Trials

ASCERTAIN-V is the study behind the first all-oral AML regimen, approved in May 2026.

AZUR-1 is the registrational trial of the 'no surgery, no radiation, no chemo' approach for mismatch-repair-deficient rectal cancer, built on the MSK study where every patient had a complete response.

The first phase 3 win for a bispecific ADC, in triple-negative breast cancer, announced February 2026.

The first ADC against Claudin 18.2 to prove it extends life, announced July 2026, giving stomach cancer its first ADC beyond HER2.

In 2026 a dual-immunotherapy regimen plus lenvatinib added to TACE cut the risk of progression by about 30%; whether it extends life is not yet known.

In FOURLIGHT-1, a CDK4-only inhibitor designed to avoid the low blood counts of current CDK4/6 drugs improved progression-free survival in second line.

A two-armed HER2 antibody beat Herceptin head-to-head as first-line treatment for HER2-positive stomach cancer, the first such win since 2010.

A blood-test-selected trial testing whether matching the drug to the specific resistance mutation beats the standard second-line drug.

INTerpath-001 was the first positive phase 3 trial of a personalised cancer vaccine, announced 19 August 2026.

The first head-to-head trial among KRAS drugs: Roche's divarasib beat the two approved pills on progression and survival.

Adding the HIF-2α pill to a year of adjuvant pembrolizumab further reduced recurrence, and became the first adjuvant combination approved in kidney cancer.

The first bispecific ADC to extend both progression-free and overall survival in oesophageal cancer, for patients whose immunotherapy has stopped working.

The trial that nearly doubled survival in previously treated pancreatic cancer, presented in the ASCO 2026 plenary. The biggest result in the disease's history.

A Nordic trial showing that three years of low-dose aspirin roughly halves recurrence in bowel cancers carrying a particular set of mutations, a biomarker-directed use of a drug that costs pennies.

The registrational study of a fourth-generation ALK pill designed to work after lorlatinib and to spare the brain-related side effects.

An alpha-emitting radioligand met all its primary endpoints, with responses in more than half of patients new to radioligand therapy.

Moved Trodelvy into first-line use for triple-negative patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.

Showed that pairing an ADC with immunotherapy beats chemotherapy plus immunotherapy in first-line PD-L1-positive TNBC.

Adding a year of immunotherapy to chemotherapy after surgery halved recurrences in stage III colon cancers with a broken DNA spell-checker.

Doubled survival, from about 15 to about 30 months, in the worst-prognosis genetic subtype of bowel cancer by adding two targeted drugs to first-line chemotherapy.

CAPItello-281 delivered the first AKT inhibitor success in prostate cancer, for the ~25% of men whose tumours have lost PTEN.

The first randomised trial to show that a coached exercise programme after cancer treatment reduces recurrence and death, in colon cancer.

The first head-to-head trial of a radioligand against a targeted pill in neuroendocrine tumours; the radioligand won on progression-free survival.

DeLLphi-304 was the first trial in which a T-cell engager improved survival in a common solid tumour.

Enhertu cut recurrence or death by more than half compared with Kadcyla in women with cancer left after pre-surgery treatment, replacing the KATHERINE standard.

Showed Enhertu plus pertuzumab beats the decade-old first-line standard for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.

DESTINY-Breast11 brought Enhertu into pre-surgery treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, replacing anthracyclines.

The first randomised proof that a HER2 drug beats standard chemotherapy in second-line stomach cancer: Enhertu added about three months of life.

Curium's PSMA radioligand met its progression endpoint; survival data and an FDA filing are pending.

For patients who cannot have cisplatin, the ADC-immunotherapy pair around surgery cut the risk of recurrence or death by 60% and the risk of death by half.

The trial that could replace chemotherapy before bladder removal in fit patients with an ADC plus immunotherapy.

In evERA, pairing an oral SERD with everolimus after CDK4/6 failure delayed progression by more than three months, and by four and a half months in ESR1-mutant tumours.

