptimICE-RD (AFT-65, GBG 119, NSABP B-63): primary completion","note":"Estimated primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"ascent-05","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-06","precision":"month","title":"ASCENT-05 / OptimICE-RD primary completion: sacituzumab govitecan with pembrolizumab vs physician's choice for residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant thera...","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["ascent-05","sacituzumab-govitecan","pembrolizumab","rcb"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-06-04","precision":"day","title":"ASCO Annual Meeting 2027, Chicago (4 to 8 June)","note":"Confirmed date. Where most practice-changing phase 3 trials are first presented.","from":"asco","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-07","precision":"month","title":"PM8002 (PD-L1 and VEGF bispecific) plus nab-paclitaxel vs placebo plus nab-paclitaxel, first line: primary completion (392 estimated participants)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["nct06419621","nab-paclitaxel"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-07-28","precision":"day","title":"TROPION-Breast05 primary completion: datopotamab deruxtecan with or without durvalumab vs chemotherapy with pembrolizumab, first line, PD-L1-positive (625 estim...","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["tropion-breast05","datopotamab-deruxtecan","cps"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-08-05","precision":"day","title":"ECLIPSE (Shield) study completion on the registry","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["eclipse-shield","shield"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-09","precision":"month","title":"Botensilimab and balstilimab in colorectal cancer, primary completion (234 participants, actual; active, not recruiting): the first randomised read on Fc-enhanc...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["botensilimab","balstilimab","idea-immunotherapy-mss-crc","idea-crc-mss-immunotherapy-by-biomarker-not-by-line"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-09-20","precision":"day","title":"TROPION-Breast03 primary completion: datopotamab deruxtecan with or without durvalumab vs investigator's choice for stage I to III disease without pathological...","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["tropion-breast03","datopotamab-deruxtecan","rcb"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-12","precision":"month","title":"BL-B01D1-307 / PANKU-Breast02 study completion (izalontamab brengitecan vs chemotherapy in pretreated disease; primary completion 13 January 2026, actual)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["bl-b01d1-307","izalontamab-brengitecan"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-12","precision":"month","title":"RASolute 302 study completion on the registry","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["rasolute-302","daraxonrasib"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-12-28","precision":"day","title":"BREAKWATER study completion: encorafenib and cetuximab with or without chemotherapy in previously untreated BRAF V600E metastatic disease (841 participants, act...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["breakwater","encorafenib","cetuximab","braf-v600e-colorectal"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-12-31","precision":"day","title":"MOUNTAINEER-03 primary completion: tucatinib with trastuzumab and mFOLFOX6 against standard of care in first-line HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (40...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["mountaineer","tucatinib","trastuzumab","her2-amplified-colorectal"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-Q1","precision":"quarter","title":"RASolute 302: daraxonrasib vs chemotherapy, second-line metastatic pancreatic cancer","note":"Expected date. Fully enrolled; event-driven OS endpoint. Sponsor has guided to a readout in 2026 or 2027. The first pivotal test of a pan-RAS inhibitor.","from":"daraxonrasib","refs":["revolution-medicines","pancreatic","kras"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-Q2","precision":"quarter","title":"IZABRIGHT-Breast01: iza-bren vs chemotherapy, first-line TNBC (PD-(L)1 ineligible)","note":"Expected date. Global first-line trial of the EGFR×HER3 bispecific ADC; timing is an estimate from enrolment start (2025).","from":"izabright-breast01","refs":["izalontamab-brengitecan","tnbc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2027-Q4","precision":"quarter","title":"TROPION-Breast03: Dato-DXd ± durvalumab, post-neoadjuvant residual TNBC","note":"Expected date. Registry estimated primary completion 20 September 2027; topline may lag.","from":"tropion-breast03","refs":["datopotamab-deruxtecan","durvalumab","tnbc"]}]},{"id":"2028","kind":"year","name":"2028 in oncology","aka":["2028"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2028: 7 entries, 7 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"7 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2028: 7 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 6 to the day and 1 to the month. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2027","2029"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2028,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2028-03-13","precision":"day","title":"IZABRIGHT-Breast01 primary completion: izalontamab brengitecan vs chemotherapy, first line, anti-PD-(L)1-ineligible (600 estimated participants)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["izabright-breast01","izalontamab-brengitecan","bispecific-adc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-04-30","precision":"day","title":"PATHFINDER 2 study completion (primary completion listed as 2026-02-11)","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["pathfinder-2","galleri"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-06","precision":"month","title":"RASolute 303 primary completion: daraxonrasib alone or with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel versus chemotherapy, first line metastatic (900 estimated