Renal cell carcinoma
Prepared with OnCo (onco.cc/prep/rcc/). Orientation, not medical advice; your team knows your case.
My details
What I know, what is unclear, changes to discuss
Saved in this browserMy questions
31 on the sheet- 1.What is my exact diagnosis, stage, and grade, and which tests established them?
- 2.Which biomarkers have been tested on my tumour (for example Clear-cell vs non-clear-cell histology, VHL, IMDC risk, CAIX, IMDC risk group), and what were the results?
- 3.Which subtype is my cancer, and does that change the recommended treatment?
- 4.Is germline (inherited) genetic testing recommended for me or my family?
- 5.For my situation (localised), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 6.Am I a candidate for Pembrolizumab, Belzutifan, and what side effects should I expect?
- 7.For my situation (metastatic), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 8.Am I a candidate for Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 9.For my situation (small renal mass (<4 cm)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 10.For my situation (localised t1b-t3), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 11.For my situation (high-risk after nephrectomy (clear-cell)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 12.Am I a candidate for Pembrolizumab, Belzutifan, and what side effects should I expect?
- 13.How do the results of KEYNOTE-564 and LITESPARK-022 apply to someone like me?
- 14.For my situation (metastatic, intermediate/poor risk, first line), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 15.Am I a candidate for Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 16.How do the results of CheckMate 214 and KEYNOTE-426 apply to someone like me?
- 17.For my situation (metastatic, favourable risk, first line), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 18.Am I a candidate for Pembrolizumab, Axitinib, Lenvatinib or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 19.For my situation (second line after io-based therapy), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 20.Am I a candidate for Cabozantinib, Belzutifan, Tivozanib or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 21.How do the results of LITESPARK-005 and CONTACT-03 apply to someone like me?
- 22.For my situation (oligometastatic / oligoprogressive disease), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 23.For my situation (non-clear-cell rcc), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 24.Am I a candidate for Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib, Pembrolizumab or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 25.For my situation (vhl disease), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 26.Am I a candidate for Belzutifan, and what side effects should I expect?
- 27.Are there clinical trials I could join, for example of Raludotatug deruxtecan, Intismeran autogene, PF-08634404, Zanzalintinib?
- 28.Would a second opinion at a high-volume centre change anything, and can you help arrange it?
- 29.What supportive care (symptom control, nutrition, exercise, mental health, financial help) is available from the start?
- 30.I read that “Non-clear-cell histologies understudied”. How does that affect my plan?
- 31.I read that “No validated predictive biomarker for IO”. How does that affect my plan?
The words I may hear
- IMDC risk groups (favourable / intermediate / poor): The IMDC score uses six factors to sort metastatic kidney cancer into three risk groups.
- Sarcomatoid differentiation (RCC): A spindle-cell change found in about 10% of kidney cancers that makes them aggressive and, unexpectedly, unusually responsive to immunotherapy.
- Debulking (cytoreductive surgery): Surgery that removes as much tumour as possible when it cannot all be removed cleanly; leaving nothing visible behind is what matters.
- Nephrectomy: Removing a kidney (radical) or just the tumour-bearing part of it (partial).
- Portal vein tumour thrombus (macrovascular invasion): Liver cancer growing into the main vein that brings blood from the gut to the liver.
- Von Hippel-Lindau disease: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited condition causing kidney cancers, adrenal tumours, and blood-vessel tumours of the brain, spine, eye and pancreas from early adulthood.
- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): Killing a tumour by heating it with an electrical current through a needle placed under image guidance, without removing it.
- Cryoablation: Destroying a tumour by freezing it with a needle that reaches minus 40°C or below; the ice ball is visible on CT, so the treated zone can be watched forming.
- Active surveillance and observation: Deliberately not treating a cancer yet, but checking it regularly with blood tests, scans or biopsies and treating only if it shows signs of progressing.
- Oligometastatic disease: Cancer that has spread to only a few places, which may still be curable by treating each spot.