The first frontline regimen to beat R-CHOP in high-risk large B-cell lymphoma since rituximab, by adding a CD19 antibody and lenalidomide.

In HER2CLIMB-05, adding the brain-penetrant pill tucatinib to maintenance antibodies after first-line chemotherapy delayed progression by more than eight months.

A Chinese HER2 ADC cut the risk of progression by nearly 80% versus a pill-plus-chemotherapy standard, matching the scale of Enhertu's results.

IMforte produced the first maintenance treatment ever approved for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, adding lurbinectedin to the immunotherapy that continues after chemotherapy.

iMMagine-1 is the pivotal study behind anito-cel's BLA, with responses in nearly every patient.

The first trial to use a blood test for leftover cancer to decide who gets immunotherapy, and it worked.

The UK trial confirming that low-risk thyroid cancer patients can safely avoid radioactive iodine, published in 2025.

The first new treatment for curable head and neck cancer in six years: immunotherapy around surgery doubled the time patients stayed free of events.

After a decade of failures, the first immunotherapy trial to extend survival in ovarian cancer, leading to the first checkpoint-inhibitor approval in the disease.

KOMET-001 was the registration trial for ziftomenib: a quarter of heavily pretreated patients with NPM1-mutated AML reached complete remission on a once-daily pill.

The first oral SERD to reduce recurrence after surgery, by about 30%, compared with today's hormone pills.

A bispecific plus daratumumab cut the risk of progression by more than 80% versus standard doublets, bringing bispecifics to second line.

Adding immunotherapy before and after surgery cut deaths in early stomach cancer; nearly seven in ten patients were alive at three years.

PANOVA-3 is the trial behind the 2026 approval of a wearable electric-field device for pancreatic cancer, the first new approval in locally advanced disease in decades.

Adding a year of durvalumab to standard BCG bladder instillations cut the risk of recurrence or progression by about a third, the first systemic immunotherapy approved in early bladder cancer.

Moved Pluvicto to the very first treatment of metastatic prostate cancer; FDA approved this use on 31 July 2026.

Blocking cortisol signalling in tumour cells made chemotherapy work better and extended life in resistant ovarian cancer.

The first trial to change treatment because of a blood test rather than a scan: switching to camizestrant when an ESR1 mutation appeared in the blood delayed progression by seven months.

SOHO-01 is the study behind the second oral HER2 pill for lung cancer, approved in November 2025.

A chemotherapy-free bispecific plus ADC doublet beat salvage chemotherapy in relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.

The first trial to show an overall survival benefit for a first-line ADC in triple-negative breast cancer.

A site-specifically conjugated HER2 ADC beat lapatinib-capecitabine on progression-free survival in China.

ADRIATIC brought the first improvement in curative-intent small-cell lung cancer treatment in 30 years: a year or two of immunotherapy after chemoradiation lengthens life.

AMPLIFY is the trial behind the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen approved in the US (February 2026): 14 cycles of two pills, then stop.

The trial that turned menin inhibition from an idea into the first approved drug for KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia.

A cancer-killing virus instilled into the bladder produced complete responses in three quarters of patients whose BCG had failed, with almost no serious side effects.

The randomised trial that confirmed pirtobrutinib works after other BTK inhibitors fail, leading to full approval in December 2025.

Cabozantinib tripled the time without progression in neuroendocrine tumours that had outgrown other treatments, leading to a 2025 approval.

CEPHEUS extended the quadruplet advantage to patients who do not have a transplant.

Showed that a two-drug immunotherapy combination controls mismatch-repair-deficient bowel cancer for over four years on average, and beats immunotherapy alone.

Dual immune checkpoint blockade gave the longest median survival yet seen in a first-line liver cancer trial.

In children with average-risk leukaemia, adding blinatumomab pushed three-year disease-free survival from 88% to 96%, one of the largest gains in decades.

A two-headed antibody that blocks two immune brakes at once extended survival in advanced cervical cancer regardless of PD-L1 status.