participant...","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["nct07491445","daraxonrasib","gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel","idea-pdac-ras-inhibitor-combinations-and-sequencing"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-07-01","precision":"day","title":"OPT-IN (EA2197) primary completion: perioperative vs adjuvant chemotherapy for incidental gallbladder cancer (186 estimated participants)","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["opt-in","incidental-gallbladder-cancer"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-09-15","precision":"day","title":"DAWN-303 primary completion: chemotherapy with or without INCB161734 in untreated KRAS G12D metastatic disease (588 estimated participants; recruiting)","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["nct07522073","kras-inhibitors","idea-pdac-ras-inhibitor-combinations-and-sequencing"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-12-01","precision":"day","title":"HERIZON-BTC-302 primary completion: first-line zanidatamab with standard of care in HER2-positive biliary tract cancer (286 estimated participants)","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["herizon-btc-302","zanidatamab","her2"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2028-12-31","precision":"day","title":"Alliance A021806 primary completion: perioperative versus adjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX for resectable pancreatic cancer (358 participants, actual; active, not r...","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["folfirinox","neoadjuvant-adjuvant","idea-pdac-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-for-all-resectable-disease"]}]},{"id":"2029","kind":"year","name":"2029 in oncology","aka":["2029"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2029: 10 entries, 10 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"10 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2029: 10 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 9 to the day and 1 to the month. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2028","2030"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2029,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2029-01-02","precision":"day","title":"ARTEMIDE-Biliary01 primary completion: adjuvant rilvegostomig plus chemotherapy after resection of biliary tract cancer (760 participants)","note":"Watch item on the Gallbladder cancer roadmap: from a chance finding at gallstone surgery to a disease with its own trials.","from":"gallbladder-cancer-roadmap","refs":["nct06109779","rilvegostomig"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-01-31","precision":"day","title":"Vanguard study primary completion: the NCI's randomised feasibility trial of multi-cancer detection tests in 24,000 people","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["vanguard-study","nci"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-03","precision":"month","title":"RASolute 309 primary completion: zoldonrasib plus daraxonrasib versus gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, first line KRAS G12D metastatic disease (400 estimated par...","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["nct07805954","zoldonrasib","daraxonrasib","g12d-plus-pan-ras"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-03-10","precision":"day","title":"CIRCULATE-US (NRG-GI008) primary completion: adjuvant chemotherapy directed by residual disease on circulating tumour DNA (1,912 estimated participants; recruit...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["mrd-testing","signatera","ctdna","idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-03-10","precision":"day","title":"CIRCULATE-US primary completion: ctDNA-guided escalation and de-escalation of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["circulate-us","signatera"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-03-19","precision":"day","title":"Perioperative dostarlimab in untreated T4N0 or stage III mismatch repair-deficient resectable colon cancer, primary completion (892 estimated participants; phas...","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["dostarlimab","niche-2","msi-high-colorectal","organ-preservation"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-05-10","precision":"day","title":"RASolute 304 primary completion: adjuvant daraxonrasib in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (500 estimated participants; recruiting)","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["nct07252232","daraxonrasib","prodige-24"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-05-28","precision":"day","title":"OlympiA study completion on the registry (adjuvant olaparib; primary completion 27 March 2020, actual; six-year update published 2026)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["olympia","olaparib","paper-olympia-6-year-update-ann-oncol-2026"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-07-31","precision":"day","title":"TRACC primary completion: 1,000 people with early colorectal cancer followed by ctDNA","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["tracc"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2029-09-30","precision":"day","title":"WISDOM (Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of Risk): primary completion","note":"Estimated primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"wisdom-trial","refs":[]}]},{"id":"2030","kind":"year","name":"2030 in oncology","aka":["2030"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2030: 2 entries, 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2030: 2 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 2 to the day. