Choose a cancer type (or all), switch between products, technologies, targets, trials, pairings, ideas, companies, and institutions, then sort and filter. Every row links to its page. The rank is a disclosed documentation-and-evidence score, not a measure of clinical benefit.
| # | Why it ranks | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abemaciclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Abemaciclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor approved after surgery for high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2021 | 20 |
| 2 | Abiraterone acetate Small-molecule CYP17A1 inhibitor · Abiraterone is a pill that shuts down testosterone production everywhere, including inside the tumour. Discovered at the Institute of Cancer Research, now generic and used from the first metastatic diagnosis. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2018 | 20 |
| 3 | Acalabrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Acalabrutinib is a cleaner BTK blocker with fewer heart and bleeding problems than ibrutinib. In February 2026 it became half of the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 30 | 2026 | 20 |
| 4 | Adagrasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Adagrasib was the second KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a long half-life and brain penetration, and is approved in lung and colorectal cancer. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 21 | 2024 | 20 |
| 5 | Amivantamab Bispecific antibody (EGFR×MET) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2024 | 20 |
| 6 | Atezolizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker used in lung, liver, and bladder cancer. In 2026 it became the first drug approved based on a blood test showing leftover cancer after bladder surgery. | Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 67 | 2026 | 20 |
| 7 | Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR-T (CD19) · A CD19 CAR-T that cures about 40% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma who had failed everything, and beat transplant in second line. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 30 | 2022 | 20 |
| 8 | Azacitidine Small-molecule hypomethylating agent (cytotoxic) · A gentle chemotherapy that switches silenced genes back on. With venetoclax it became the standard for older people with AML who cannot take intensive treatment. | Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 32 | 2020 | 20 |
| 9 | Belzutifan Small-molecule HIF-2α inhibitor · Belzutifan is the first HIF-2α inhibitor, born from Nobel-winning biology, and is now approved after kidney cancer surgery with pembrolizumab. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 26 | 2026 | 20 |
| 10 | Bevacizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · The first drug to starve tumours of blood vessels. Approved in 2004 for bowel cancer, it remains a standard partner for chemotherapy in many cancers and is the add-on that makes late-line pills work better. | Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 50 | 2023 | 20 |
| 11 | Blinatumomab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD19×CD3) · Blinatumomab was the first T-cell engager (2014), and is now given to children and adults with leukaemia even when in remission, because it improves survival. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 43 | 2024 | 20 |
| 12 | Brentuximab vedotin ADC · The ADC that made the modern field credible (2011), for Hodgkin lymphoma and CD30+ lymphomas. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 41 | 2018 | 20 |
| 13 | Cabozantinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (MET, VEGFR2, AXL, RET) · A pill that blocks both blood-vessel growth and the MET escape pathway, used in kidney, liver, thyroid and, since 2025, neuroendocrine cancers. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 42 | 2025 | 20 |
| 14 | Camizestrant Oral SERD · Camizestrant is an oral oestrogen-receptor degrader approved in September 2026 for a new kind of decision: switching treatment when a blood test shows resistance developing, before the cancer visibly grows. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 22 | 2026 | 20 |
| 15 | Camrelizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · One of China's most widely used PD-1 blockers, approved there for oesophageal, liver, lung, and other cancers; not approved in the US. | Under review🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 20 | 2019 | 20 |
| 16 | Capivasertib Small-molecule AKT inhibitor · Capivasertib (Truqap) is the first AKT inhibitor, for breast cancer with PI3K-pathway mutations and, since 2026, for prostate cancer with PTEN loss. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 24 | 2026 | 20 |
| 17 | CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) Cytotoxic regimen · CAPOX combines oral capecitabine with oxaliplatin as a pill-based alternative to FOLFOX. Three months of it after surgery is enough for many stage III colon cancers. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 21 | — | 20 |
| 18 | Carboplatin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Carboplatin is a platinum chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA; it is part of the standard pre-surgery regimen for triple-negative breast cancer. | Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 79 | 1989 | 20 |
| 19 | Cemiplimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A PD-1 blocker that is the standard for advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma, and in 2025 became the first adjuvant immunotherapy for it. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2025 | 20 |
| 20 | Cetuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · An antibody that blocks the EGFR growth receptor. It works in bowel cancers with a normal RAS gene, especially left-sided ones, and is a key partner in the BRAF combination. | Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 25 | 2024 | 20 |
| 21 | Ciltacabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (BCMA) · Ciltacabtagene autoleucel is a one-time BCMA CAR-T for myeloma that, in CARTITUDE-4, cut the risk of death by about 45% compared with standard regimens. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2024 | 20 |
| 22 | Cisplatin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer. | Approved1978🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 57 | 1978 | 20 |
| 23 | Cyclophosphamide Alkylating agent (oxazaphosphorine prodrug) · One of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs: part of CHOP for lymphoma, AC for breast cancer, VAC for childhood sarcomas, and used to prepare patients for CAR-T and transplant. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 40 | 1959 | 20 |
| 24 | Dabrafenib + trametinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (BRAF + MEK) · Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the BRAF-plus-MEK pill combination, approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer and, since 2022, for any solid tumour with that mutation. | Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2022 | 20 |
| 25 | Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) Actinomycin antibiotic (transcription inhibitor) · The first antibiotic used as an anticancer drug (1954) and still the core of chemotherapy for Wilms tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma and gestational trophoblastic disease. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 22 | 1964 | 20 |
| 26 | Daratumumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · The CD38 antibody that turned triplets into quadruplets: adding it to standard induction roughly halves the risk of myeloma progressing. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2026 | 20 |
| 27 | Daraxonrasib Small-molecule pan-RAS(ON) inhibitor · The first drug that blocks all active RAS variants, approved by the FDA in August 2026 for metastatic pancreatic cancer, where KRAS drives 90% of tumours. | Under review | evidence + links | 29 | 2026 | 20 |
| 28 | Datopotamab deruxtecan ADC · Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy. | Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 55 | 2026 | 20 |
| 29 | Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, chimeric) · The antibody that raised cure rates in high-risk childhood neuroblastoma by about 20 points when given after transplant with immune boosters and retinoid. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 23 | 2017 | 20 |
| 30 | Disitamab vedotin ADC · Disitamab vedotin is a Chinese HER2 ADC approved for gastric and bladder cancer, now in global trials with Pfizer. | Not filed🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 21 | 2021 | 20 |
| 31 | Docetaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · The first chemotherapy to extend life in prostate cancer (2004), now part of triplet therapy at first metastatic diagnosis. | Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 28 | 2004 | 20 |
| 32 | Dostarlimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Dostarlimab is a PD-1 blocker famous for making rectal cancer disappear without surgery in every patient with a mismatch-repair-deficient tumour. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 33 | 2024 | 20 |
| 33 | Doxorubicin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (anthracycline) · The red chemotherapy drug from a soil bacterium that is still the backbone of treatment for sarcoma, lymphoma and breast cancer, limited by cumulative heart damage. | Approved1974🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 61 | 1974 | 20 |
| 34 | Durvalumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 73 | 2026 | 20 |
| 35 | Encorafenib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF) · Encorafenib is a BRAF inhibitor that, with cetuximab and chemotherapy, became first-line standard for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in 2026. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2026 | 20 |
| 36 | Enfortumab vedotin ADC · Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 31 | 2023 | 20 |
| 37 | Enzalutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · The most widely used androgen-receptor blocker, approved across every stage of advanced prostate cancer, including rising PSA after surgery. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 25 | 2023 | 20 |
| 38 | Epcoritamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Epcoritamab is an under-the-skin injection that pulls T cells onto lymphoma cells; it is approved for relapsed large B-cell and follicular lymphoma, and moving toward first line. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 26 | 2024 | 20 |
| 39 | Etoposide Topoisomerase II inhibitor (podophyllotoxin derivative) · Etoposide is a chemotherapy from the mayapple plant, essential to curing testicular cancer (BEP), treating small-cell lung cancer, lymphomas, childhood sarcomas and leukaemias, and used in transplant conditioning. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 43 | 1983 | 20 |
| 40 | Everolimus Small-molecule mTOR inhibitor · An mTOR-blocking pill that doubled progression-free time with exemestane in 2012 and is now paired with the oral SERD giredestrant. | Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 30 | 2016 | 20 |
| 41 | FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFOX is the workhorse chemotherapy combination for bowel cancer, used after surgery to cure and in advanced disease as the backbone that targeted drugs are added to. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 44 | 2004 | 20 |
| 42 | Gemcitabine + cisplatin Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus cisplatin has been the chemotherapy backbone for bile duct cancer since 2010 and is now given with immunotherapy. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 20 | — | 20 |
| 43 | Glofitamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3, 2:1) · Glofitamab is a fixed-duration bispecific for large B-cell lymphoma, with OS benefit when combined with chemotherapy. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 22 | 2023 | 20 |
| 44 | Ibrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (first generation) · The pill that ended chemotherapy for most CLL. It blocks the survival signal B cells depend on, and it was the first drug to beat chemoimmunotherapy in nearly every CLL setting. | Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 46 | 2022 | 20 |
| 45 | Ifosfamide Cytotoxic chemotherapy (alkylating agent) · Ifosfamide is an alkylating chemotherapy partnered with doxorubicin in sarcoma and with etoposide in Ewing sarcoma, given with a bladder-protecting drug. | Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 1988 | 20 |
| 46 | Imatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR-ABL, KIT, PDGFRA) · The drug that started the targeted therapy era in 2001, turning chronic myeloid leukaemia into a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy. | Approved2001🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 61 | 2002 | 20 |
| 47 | Ipilimumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor (2011), and proved the immune system could be unleashed against cancer. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 78 | 2011 | 20 |
