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trial","route":"/key-papers/paper-study-0201-blood-2006/","year":2006,"journal":"Blood","paperType":"rct","tldr":"The primary report of Study 0201: adding histamine dihydrochloride to low-dose interleukin-2 after consolidation improved leukaemia-free survival in acute myeloid leukaemia, with 40 percent against 26 percent leukaemia-free at three years in first remission.","via":[{"id":"histamine-dihydrochloride","kind":"drug","name":"Histamine dihydrochloride","route":"/drugs/histamine-dihydrochloride/"}]}],"eras":[{"roadmap":{"id":"immunotherapy-roadmap","kind":"roadmap","name":"Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunity","route":"/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/"},"era":"1891-2010","title":"Prehistory","status":"historic","step":1,"route":"/roadmaps/immunotherapy-roadmap/#story-step-0","refs":[{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered 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Interferon is the one treatment that shrinks the clone, and the first JAK2 V617F-selective inhibitors have entered trials; combining the two could aim at molecular remission, the way imatinib did for CML.","via":[{"id":"ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","kind":"drug","name":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b","route":"/drugs/ropeginterferon-alfa-2b/"}]},{"id":"idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12","kind":"idea","name":"Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-oncolytic-regulated-il12/","maturity":"early-clinical","tldr":"Interleukin-12 is an immune-stimulating cytokine that caused severe toxicity when injected into the bloodstream in the 1990s and was abandoned. An oncolytic herpes or adenovirus carrying the interleukin-12 gene under a drug-inducible promoter makes it only inside the tumour, keeping exposure local; trials include recurrent glioblastoma.","via":[{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered cytokines","route":"/technologies/cytokine-therapy/"}]},{"id":"idea-bio2-engineered-bacteria-payloads","kind":"idea","name":"Engineered bacteria that live in tumours and manufacture drugs there","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-engineered-bacteria-payloads/","maturity":"preclinical-evidence","tldr":"Some harmless bacteria naturally grow in the low-oxygen core of tumours. Engineering them to produce immune-activating drugs turns them into tiny factories inside the tumour.","via":[{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered cytokines","route":"/technologies/cytokine-therapy/"}]},{"id":"idea-bio2-tertiary-lymphoid-induction","kind":"idea","name":"Grow immune command posts inside tumours","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-tertiary-lymphoid-induction/","maturity":"preclinical-evidence","tldr":"Tumours that contain small immune structures resembling lymph nodes respond far better to immunotherapy. Inducing those structures on purpose could make cold tumours responsive.","via":[{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered cytokines","route":"/technologies/cytokine-therapy/"}]},{"id":"idea-bio2-inhaled-lung-niche-immunotherapy","kind":"idea","name":"Inhaled immune therapy to make the lung hostile to arriving tumour cells","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-inhaled-lung-niche-immunotherapy/","maturity":"preclinical-evidence","tldr":"Breathing in an immune-activating drug could turn the lungs into bad soil for cancer seeds, at doses far too low to cause body-wide side-effects.","via":[{"id":"cytokine-therapy","kind":"technology","name":"Cytokines & engineered cytokines","route":"/technologies/cytokine-therapy/"}]},{"id":"idea-bio2-nk-cells-for-mrd","kind":"idea","name":"Off-the-shelf natural killer cells to sweep up residual disease","route":"/ideas/idea-bio2-nk-cells-for-mrd/","maturity":"preclinical-evidence","tldr":"Donor immune cells that need no matching could be given as short courses to clear the few cancer cells left after surgery, when the target is smallest.","via":[{"id":"nogapendekin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept","route":"/drugs/nogapendekin-alfa/"}]}],"manufacturing":{"sites":[{"id":"abzena-sanford","name":"Abzena