Tests and results to bring
Biomarker results to ask for: Clear-cell vs non-clear-cell histology, VHL, IMDC risk, CAIX (imaging, 89Zr-girentuximab), IMDC risk group (six clinical factors), Histology and sarcomatoid features, VHL / HIF-2α axis (belzutifan), PD-L1 (not used for selection), CAIX (imaging; theranostic target), CD70 (CAR-T target), MET (papillary type 1), Gene-expression signatures (angiogenesis vs T-effector; research), ctDNA (low shedding; research).
Scans and tests linked to this cancer: PET (positron emission tomography), Dual-energy and spectral CT, Elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CAIX PET (89Zr-girentuximab), Immuno-PET.
Bring copies of scan reports, pathology and blood results, and a list of every medicine and supplement.
The treatments I may be offered
- Localised: Partial/radical nephrectomy or ablation; adjuvant pembrolizumab ± belzutifan for high risk. (Robotic & minimally invasive surgery, Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo), Pembrolizumab, Belzutifan)
- Localised T1b-T3: Partial or radical nephrectomy; no adjuvant therapy for low/intermediate risk. (Robotic & minimally invasive surgery)
- High-risk after nephrectomy (clear-cell): Adjuvant pembrolizumab for 1 year (KEYNOTE-564, OS benefit); pembrolizumab + belzutifan approved 2026 (LITESPARK-022); sunitinib adjuvant rarely used. (Pembrolizumab, KEYNOTE-564, Belzutifan, LITESPARK-022)
- Metastatic: IO-TKI or IO-IO doublet; belzutifan, cabozantinib, lenvatinib-everolimus later. (Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab, Belzutifan)
- Small renal mass (<4 cm): Active surveillance, partial nephrectomy (usually robotic), or thermal ablation depending on growth, comorbidity, and biopsy; renal mass biopsy increasingly used. (Partial nephrectomy, ablation & active surveillance of small renal masses, Robotic & minimally invasive surgery, Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo))
- Metastatic, intermediate/poor risk, first line: Nivolumab + ipilimumab, or an IO-TKI doublet (pembrolizumab + axitinib, nivolumab + cabozantinib, lenvatinib + pembrolizumab); cytoreductive nephrectomy deferred or omitted (CARMENA) except in selected cases. (Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, CheckMate 214, Pembrolizumab, Axitinib, KEYNOTE-426, Cabozantinib, CheckMate 9ER, Lenvatinib, CLEAR (KEYNOTE-581), IMDC risk → first-line regimen choice (RCC))
- Metastatic, favourable risk, first line: IO-TKI doublet (PFS benefit; OS benefit unproven in this group) or single-agent TKI (sunitinib, pazopanib) with deferred IO; active surveillance for indolent low-volume disease. (Pembrolizumab, Axitinib, Lenvatinib, Cabozantinib, Sunitinib, IMDC risk groups (favourable / intermediate / poor))
- Oligometastatic / oligoprogressive disease: Metastasectomy or SBRT to limited sites with continuation of systemic therapy or observation. (SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy))
- Non-clear-cell RCC: Cabozantinib (PAPMET), lenvatinib + pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-B61), or nivolumab + cabozantinib; MET inhibitors for MET-driven papillary; trials preferred. (Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab)
- VHL disease: Belzutifan for VHL-associated RCC, CNS haemangioblastoma, and pNET not requiring immediate surgery (LITESPARK-004). (Belzutifan)
- Second line after IO-based therapy: Single-agent TKI (cabozantinib, axitinib, lenvatinib + everolimus, tivozanib); belzutifan after both IO and VEGF-TKI (LITESPARK-005). Do not rechallenge PD-1 (CONTACT-03, TiNivo-2). (Cabozantinib, Belzutifan, LITESPARK-005, Tivozanib, Everolimus, Caution: PD-1 rechallenge after progression on immunotherapy (RCC), CONTACT-03, TiNivo-2)
From the standard of care recorded for this cancer; which apply depends on your stage and biomarkers. Ask which the team recommends and why.