Loading
10 slides generated from the cancer page, with a quiz from the open benchmark and speaker notes that cite the sources. Arrow keys move between slides; Print gives one slide per page.
When hormone-positive breast cancer grows through a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a blood test picks the next drug. Tumours with an acquired ESR1 mutation respond to the oral degraders elacestrant, camizestrant and imlunestrant; tumours with PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN changes to capivasertib, inavolisib or alpelisib; and once endocrine options run out, antibody-drug conjugates come before chemotherapy.
Resistance to first-line endocrine therapy with a CDK4/6 inhibitor follows a few well-mapped routes. Aromatase inhibitors select for mutations in the ligand-binding domain of ESR1 (Y537S, D538G and others) that make the oestrogen receptor active without oestrogen; these are rare in untreated tumours, appear in a third or more of patients at progression and are best detected in circulating tumour DNA. PIK3CA mutations are present from the outset in about 40 percent, and AKT1 mutations and PTEN loss in a further tenth; loss of RB1, cyclin E amplification and FGFR alterations drive CDK4/6 resistance itself. Guidelines now ask for an ESR1 test on plasma at each progression and a PIK3CA, AKT1 and PTEN test on tissue or plasma before the second line.
For ESR1-mutant disease the oral degraders replaced fulvestrant. EMERALD randomised 478 patients to elacestrant or standard endocrine therapy and halved the risk of progression in the ESR1-mutant group (hazard ratio 0.55), giving the first oral SERD approval in January 2023. SERENA-6 changed the timing: 315 patients on an aromatase inhibitor and CDK4/6 inhibitor whose plasma showed a new ESR1 mutation before any scan showed growth were switched to camizestrant while continuing the CDK4/6 inhibitor, and progression-free survival rose from 9.2 to 16.0 months (hazard ratio 0.44). EMBER-3 (874 patients) showed imlunestrant beat standard endocrine therapy in ESR1-mutant disease (hazard ratio 0.62) and that imlunestrant with abemaciclib beat imlunestrant alone whatever the ESR1 status (hazard ratio 0.57); postMONARCH showed a modest gain from continuing CDK4/6 inhibition with abemaciclib and fulvestrant after progression (6.0 against 5.3 months); the PROTAC degrader vepdegestrant followed in 2026, and giredestrant with everolimus improved progression-free survival in evERA.
| Setting | Approach | Guideline |
|---|---|---|
| ESR1-mutant disease after a CDK4/6 inhibitor | Elacestrant (EMERALD), imlunestrant (EMBER-3) or vepdegestrant; where available, a switch to camizestrant at the moment ESR1 appears in plasma while continuing the CDK4/6 inhibitor (SERENA-6). | not mapped |
| PIK3CA, AKT1 or PTEN alteration | Capivasertib with fulvestrant (CAPItello-291); alpelisib with fulvestrant for PIK3CA (SOLAR-1); inavolisib with palbociclib and fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutant disease relapsing during or soon after adjuvant endocrine therapy (INAVO120). | not mapped |
| No targetable alteration | Fulvestrant with abemaciclib (postMONARCH), everolimus with exemestane, or another endocrine agent; giredestrant with everolimus is emerging (evERA). | not mapped |
| Endocrine-refractory, HER2-low or ultralow | Trastuzumab deruxtecan before chemotherapy (DESTINY-Breast06), then sacituzumab govitecan (TROPiCS-02) or datopotamab deruxtecan (TROPION-Breast01) after chemotherapy. | not mapped |
| Germline BRCA carriers | Olaparib (OlympiAD) or talazoparib (EMBRACA) in place of chemotherapy. | not mapped |