Sanford","operator":"Abzena","operatorRoute":"/companies/abzena/","ownership":"cdmo","city":"Sanford, North Carolina","country":"US","capabilities":["adc-conjugation","antibody-drug-substance"],"capabilityLabels":["ADC conjugation","Antibody drug substance"],"drugs":[],"source":{"label":"Abzena","url":"https://www.abzena.com/"}},{"id":"bms-devens","name":"Bristol Myers Squibb Devens","operator":"Bristol Myers Squibb","operatorRoute":"/companies/bms/","ownership":"in-house","city":"Devens, Massachusetts","country":"US","capabilities":["cell-therapy","antibody-drug-substance"],"capabilityLabels":["Cell therapy","Antibody drug 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substance"],"drugs":[],"source":{"label":"Samsung Biologics","url":"https://samsungbiologics.com/"}},{"id":"wuxi-xdc-wuxi","name":"WuXi XDC Wuxi","operator":"WuXi XDC","operatorRoute":"/companies/wuxi-xdc/","ownership":"cdmo","city":"Wuxi","country":"CN","capabilities":["adc-conjugation","payload-linker","antibody-drug-substance","fill-finish"],"capabilityLabels":["ADC conjugation","Payload and linker chemistry","Antibody drug substance","Fill and finish"],"drugs":[],"source":{"label":"WuXi XDC","url":"https://www.wuxixdc.com/"}}],"capabilities":["Antibody drug substance"],"chain":{"id":"biologics","name":"Biologics: antibodies and biosimilars","summary":"CHO cell culture, Protein A purification, single-use plants and fill-finish, and the biosimilar copies that cut prices.","route":"/manufacturing/#chain-biologics","technologies":[{"id":"monoclonal-antibody-manufacturing","kind":"technology","name":"Antibody manufacturing (CHO 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Bioepis","route":"/companies/samsung-bioepis/"},{"id":"biocon","kind":"company","name":"Biocon","route":"/companies/biocon/"},{"id":"amgen","kind":"company","name":"Amgen","route":"/companies/amgen/"}],"products":[{"id":"pembrolizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Pembrolizumab","route":"/drugs/pembrolizumab/"},{"id":"nivolumab","kind":"drug","name":"Nivolumab","route":"/drugs/nivolumab/"},{"id":"trastuzumab","kind":"drug","name":"Trastuzumab","route":"/drugs/trastuzumab/"},{"id":"rituximab","kind":"drug","name":"Rituximab","route":"/drugs/rituximab/"},{"id":"bevacizumab","kind":"drug","name":"Bevacizumab","route":"/drugs/bevacizumab/"},{"id":"filgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Filgrastim (G-CSF)","route":"/drugs/filgrastim/"},{"id":"pegfilgrastim","kind":"drug","name":"Pegfilgrastim","route":"/drugs/pegfilgrastim/"}]},"technologies":[]},"drugs":[{"id":"bempegaldesleukin","kind":"drug","name":"Bempegaldesleukin","route":"/drugs/bempegaldesleukin/"},{"id":"daromun","kind":"drug","name":"Daromun","route":"/drugs/daromun/"},{"id":"elritercept","kind":"drug","name":"Elritercept","route":"/drugs/elritercept/"},{"id":"histamine-dihydrochloride","kind":"drug","name":"Histamine dihydrochloride","route":"/drugs/histamine-dihydrochloride/"},{"id":"interferon-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Interferon alfa-2a/2b","route":"/drugs/interferon-alfa/"},{"id":"jk08","kind":"drug","name":"JK08","route":"/drugs/jk08/"},{"id":"mifamurtide","kind":"drug","name":"Mifamurtide","route":"/drugs/mifamurtide/"},{"id":"nogapendekin-alfa","kind":"drug","name":"Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept","route":"/drugs/nogapendekin-alfa/"},{"id":"oprelvekin","kind":"drug","name":"Oprelvekin","route":"/drugs/oprelvekin/"},{"id":"peginterferon-alfa-2b","kind":"drug","name":"Peginterferon alfa-2b","route":"/drugs/peginterferon-alfa-2b/"},{"id":"ropeginterferon-alfa-2b","kind":"drug","name":"Ropeginterferon alfa-2b","route":"/drugs/ropeginterferon-alfa-2b/"},{"id":"tagraxofusp","kind":"drug","name":"Tagraxofusp","route":"/drugs/tagraxofusp/"},{"id":"tasonermin","kind":"drug","name":"Tasonermin","route":"/drugs/tasonermin/"}],"note":"Every section is read from existing corpus records and names them (from, via, exemplars, refs); a section with nothing behind it is empty. Medicines of a format are the open drug engine's (/pipeline/engine/); technologies are listed in src/lib/modular-formats.ts. CC BY-NC 4.0, attribute Data from OnCo (onco.cc). Not medical advice."}