Moved Enhertu ahead of chemotherapy in hormone-positive breast cancer and extended it to 'ultralow' HER2.

Enhertu shrank brain metastases in most patients, including those with untreated lesions, answering a question its earlier trials had excluded.

The trial that brought the withdrawn myeloma ADC back, beating a daratumumab-based standard on progression and survival.

DREAMM-8 is the second confirmatory win for belantamab, in lenalidomide-exposed patients.

Proved that adding the immunotherapy blinatumomab to standard treatment saves lives even in patients whose leukaemia was already undetectable.

An oral SERD that works alone in ESR1-mutant tumours and, combined with abemaciclib, doubles progression-free time in everyone regardless of mutation.

The trial that showed a gentler CAR-T design could treat adult ALL with a fraction of the severe side effects.

A new brentuximab-based intensive regimen matched Europe's most effective (and most toxic) chemotherapy with far fewer side effects.

The first head-to-head trial in which a new drug beat Keytruda, in China; a survival benefit followed in 2026.

IGNYTE-ESO was the pivotal study for the second sarcoma TCR-T, with responses in 42% of patients with two rare sarcomas.

In IMROZ, isatuximab added to VRd cut progression by 40% in older patients not having a transplant.

Confirmed that the KRAS pill adagrasib beats chemotherapy after first-line treatment, though the gain is modest.

For stage III lung cancers with an EGFR mutation, a targeted pill after chemoradiation cut progression by more than 80%.

LINKER-MM1 is the pivotal study for linvoseltamab, with 45% complete responses.

Vimseltinib shrank tenosynovial giant cell tumours in 40% of patients versus none on placebo, with better joint function.

Giving the immunotherapy doublet before surgery, instead of nivolumab after, cut the risk of recurrence by about two thirds and let most patients skip further treatment.

The first immunotherapy shown to improve survival when given around bladder-removal surgery.

Head to head, the third-generation TKI ponatinib doubled the rate of deep, undetectable remission over imatinib in newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL.

Using an early PET scan to spot responders let a third of women be cured of HER2-positive breast cancer without any chemotherapy.

The first drug to hit the hormone behind cancer wasting: patients on the highest dose gained nearly 3 kg more than placebo in 12 weeks and reported better appetite and more activity.

Continuing CDK4/6 blockade with a different drug after the first one fails gives a small but real benefit.

RAMP 201 produced the first approved treatment designed for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway that shrugs off chemotherapy.

A tiny pretzel-shaped device that slowly releases chemotherapy inside the bladder cleared carcinoma in situ in over 80% of patients whose BCG had failed.

Showed that giving an ALK pill after surgery, instead of chemotherapy, sharply reduces recurrence, including in the brain.

A second immunotherapy confirmed that adding a checkpoint inhibitor to chemotherapy plus bevacizumab extends life in advanced cervical cancer.

A PD-1 antibody plus an oral anti-VEGF pill beat sorafenib on survival, one of the largest benefits seen in liver cancer.

The first randomised trial to show a CAR-T improves survival in myeloma, as early as second line.

In fit patients, one year of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab (with or without ibrutinib) clearly beat the old chemotherapy standard.

CodeBreaK 300 showed that a KRAS drug needs an EGFR antibody partner to work in colorectal cancer.

Enhertu shrank about four in ten heavily pretreated HER2-positive bowel cancers, including ones that had already stopped responding to other HER2 drugs.

Enhertu shrank tumours across many HER2-positive cancers, with endometrial cancer among the best responders, leading to the first tumour-agnostic HER2 approval.

A third immunotherapy confirmed the benefit in dMMR disease and hinted that adding olaparib helps the mismatch-repair-proficient majority.

Showed that treating a fast-rising PSA after surgery or radiation with enzalutamide delays spread.

Nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer, ending 40 years of platinum chemotherapy as the standard.