| 48 | Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) Topoisomerase I inhibitor (camptothecin prodrug) · Irinotecan is a topoisomerase-blocking chemotherapy central to bowel and pancreatic cancer regimens (FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, NALIRIFOX) and to salvage therapy in childhood sarcomas; it carries the same warhead as the deruxtecan ADC payloads. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 25 | 2024 | 20 |
| 49 | Lenalidomide Immunomodulatory drug (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · A thalidomide descendant that switches on the cell's protein-disposal system against two myeloma survival factors, and is the backbone of myeloma maintenance and many lymphoma regimens. | Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 37 | 2017 | 20 |
| 50 | Lenvatinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, RET, KIT) · An oral anti-angiogenic pill that matched sorafenib in liver cancer with higher response rates, and partners with pembrolizumab in kidney and endometrial cancer. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 45 | 2021 | 20 |
| 51 | Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors) Small-molecule aromatase inhibitor · Daily pills that stop the body making oestrogen after menopause, the backbone of hormone therapy for most breast cancers. | Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2005 | 20 |
| 52 | Lifileucel TIL cell therapy · Lifileucel was the first approved TIL therapy: the patient's own tumour-fighting immune cells are expanded to billions and given back. | Approved2024 | evidence + links | 28 | 2024 | 20 |
| 53 | Lisocabtagene maraleucel CAR-T (CD19, defined CD4:CD8) · Lisocabtagene maraleucel is the only CAR-T approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, for patients whose disease has outrun both BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2024 | 20 |
| 54 | Lorlatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK/ROS1) · An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 30 | 2021 | 20 |
| 55 | Lurbinectedin Cytotoxic (transcription inhibitor) · A marine-derived chemotherapy that jams cancer's gene-reading machinery, approved for relapsed small-cell lung cancer and, since 2025, as first-line maintenance with atezolizumab. | Approved2020🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 21 | 2025 | 20 |
| 56 | Lutetium-177 dotatate Radioligand therapy (beta) · Lutetium-177 dotatate was the first modern radioligand therapy (2018), for neuroendocrine tumours, and is now used in first line. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 36 | 2024 | 20 |
| 57 | Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan Radioligand therapy (beta) · A radioactive drug that seeks out PSMA on prostate cancer cells; the best-selling radiopharmaceutical ever. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 48 | 2026 | 20 |
| 58 | Methotrexate Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · The 1948 antifolate that produced the first chemotherapy remissions in childhood leukaemia and the first cure of a solid tumour; still essential in ALL, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and CNS lymphoma. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 32 | 1953 | 20 |
| 59 | Niraparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Niraparib is a PARP inhibitor approved as maintenance for ovarian cancer regardless of BRCA status, and in prostate cancer with abiraterone. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 25 | 2020 | 20 |
| 60 | Nivolumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 182 | 2026 | 20 |
| 61 | Nonavalent HPV vaccine Prophylactic vaccine (virus-like particles) · A vaccine against nine HPV types that prevents about 90% of cervical cancers, and now works with a single dose. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2022 | 20 |
| 62 | Obinutuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, glycoengineered type II) · Obinutuzumab is a supercharged CD20 antibody that, paired with venetoclax for one year, gives many CLL patients years off all treatment. | Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 26 | 2019 | 20 |
| 63 | Olaparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Olaparib was the first PARP inhibitor, and turned an inherited BRCA mutation from a risk factor into a drug target, including after surgery in breast cancer. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 75 | 2022 | 20 |
| 64 | Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) Device (tumour treating fields) · Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 27 | 2026 | 20 |
| 65 | Osimertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 62 | 2020 | 20 |
| 66 | Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A microtubule poison discovered in the Pacific yew tree, among the most used chemotherapies in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer. | Approved1992🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 71 | 1992 | 20 |
| 67 | Palbociclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Palbociclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor (2015), and in 2026 became the first approved as maintenance in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 39 | 2026 | 20 |
| 68 | Pembrolizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · The most widely used cancer immunotherapy, approved in more than 40 settings, including before and after surgery for triple-negative breast cancer. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 282 | 2026 | 20 |
| 69 | Pertuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2, dimerisation domain) · A second HER2 antibody that binds a different spot from trastuzumab, blocking HER2 from pairing with HER3; together they extended survival by 16 months in CLEOPATRA. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2020 | 20 |
| 70 | Pirtobrutinib Small-molecule non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor · A BTK blocker that works after the older ones stop, because it grips a different part of the enzyme. Fully approved for CLL in December 2025. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 27 | 2025 | 20 |
| 71 | Ramucirumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGFR2) · An antibody that blocks the VEGF receptor, approved in liver cancer only for patients with a high AFP blood level, the first biomarker-selected HCC drug. | Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2019 | 20 |
| 72 | Regorafenib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor · A sorafenib successor that became the first second-line drug proven to prolong life in liver cancer (2017). | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2017 | 20 |
| 73 | Relatlimab + nivolumab Fixed-dose bispecific combination (anti-LAG-3 + anti-PD-1) · Opdualag combines relatlimab, the first drug targeting the LAG-3 immune brake, with nivolumab for melanoma. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2022 | 20 |
| 74 | Revumenib Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Revumenib (Revuforj) is the first menin inhibitor (2024), for acute leukaemias with KMT2A rearrangements or NPM1 mutations. | Approved2024 | evidence + links | 28 | 2025 | 20 |
| 75 | Ribociclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Ribociclib is the CDK4/6 inhibitor with the most consistent survival benefit, approved for a broad population of early breast cancer patients since 2024. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 24 | 2024 | 20 |
| 76 | Rituximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, chimeric) · Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere. | Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 35 | 2010 | 20 |
| 77 | Sacituzumab govitecan ADC · The first TROP2-targeted ADC. It delivers a strong chemotherapy directly to breast and bladder cancer cells and is now a first-line option in triple-negative breast cancer. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 45 | 2026 | 20 |
| 78 | Satricabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (Claudin 18.2) · Satricabtagene autoleucel (satri-cel) is the first CAR-T therapy approved for a solid tumour (gastric cancer), in China. | Under review🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 20 | 2025 | 20 |
| 79 | Selpercatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 25 | 2026 | 20 |
| 80 | Sonrotoclax Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor (second generation) · Sonrotoclax is a more potent, shorter-acting successor to venetoclax. It was approved for mantle cell lymphoma in May 2026 and is in late-stage trials with zanubrutinib for CLL. | Approved2026🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 23 | 2026 | 20 |
| 81 | Sotorasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 36 | 2025 | 20 |
| 82 | Sunitinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT) · Sunitinib is an anti-angiogenic pill approved for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, kidney cancer and GIST. | Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2017 | 20 |
| 83 | Talazoparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Talazoparib is the most potent PARP trapper, approved in BRCA breast cancer and with enzalutamide in prostate cancer. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 22 | 2023 | 20 |
| 84 | Tarlatamab Bispecific T-cell engager (DLL3×CD3) · The first T-cell engager to improve survival in a common solid tumour, small-cell lung cancer. | Approved2024🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 34 | 2024 | 20 |
| 85 | Tebentafusp ImmTAC (TCR×CD3 bispecific) · The first drug to improve survival in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first TCR-based bispecific. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 24 | 2022 | 20 |
| 86 | Teclistamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Teclistamab was the first off-the-shelf bispecific for multiple myeloma, and is now approved after just one prior line of therapy. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2026 | 20 |
| 87 | Temozolomide Oral alkylating chemotherapy · The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 31 | 2005 | 20 |
| 88 | Tisagenlecleucel CAR-T (CD19) · Tisagenlecleucel was the first CAR-T therapy ever approved (2017), for children and young adults whose leukaemia had come back after everything else. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 26 | 2022 | 20 |
| 89 | Tislelizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker, engineered to avoid a side-channel that may blunt other PD-1 drugs, now approved in the US and EU for oesophageal and stomach cancer. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2025 | 20 |
| 90 | Toripalimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker that became the first immunotherapy approved in the US for nasopharyngeal cancer. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 20 | 2023 | 20 |
| 91 | Trastuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · The first targeted antibody for a solid tumour (1998), which turned HER2-positive breast cancer from the worst subtype into one of the most treatable. | Approved1998🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 81 | 2010 | 20 |
| 92 | Trastuzumab deruxtecan ADC · Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is the most successful ADC ever. It redefined HER2 by working in tumours with only tiny amounts of the protein, and in 2026 moved into early-stage breast cancer. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 120 | 2026 | 20 |
| 93 | Trastuzumab emtansine ADC · Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, T-DM1) was the first ADC for a solid tumour (2013). It is still standard after surgery for HER2+ breast cancer patients whose tumour did not fully respond to pre-surgery treatment. | Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 29 | 2019 | 20 |
| 94 | Tucatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · A HER2-selective pill that works in the brain, for HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 27 | 2023 | 20 |
| 95 | Venetoclax Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor · A pill that removes the survival shield from leukaemia cells, enabling chemotherapy-free, time-limited treatment for CLL. | Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 78 | 2018 | 20 |
| 96 | Vepdegestrant PROTAC oestrogen receptor degrader · Vepdegestrant is the first PROTAC ever approved (2026): a pill that tags the oestrogen receptor for destruction, for breast cancers with ESR1 mutations. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 21 | 2026 | 20 |
| 97 | Vincristine Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · A plant-derived chemotherapy from the Madagascar periwinkle that has been in almost every childhood leukaemia and lymphoma regimen since the 1960s. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 41 | 1963 | 20 |
