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PROTACs & molecular glues (targeted protein degradation)

Instead of blocking a protein, these drugs tag it for the cell's own garbage disposal, removing it entirely.

Vepdegestrant (Veppanu, Arvinas/Pfizer), an oral ER PROTAC, became the first approved PROTAC in 2026 for ESR1-mutant HR+ breast cancer (VERITAC-2). Molecular glues (lenalidomide, pomalidomide, and next-generation CELMoDs iberdomide, mezigdomide) are established in myeloma. Degraders of AR, BTK, BCL6, KRAS, IKZF1/3, and the 'undruggable' transcription factors are in the clinic. Degrader-antibody conjugates deliver them selectively.

Schematic · not to scale
Target protein · E3 ligase (CRBN / VHL) · Ubiquitin → proteasome

How it works

Bifunctional molecule recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase (cereblon, VHL) to the target, causing ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction.

Strengths
  • Event-driven (catalytic), removes scaffolding functions
  • Reaches non-enzymatic targets
Limitations
  • Large molecules with poor oral bioavailability (PROTACs)
  • Hook effect
  • E3 ligase expression varies
Since
2026

Products

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Phase 3Small-molecule BTK degrader (CDAC)
BGB-16673

Instead of blocking BTK, this pill destroys it, so it works even when the enzyme has mutated to escape every inhibitor.

Phase 3Molecular glue degrader (CELMoD, IKZF1/3)
Golcadomide

Golcadomide is a next-generation lenalidomide-like pill that degrades two lymphoma transcription factors far more potently, now in phase 3 with R-CHOP.

Phase 3CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator)
Iberdomide

Iberdomide is a far more potent successor to lenalidomide, now in phase 3 as post-transplant maintenance and in relapsed disease.

ApprovedImmunomodulatory drug (cereblon E3 ligase modulator)
Lenalidomide · Revlimid

A thalidomide descendant that switches on the cell's protein-disposal system against two myeloma survival factors, and is the backbone of myeloma maintenance and many lymphoma regimens.

Phase 3CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator)
Mezigdomide

Mezigdomide is the most potent oral cereblon modulator, producing responses in about 40% of triple-class-refractory myeloma with dexamethasone alone.

Not mapped hereOral cereblon E3 ligase modulator (IMiD)
Pomalidomide · Pomalyst / Imnovid

The third-generation thalidomide analogue for myeloma that has failed lenalidomide, and since 2020 the first new drug for Kaposi sarcoma in two decades.

Not mapped hereOral cereblon modulator (first IMiD)
Thalidomide · Thalomid

Thalidomide is the drug behind the 1960s birth-defect tragedy, rehabilitated as the first immunomodulatory myeloma drug and the parent of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.

ApprovedPROTAC oestrogen receptor degrader
Vepdegestrant · Veppanu

Vepdegestrant is the first PROTAC ever approved (2026): a pill that tags the oestrogen receptor for destruction, for breast cancers with ESR1 mutations.

Key papers

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Latest papers

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Literature trend903 papers in the last 12 months+23% vs prior 12How this is computed
Latest papers · live from Europe PMC
Open in Europe PMC

Query for this technology: (TITLE:"PROTAC" OR ABSTRACT:"PROTAC" OR TITLE:"targeted protein degradation" OR ABSTRACT:"targeted protein degradation" OR TITLE:"molecular glue degrader" OR ABSTRACT:"molecular glue degrader") AND (cancer OR tumor OR tumour OR oncology OR carcinoma OR lymphoma OR leukemia OR leukaemia OR myeloma OR sarcoma OR melanoma OR glioma). Results are unfiltered search hits about PROTACs & molecular glues (targeted protein degradation), not a curated reading list.

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