Roadmaps

Twenty-five years of trying to make chemotherapy hit only cancer cells, from the unstable first ADC to today's third-generation blockbusters and the fourth generation now in trials.

How AI is moving from single-task readers of scans and slides towards systems that weigh everything about a patient, and what regulators and evidence still require.

From a cure for some leukaemias in 2017 to the first solid-tumour CAR-T and the prospect of making CAR-T inside the body with an injection.

From mammograms and colonoscopies to a single blood draw that might screen for dozens of cancers, with the FDA's first decision imminent.

The immunotherapy roadmap is a 130-year arc from injecting bacteria into tumours to releasing immune brakes, and now to designing the immune response itself with vaccines, engagers, and cells.

The most important cancer gene was declared undruggable for 40 years. Then a pocket was found, and now a pan-RAS drug is in phase 3 for pancreatic cancer.

From a sugar tracer that lights up most cancers to tracers that show a single protein, a stromal cell type, or the immune cells inside a tumour.

Three different ways a cancer stops killing someone: stop it before it starts, remove every last cell, or hold it in check for life. Each needs different technology.

Radical oncology is a horizon map of the wilder ideas in cancer, sorted by how close they are to mattering, with the reason each one might never arrive.

The radiopharmaceutical roadmap runs eighty years from radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer to alpha-emitting drugs for prostate and neuroendocrine cancers, with isotope supply as the limiting factor.

How triple-negative breast cancer went from the subtype with no targeted therapy to one with immunotherapy, PARP inhibitors, three ADCs, and a positive bispecific ADC in six years.

One target, three approved-or-nearly-approved drugs, and a fourth wave. How TROP2 went from an obscure trophoblast antigen to the centre of breast and lung cancer treatment.

The attempt to build a computer model of a cell good enough to predict what a drug or mutation will do before anyone runs the experiment.