| 98 | Vusolimogene oderparepvec Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Vusolimogene oderparepvec is an engineered herpes virus injected into melanoma tumours, approved in August 2026 with nivolumab after immunotherapy failure. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 21 | 2026 | 20 |
| 99 | Zanidatamab Biparatopic bispecific antibody (HER2) · Zanidatamab (Ziihera) is an antibody that grabs HER2 at two different spots, approved for HER2+ bile duct cancer. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 32 | 2024 | 20 |
| 100 | Zanubrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Zanubrutinib is the only BTK blocker to beat ibrutinib on both efficacy and safety in a head-to-head trial. It is now the most prescribed BTK inhibitor in CLL. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 34 | 2023 | 20 |
| 101 | Ziftomenib Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Ziftomenib is the second menin inhibitor for leukaemia, approved in November 2025 as a once-daily pill for relapsed NPM1-mutated AML. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 27 | 2025 | 20 |
| 102 | ArteraAI Prostate AI digital pathology prognostic/predictive test · The first AI tool cleared by the FDA to predict both prognosis and treatment benefit from a routine biopsy slide, in prostate cancer. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 19 | 2025 | 19.5 |
| 103 | Bortezomib Proteasome inhibitor · Bortezomib was the first proteasome inhibitor: it jams the cell's protein-recycling machine, which antibody-factory plasma cells cannot tolerate. | Approved2003🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 19 | 2008 | 19.5 |
| 104 | Dasatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR::ABL1, SRC) · Dasatinib is a second-generation BCR::ABL1 pill that, combined with the immunotherapy blinatumomab, can put Ph-positive ALL into deep remission with no chemotherapy at all. | Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 19 | 2018 | 19.5 |
| 105 | Ivosidenib Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Ivosidenib is a pill that blocks the mutant IDH1 enzyme, approved in bile duct cancer and in leukaemia. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 19 | 2023 | 19.5 |
| 106 | Mirvetuximab soravtansine ADC · Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere) is the first ADC for ovarian cancer, for tumours with high folate receptor alpha. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 19 | 2022 | 19.5 |
| 107 | Ripretinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (KIT/PDGFRA switch-control) · A fourth-line GIST drug that locks KIT in an off state regardless of which resistance mutation the tumour has acquired. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 19 | 2020 | 19.5 |
| 108 | Zolbetuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-Claudin 18.2) · Zolbetuximab is the first drug against Claudin 18.2, a protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Added to chemotherapy it extends survival by two to three months; nausea is the price. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 19 | 2024 | 19.5 |
| 109 | Afamitresgene autoleucel TCR-T (MAGE-A4) · Afamitresgene autoleucel was the first engineered T-cell receptor therapy approved for a solid tumour, synovial sarcoma. | Approved2024 | evidence + links | 18 | 2024 | 19 |
| 110 | Intravesical BCG Live bacterial immunotherapy (intravesical) · A weakened tuberculosis vaccine put directly into the bladder. Since 1976 it has been the most effective treatment for early bladder cancer, and it remains in chronic short supply. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 18 | 1990 | 19 |
| 111 | Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system) Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard) · The myeloma chemotherapy that is also the standard high-dose conditioning before autologous transplant, and, delivered directly into the liver's blood supply or the eye, treats uveal melanoma metastases and retinoblastoma. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 18 | 2023 | 19 |
| 112 | Pemetrexed Cytotoxic (antifolate) · Pemetrexed is the chemotherapy that, with a platinum drug, became the first approved treatment for mesothelioma in 2004, and is still the backbone today. | Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 18 | 2008 | 19 |
| 113 | Platinum + etoposide (EP / CE) Cytotoxic regimen · Platinum plus etoposide has been the chemotherapy backbone of small-cell lung cancer for over 40 years, and is now given with immunotherapy. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 18 | 1983 | 19 |
| 114 | Polatuzumab vedotin ADC · Polatuzumab vedotin is an ADC against CD79b that, swapped into the classic R-CHOP regimen, became the first improvement on frontline lymphoma therapy in twenty years. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 18 | 2023 | 19 |
| 115 | Ponatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-BCR::ABL1 incl. T315I) · Ponatinib is the only BCR::ABL1 inhibitor that covers the T315I resistance mutation. In 2024 it became the preferred pill for newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 18 | 2024 | 19 |
| 116 | Shield Blood-based colorectal cancer screening test · The first FDA-approved blood test for colorectal cancer screening (2024), now optionally reporting other cancers too. | Approved2024 | evidence + links | 18 | 2024 | 19 |
| 117 | Vemurafenib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF V600) · Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor (2011); it shrank melanomas in weeks and proved that a single mutation could be drugged in a solid tumour. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 18 | 2017 | 19 |
| 118 | Avelumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · Avelumab is a PD-L1 blocker given as maintenance after chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer, which lengthened survival by about seven months. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 17 | 2020 | 18.5 |
| 119 | Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3') Cytotoxic regimen · The intensive chemotherapy that has induced remission in fit AML patients since 1973: seven days of one drug, three of another. Still the backbone that targeted drugs are added to. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 17 | 1969 | 18.5 |
| 120 | Fluorouracil (5-FU) Fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite · The 1957 chemotherapy that remains the backbone of treatment for bowel, stomach, pancreatic, anal, head and neck and breast cancers, and as a cream for skin precancers. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 17 | 1970 | 18.5 |
| 121 | Inotuzumab ozogamicin ADC · Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody carrying a DNA-cutting toxin to CD22 on leukaemia cells. It gets far more relapsed ALL patients into remission than chemotherapy and bridges them to transplant. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 17 | 2024 | 18.5 |
| 122 | Topotecan Cytotoxic (topoisomerase-I inhibitor) · Topotecan is the long-standing second-line chemotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer, and now the comparator that new drugs must beat. | Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 17 | 2007 | 18.5 |
| 123 | Belantamab mafodotin ADC · A myeloma ADC that was withdrawn in 2022 then came back in 2025 after strong trials in earlier lines. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 16 | 2025 | 18 |
| 124 | Elacestrant Oral SERD · Elacestrant was the first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader (2023), for ESR1-mutant breast cancer detected by blood test. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 16 | 2023 | 18 |
| 125 | Larotrectinib Small-molecule pan-TRK inhibitor (first generation) · The first drug approved for a gene fusion regardless of where the cancer started; it works in about 75% of NTRK-fusion cancers, from infant fibrosarcoma to salivary and thyroid cancers. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 16 | 2019 | 18 |
| 126 | Mosunetuzumab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Mosunetuzumab is a fixed-duration CD20 bispecific approved for follicular lymphoma and studied with polatuzumab in large B-cell lymphoma. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 16 | 2022 | 18 |
| 127 | Tafasitamab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD19, Fc-enhanced) · A CD19 antibody given with lenalidomide for lymphoma patients who cannot have a transplant; in 2026 it showed the first frontline gain over R-CHOP in high-risk disease. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 16 | 2025 | 18 |
| 128 | Tisotumab vedotin ADC · Tisotumab vedotin is an ADC against tissue factor, the first to show a survival benefit in recurrent cervical cancer. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 16 | 2021 | 18 |
| 129 | Bleomycin Glycopeptide antibiotic (DNA-cleaving) · Bleomycin is the 'B' in BEP for testicular cancer and ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma; its unique danger is scarring of the lungs, so lung function is monitored and it is often dropped when safe. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 15 | 1973 | 17.5 |
| 130 | Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral) Oral hypomethylating agent · Oral decitabine-cedazuridine is a pill version of the hypomethylating chemotherapy that, since May 2026, lets older AML patients take their whole venetoclax regimen at home. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 2026 | 17.5 |
| 131 | Entrectinib Small-molecule TRK/ROS1/ALK TKI (CNS-penetrant) · Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) is a pill for NTRK-fusion cancers and ROS1 lung cancer that reaches brain metastases. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 15 | 2020 | 17.5 |
| 132 | Gemtuzumab ozogamicin ADC · Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) was the very first ADC: approved in 2000, withdrawn in 2010 for toxicity, and re-approved in 2017 at a lower fractionated dose. Its history is cautionary and instructive. | Approved2000🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 2017 | 17.5 |
| 133 | Gilteritinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3, type I) · A single pill that beats salvage chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, and the backbone of the triplets now being tested in frontline disease. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 2018 | 17.5 |
| 134 | Radioactive iodine (I-131) Radiopharmaceutical (beta/gamma emitter, natural uptake) · The original targeted radiotherapy: thyroid cells soak up iodine, so radioactive iodine destroys leftover thyroid tissue and metastases while sparing everything else. | Approved1951🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 1951 | 17.5 |
| 135 | Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) Peptide hormone analogue (SSTR2 agonist) · Monthly injections of a synthetic hormone that both quiets tumour hormone symptoms and slows tumour growth, the first treatment for most neuroendocrine tumours. | Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 2014 | 17.5 |
| 136 | Talimogene laherparepvec Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic) was the first approved oncolytic virus (2015), injected into melanoma skin lesions. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 2015 | 17.5 |
| 137 | Tamoxifen Small-molecule SERM · The original targeted cancer drug (1977): a pill that blocks oestrogen's effect on breast cancer and halves recurrence, still essential for premenopausal women. | Approved1977🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 15 | 1998 | 17.5 |
| 138 | Zenocutuzumab Bispecific antibody (HER2×HER3) · Zenocutuzumab is the first drug for cancers driven by NRG1 gene fusions, working by blocking HER3 from receiving its growth signal. | Approved2024 | evidence + links | 15 | 2026 | 17.5 |
| 139 | Asciminib Small-molecule allosteric ABL1 inhibitor (STAMP) · Asciminib is a BCR::ABL1 blocker that binds a different pocket from every other TKI, approved for all newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in 2024 and now being tested in Ph-positive ALL. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2024 | 17 |
| 140 | Axitinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Axitinib is a selective VEGF-receptor pill, now given mainly with pembrolizumab or avelumab as first-line kidney cancer treatment. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2019 | 17 |
| 141 | Elranatamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Elranatamab is Pfizer's BCMA bispecific, given under the skin every week then every two weeks, for myeloma after four prior lines. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2023 | 17 |
| 142 | FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRI is the other backbone bowel-cancer chemotherapy, swapping oxaliplatin for irinotecan. Used first or second line and, since 2026, with the BRAF combination. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 14 | — | 17 |
| 143 | Imlunestrant Oral SERD · Imlunestrant is Lilly's oral oestrogen-receptor degrader, approved in 2025 for ESR1-mutant breast cancer and shown to work with abemaciclib regardless of mutation. | Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 14 | 2025 | 17 |