Adding chemotherapy to osimertinib extended both progression-free and, in 2025, overall survival.

A selective VEGF-receptor pill gave a modest but real survival gain in patients with no remaining standard treatment.

GD2-CART01 was the first CAR-T to produce durable complete remissions in a childhood solid tumour: two-thirds responded and a third achieved complete remission.

A triple combination that doubled progression-free time and, unusually for this disease, extended survival by seven months in a hard-to-treat group.

Showed that adding a PD-1 blocker to standard chemotherapy helps in mesothelioma, giving a second immunotherapy-based first-line option.

The first targeted-therapy win in low-grade brain tumours: a pill that more than doubled the time before the tumour grew, delaying radiation and chemotherapy by years.

The first ADC to extend life in cervical cancer, for women whose disease has come back after chemotherapy.

Six weeks of cheap, generic chemotherapy before standard chemoradiation cut deaths by 40%, an advance usable anywhere in the world.

Ide-cel tripled progression-free time versus standard regimens in heavily pretreated myeloma, but did not clearly extend life after most control patients crossed over.

Showed that immunotherapy given both before and after lung cancer surgery lengthens survival.

Confirmed that adding a PD-1 blocker to first-line chemotherapy helps in stomach cancer, with the biggest gain in tumours rich in PD-L1.

A second immunotherapy trial confirmed the modest survival benefit of adding PD-1 blockade to chemotherapy in bile duct cancer.

Adding immunotherapy to curative chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer improved both control and survival, the first such advance in two decades.

Proved that a RET pill is better than chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy as first treatment for RET-fusion lung cancer.

Showed that a drug built specifically for the RET mutation beats the older multi-target pills in medullary thyroid cancer, with far fewer side effects.

The HIF-2α inhibitor beat the old standard everolimus after immunotherapy and targeted therapy had failed, with durable responses in a subset.

A randomised trial in India of a 2.5 mg dose of a decades-old, very cheap tablet. Six in ten patients gained more than 5% of their weight, against one in ten on placebo.

MagnetisMM-3 is the pivotal study behind elranatamab's approval.

The first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer, with a survival benefit exceeding a year.

The first ADC to extend life in ovarian cancer, for the roughly one-third of tumours with high folate receptor alpha.

The first head-to-head trial of the two chemotherapy backbones, won narrowly by the four-drug regimen.

Extended CDK4/6 inhibitors to a broad group of early hormone-positive breast cancer patients, including node-negative.

NMTRC003 was the single-arm study, compared against historical patients, that got eflornithine approved as maintenance; the design remains debated.

NRG-GY018 is the pembrolizumab twin of RUBY: immunotherapy plus chemotherapy cut the risk of progression by 70% in dMMR tumours and 46% in the rest.

Adding daratumumab to the standard three-drug induction and to maintenance cut the risk of progression by more than half in transplant-eligible myeloma.

PREHAB showed that four weeks of supervised training, protein and support before bowel cancer surgery cut severe complications and sped recovery, in an international randomised trial of 251 patients.

PSMAfore moved Pluvicto before chemotherapy in prostate cancer.

Adding immunotherapy to first chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer extended life by more than a year on average, most dramatically in tumours with a broken DNA spell-checker.

For the third of patients whose tumour vanishes after chemoradiation, watching closely and operating only if it comes back gave the same survival as immediate surgery.

Two trials that made Claudin 18.2 the third biomarker in stomach cancer, adding about two to three months of survival with an antibody against it.

Adding the old blood-vessel antibody to a late-line chemotherapy pill extended survival by three months in patients who had exhausted standard options.

Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy beat the previous best regimen with far less nerve damage, in the first Hodgkin trial to enrol children and adults together; approved March 2026.

The PARP-plus-hormone combination that eventually showed an overall survival benefit, in 2024-25.

The first targeted pill to lengthen survival in bladder cancer, for the fifth of tumours with FGFR alterations.

The study that brought CAR-T to CLL: one in five heavily pretreated patients achieved complete remission, most of them lasting.