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2029","2031"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2030,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2030-06-25","precision":"day","title":"A Study of Intismeran Autogene (V940) Plus Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Versus Placebo Plus Pembrolizumab in Participants With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (: primary...","note":"Estimated primary completion date on ClinicalTrials.gov.","from":"nct06077760","refs":[]},{"group":"expected","date":"2030-12-31","precision":"day","title":"PRECEDE (Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection Consortium) primary completion: 20,000 estimated high-risk participants under surveillance (recruiting)","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["precede","pancreatic-surveillance","idea-pdac-surveillance-for-every-germline-carrier"]}]},{"id":"2031","kind":"year","name":"2031 in oncology","aka":["2031"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2031: 2 entries, 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2031: 2 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day and 1 to the month. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2030","2032"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2031,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2031-01","precision":"month","title":"NHS-Galleri: primary-endpoint paper (stage III/IV incidence) not yet on Europe PMC; registry study completion, with cancer-specific mortality follow-up, listed...","note":"Watch item on the ctDNA tests roadmap: from a curiosity in plasma to blood tests that decide treatment.","from":"ctdna-tests","refs":["nhs-galleri","galleri","stage-shift"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2031-01-01","precision":"day","title":"IMCODE003 primary completion: adjuvant autogene cevumeran plus atezolizumab and modified FOLFIRINOX versus modified FOLFIRINOX alone after resection (260 estima...","note":"Watch item on the Pancreatic cancer roadmap: from Whipple's operation to gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy, PARP inhibition, KRAS inhibition, vaccines and the surveill...","from":"pancreatic-roadmap","refs":["nct05968326","autogene-cevumeran","neoantigen-mrna-vaccine","paper-sethna-rna-neoantigen-vaccine-long-lived-t-cells-nature-2025"]}]},{"id":"2032","kind":"year","name":"2032 in oncology","aka":["2032"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2032: 5 entries, 3 landmarks and 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"5 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2032: 3 landmarks and 2 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 1 to the day, 1 to the month and 3 to the year only. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2031","2033"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2032,"events":[{"group":"history","date":"2032","precision":"year","title":"The ctDNA strategy trials complete","note":"Colorectal cancer. CIRCULATE-US (NRG-GI008, 1,912 estimated participants) has a primary completion date of 10 March 2029 and the French CIRCULATE (1,980 estimated) of March 2032; N...","from":"colorectal","refs":["idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii","nordicc","mrd-testing"]},{"group":"history","date":"2032","precision":"year","title":"The perioperative and first-line trials complete","note":"Lung cancer (all types). ADRIATIC's study completion is listed for 23 October 2026, IMpower010 for 31 August 2027, FLAURA2 for 30 September 2027, LAURA for 29 October 2027, MARIPOS...","from":"lung-cancer","refs":["lung-cancer-evidence-roadmap","alina","crown","mariposa"]},{"group":"history","date":"2032","precision":"year","title":"The platform and registry trials are due to complete","note":"Prostate cancer. ProBio's study completion is listed for December 2026, PSMAddition for 11 February 2027, CAPItello-281 for 31 March 2027, TALAPRO-3 for 28 August 2027, PROTEUS for...","from":"prostate","refs":["prostate-roadmap","psmaddition","capitello-281","nct04821622"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2032-03","precision":"month","title":"CIRCULATE (PRODIGE 70) primary completion: circulating tumour DNA-based adjuvant decision in stage II colon cancer (1,980 estimated participants; recruiting)","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["mrd-testing","ctdna","unicancer","idea-crc-ctdna-de-escalation-beyond-stage-ii"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2032-03-01","precision":"day","title":"NICHE platform primary completion: neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibition and novel combinations in early-stage colon cancer (353 estimated participants; recruiting)","note":"Watch item on the Colorectal cancer roadmap: from the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the first screening trials to total mesorectal excision, oxaliplatin, RAS testing, immunotherap...","from":"colorectal-roadmap","refs":["niche-2","nivolumab","ipilimumab","nki"]}]},{"id":"2033","kind":"year","name":"2033 in oncology","aka":["2033"],"tldr":"Everything OnCo dates to 2033: 2 entries, 2 expected dates. Each line links to the record it was read from, so the year is a view of the corpus rather than a second copy of it.","summary":"2 dated entries in OnCo fall in 2033: 2 expected dates.\n\nOf those, 2 to the day. Most of the corpus dates a fact to the year, because that is what the source it was read from gives; regulatory events and the readout calendar are the parts that carry a full date.\n\nEverything on this page is generated from the other records. It holds no fact of its own, and it changes when they do.","asOf":"2026-09-25","links":[],"tags":[],"related":["2032"],"cancers":[],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":["Generated from every dated field in the corpus, not written by hand. The groups and the fields behind them are listed in src/lib/year-groups.ts; the reader is src/lib/years.ts."],"year":2033,"events":[{"group":"expected","date":"2033-03-31","precision":"day","title":"SCARLET (S2212) primary completion: shorter anthracycline-free chemo-immunotherapy vs the KEYNOTE-522 regimen (2,400 estimated participants)","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["scarlet-s2212","keynote-522","anthracycline","de-escalation"]},{"group":"expected","date":"2033-05-31","precision":"day","title":"OptimICE-pCR primary completion: adjuvant pembrolizumab vs observation after pathological complete response to chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab (1,295 estimated...","note":"Watch item on the Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease proble...","from":"tnbc-roadmap","refs":["optimice-pcr","pembrolizumab","pcr","de-escalation"]}]}]