| 144 | Inavolisib Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor and degrader · Inavolisib is a PI3K drug that also destroys the mutant protein, approved in 2024 with palbociclib and fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 14 | 2024 | 17 |
| 145 | Luspatercept Erythroid maturation agent (activin receptor IIB ligand trap, Fc fusion) · An injection that helps the marrow finish making red cells, reducing or removing the need for transfusions in lower-risk MDS and beta-thalassaemia. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 14 | 2023 | 17 |
| 146 | Naxitamab Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, humanised) · Naxitamab is a humanised anti-GD2 antibody from Memorial Sloan Kettering, given as an outpatient with GM-CSF for relapsed neuroblastoma in bone or marrow. | Approved2020🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 14 | 2020 | 17 |
| 147 | Nirogacestat Small-molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor · Nirogacestat is the first approved medicine for desmoid tumours, locally invasive growths that do not spread but can be crippling; it works by blocking Notch signalling. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 14 | 2025 | 17 |
| 148 | Quizartinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3-ITD, type II) · Quizartinib is a more selective FLT3 blocker that, added to chemotherapy, roughly doubled median survival in the highest-risk FLT3 subtype. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 14 | 2023 | 17 |
| 149 | Radium-223 dichloride Targeted alpha therapy (bone-seeking) · Radium-223 was the first alpha-emitting drug ever approved (2013). It homes to bone like calcium and treats prostate cancer that has spread only to bone. | Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2013 | 17 |
| 150 | Retifanlimab Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG4) · Retifanlimab is a PD-1 antibody approved for Merkel cell carcinoma and, with chemotherapy, as the first immunotherapy standard for advanced anal cancer. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 14 | 2025 | 17 |
| 151 | Ruxolitinib Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor · Ruxolitinib was the first JAK inhibitor: it shrinks the spleen and relieves symptoms in myelofibrosis and controls blood counts in polycythaemia vera, without eliminating the disease clone. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 14 | 2021 | 17 |
| 152 | Sorafenib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, RAF) · The first drug ever to extend life in advanced liver cancer (2007), now mostly a comparator arm that newer combinations are measured against. | Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2013 | 17 |
| 153 | Telisotuzumab vedotin ADC · Telisotuzumab vedotin (Emrelis) is the first c-MET-directed ADC, approved in 2025 for lung cancer with high c-MET protein. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 14 | 2025 | 17 |
| 154 | Tovorafenib Small-molecule type II RAF inhibitor · Tovorafenib is a pill for the most common childhood brain tumour, low-grade glioma driven by BRAF changes, approved in 2024. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 14 | 2026 | 17 |
| 155 | Tremelimumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Tremelimumab is AstraZeneca's CTLA-4 antibody, given as a single priming dose with durvalumab and chemotherapy in lung and liver cancer. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2022 | 17 |
| 156 | Trifluridine/tipiracil Cytotoxic chemotherapy (oral nucleoside) · An oral chemotherapy pill for bowel cancer that has stopped responding to everything else; with bevacizumab it extends life by about three months. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2023 | 17 |
| 157 | Vismodegib Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Vismodegib was the first hedgehog-pathway drug, for basal cell carcinomas too advanced for surgery; it shrinks most tumours but muscle cramps, taste loss and hair loss make long-term use hard. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 14 | 2013 | 17 |
| 158 | Vorasidenib Small-molecule IDH1/2 inhibitor · The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 14 | 2024 | 17 |
| 159 | Avapritinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (PDGFRA D842V / KIT) · Avapritinib is the first drug for GIST driven by the PDGFRA D842V mutation, which resists every other kinase inhibitor; it is also approved for systemic mastocytosis. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 13 | 2021 | 16.5 |
| 160 | Crizotinib Small-molecule ALK/ROS1/MET TKI (first generation) · Crizotinib was the first ALK inhibitor, approved four years after ALK fusions were found in lung cancer; it was also the first drug for ROS1 lung cancer and for ALK-positive lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in children. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 13 | 2022 | 16.5 |
| 161 | Eflornithine (DFMO) Small-molecule ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor · Eflornithine (DFMO) is an old sleeping-sickness drug repurposed as the first oral maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma, approved in December 2023 to reduce relapse after immunotherapy. | Approved2023 | evidence + links | 13 | 2023 | 16.5 |
| 162 | Lazertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · A third-generation EGFR pill used together with amivantamab as the first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 13 | 2024 | 16.5 |
| 163 | Loncastuximab tesirine ADC · Loncastuximab tesirine (Zynlonta) is a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 13 | 2021 | 16.5 |
| 164 | Mitomycin C Alkylating antibiotic (bioreductive) · The chemotherapy given with radiation to cure anal cancer without surgery, used as a bladder instillation after tumour resection, and since 2020-25 in gel form for upper-tract and recurrent bladder cancers. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 13 | 2025 | 16.5 |
| 165 | Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept IL-15 superagonist (intravesical, with BCG) · Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is an engineered version of the immune-boosting protein IL-15, given with BCG into the bladder, approved in 2024 for early bladder cancer that BCG alone no longer controls. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 13 | 2024 | 16.5 |
| 166 | Obecabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (CD19, fast off-rate) · A CD19 CAR-T built to grip and release quickly, which cut severe side effects and gave adults with relapsed ALL a real chance at durable remission. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 13 | 2025 | 16.5 |
| 167 | Panitumumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · Panitumumab is a fully human EGFR antibody, the preferred first-line partner for chemotherapy in left-sided, RAS-normal bowel cancer after the PARADIGM trial. | Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 13 | 2025 | 16.5 |
| 168 | Talquetamab Bispecific T-cell engager (GPRC5D×CD3) · Talquetamab is the first drug against GPRC5D, a second myeloma target used after BCMA therapies stop working; taste and skin side effects are its signature. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 13 | 2023 | 16.5 |
| 169 | Trastuzumab rezetecan ADC · Hengrui's HER2 ADC, approved in China for lung cancer and showing Enhertu-scale results in breast cancer, part of a wave of Chinese ADCs heading for global trials. | Not mapped here🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 13 | 2025 | 16.5 |
| 170 | Actinium-225 PSMA agents Targeted alpha therapy · Alpha-emitting PSMA drugs that produce responses even after Pluvicto fails, held back mainly by isotope supply. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 20 | — | 16 |
| 171 | Avutometinib + defactinib Small-molecule RAF/MEK clamp + FAK inhibitor · Avutometinib plus defactinib is the first treatment approved specifically for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 12 | 2025 | 16 |
| 172 | Bendamustine Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard-purine hybrid) · An East German chemotherapy rediscovered in the 2000s that became the backbone partner for rituximab in follicular, mantle cell and Waldenström lymphomas. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 12 | 2010 | 16 |
| 173 | Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer. | Approved2009🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 12 | 2009 | 16 |
| 174 | Binimetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Binimetinib is the MEK inhibitor partnered with encorafenib; blocking the next step in the same relay stops the tumour rerouting around the BRAF block. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 12 | 2023 | 16 |
| 175 | Cadonilimab Bispecific antibody (PD-1×CTLA-4) · A Chinese two-armed antibody that blocks PD-1 and CTLA-4 together, approved in China for cervical cancer and extending survival even in PD-L1-negative tumours. | Not filed🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 12 | 2024 | 16 |
| 176 | Dordaviprone Small-molecule imipridone (ClpP agonist / DRD2 antagonist) · Dordaviprone is the first drug ever approved for a lethal childhood and young-adult brain tumour, diffuse midline glioma with the H3 K27M mutation (August 2025). | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 12 | 2025 | 16 |
| 177 | FOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRINOX is a four-drug chemotherapy combination that, in 2011, became the first treatment to meaningfully extend life in metastatic pancreatic cancer; it is now the standard before and after surgery. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 12 | 2011 | 16 |
| 178 | Fulvestrant Injectable SERD · Fulvestrant is a monthly injection that destroys the oestrogen receptor; it is the standard partner for many targeted drugs after hormone therapy stops working. | Approved2002🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 12 | 2017 | 16 |
| 179 | Futibatinib Small-molecule irreversible kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-4) · Futibatinib is a covalent FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2-fusion bile duct cancer, with the highest response rate of the first-generation drugs. | Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 12 | 2023 | 16 |
| 180 | Galleri Multi-cancer early detection blood test · A blood test screening for more than 50 cancers at once, before the FDA in September 2026. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 25 | — | 16 |
| 181 | Gedatolisib Small-molecule pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor · An intravenous drug that blocks the whole PI3K/mTOR pathway, approved in July 2026 for hormone-positive breast cancer. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 12 | 2026 | 16 |
| 182 | Intismeran autogene Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · A custom mRNA vaccine encoding up to 34 of a patient's own tumour mutations. In August 2026 it became the first personalised cancer vaccine to win a phase 3 trial. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 26 | — | 16 |
| 183 | Ivonescimab Bispecific antibody (PD-1×VEGF) · A Chinese bispecific that beat Keytruda head-to-head on progression-free survival in lung cancer, the first drug ever to do so. | Under review🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 29 | 2024 | 16 |
| 184 | Izalontamab brengitecan Bispecific ADC · Izalontamab brengitecan is the first bispecific ADC to succeed in a phase 3 trial, hitting two growth receptors at once in triple-negative breast cancer. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 34 | — | 16 |
| 185 | Midostaurin Small-molecule multikinase inhibitor (FLT3) · The first drug to improve survival in FLT3-mutated AML, added to standard chemotherapy: median survival went from about two years to more than six. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 12 | 2017 | 16 |
| 186 | Momelotinib Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor · Momelotinib is the JAK inhibitor designed for anaemic myelofibrosis patients: it can improve haemoglobin while shrinking the spleen. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 12 | 2024 | 16 |
| 187 | Oncotype DX Gene-expression prognostic/predictive assay · A 21-gene test that tells most women with early hormone-positive breast cancer whether they can safely skip chemotherapy. | Established | evidence + links | 20 | — | 16 |
| 188 | Patritumab deruxtecan ADC · A HER3-directed ADC with Enhertu's payload, active in lung and all subtypes of breast cancer, but with a bumpy regulatory road. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 20 | — | 16 |
| 189 | Pemigatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3) · Pemigatinib was the first targeted therapy for bile duct cancer, for tumours with an FGFR2 gene fusion. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 12 | 2021 | 16 |
