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A comparison of how Chile, Kenya and Thailand put the World Health Organization's list of essential cancer medicines into their public benefit packages; Thailand lists 58 of its 64 medicines and 127 cancer medicines in all.
A comparative case study of three countries chosen for at least 80% alignment with the 2023 World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for cancer (64 medicines), an income transition in the early 2010s and improved universal coverage between 2010 and 2023. Data came from predefined bilingual searches validated by country co-authors.
The authors describe three routes: Chile's political-fiscal model, anchored in statutory guarantees decided jointly by the health and finance ministries; Thailand's technical-negotiation model, using health technology assessment to inform selection and price negotiation; and Kenya's protocol-partnership model, driven by specialist consensus and international collaboration.
Thailand's essential medicines list reaches most of what the WHO considers essential for cancer and goes well beyond it, using cost-effectiveness evidence and negotiation rather than a statutory guarantee.
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