The study that got Datroway approved for EGFR-mutant lung cancer after other treatments fail.

In IDH1-mutated AML, adding ivosidenib to azacitidine tripled survival, one of the largest effects ever seen in a randomised AML trial.

The first head-to-head trial in which a newer BTK inhibitor was both safer and more effective than ibrutinib.

Proved 'triplet therapy': adding darolutamide to hormone therapy plus chemotherapy reduces death by a third.

In ASTRUM-005, a Chinese PD-1 antibody produced the longest first-line survival of the chemo-immunotherapy trials; it is now approved in Europe and the UK but not yet in the US.

A third PARP inhibitor showed the same pattern: longer disease control after first-line chemotherapy, biggest in tumours with faulty DNA repair.

Adding the AKT inhibitor capivasertib to fulvestrant doubled progression-free time, especially in tumours with PI3K-pathway mutations.

CheckMate 816 was the first trial to show that immunotherapy before lung cancer surgery improves survival.

The first randomised trial of a KRAS drug: better than chemotherapy on progression, not on survival.

The first randomised trial to show a drug controls desmoid tumours, with better pain and function.

Created a new category of breast cancer, HER2-low, by showing Enhertu works in tumours previously called HER2-negative.

Showed that a blood test can safely halve the number of colon cancer patients given chemotherapy after surgery.

EPCORE NHL-1 was the pivotal single-arm study behind epcoritamab's approval; about half of complete responders are still in remission at three years.

Proved that most people with small, low-risk thyroid cancers can skip radioactive iodine after surgery without any increase in recurrence.

Futibatinib produced responses in over 40% of patients whose bile duct cancer carried an FGFR2 fusion.

A single dose of a CTLA-4 antibody added to PD-L1 blockade doubled five-year survival in liver cancer without needing an anti-VEGF drug.

One shot of HPV vaccine was 97.5% effective against the two most dangerous HPV types, making it realistic to vaccinate the whole world.

MajesTEC-1 was the pivotal single-arm study for the first myeloma bispecific, with responses in 63% of patients who had exhausted the main drug classes.

Showed that a second target, GPRC5D, works in myeloma, including after BCMA therapies have failed.

In NICHE-2, four weeks of immunotherapy before surgery wiped out most mismatch-repair-deficient colon cancers, and nobody had relapsed three years later.

Proved that for RAS-normal tumours starting on the left side of the colon, an EGFR antibody beats the VEGF antibody as first partner for chemotherapy.

Showed PARP inhibitor plus abiraterone delays progression in first-line mCRPC, with the largest benefit in BRCA-mutant men.

Roughly doubled median survival in the most aggressive FLT3 subtype by adding a selective FLT3 blocker to chemotherapy, including in patients over 60.

An IL-15 booster given with BCG produced complete responses in about 70% of patients with BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and kept most bladders intact for years.

RATIONALE-306 is the trial behind tislelizumab's US approval for squamous oesophageal cancer, with the biggest gains in PD-L1-positive tumours.

Proved that adding a LAG-3 blocker to PD-1 blockade delays progression, with far less toxicity than the ipilimumab combination.

Zanubrutinib beat chemoimmunotherapy in untreated CLL and delivered a 72% five-year progression-free rate in the hardest genetic subgroup.

Simply moving three doses of the same drug to before surgery improved outcomes, a result that changed how the field thinks about timing.

TOPAZ-1 was the first immunotherapy success in bile duct cancer, with a small median gain but a growing tail of long survivors.

The second trial to show a CAR-T beats transplant in early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma.

The TROP2 ADC extended survival by about three months in heavily pretreated hormone-positive breast cancer.

ARROW is the single-arm study behind the second RET inhibitor's thyroid approvals.

The single-arm study that got the first cell therapy for a solid tumour approved: one in three patients responded after everything else had failed.

Fifteen months of two pills, then stop: three-quarters of patients had no detectable leukaemia in the blood, and most remained in remission years later.