| 190 | Repotrectinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1 / NTRK) · A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 12 | 2024 | 16 |
| 191 | Sacituzumab tirumotecan ADC · Sacituzumab tirumotecan is a third TROP2 ADC from China, licensed to Merck for a very large global programme. It is approved in China; in the US it has a priority voucher but not yet approval. | Under review🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 35 | 2024 | 16 |
| 192 | Signatera Tumour-informed ctDNA MRD test · The most widely used blood test for detecting leftover cancer after surgery, personalised to each patient's tumour mutations. | Established | evidence + links | 26 | — | 16 |
| 193 | Temsirolimus Intravenous mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin analogue) · A weekly infusion that was the first drug to extend survival in poor-risk kidney cancer (2007), and in 2024 the first targeted drug to improve outcomes in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 12 | 2009 | 16 |
| 194 | Actinium-225 DOTATATE Targeted alpha therapy · An alpha-particle version of Lutathera for neuroendocrine tumours that have stopped responding to the beta version. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 19 | — | 15.5 |
| 195 | ArteraAI Breast AI digital pathology risk test · An FDA-cleared AI test (May 2026) that reads breast cancer slides to estimate recurrence risk in early hormone-positive disease. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 11 | 2026 | 15.5 |
| 196 | Brexucabtagene autoleucel Autologous CD19 CAR-T (CD28 costimulatory domain) · Brexucabtagene autoleucel is the CAR-T therapy for mantle cell lymphoma and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, giving long remissions after BTK inhibitors fail. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | 2021 | 15.5 |
| 197 | Cobimetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Cobimetinib is the MEK partner for vemurafenib, and the first drug approved for histiocytic neoplasms. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 2022 | 15.5 |
| 198 | FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) Cytotoxic regimen · FLOT is the four-drug chemotherapy given before and after surgery for stomach cancer in the West; since 2025 immunotherapy is added to it. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | — | 15.5 |
| 199 | Fruquintinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR1-3) · A Chinese-discovered pill that blocks the blood-vessel receptors, approved in 2023 for bowel cancer after all standard treatments. | Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 2023 | 15.5 |
| 200 | Gemcitabine Nucleoside analogue (deoxycytidine) · A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | 2006 | 15.5 |
| 201 | Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200) Intravesical drug-eluting device · TAR-200 is a small pretzel-shaped device placed in the bladder that releases gemcitabine for three weeks at a time. It was approved in 2025 for early bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 202 | Idecabtagene vicleucel CAR-T (BCMA) · Idecabtagene vicleucel was the first myeloma CAR-T (2021) and is now approved after two prior lines based on KarMMa-3. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 2024 | 15.5 |
| 203 | Ifinatamab deruxtecan ADC · Ifinatamab deruxtecan is a B7-H3 ADC showing some of the best response rates ever seen in relapsed small-cell lung cancer. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 19 | — | 15.5 |
| 204 | Imetelstat Telomerase inhibitor (oligonucleotide) · Imetelstat is the first telomerase-blocking drug approved for any cancer; it frees many lower-risk MDS patients from transfusions after growth factors have failed. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 205 | Linvoseltamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Linvoseltamab is Regeneron's BCMA bispecific, approved in July 2025 with the highest complete-response rate of the class in its pivotal study. | Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 206 | Mitotane Adrenolytic agent (DDD derivative) · A relative of the insecticide DDT that is the only drug specific to adrenal cortex cancer; it needs blood-level monitoring and permanent steroid replacement. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | 2004 | 15.5 |
| 207 | Odronextamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Odronextamab is Regeneron's CD20 bispecific, approved in Europe for lymphoma and in the US for follicular lymphoma after earlier FDA rejections over confirmatory-trial enrolment. | Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 208 | Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin Cytotoxic (liposomal anthracycline) · Doxorubicin wrapped in a fatty bubble so it reaches tumours with less heart damage; a workhorse of relapsed ovarian cancer. | Approved1995🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 1999 | 15.5 |
| 209 | Penpulimab Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, Fc-engineered null) · Penpulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody approved in the US in 2025 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the second after toripalimab. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 210 | Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD) Hormonal therapy (progestin) · Progesterone-like hormones that can reverse early endometrial cancer in women who want to keep their uterus, and control advanced hormone-sensitive disease. | Approved1971🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 1971 | 15.5 |
| 211 | Rucaparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · A PARP inhibitor for BRCA-mutated ovarian and prostate cancer whose original maker went bankrupt; still available, with a narrowed label. | Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 11 | 2020 | 15.5 |
| 212 | Serplulimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Serplulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody with the largest survival gain of any first-line small-cell lung cancer immunotherapy trial, approved in China, Europe, and the UK but not yet the US. | Under review🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 213 | Sevabertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Sevabertinib is an oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancers with HER2 mutations, approved in November 2025 as an alternative to Enhertu and zongertinib. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 11 | 2025 | 15.5 |
| 214 | Tivozanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Tivozanib is a highly selective VEGF-receptor pill for kidney cancer after two or more prior treatments, notable for its tolerability and for a trial that closed the door on immunotherapy rechallenge. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 11 | 2021 | 15.5 |
| 215 | Alectinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2024 | 15 |
| 216 | Alpelisib Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor · Alpelisib was the first PI3K drug for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer (2019). It is effective, but high blood sugar and rash limited its use, and newer drugs are displacing it. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2019 | 15 |
| 217 | Brenetafusp ImmTAC (PRAME TCR × CD3 bispecific) · Tebentafusp's successor: a soluble T-cell receptor that recognises a fragment of PRAME, a protein present in most melanomas and many other cancers, and drags T cells onto the tumour. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 18 | — | 15 |
| 218 | Darolutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · Darolutamide is an AR blocker that barely enters the brain, so it causes fewer falls and cognitive side effects; it is approved with and without chemotherapy. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2025 | 15 |
| 219 | Erdafitinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-FGFR) · The first targeted pill for bladder cancer, for the roughly 20% of tumours with FGFR3 alterations, used after immunotherapy. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2024 | 15 |
| 220 | Fedratinib Small-molecule JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor · A second JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis that works after ruxolitinib fails; it carries a boxed warning for a rare brain toxicity (Wernicke encephalopathy) so thiamine is checked. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2021 | 15 |
| 221 | Lapatinib Small-molecule reversible HER2/EGFR kinase inhibitor · Lapatinib was the first HER2-blocking pill (2007) and is now mostly a comparator arm and a late-line option, displaced by tucatinib and ADCs. | Approved2007🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2010 | 15 |
| 222 | Nadofaragene firadenovec Non-replicating adenoviral gene therapy (intravesical) · Nadofaragene firadenovec is the first gene therapy for bladder cancer: a virus that makes bladder cells produce interferon for weeks, given once every three months. | Approved2022🇪🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2022 | 15 |
| 223 | NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) Cytotoxic regimen · NALIRIFOX is a version of FOLFIRINOX using a liposome-wrapped irinotecan, approved in 2024 as a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer. | Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2024 | 15 |
| 224 | Neratinib Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · A pill taken for a year after trastuzumab to further reduce recurrence in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer, limited by severe diarrhoea. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2020 | 15 |
| 225 | Nilotinib Small-molecule BCR-ABL1 TKI (second generation) · Nilotinib is a second-generation CML pill that produces deeper responses faster than imatinib, at the cost of cardiovascular and metabolic side effects. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2010 | 15 |
| 226 | Pacritinib Small-molecule JAK2/IRAK1/ACVR1 inhibitor · The JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis patients whose platelet counts are too low for ruxolitinib. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2022 | 15 |
| 227 | Pivekimab sunirine ADC (anti-CD123 antibody, IGN payload) · Pivekimab sunirine is an antibody-drug conjugate against CD123, approved in 2026 for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm as the second targeted drug for this rare cancer. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2026 | 15 |
| 228 | Pomalidomide Oral cereblon E3 ligase modulator (IMiD) · The third-generation thalidomide analogue for myeloma that has failed lenalidomide, and since 2020 the first new drug for Kaposi sarcoma in two decades. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2020 | 15 |
| 229 | Pralsetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Pralsetinib is the second selective RET pill for lung cancer, less used than selpercatinib after a change of owner and label. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2020 | 15 |
| 230 | Pyrotinib Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · Pyrotinib is China's HER2 pill, widely used there with capecitabine and as a comparator for the new Chinese HER2 ADCs. | Not filed🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 10 | 2018 | 15 |
| 231 | Relacorilant Small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor antagonist · A first-in-class drug that blocks cortisol signalling in tumour cells, approved in 2026 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with chemotherapy. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 10 | 2026 | 15 |
| 232 | Selinexor Small-molecule XPO1 (nuclear export) inhibitor · Selinexor is a first-in-class pill that traps tumour-suppressor proteins inside the nucleus; approved in myeloma, it failed its endometrial cancer test in 2026. | Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2020 | 15 |
| 233 | Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant) Small-molecule chemoprotectant · An old antidote proven in two paediatric trials to halve permanent hearing loss from cisplatin, and approved in 2022 as the first drug to prevent a chemotherapy side effect in children. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 2023 | 15 |
| 234 | Trastuzumab biosimilars Biosimilar monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · Near-identical copies of Herceptin, approved since 2017, that cut the price of HER2 treatment and widened access worldwide. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2017 | 15 |
| 235 | Vandetanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET, VEGFR, EGFR) · Vandetanib was the first drug approved for medullary thyroid cancer (2011), now largely replaced by RET-selective selpercatinib. | Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 10 | 2011 | 15 |
| 236 | Vimseltinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (CSF1R) · Vimseltinib is a pill approved in February 2025 for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour, offering an alternative to repeated surgery. | Approved2025 | evidence + links | 10 | 2025 | 15 |
| 237 | Vinorelbine Semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid · Vinorelbine is a vinca chemotherapy for lung and breast cancer, available orally, and is now part of maintenance therapy that improved survival in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 10 | 1994 | 15 |
| 238 | Zongertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026. | Approved2025🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 10 | 2026 | 15 |
| 239 | Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) Recombinant interleukin-2 (cytokine) · High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure a small fraction of patients with metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer, at the cost of ICU-level toxicity; today it mainly supports TIL therapy. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 9 | 1998 | 14.5 |
| 240 | Cabazitaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A second taxane that works after docetaxel and beat a second hormone pill head-to-head (CARD). | Approved2010🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2010 | 14.5 |
| 241 | CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine) Liposomal cytotoxic formulation · The two old chemotherapy drugs packed together into tiny fat bubbles at a fixed ratio, which doubled five-year survival in older adults with high-risk AML. | Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2021 | 14.5 |
| 242 | FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx Comprehensive genomic profiling test · The FDA-approved tissue (324 genes) and blood genomic tests that serve as companion diagnostics for dozens of drugs. | Approved2017🇯🇵🇪🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2017 | 14.5 |
| 243 | Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE) PET radiotracer (somatostatin receptor ligand) · The PET scan for neuroendocrine tumours that finds far more disease than older scans and confirms eligibility for lutetium radioligand therapy (the theranostic pair). | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 9 | 2020 | 14.5 |
| 244 | Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is the gentler of the two standard chemotherapy backbones for pancreatic cancer, and the base on which most new drugs are being tested. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 9 | 2013 | 14.5 |
| 245 | Isatuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · Isatuximab is Sanofi's CD38 antibody, approved in frontline transplant-ineligible myeloma (IMROZ) and, from July 2026, as an under-the-skin injection. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2026 | 14.5 |
| 246 | Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists GnRH agonist depot · Leuprolide is the injectable that shuts off testosterone production, the foundation of hormone therapy for prostate cancer since the 1980s; it is also used for ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 9 | 1989 | 14.5 |
| 247 | Margetuximab Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · A trastuzumab look-alike with an engineered tail that binds immune cells more tightly; approved in 2020 but rarely used after ADCs arrived. | Approved2020🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 9 | 2020 | 14.5 |
| 248 | Mogamulizumab Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody · Mogamulizumab is an antibody that clears cancerous T cells from the blood in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 9 | 2018 | 14.5 |
| 249 | Olutasidenib Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Olutasidenib is a second IDH1 inhibitor for relapsed AML, with a higher response rate in its pivotal cohort than ivosidenib had in its own. | Approved2022 | evidence + links | 9 | 2022 | 14.5 |
| 250 | Pazopanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/PDGFR/KIT) · Pazopanib is the only multi-kinase inhibitor approved for soft-tissue sarcoma (excluding fat-derived tumours), used after chemotherapy fails. | Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2012 | 14.5 |
| 251 | Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu PET imaging agent · Piflufolastat F-18 (Pylarify) is the leading PSMA PET tracer for prostate cancer, with a new formulation approved in March 2026. | Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 9 | 2026 | 14.5 |
| 252 | Sonesitatug vedotin ADC · Sonesitatug vedotin is a Claudin 18.2 ADC in phase 3 for gastric cancer, licensed by AstraZeneca from KYM Biosciences. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 17 | — | 14.5 |
| 253 | Tagraxofusp Recombinant cytotoxin (IL-3 fused to diphtheria toxin) · Tagraxofusp is a fusion of the growth factor IL-3 with a bacterial toxin that homes to CD123 on a rare, aggressive blood cancer. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧 | evidence + links | 9 | 2018 | 14.5 |
| 254 | Trabectedin Cytotoxic (DNA minor-groove binder) · A chemotherapy derived from a sea squirt, used with liposomal doxorubicin in relapsed ovarian cancer in Europe and for sarcomas. | Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 9 | 2015 | 14.5 |
| 255 | Zidesamtinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1) · A ROS1 inhibitor approved in July 2026 that works after other ROS1 drugs fail and avoids their brain side effects. | Approved2026 | evidence + links | 9 | 2026 | 14.5 |
| 256 | Apalutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · An AR blocker approved for prostate cancer that has spread and for high-risk disease before it shows on scans. | Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 2019 | 14 |
| 257 | Autogene cevumeran Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · BioNTech's personalised vaccine, notable for a small pancreatic cancer study where vaccine responders stayed cancer-free for years. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 21 | — | 14 |
| 258 | Bosutinib Small-molecule BCR-ABL1/SRC TKI · Bosutinib is a CML pill with less cardiovascular and pleural toxicity than its rivals; its main side effect is diarrhoea. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 8 | 2017 | 14 |
| 259 | Capmatinib & tepotinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (MET) · Capmatinib and tepotinib are two pills for the roughly 3% of lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 2020 | 14 |
| 260 | Carfilzomib Proteasome inhibitor (irreversible) · Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor with less nerve damage but more heart and blood-pressure effects. | Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 2015 | 14 |
| 261 | Cetuximab sarotalocan Photoimmunotherapy conjugate (anti-EGFR antibody–IR700 dye) · Cetuximab sarotalocan is an EGFR antibody carrying a light-activated dye: after infusion, a red laser is shone on the tumour and the cells burst. It has been approved in Japan since 2020. | Under review🇯🇵 | evidence + links | 8 | 2020 | 14 |
| 262 | Cosibelimab Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, ADCC-competent) · Cosibelimab is a PD-L1 antibody approved in December 2024 for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering a third immunotherapy choice. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 8 | 2024 | 14 |
| 263 | Erlotinib Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · Erlotinib was one of the first EGFR pills for lung cancer; it was approved before anyone knew EGFR mutations predicted who would respond, then redefined by them. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 8 | 2013 | 14 |
| 264 | Exemestane Small-molecule steroidal aromatase inactivator · Exemestane is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, the partner of everolimus and the agent tested with ovarian suppression in young women. | Approved1999🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 2005 | 14 |
| 265 | Gallium-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11) PET imaging agent · Gallium-68 PSMA-11 was the first PSMA PET tracer approved in the US (2020), and is made on site from a generator or cyclotron. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 2020 | 14 |
| 266 | Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression) GnRH agonist · Monthly or 3-monthly injections that switch off the ovaries, letting premenopausal women use aromatase inhibitors and lowering recurrence in higher-risk cases. | Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 8 | 1989 | 14 |
| 267 | Oxaliplatin Third-generation platinum (DACH-platinum) · The platinum drug that works in bowel cancer where cisplatin does not, the 'OX' in FOLFOX and CAPOX; its cost is nerve damage in hands and feet. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 8 | 2004 | 14 |
| 268 | Petosemtamab Bispecific antibody (EGFR × LGR5) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR while gripping LGR5, a marker of cancer stem cells, so it hits the cells that regrow tumours. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 16 | — | 14 |
| 269 | Ropeginterferon alfa-2b Long-acting mono-pegylated interferon alfa · Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a long-acting interferon for polycythaemia vera that, unlike hydroxyurea, can shrink the mutant clone over years. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 8 | 2021 | 14 |
| 270 | Cladribine Purine nucleoside analogue · A one-week infusion that puts most people with hairy cell leukaemia into remission for years; also used in multiple sclerosis in tablet form. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 7 | 2004 | 13.5 |
| 271 | Enasidenib Small-molecule IDH2 inhibitor · Enasidenib is the IDH2 counterpart of ivosidenib, approved in the US for relapsed disease but never approved in Europe after it failed to extend survival in a confirmatory trial. | Approved2017 | evidence + links | 7 | 2017 | 13.5 |
| 272 | Gefitinib Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · The lung-cancer pill whose dramatic responses in a few patients led to the discovery of EGFR mutations in 2004. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 7 | 2015 | 13.5 |
| 273 | Giredestrant Oral SERD · Giredestrant is Roche's oral SERD: it failed to beat an aromatase inhibitor in first-line metastatic disease but succeeded after surgery and after CDK4/6 failure. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 15 | — | 13.5 |
| 274 | Lomustine (CCNU) Oral nitrosourea chemotherapy · An old chemotherapy pill used when glioblastoma comes back, and the control arm most new glioblastoma drugs must beat. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 7 | 1976 | 13.5 |
| 275 | Raludotatug deruxtecan ADC · Raludotatug deruxtecan is a CDH6 ADC in phase 3 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 15 | — | 13.5 |
| 276 | Rusfertide Hepcidin mimetic peptide · Rusfertide is the first drug to control polycythaemia vera's excess red cells by restricting iron, sparing patients repeated blood removal. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 7 | 2026 | 13.5 |
| 277 | Sonidegib Small-molecule smoothened inhibitor · Sonidegib (Odomzo) is the second hedgehog inhibitor for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, similar in effect and side effects to vismodegib. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 7 | 2015 | 13.5 |
| 278 | 177Lu-PSMA-I&T Radioligand therapy (beta) · 177Lu-PSMA-I&T is a second PSMA radioligand, chemically different from Pluvicto, that has passed two phase 3 trials on progression but has not yet shown a survival benefit. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 14 | — | 13 |
| 279 | Afatinib Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · Afatinib (Gilotrif) is an irreversible EGFR pill for lung cancer, notable for activity against uncommon EGFR mutations (G719X, L861Q, S768I). | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2018 | 13 |
| 280 | Belumosudil Oral ROCK2 inhibitor · Belumosudil is a pill for chronic graft-versus-host disease, the long-term immune complication of donor stem-cell transplants used to cure blood cancers. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2021 | 13 |
| 281 | BGB-16673 Small-molecule BTK degrader (CDAC) · Instead of blocking BTK, this pill destroys it, so it works even when the enzyme has mutated to escape every inhibitor. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 14 | — | 13 |
| 282 | Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec Oncolytic adenovirus (intravesical) · Cretostimogene is a virus engineered to multiply only in bladder cancer cells with a broken RB pathway, instilled into the bladder. It cleared carcinoma in situ in 75% of BCG-unresponsive patients. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 14 | — | 13 |
| 283 | Eribulin Synthetic halichondrin B analogue (microtubule dynamics inhibitor) · A sea-sponge-derived chemotherapy that extended survival in heavily pretreated breast cancer and in liposarcoma, where almost nothing else had. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2016 | 13 |
| 284 | Fluciclovine F-18 PET radiotracer (synthetic amino acid) · Fluciclovine F-18 was the first PET tracer approved for finding recurrent prostate cancer after treatment (2016), and has been largely superseded since 2020 by PSMA PET. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2017 | 13 |