The study that showed one CAR-T infusion could keep a third of heavily pretreated myeloma patients progression-free for five years without further treatment.

A year of nivolumab after bladder or upper-tract surgery reduces recurrence and, with long follow-up, extends life.

Showed two immunotherapy options for squamous oesophageal cancer, including one with no chemotherapy at all, both extending survival.

The combination with the longest progression-free survival ever reported in first-line kidney cancer, at nearly two years.

The head-to-head ADC trial where Enhertu beat Kadcyla by a wide margin, showing that payload and bystander effect matter.

Settled the order question: for BRAF-mutant melanoma, start with immunotherapy and save the targeted pills for later.

The first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader to beat standard hormone therapy, with the benefit concentrated in tumours carrying ESR1 mutations.

The first immunotherapy to extend life in recurrent cervical cancer, approved in Europe but declined by the FDA.

ESCORT-1st is China's first-line immunotherapy trial for squamous oesophageal cancer, one of five that together made chemo-immunotherapy the global standard.

Fifteen months of two oral drugs cut the risk of progression by nearly 80% versus chemoimmunotherapy in older patients, and later showed a survival advantage.

The first drug ever to extend life in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first T-cell receptor-based medicine to win a phase 3.

Brought immunotherapy to nasopharyngeal cancer, an Epstein-Barr-virus-driven cancer common in southern China, and won the first US approval for that disease.

The first drug to help kidney cancer patients live longer after surgery, and the first adjuvant immunotherapy in any solid tumour to show an overall survival gain.

Extended adjuvant immunotherapy to thick node-negative melanomas, a group whose risk of relapse rivals stage III.

A pill that blocks tumour blood vessels plus immunotherapy extended survival after chemotherapy, including in tumours that immunotherapy alone does not touch.

Added nearly ten months of life for women with advanced cervical cancer and made immunotherapy part of first-line treatment.

LOTIS-2 was the pivotal study for loncastuximab, a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload.

Showed that a year of a PARP inhibitor after standard treatment improves survival in women with inherited BRCA mutations.

PEACE-1 is the European triplet trial: abiraterone added to hormone therapy and docetaxel improves survival, especially in high-volume disease.

The trial that improved on R-CHOP for the first time in twenty years, by swapping vincristine for an ADC.

The randomised trial that first pitted a radioligand against chemotherapy and won on response, with fewer side effects.

VISION was the trial that established radioligand therapy in prostate cancer.

The trial that moved CAR-T ahead of transplant as second-line treatment for early-relapsing large B-cell lymphoma, with a survival benefit.

Showed a targeted pill after lung cancer surgery halves the risk of death, the first such result for a targeted therapy.

The trial that proved a TROP2 ADC could nearly double survival in heavily pretreated triple-negative breast cancer.

The trial that added immunotherapy to first-line stomach cancer chemotherapy; at five years, 16% of patients with PD-L1-rich tumours were alive versus 6%.

CheckMate 743 was the first immunotherapy trial to lengthen survival in mesothelioma, and gave the first new first-line option in 16 years.

Nivolumab with cabozantinib doubled progression-free survival versus sunitinib and lengthened life, with quality of life preserved.

The first randomised trial of a targeted drug in bile duct cancer; it slowed the disease without shrinking it.

The trial with the longest disease control ever seen for a targeted lung cancer pill: most patients still progression-free at five years.

The trial that showed Ph-positive ALL can be treated with a pill plus an immunotherapy and no chemotherapy, with 95% of patients alive at 18 months.

Operating again at first relapse, in carefully selected women, added about seven months of life.

The American Ewing sarcoma regimen beat the European one in a head-to-head trial, unifying practice.

FIGHT-202 is the single-arm study that produced the first targeted approval in bile duct cancer.

The trial that ended the sorafenib era: immunotherapy plus an anti-VEGF antibody became the new first-line standard for liver cancer.