| 285 | Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) Oral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (cytoreductive) · Hydroxyurea is a cheap, decades-old pill that lowers high blood counts in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia and is also the main drug for sickle cell disease. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 1998 | 13 |
| 286 | Idelalisib Small-molecule PI3Kδ inhibitor · Idelalisib was the first PI3K inhibitor for blood cancers; it is effective in CLL with rituximab but so toxic (colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, infections) that the class has largely been abandoned. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2014 | 13 |
| 287 | Mifamurtide Liposomal muramyl tripeptide (macrophage activator) · An immune-activating drug approved in Europe for osteosarcoma after a trial suggested it improved survival; the FDA never approved it, and it remains one of oncology's transatlantic disagreements. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2009 | 13 |
| 288 | Pexidartinib Small-molecule CSF1R/KIT/FLT3 inhibitor · Pexidartinib is the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour; it is effective but has liver toxicity that requires a restricted programme. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2019 | 13 |
| 289 | Relugolix Oral GnRH antagonist · Relugolix is the first hormone-suppressing pill for prostate cancer, working within days and wearing off quickly when stopped. | Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺 | evidence + links | 6 | 2020 | 13 |
| 290 | Romidepsin Class I HDAC inhibitor (cyclic peptide) · Romidepsin is an epigenetic drug for T-cell lymphomas of the skin and lymph nodes; its US lymph-node indication was withdrawn when a confirmatory trial failed. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 2011 | 13 |
| 291 | Vinblastine Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · Vinblastine is the vinca alkaloid in ABVD, the standard Hodgkin lymphoma regimen, and was formerly in the cisplatin combinations that first cured testicular cancer. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 6 | 1965 | 13 |
| 292 | 177Lu-edotreotide Radioligand therapy (beta) · A second lutetium radioligand for neuroendocrine tumours that beat the standard pill everolimus in a head-to-head trial and is awaiting an FDA decision. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 13 | — | 12.5 |
| 293 | Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) Enzyme therapy · An enzyme that starves leukaemia cells of an amino acid they cannot make; a mainstay of childhood ALL therapy for 50 years, with new versions solving allergy and supply problems. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2021 | 12.5 |
| 294 | Belinostat Pan-HDAC inhibitor (hydroxamate) · Belinostat is an HDAC inhibitor for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a quarter of patients respond, and it can be used in patients with low platelets. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2014 | 12.5 |
| 295 | Bicalutamide Oral first-generation non-steroidal antiandrogen · The old antiandrogen pill used to block the testosterone flare from GnRH agonists and in combined androgen blockade; superseded by enzalutamide-class drugs. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 1995 | 12.5 |
| 296 | Camrelizumab + rivoceranib PD-1 antibody + oral VEGFR2 inhibitor · A Chinese immunotherapy-plus-anti-angiogenic pill combination that clearly beat sorafenib in liver cancer, yet remains unapproved in the US after three manufacturing-related rejections. | Under review🇨🇳 | evidence + links | 13 | 2023 | 12.5 |
| 297 | Duvelisib Small-molecule PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor · A dual PI3K inhibitor for relapsed CLL whose survival data raised FDA concern; use is now limited to late lines. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2021 | 12.5 |
| 298 | Flotufolastat F-18 PET imaging agent · Flotufolastat is a third PSMA PET tracer, with a radiohybrid chemistry designed to be reused for therapy. | Approved2023 | evidence + links | 5 | 2023 | 12.5 |
| 299 | Fluoroestradiol F-18 (FES PET) PET radiotracer (oestrogen receptor ligand) · A PET scan that shows which breast cancer deposits still have oestrogen receptors, helping decide whether hormone therapy will work when biopsy is impractical. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2020 | 12.5 |
| 300 | Glasdegib Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Glasdegib is a hedgehog-pathway pill that, with low-dose chemotherapy, extends survival in older AML patients who cannot have intensive treatment; it has largely been displaced by venetoclax combinations. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2020 | 12.5 |
| 301 | Pafolacianine Folate receptor-targeted near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent · An injected dye that makes ovarian and lung cancer deposits glow during surgery so surgeons can find lesions they would otherwise miss. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2022 | 12.5 |
| 302 | Pegulicianine Protease-activated fluorescent imaging agent · A cavity-imaging dye used during breast lumpectomy to spot leftover tumour before the operation ends, reducing second surgeries. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2024 | 12.5 |
| 303 | Pralatrexate Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · Pralatrexate was the first drug approved specifically for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a third of patients respond. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2009 | 12.5 |
| 304 | Rinatabart sesutecan ADC · Rinatabart sesutecan is a next-generation folate-receptor ADC with a topoisomerase payload that responds in both ovarian and endometrial cancer regardless of receptor level. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 13 | — | 12.5 |
| 305 | Technetium-99m tilmanocept Radiopharmaceutical lymphatic mapping agent · The purpose-built tracer for sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer, melanoma and oral cancer, replacing off-label sulfur colloid. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 2014 | 12.5 |
| 306 | Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) Oral retinoid (differentiation agent) · The vitamin-A derivative that made acute promyelocytic leukaemia the first cancer cured by differentiation therapy rather than by killing cells. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 5 | 1995 | 12.5 |
| 307 | Arsenic trioxide Inorganic arsenical (differentiation agent) · An ancient poison turned cure: with retinoic acid it cures more than 95% of acute promyelocytic leukaemia without conventional chemotherapy. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2018 | 12 |
| 308 | Brigatinib Small-molecule ALK/EGFR TKI (second generation) · Brigatinib is an ALK pill with strong brain activity, approved first after crizotinib and then first line after beating it in ALTA-1L. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2020 | 12 |
| 309 | Ceritinib Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · Ceritinib is a second-generation ALK pill for lung cancer, effective after crizotinib but with gastrointestinal toxicity that limited uptake. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2017 | 12 |
| 310 | Dacomitinib Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · A second-generation EGFR pill that beat gefitinib on survival in EGFR-mutant lung cancer but was quickly overshadowed by osimertinib. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2019 | 12 |
| 311 | Degarelix GnRH antagonist depot · An injectable hormone blocker for prostate cancer that lowers testosterone within days without the initial surge caused by agonists. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2009 | 12 |
| 312 | Elotuzumab Anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibody · An immune-stimulating antibody for myeloma that works only in combination, adding benefit to lenalidomide or pomalidomide. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2018 | 12 |
| 313 | Sunvozertinib Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · An oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer that succeeded where mobocertinib failed; approved in China (2023) and the US (2025). | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2025 | 12 |
| 314 | Taletrectinib Small-molecule ROS1 TKI (next generation, CNS-penetrant) · A ROS1 lung-cancer pill approved in 2025 that works in the brain and after crizotinib, with fewer dizziness-type side effects than repotrectinib. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2025 | 12 |
| 315 | Thalidomide Oral cereblon modulator (first IMiD) · Thalidomide is the drug behind the 1960s birth-defect tragedy, rehabilitated as the first immunomodulatory myeloma drug and the parent of lenalidomide and pomalidomide. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2008 | 12 |
| 316 | Tinengotinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3, VEGFR, Aurora, JAK) · A next-generation FGFR inhibitor designed to work after pemigatinib or futibatinib stop working, now in a global phase 3. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 12 | — | 12 |
| 317 | Treosulfan Alkylating conditioning agent (busulfan analogue) · A conditioning chemotherapy given before donor stem-cell transplant in AML and MDS; it was long used in Europe and reached the US in 2025. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 4 | 2025 | 12 |
| 318 | Xaluritamig Bispecific T-cell engager (STEAP1×CD3, XmAb 2+1) · Xaluritamig is Amgen's T-cell engager for prostate cancer, now in two phase 3 trials, aiming to do for prostate cancer what tarlatamab did for small-cell lung cancer. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 12 | — | 12 |
| 319 | Zoldonrasib Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12D-selective inhibitor · The first drug aimed specifically at KRAS G12D, the single most common mutation in pancreatic cancer. Early combination data in 2026 showed half of previously treated patients responding. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 16 | — | 12 |
| 320 | 5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery) Fluorescence-guided surgery agent (protoporphyrin IX precursor) · A drink taken before brain surgery that makes high-grade glioma glow under blue light, letting surgeons remove more tumour safely. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 3 | 2017 | 11.5 |
| 321 | Ensartinib Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · A Chinese-developed ALK pill approved in the US in December 2024 for first-line ALK-positive lung cancer. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 3 | 2024 | 11.5 |
| 322 | FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga) Theranostic pair (peptide radioligand) · A FAP-targeted theranostic pair: one version images almost any solid tumour, the other treats it with radiation. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 15 | — | 11.5 |
| 323 | Fianlimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-LAG-3) · Fianlimab is Regeneron's LAG-3 blocker. Promising early data with cemiplimab did not hold up against pembrolizumab in a first-line phase 3 in 2026. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 11 | — | 11.5 |
| 324 | Ixazomib Oral proteasome inhibitor (boronate) · Ixazomib (Ninlaro) is the first oral proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma, enabling an all-oral triplet with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 3 | 2016 | 11.5 |
| 325 | Neladalkib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · A fourth-generation ALK pill that works after lorlatinib and avoids the TRK-related brain side effects; under FDA priority review with a decision due 27 November 2026. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 11 | — | 11.5 |
| 326 | Zilovertamab vedotin ADC · Zilovertamab vedotin is a ROR1-directed ADC in phase 3 for large B-cell lymphoma. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 11 | — | 11.5 |
| 327 | 131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy Radioligand therapy (beta, norepinephrine transporter) · High-dose radioactive MIBG delivers radiation from inside neuroblastoma cells that take up noradrenaline; used for relapsed disease and tested in upfront therapy. | Established | evidence + links | 10 | — | 11 |
| 328 | 212Pb-DOTAMTATE Targeted alpha therapy (lead-212) · An alpha-particle version of neuroendocrine radioligand therapy that produced responses in over half of patients who had never had PRRT, with FDA Breakthrough designation. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 14 | — | 11 |
| 329 | Divarasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Divarasib is Roche's KRAS G12C pill, the first to beat the two approved KRAS drugs head-to-head (July 2026). | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 10 | — | 11 |
| 330 | Mevrometostat Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · An epigenetic drug that may re-sensitise prostate cancer to hormone therapy, in three phase 3 trials with enzalutamide. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 10 | — | 11 |
| 331 | Sipuleucel-T Autologous cellular immunotherapy (antigen-presenting cell vaccine) · Sipuleucel-T was the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved (2010): it lengthened survival in metastatic prostate cancer by about four months without shrinking tumours or lowering PSA. | Not mapped hereapproved | evidence + links | 2 | 2013 | 11 |
| 332 | Anitocabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (BCMA, D-domain binder) · Anitocabtagene autoleucel is a BCMA CAR-T with a novel small synthetic binder that produced responses in 97% of heavily pretreated patients; an FDA decision is due in December 2026. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 333 | ARX788 ADC · ARX788 is a HER2 ADC with a precisely placed, non-cleavable payload that beat lapatinib-capecitabine in China and showed activity in brain metastases. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 334 | Decipher Prostate Gene-expression genomic classifier · A 22-gene test on the biopsy or surgical specimen that predicts spread and death, used to decide on surveillance or adding hormone therapy. | Established | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 335 | Ficerafusp alfa Bifunctional antibody (EGFR × TGF-β trap) · Ficerafusp alfa is an EGFR antibody fused to a TGF-beta sponge, designed to remove the immune-suppressing signal that keeps HPV-negative throat cancers cold. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 336 | Luveltamab tazevibulin ADC · A folate-receptor ADC designed to work across low and high receptor levels, in a pivotal ovarian cancer trial. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 337 | Nemtabrutinib Small-molecule non-covalent BTK inhibitor · Nemtabrutinib is Merck's reversible BTK blocker, active against the C481S escape mutation, being tested against ibrutinib and acalabrutinib in first-line CLL. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 338 | Olomorasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Olomorasib is Lilly's KRAS G12C pill, designed to combine safely with immunotherapy in first-line lung cancer. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 339 | Pasritamig Bispecific T-cell engager (KLK2×CD3) · J&J's prostate-specific T-cell engager, notable for very little cytokine release in early trials. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 10.5 |
| 340 | Tilatamig samrotecan Bispecific ADC · AstraZeneca's EGFR×c-MET bispecific ADC, the most advanced in the most crowded next-generation ADC target pair. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 13 | — | 10.5 |
| 341 | AK146D1 Bispecific ADC · AK146D1 is Akeso's Nectin-4 × TROP2 bispecific ADC, combining the two most validated ADC addresses in one molecule. | Phase 1 | evidence + links | 16 | — | 10 |
| 342 | Atirmociclib Small-molecule CDK4-selective inhibitor · A next-generation pill that blocks only CDK4, not CDK6, to keep the benefit of today's drugs without the low blood counts. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 8 | — | 10 |
| 343 | Bemarituzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-FGFR2b) · Bemarituzumab is an antibody against FGFR2b, a growth receptor overproduced in about a third of stomach cancers. It improved survival early in its phase 3 trial, but the gain faded with longer follow-up. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 8 | — | 10 |
| 344 | ELI-002 7P Off-the-shelf lymph-node-targeted KRAS peptide vaccine · A ready-made vaccine against the seven commonest KRAS mutations, given after pancreatic cancer surgery. Its phase 2 missed the main goal in 2026 but showed signs of activity. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 12 | — | 10 |
| 345 | Letetresgene autoleucel TCR-T (NY-ESO-1) · Letetresgene autoleucel is a second engineered T-cell receptor therapy for sarcoma, targeting NY-ESO-1 in synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma; a BLA is expected by the end of 2026. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 12 | — | 10 |
| 346 | Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM) Oral cytotoxic regimen · CAPTEM (capecitabine plus temozolomide) is an all-oral chemotherapy pair that shrinks pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in about a third of patients. | Established | evidence + links | 7 | — | 9.5 |
| 347 | DCVax-L Autologous dendritic cell vaccine (tumour lysate) · A personalised vaccine made from the patient's own immune cells and tumour. Its 20-year-old phase 3 trial reported longer survival, but the way the result was analysed has divided the field. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 7 | — | 9.5 |
| 348 | Golcadomide Molecular glue degrader (CELMoD, IKZF1/3) · Golcadomide is a next-generation lenalidomide-like pill that degrades two lymphoma transcription factors far more potently, now in phase 3 with R-CHOP. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 7 | — | 9.5 |
| 349 | MammaPrint (70-gene signature) Gene-expression prognostic assay · A 70-gene test that tells whether an early breast cancer is genomically low or high risk, used to decide who can skip chemotherapy. | Established | evidence + links | 7 | 2007 | 9.5 |
| 350 | Puxitatug samrotecan ADC · Puxitatug samrotecan is a B7-H4 ADC targeting a checkpoint-like protein enriched in breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 11 | — | 9.5 |
| 351 | Trastuzumab brengitecan ADC · SystImmune's HER2 ADC, sharing its payload with iza-bren, now in a 1,450-patient trial to replace Kadcyla after surgery. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 7 | — | 9.5 |
| 352 | Iberdomide CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Iberdomide is a far more potent successor to lenalidomide, now in phase 3 as post-transplant maintenance and in relapsed disease. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 6 | — | 9 |
| 353 | Elironrasib Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12C-selective inhibitor · A next-generation KRAS G12C drug that hits the active form of the protein, from the same company as daraxonrasib. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 8.5 |
| 354 | Mezigdomide CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Mezigdomide is the most potent oral cereblon modulator, producing responses in about 40% of triple-class-refractory myeloma with dexamethasone alone. | Phase 3 | evidence + links | 5 | — | 8.5 |
| 355 | Magrolimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD47) · The first 'don't eat me' signal blocker. Gilead paid $4.9B for it; it was stopped in 2024 after trials showed more deaths, not fewer. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 16 | — | 8 |
| 356 | Zelenectide pevedotin Bicycle toxin conjugate (Nectin-4, MMAE) · A tiny peptide instead of an antibody carries the same payload as Padcev to Nectin-4, with far less rash and neuropathy in early data, but its developer stepped back in 2026. | Phase 2 | evidence + links | 6 | — | 7 |
| 357 | MRTX1133 Small-molecule non-covalent KRAS G12D inhibitor · MRTX1133 was the first potent chemical tool against KRAS G12D, and proved the mutation could be drugged even though it lacks the reactive handle G12C has. | Phase 1 | evidence + links | 9 | — | 6.5 |
| 358 | Tiragolumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-TIGIT) · An immune-brake blocker that looked excellent in a phase 2 lung cancer trial and then failed every phase 3. | Negative | evidence + links | 12 | — | 6 |
| 359 | Interferon alfa-2a/2b Recombinant type I interferon (cytokine) · Interferon alfa was the first biologic cancer drug (1986). It treated hairy cell leukaemia, CML, melanoma, kidney cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, and has been replaced almost everywhere by better-tolerated agents. | Historic | evidence + links | 8 | 1995 | 5 |
| 360 | Epacadostat Small molecule (IDO1 inhibitor) · An enzyme blocker meant to stop tumours starving T cells of tryptophan. Its 2018 phase 3 failure ended an entire class overnight. | Negative | evidence + links | 9 | — | 4.5 |
| 361 | Nintedanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/FGFR/PDGFR) · An anti-angiogenic pill that looked promising in mesothelioma in a small trial but failed in the large one. | Negative | evidence + links | 9 | 2014 | 4.5 |
| 362 | Rindopepimut Peptide vaccine (EGFRvIII) · A vaccine against a glioblastoma-specific mutant protein that looked promising for years and then failed its phase 3 trial in 2016. It is a landmark failure. | Negative | evidence + links | 9 | — | 4.5 |
| 363 | Iniparib Small molecule (claimed PARP inhibitor) · Billed as the first PARP inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer, it failed its phase 3 in 2011. It turned out not to inhibit PARP at all. | Negative | evidence + links | 8 | — | 4 |
| 364 | Bempegaldesleukin Engineered cytokine (PEGylated IL-2) · Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 trials. | Negative | evidence + links | 7 | — | 3.5 |
| 365 | Moxetumomab pasudotox Anti-CD22 immunotoxin (Pseudomonas exotoxin A fragment) · An immunotoxin for hairy cell leukaemia that produced lasting remissions in relapsed patients but was withdrawn from sale in 2023 for commercial reasons. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 7 | 2018 | 3.5 |
| 366 | Rovalpituzumab tesirine ADC · Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) was the first drug against DLL3 in small-cell lung cancer. AbbVie bought it for $5.8B and abandoned it after two failed phase 3 trials. The target later worked with a different weapon. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 7 | — | 3.5 |
| 367 | Tazemetostat Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · Tazemetostat was the first EZH2 inhibitor, approved for epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in 2026 after secondary blood cancers. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 7 | 2020 | 3.5 |
| 368 | ADU-S100 (MIW815) Small molecule (STING agonist, intratumoural) · ADU-S100 was the first STING agonist in the clinic. Injected directly into tumours, it produced almost no responses, alone or with checkpoint blockade. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 6 | — | 3 |
| 369 | Masofaniten Small-molecule AR N-terminal domain inhibitor · A drug designed to block the part of the androgen receptor that resistant variants keep; its phase 2 was stopped for futility and development ended. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 6 | — | 3 |
| 370 | Copanlisib Intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor (α/δ predominant) · Copanlisib is an intravenous PI3K inhibitor for relapsed follicular lymphoma, approved in 2017 and withdrawn in 2023 when its confirmatory trial failed. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 5 | 2017 | 2.5 |
| 371 | Eprenetapopt Small molecule (p53 reactivator) · Eprenetapopt (APR-246) was a drug meant to refold mutant p53, the most common broken protein in cancer. Its phase 3 in blood cancer failed in 2020. | Negative | evidence + links | 5 | — | 2.5 |
| 372 | Mobocertinib Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · Mobocertinib was the first oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer, approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2023-24 after its confirmatory trial failed. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 5 | 2021 | 2.5 |
| 373 | Trastuzumab duocarmazine ADC · A HER2 ADC with a DNA-alkylating payload that beat chemotherapy in a phase 3 trial yet never reached the market, because eye and lung toxicity and a stronger rival arrived first. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 5 | — | 2.5 |
| 374 | Tusamitamab ravtansine ADC · Tusamitamab ravtansine was Sanofi's ADC against the classic CEA tumour marker, stopped for futility in lung cancer in 2023. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 5 | — | 2.5 |
| 375 | Umbralisib Oral PI3Kδ / CK1ε inhibitor · A PI3K inhibitor for marginal zone and follicular lymphoma approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2022 after the UNITY-CLL trial suggested more deaths. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 5 | 2021 | 2.5 |
| 376 | Melphalan flufenamide Peptide-drug conjugate · A myeloma drug given accelerated approval in 2021 and withdrawn in the US months later when its confirmatory trial suggested it shortened survival. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 4 | — | 2 |
| 377 | Panobinostat Pan-HDAC inhibitor · An HDAC inhibitor for relapsed myeloma approved in 2015 and withdrawn in 2021 after its confirmatory trial was never completed. | Withdrawn | evidence + links | 2 | 2015 | 1 |
For a chosen cancer: standard-of-care mention +40, in its pipeline +25, in its history +10, directly linked +15, linked through one of its drugs +5. Always: evidence tier (approved 10 … concept 0) plus half a point per connection in the graph, capped at 10. It ranks documentation and evidence, not clinical benefit.