Ripretinib kept fourth-line GIST under control six times longer than placebo and improved survival.

Starting immunotherapy right after chemotherapy, rather than waiting for relapse, lengthened survival by about seven months.

The trial that made immunotherapy alone, with no chemotherapy, the first treatment for the 5% of bowel cancers with a broken DNA spell-checker. Over half of patients were alive at five years.

In KEYNOTE-204, PD-1 blockade beat the CD30 ADC head to head in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma.

Established immunotherapy plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with PD-L1 expression.

The trial that added immunotherapy to pre-surgery chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer and, uniquely, improved survival.

Added immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy for all types of oesophageal cancer, with a survival benefit that held at five years.

The small single-arm study that got tafasitamab approved for people too frail for transplant.

The first CDK4/6 inhibitor to reduce recurrence after surgery in high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer.

Study 201 was the pivotal single-arm study behind naxitamab's approval.

The first biomarker-selected trial in prostate cancer to improve survival, using a PARP inhibitor in men with BRCA-type mutations.

Proved PSMA PET is far more accurate than conventional scans for staging, with less radiation.

Postmenopausal women with a few positive lymph nodes and a low gene-test score can skip chemotherapy; premenopausal women still benefit from it.

In the SANET trials, a Chinese anti-angiogenic pill slowed both gut and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, but its US application was refused.

The trial that gave older AML patients a real treatment: adding venetoclax to azacitidine doubled remission rates and extended survival.

Showed a pill beats intensive salvage chemotherapy in relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, with fewer days in hospital.

Brought enzalutamide into first-line metastatic treatment, with an overall survival benefit confirmed in 2021.

Confirmed that adding a PD-L1 blocker to first-line chemotherapy helps in small-cell lung cancer, and showed that adding a second immunotherapy did not help further.

One year of two targeted drugs, then nothing: more than half of patients were still progression-free six years later, off all treatment.

Six years on, most patients on acalabrutinib have still not progressed, and adding obinutuzumab also improved survival.

The first trial to prove a drug helps HER2-positive brain metastases, extending survival by four and a half months overall.

Made immunotherapy the first treatment for advanced head and neck cancer, alone for PD-L1-rich tumours and with chemotherapy for the rest.

The first immunotherapy plus targeted-pill combination for kidney cancer, improving survival across all risk groups.

Adding olaparib to bevacizumab maintenance roughly doubled progression-free time in tumours with faulty DNA repair, and improved survival in that group.

Six months of trastuzumab was almost as good as twelve, with half the heart toxicity, though twelve remains the global standard.

STELLAR is the small single-arm study behind the device approval of tumour treating fields in mesothelioma.

Cabozantinib extended survival in previously treated liver cancer, including after two prior therapies.

CheckMate 214 is the trial that brought dual immunotherapy to kidney cancer, with a survival advantage still visible eight years later and a fifth of patients in long-term remission.

COLUMBUS tested encorafenib-binimetinib, the third BRAF/MEK doublet, which has the longest median survival of the class and less fever than dabrafenib-trametinib.

Repackaging two old chemotherapies into liposomes doubled five-year survival in older adults with the worst kinds of AML.

ELIANA was the global trial behind the first CAR-T approval: four in five children with no options left went into remission, and many stayed there for years.

IMpower133 was the first trial in decades to lengthen survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, by adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy.

Switching to an ADC after surgery when pre-surgery treatment left cancer behind halved the risk of recurrence and improved survival.

Washing the abdomen with heated chemotherapy during interval surgery extended survival by about a year.

Adding chemotherapy to radiation after surgery helped women with high-risk endometrial cancer, especially those whose tumours have a broken p53 gene.

PRECISION proved that an MRI first finds more dangerous cancers with fewer biopsies.

Showed that giving the strong four-drug chemotherapy after pancreatic surgery adds years of life for fit patients.

Lenvatinib matched sorafenib on survival with more tumour shrinkage, giving a second first-line option after a decade.